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INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction:
Bond strength was a more serious problem when only plain reinforcing bars were used.
Bond study in general is made considering relationship between the bond stress and slipping of
steel bar in pull out specimens. The design of structural members are based on the fundamental
assumption that exist the effective bond linking concrete and steel when the structural member is
loaded. The behavior of reinforced concrete elements depends on the steel-concrete bond and the
strength capacity of these elements is directly related with the bond.
Bond in reinforced concrete refers to the adhesion between the reinforcing steel and the
surrounding concrete. It is this bond which is responsible for the transfer of axial force from a
reinforcing bar to the surrounding concrete, thereby providing strain compatibility and
composite action of concrete and steel. If this bond is inadequate, slipping of the reinforcing
bar will occur, destroying full composite action. Hence, the fundamental assumption of the
theory of flexure, viz. plane sections remain plane even after bending, becomes valid in
reinforced concrete only if the mechanism of bond is fully effective.
It is through the action of bond resistance that the axial stress (tensile or compressive) in
a reinforcing bar can undergo variation from point to point along its length. This is required to
accommodate the variation in bending moment along the length of the flexural member. Had the
bond been absent, the stress at all points on a straight bar would be constant, as in a string or a
straight cable.
The bond resistance of plain bars is often thought of as chemical adhesion between
mortar paste and bar surface. However, even low stresses will cause sufficient slip to break the
adhesion between the concrete and the steel. Once slip occurs, further bond can be developed
only by means of friction and by the wedging action of small dislodged sand particles between
the bar and the surrounding concrete. The frictional resistance depends on the surface conditions
of the steel.
stresses. The stress transfer between the steel and the concrete happen mainly by the action of the
bar ribs on the concrete between bar salience, and the crush of concrete surrounding to the one of
these ribs not affect the bar anchorage. The stress of the one salience is transferred to others ribs.
Therefore, there are two failure situations in the bond: micro-failure, which is a local bond
failure and does not affect the anchorage, and a macro-failure, that is formed after the occurrence
of several micro failures. The second type of failure does not allow a new stress distribution, and
the bar anchorage is no more effective.
Bond failure on deformed bar happens by the followings modes:
a) Crush of the concrete surrounding to the ribs;
b) Shear of the concrete surrounding to the bar;
c) Or more frequently, by one longitudinal spalling of concrete cover;
d) One combination of these three modes.
due to bond can occur early and suddenly, as the longitudinal split runs through to the end of the
bar without the resistance offered by the stirrups.
Stirrups with increased area, reduced spacing and/or higher grade of steel are used;
Termination of longitudinal reinforcement in tension zones is avoided;
Any measure that will increase the confinement of the concrete around the bar is employed.
Another factor which influences bond strength in a beam is the depth of fresh concrete
below the bar during casting. Water and air inevitably rise towards the top of the concrete mass
and tend to get trapped beneath the horizontal reinforcement, thereby weakening the bond at the
underside of these bars. For this reason, codes specify a lower bond resistance for the top
reinforcement in a beam.