Lect 07

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures
CE-515: Design of Steel Structures

M. Engg. (Civil), Fall 2014
Lecture 7
2014
CE -515: Design of Steel Fall
Structures
Effective Length
All compression members are treated as pin-ended
regardless of actual end conditions but with an effective
length KL that may differ from the actual length.
The load capacity of a compression member is a function of
only the slenderness ratio and modulus of elasticity.
If a compression member is supported differently with

respect to each of its principal axes, the effective length will
be different for the two directions.
2014
Structures
Effective Length
Example 1
2014
Structures
2014
Structures
Solution:
LRFD:
ASD:
2014
Structures
Effective Length
For isolated columns that are not
part of the framing system, the
effective length factor given in
Table C-C2.2 will be adequate.
In case of a framed structure, the
columns are not independent
members but part of a continuous
structure.
2014
Structures
Effective Length
Except in the lower story, the columns are restrained at
both ends by their connection to beams and other
columns.
The frame is also unbraced, meaning that the horizontal
displacements of the frame are possible and all columns
are subjected to sidesway.
If Table C-C2.2 is used, the lower story columns are best
approximated by condition (f) and a value of K=2.0 may be
used.
For a columns such as AB, a value of K=1.2, corresponding
to condition (c), could be selected.
A more rational procedure, however, will account for the
degree of restraint provided by the connecting members.
2014
Structures
Effective Length
2014
Structures
Effective Length
The rotational restraint provided by the beams, or girders,
at the end of a column is a function of rotational stiffnesses
of the members intersecting at the joint.
The rotational stiffness of a member is proportional to
EI/L, where I is moment of inertia of the cross-section
with respect to the axis of bending.
Gaylord et al. (1992) show that the effective length factor K
depends on the ratio of column stiffness to girder stiffness
at each end of the member.
2014
Structures
Effective Length
2014
Structures
Effective Length
If a very slender column is connected to girders having
large cross sections, the girders will effectively prevent
rotation of the column.
The ends of the column are approximately fixed, and K is
relatively small. This corresponds to small value of G.
The ends of stiff columns connected to flexible beams can

more freely rotate and approach the pinned condition,
giving relatively large values of G and K.
The relationship between G and K has been quantified in
the Jackson-Mooreland Alignment Charts.
2014
Structures
2014
Structures
2014
Structures
Example 2
2014
Structures
2014
Structures
Solution:
Solution:
2014
Structures
Braced frames
Unbraced frames resist lateral loads because
of their moment-resisting joints.
Often the frame is augmented by a bracing
system.
The additional resistance to lateral loads can
take the form of diagonal bracing or rigid
shear walls.
2014
Structures
Braced frames
2014
Structures
Braced frames
In braced frames, the tendency for columns to sway is
blocked within a given panel, or bay for full height of the
frame.
A frame must resist not only the tendency to sway under
the action of lateral loads, but also the tendency to buckle
under the action of vertical loads.
Bracing to stabilize a structure against vertical loading is
called Stability bracing.
Appendix 6 of the AISC specification, Stability Bracing for
Columns and Beams, covers this type of bracing.
2014
Structures
Braced frames
Columns in braced frames are prevented from
sidesway and have some degree of rotational
restraint at their ends. Thus they are in a category
that lies somewhere between cases (a) and (d) in
Table C-C2.2 and K is between 0.5 and 1.0.
A value of 1.0 is always conservative for members of
braced frames.
10
2014
Structures
Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

When an axially loaded compression member becomes
unstable overall, it can buckle in one of the three ways.
Flexural Buckling: Deflection caused by bending or flexure
about the axis corresponding to the largest slenderness ratio.
Torsional Buckling: Twisting about the longitudinal axis of the
member. (Occurs only in doubly symmetric x-sections with
very slender x-section elements.)
Flexural-Torsional Buckling: Combination of flexural and
torsional buckling. (Occurs only in un-symmetrical x-sections.)
2014
Structures
11
2014
Structures

AISC specification requires an analysis of torsional and
flexural-torsional buckling.
Section E4(a) covers double-angle and tee-shaped
members.
Section E4 (b) provides more general approach that can
be used for any shape.
In general approach a value of Fe is determined, which is
analogous to the Euler buckling stress.
The stress Fe can be defined as the elastic buckling stress
corresponding to the controlling mode of failure,
whether flexural, torsional, or flexural-torsional.
2014
Structures

The equations of Fe given in AISC E4(b) are based on wellestablished theory given in Theory of Elastic Stability
(Timoshenko and Gere, 1961).
For double symmetric shapes (torsional buckling)
For singly symmetric shapes (flexural-torsional buckling)
12
2014
Structures

For shapes with no axis of symmetry (flexural-torsional
buckling)
This is a cubic equation, Fe is the smallest root. Completely

unsymmetrical shapes are rarely used as compression
members
2014
Structures
13
Example 3
2014
Structures
Solution:
2014
Structures
14
2014
Structures
2014
Structures
15
2014
Structures
Built-up Members
If the x-sectional properties of a built-up compression
member are known, its analysis is the same as for any other
compression member, provided the component parts of the
cross section are properly connected.
AISC E6 contains many details related to this connection with
separate requirements for members composed of two or
more rolled shapes and for members composed of plates or
combination of plates and shapes.
The design strength of a built-up compression member is a
function of the slenderness ratio. Hence the principal axes
and corresponding radii of gyration about these axes must be
determined.
Example 4
2014
Structures
16
2014
Structures
2014
Structures
Solution:
17
2014
Structures
LRFD
Solution:
ASD
Solution:
2014
Structures
Connection Requirements for Built-up Members

Composed of Rolled Shapes
The most common built-up shape composed of rolled shapes is the
double-angle shape.
To maintain the back-to-back separation of angles along the length,

fillers (spacers) of the same thickness as the gusset plate are placed
between the angles at equal intervals.
The intervals must be small enough so that the member acts as a
unit.
18
2014
Structures

AISC E6.2 requires that the slenderness of an individual component
be no greater than three-fourths of the slenderness of the built-up
member
If the member buckles about x-axis (flexural buckling), the

connectors are not subjected to any calculated load.
If the members buckles about axis of symmetry (flexural-torsional
buckling about y-axes) the connectors are subjected to shearing
forces.
2014
Structures

When fasteners are subjected to shear, a modified
slenderness ratio larger than the actual value may be
required.
For welds or fully tightened bolts, the modified slenderness
ratio is
19
2014
Structures
2014
Structures
Example 5
Solution:
20
2014
Structures
2014
Structures
21
2014
Structures
2014
Structures
LRFD
Solution:
ASD
Solution:
22

Lect 07

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Lect 07

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE-515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

If a compression member is supported differently with

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

The ends of stiff columns connected to flexible beams can

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

For singly symmetric shapes (flexural-torsional buckling)

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

This is a cubic equation, Fe is the smallest root. Completely

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

Connection Requirements for Built-up Members

To maintain the back-to-back separation of angles along the length,

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

Connection Requirements for Built-up Members

If the member buckles about x-axis (flexural buckling), the

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

Connection Requirements for Built-up Members

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

CE -515: Design of Steel Structures

S-ar putea să vă placă și