//
 

 :

:

    !   " "  

           
+ ,- 

&

'

#
 (  )*  #
 $ $% 

 & 0 ( 

/1 
 2  
 
 ) /3 $  . /
7   ) %  4 ) $    5
6 ) +

  /  /
+%-
 8


 / )=   )  >* 0> 

 "
 2 %-

   9:; 
   <
,
"/'' "%  @: A 

 
8 * 9 >= B1-     )= "'1 "'= ?;
D/  4 %

 % % E  A  
 D/      % EF .",  @  %
) %  4 E+< A  D/   /  / E+  A  D/   ' $ E)3 A 
)/' A  D/ 
?  '
 <  / @1 ) % B' "     
) @    
. " "  " "
*
1< ) "
 "
*   )  I"  J '
K% ) "  "    )  EH
?  '
"   @ ) @9* "/ )  I"  > ) "
6 )  I 
I)*' $*
: " "   $1

% .  "
"  "


'  %: " "1  @ /  "
 " "  @=

: )' = $ @ / J  

: 
* ) )% "' -1.
8 E< +  ( 8 E

-  8
8 E"' "' ( ) "
* " % "
 $ %-6 
1

 /  (+ 9 )6 3 "  E)<3' $>  * E *  ) "  E#  
"*'  :
'* )= ,  ) "N
 " 6 "    : E$ 6 )  * "N " 
)**  "  @ O " 6  *   '

, F  %  ."N
 )= "4 
" > 8<, D* >   )>  / 3 D-  + > $    " " 1-'
. "Q @ ,16 @ 
  <  :   "
:  6 " 
 "' -1.
E./ )   =   $% $ 
 )= F
 %  6 "N "'' 

 "' J

B1' )= <Q B'1 + // "
= E -  
)' 
 "-% "' )= )-% @,; 
 E< 
< +  ( 8
8 "' "' (6

 : "** )=
 J  .",  S  8T
" "/ /  E"
"''% 0*   $% @  % + @  * )  < 0
 @  *
.  6  
 6 4 )=  
"N
 "> "
% .>   )>  / ) + > $   " 
 J
%;
2 */ )= 3 $
'* E( )' )* : ) )
6

 '
@=  "3 8 >   :
+ >  : "

Q "/* )=  E()  % )' 2
1 "' 2'*
)= : ) 2 '%-
. +
 V
Q ) % $1 ?  '
)>  
>  $ 
: " " ' ) # "' W5
8% "6 E$% 
 < "  0 - * $   " "  # 
  )= "%% "      E" 6 "'%- / 6

 * 4 '
 $'1 
%  +    $
 F<' : < $  '= @   % ) ",  "   "1 
. )%
)% X
 * "  "  %-  > )= " 6  " " 
'* "' J '

)  O 
V /*: F:  
6 9
,:
'* )= " "  0,   Y"

.  >  %- 

    

 J / 
( <
: 8

 " "  "' W

 ) 8

 " "  4 '
O
  "'/  8

 " "     (

 )
   "  /1 '
  E.   $-
%  
'% 2X   :T :  /,
+ Z @ ( [  @  $ 

% "   "   " "    
. #  # %= % #   

: )  $ ! "' W

8
 "' "
    "
  $  + )  
%
 $ ! "' @
$%- 
O $ ! )N $1 )=  %   \ $  E"' 6  >  
8

 E  1  8 %  2'  2 '
, O     
= E)
) 


F )' % 
* )
   O V * '
(< "'1 /  "  $ %- )= 2 
. 5
6 )  -
? > 7   +

 ) /3 $    
) )

Q )1    > " "  =
) $  WH %'
: +<  B @ 

: (; "
-1.
"/  8 )= !- E1911 
8 *  "  ) )= - 
  <<

  

8
- '
2    $ 6
;= "
 +  N N E" "
  )
: 2' *'= .$ 
. 8 * "   "' , 
] "'%  F
 51 E   %
N  
$ 2 )
, B $   1934
- E"  N "'  V
Q " % )= V-
,
 >
 "= *N 8< = E$ 6
;= "  8
^ "  "  F' )= F
 /1 E(>
2

 "- %
@ N  %
 "= *N <   - N E
]   "
 '
6 #' 
"
* "  " % V
Q $       E1971 
7  '
   $
.  1988 

] )= $  8<  '
<    "
"    
:  2  @
 )= E   2 % $  =/ \ 2'
?


*
. "
"  " "= *N "  " 1 "  "  "= *N
9
   % ('1 @ @<  O
 1  )=   2
 -  0    7

* E
  "< " 1 "
, @ <  2-
 E1919 " $ '4<
 8 N E1882" " 8 N 
"  @ < "  "
/, @

  " N  6 "   D=  E 1934 1930
@ <6 
"' 2
, @ %= E) 0 '
N
 '
   $
E"
 "%=
. "  "

)3 ) O @N; +  )
: ) /  2       N!
  6 2  
= .)  

"N! "- _   9 )

)' $!  
, N! O
E)/ '

( )
: #  N! N
 E- )= "N
 "

 2


 *
 >*  J% @ ) "' @ 
  "  )= N! % E  "

"%-: '
<=. )/ )N ) ),  )1  J : % "3 "  @  : ('1 N! %E"%
. "' "
: "1   J

"  $ %-6 V  )= N
: (! "
-1.
'
) "  NN  % E(> N   1934 " 2 )
, B $     -
: )  
Y 1932" E 6 "/ E"
*  1.
Y1939 " E 6 "/ E
,6 O
2.
Y1943" E  6 "/ E#
3.
Y1944 " E 6 "/ E"/ _ %4.
Y1945" E 6 "/ E8

 8 *5.
Y 1946" E 6 "/ E)''1  16.
Y 1947" E 6 "/ ED
 D ,<7.
Y1948 " E 6 "/ E8.
Y1949 " E 6 "/ E"  "
9.
E1956 " E 6 "/ E * 10.
E1957 " E 6 "/ ED -  ,11.
Y1957 " E 6 "/ E "%12.
Y1961 " E 6 "/ E% B'13.
Y1962 " E 6 "/ E(1  14.
Y1964 " E 6 "/ ED/15.
Y1965 " E 6 "/ E -16.
Y1966 " E 6 "/ E$ D = 8NN17.
Y 1967" E 6 "/ E 18.
Y1972 " E 6 "/ E 19.
Y1973 " E 6 "/ E/ @ 20.
Y1974 " E 6 "/ EF%21.
Y1975 "E  6 "/ E   @  %22.
3

Y1975 " E  6 "/ E$' ',23.

Y1975 " E 6 "/ E 8>24.
Y1977 " E 6 "/ E7= "'25.
Y1980 " E 6 "/ E 
26.
Y1981 " E 6 "/ E"* _=27.
Y 1982" E 6 "/ E"' ( ) 28.
Y1982 " E 6 "/ E"
 <  ), 29.
Y1983 " E  6 "/ E" /=  "'30.
. 1983 " E 6 "/ E7  31.
Y1985 " E 6 "/ E"** )= 7 1.
Y1985 " E 6 "/ E
< $*  2.
Y1987 " E 6 "/ E9  _   O
3.
Y1988 " E  6 "/ E-,4.
# :"
* 2
 = .@  (7) "
, "
 (12) F%    %
,
"
  " % E(1969)
 /* 8 1 E(1965)" 9) @ E)1962)& 
E(1938) 
 /- E(1979) "> D =  E(1973) " E(1971)$ - E)1971)" :
 E(1987)
  . E(1984)+  E(1982)  ? = @ E(1979)
.(1988) %
. " E8  E"% E"-, ' V - E@ ) E(1969)"' @ :" 2  
" J )= E1939 "     )  B $   :$ *  F  ED  '
%

   -  > F  E1938 "  `;  F  .
,6 O
"  @
@ 
. "<'Q "3' 
" )= EN  E)% # (!  1932 " @ ) "
*
: # "
W5
: )=   % "  " $  "
 )=    @  


: (  1938 W1930):"1  "'
"6 ) N % $ )= $3  ) 0 2  
 "' J )=     %
.  N )/  )
: +  0  -  E"4 / "

: ( 1952W1939 )"
: "'
  "N
    "
*       $  E"  "
, "% 8 !' . 
. D16
 * (   :8 - " * J )= "' J )= 2
   B1' O 8> 
: ( 1975W1959)"' "'
. 9 :  /: "= 
E2 *- 2

 "' "' J @   )=  Q )
. 
:( 1983 W 1977) : "N "'
2  "% /  29 >= 
* )
 )  O   "' J )=    '
EB 1 $%- '
D/    $ 
 :)-/ 5  $ * E " " 2 * "1 
 $* E 4 #
 "/ _ % )= "1  "   

*= E% @   /   ,
(   : ?1 $ %-  / % B'  ,/ 
 N E "NN  F   ",  " 
V /  , $1 " "  2**  0  
<  (1   D   ."  )= O
" 1 2   @  $1 2 $   )
) 
: ">  "*/ J $ J D,
 %
: "1  " 
4


,6 O
1.
#
2.
. "/ _ %3.
: "
: ",  " 
8

 8 *1.
)''1  12.
D
 D ,<3.
4.
"  "
5.
. ( "% ED -  , E *  ) "NN6.
: "' " 
 
: 1.
% B'2.
(1  3.
D/4.
 -5.
. $ D = 8NN6.
: "N " 
7= "'1.
"' ( ) 2.
" /=  "'3.
. -,4.

 E+
  ! $' O  3 "
 "'= "  % B' "  !  E  
)3 A 0, )= "' 6 * +
 E  Q / / E 0 )=  E 0,  )= > 
. )% /  ` :
:   " W


  "% "/ " "' 
8 
J
 2^= E ( % B' ) "   
$! 
"  % .2'
( / (/
(   % (/ "' E2'%! B  (  1 E(B')
. ):
 ( $<1:  1: '
  ) .()/
)$  /  '%  " 
 % 2-  EJ - ` : A '
 , % / = < 
 2=  4 '
  $
 2%  _/  .>  E"< "

1 B ' 8%  %   '
( ; "  8
 7'

D'/ .  *  N  / E2 J<< D1= 2  B  $  :"   816 0/ * )=  

: `   )= ./ % B    = 9)- $% 
$
, ?1 8 B 
! % 
. @  0 )=   D/ $ 
E7'
">  ' % %  2 ,
 E  '
( ;% "< @ -   
* "    )
  Q $  "** " Q 
 '
"  )= +  % % ` : $
 ." % " 1 2 <
.  Q 216   Q :<  " * ,
 %
% " 1 ?  : V
1  
"
* 2
 2    N% )=   

> + )'
  % "   
. % B' E - E 8> E  
: : $N
: )=4 / (  W
5

$ 

E "%-: "  8 N   1961"  6 / )= @
'
$3- ) "  
2 * /   )= "  @/ .) 

- )NN 
  , #  8 ,  +  


.(  \ $ / )"NN
6 = $1
 $%- "'/ "  J  + E/ 13.5 ( 19.5 )
143 )= E8 *  ( "  )   "% "/ 
8
 "  "
/ 

  E  



. "  "
 "  )= N 
 ) (***) "  @  $   "  '1 ."
: ) 1 (3 W
8
   6 = $1
 "'1  !  'Poster   '
" ' ) 6 ) 1 (3 + 
0 \  2= 0/ * % E ) *  ' 6  ' % "1   6 E>16  ' D<6  ' %
9 *- E< _ E *:  E@  8  "
 
">,   6 J  .
 
. 8

" Q #  '
8 $ % E" "   "  "  '
#
 $ E
.  Q / / 0 A ",16 * +

"'4  @
 ) ",  @  '  N%  + /, $   "'%- " ' J    
. "
* "     @  

-  $,6 '
 " * O
  - = E2 %-
 

 ), $%- @ " ' = EH
: .O
' )
 <!  < " * ? )=   ,     1  8

.O
6 J 


 ."   > '
8-  2:
 $%- B  / )= 9 
%  S * 5 
" * 0 , \ $N )% E2/
"4
4
S * $ 1 9 % "   * ",    J  >
. 2  + !%
$%- )= "'1
) 6 ) 1 ( )= 8
  @ -Q $% ; 9     
 %
.",  "  ":
2  % 
 : E@ -Q J $% 0,   1   % ." ' ) 1 
9 6 
* '4 F .$6 )= 2> 2/ + 2 V /: )/: E"  '
 )= : 0> =
$=
 "% @ 0 /> 
 '
  2 : '
6 )= N
 8
 %  )=
 ,  : E" ' ) 1 $%- )= 0,  0<    ) "1 @N! "
 /> % E9*
. "
 "
 O 
B' "  
 E  +       "
=  
- @ N  
 %
.  /


<

  ^= E  % "/ @%
, @ %  %
: ) %  -3
@ %  0 E8

@  2= >, +   2 1
 
 % B' "   
O  J
  B'1' 8
% 2 
2'
b ' "  2 < 8
 7'
' 9  % E
4
 
 c4  .$ 6 
 7'
"
  (% )= 9  2 @ != E"- / 2


:  '
( ; 2'   * ) "< " N 2
  9
% 2  # 2 
    >,
J9 9 ,< 2

 J  )= .D /:  D 1  4  % E" " # ?1 8
'
 /
  6      E
 
 )  .
 J  )=
    E/ /
@  E      E"  @  J E#-  "'*N @ ,/ J ."  6
E
4 "  1 " 3 
6  EN% 1 E
  "  
 "-: E% %

" 1' E@    !  " 1' ED    >3' T . 
 0   , 
(*
  (      I
   : '* (% E7'
"  ." -  
% 
) O
6 $% B1' 26 Y ) 6 '  "  8; )N
 )  $: 0/* J $%-
" 1   *: )= $N ) "  
*
"  "% <  % E"  $1
0* ) @,
.  '
( ; "  2 < 7'
':  2  
4   !N
   
* - % 
 J 2  $:  //  )  K' EF

6

) "
 d 9
 2 <  )= 2'-= 2  
   ) "' "   % E) %
)= 0 '-=  8< 4 " %- " 1- 
 " 1- .  EN  .   /
)= 8  @' ) "N  @     9 /16 F- )= / *  Y" 1 2

   *:
.  : ?
 
  
.!N  *   )/  <%   ^= E"* "N
 "% '
) )  $:  % 
"   .- '3  >    9 6 :  :  -
   % $  

9 1  % @  ) B  @ *'/ @ > @  D 8
 / $= '
@<%
*= E" 
. 2 "  8*  

B1-' $ *   "*/ % )   6 E Action %    / "  1 E
 Y  )= @> @     '  51 
*= E= .)
 )' 51Q ) 
. 5  0/ "% "  @ /* '
"  = 
)= 2 ,
 2 , 2'
 

  E"*'3 "
 2<<  
 5 1
= E+ '

 %  
 .8 2 % '    0   % 2 %  -  E 5 1 J 
V  )
: @  5  2 E '
(;

 / =   % [ 9 46 $<   2,
2 E 8* 2 @ 
 : "*/ ", J  
 K'  .9* 9 46  )*/
@ )= 7 "/ @  
% *  O
) 6 E& 
  ; %  
 @  +  
. "  " "
 " 

 2= @* + -  D = ",  8
-  F 
", 2  $% E   $ 3-: 2
 0  : "  (  J )= 
   D 
V  @ % 8 N   6 YF '
2-  '
( ; J   % .9 46 @ %' ' /
J  '
( ;
-
, .>

 +  -     9 46
6 0 

. "3 "
/,Q "*/ '
9 >*'  N <   / =   % ) @ ,
E"  2 < 7'
'  :  *  D'3 )
 2 >=  2 1
 
 , E%
+     E9  $%  2   1  =  J
 + "'* 
 < $  2
.     )=
  $ 4 '
J!N 1!
    .
2 =  %

 % ' " < @ V  $  7'
0
 @ >  @'-= 
E7'
'   * ! "'

: 
 , E8%  2

 "=  2 , "

. ,

: ) "% J 

:  1 ">  ' 2  

 
' )= 8 - " N 8
  .  +  '
( ;
*= E2
 4
0 )= =   
' 9 4  '>  E8

 " % "  
0=
 8<
.  "/' $   *
( O N6 8N% E 9 6 " [ $%- )= 1  2< )= 
  '
( ; ( > 


2'3-  ( ; 
 '/ ."% (-

  2  $%
* \ J /
 2
 E"3
. )
: 2> 0   1T $3- 
O ! J EF \= ( ; % E2
 )= 
+  '
( ;  :  B'1  *: "/1 )= %= E 
 -  ,/ )=   "
  51 


 ) D * (< % %  -'

1  E"
: "
 "%-: , 8 N S
  1
. V
1
% 
3  @ %  0 E8

@  2= O% 
 $1
'
26 Y)  2
 J  % +  '
( ; % @ %' ", )= 
 "  @'-= 


J E 2  ( ; 2
 = E"N 9 - $   2%'  ", 2  * )!
  '  %
. ?1 8  )= 2 5< : 8%
 
 % . " "  " +
 )'
A- /  
 2E '
( ; 2



 )=   )= 2  J
 >, + E.  26 = *
=  %  * +
 )'

. "
' "
* 8
 "  8>  * )   5 ) 

'
ED
 ) = 9 >  $1
J3 "'1
" # E_  +
 9 >= 
 $ 
7'
'
D
* 8
-  2   %  EF  2 1 V  ^  2 #  %  4
7

. ( ; " 
E )= 2 5< $, 2'

  % *  </ ' 0 " ",

 @ %
7 ) 8  % " 1
4 6  * #
 J

  2 '/ E 16 1b
 2=

. " "-  '
" )>  )= @ % ) E " 1 % 6 ) @   9    2*-

 ( EF

. "  2 1 3  %
 % E"  2
-
 8 

 @ B , #   :  * 8
-  " *- )=   0   
 )>*
"  2 <  '
'
"- / 2   
 D'/  % E">  "*- J  .7/ 
. $3: 3  >   9 6    /1 @ % @  J 
 E '
( ;
 %   ) E 9* 9 > 9 6 D )= "N   J 
% (  @'  
. " 1  %   
 J
 )*' +
 A- 9 >=  
 
3= E *: !N @:  $%
  E16 )=
2 % 1 8
 / # 
 8* 
  EF   .N   > 8
- 
8*  >  / J
  %
4 e : ?  
 '= E"   % $% )=
: "N  2  "  0> " 
: `   )=
! % 
. @  0 )=   D/ $ 
   D/ 
(% . @ 
= @% B    .
= "3 K/ `  9 >  

 % .
$9  ."' "3  $     @' .  
 )= @  $3'3 .8


,
: 2 .$' )=       .$ 
  9  '
2
>  $;  - 
."   D 
6 )= B 4 .? 
 9)-: . * _ - : - ?
 '=  (N % . 
 .81 " * $ E  9)- '
/ 8 , $%
  ." 4 :
>  : > 2 ( 
8:   8:   ' = :  

  1 ."  ?% N

8  6 Y "
 8
 
 : 8:   : O 
 "  "  ) E%
. 8
3 "' % 9:;  7   D:
: "  )= " 1- 8
-3
: "  8  "4 -1.
?1 "  @  % 0 = > ) "  " 1- 8
 " 6 <% "  @  %  
%: ."  ) D  ?  '
2 %   
 % )*'

: V *Q 9 > %
F ) '6 )  ,  > >  :   B1  %  
 " 1- 8


)= ) 
 : "  8   ."
"  "  8  
 ) " 

 , />
D  " 3' "4 ", / )= $N "  / >

 , 8  J . "3' ?  '

"   $ ) "   $% "  8 "  8  = E)   . ) )
 ) 
. " 
"  % V<  F =. @  @  8

 " 1- @  ) @  * @


* E
 
 ' "'  " 1- @'*  F 
 . "   "  d     ", 
),   Q  E ( =< $- )" 1-  B1-  E ( @  :  ) ),   % "'
. ( # XE   '=Actants) ( $   $
  "'1 " 1-  ( " %: @9* )
" 1-

 )=   + +
* O    $% 
  '
" 1- 0 $  

 :
."  8  " '6  K' ) " D/    )3 % E '1
 1 =
)= "   %  %: E)  ,  > : "  "   " 1- 8 +
;  %:
  " 1-  / N   N%  : .+
 '1 D
 )*' @,  : , 

8

 )= W  "/ =
%; $/ 8 V >  )= O =. )*Q ) '6 , : E"
E)
: A  D / )= $1
 % E)
6 A 
* 
 )= $1
  

 D - )
*
. 2 9 % " "'= 
8

 _  " * )= $/' J  )= 
6 =
N% + )= )= E0  2,
)=  Q       N%  "  ()" 1-
. "
> ":
  4 = @  1-   ^=  EO
   "'
  
* (,  W *
  %
 +  $ * $<1 ) ) "
> ":
 J $N
" 1- F' % )    % 8  E"  " 1-' "'1 8 
J
2
J   %' )  
Q   ) D<!  " 1-' "  8   /  

* # 2, 9<  % (,  #% "  "    '
"    + +
 2/

8< "= 8
 $1  N%  $ * "  E)  $%- @   2= ?
 
2= .  +
. " 1- =  : * "   =
* $   E(" 1-))
= >
 " ' )'% D   "'1 " 1-' "  8 ' "= " Q . B'1 E
+ )=  $%
 . " 1- 8  "  "  d $1
"   "  "  @  %

  %
 )3 O 
0  )
>  2  )
: # %: $ *  /1 $, "  8    *
\ '
<% $1  E"*
"  . 
2-% 9 N ( %  +  2 ?
  '



. +     %  "  )= "'/ $ 
 / ) )  ,  )= : $%-: E" ' "  " "  " @ " 1- 8 
)= % ?1 8  8  8  " -  " 1- "4 ", / "N% " 3' ", / 
E) 1
. = "/  " 1  )= : "' ! "< 
 )= E)< : )'% , 
"/  $ E  D*: "  " 1-' " Q 8   :$ * % E5 :  '
9 
'
D*  E"  )= 8  8  $ % )
  )  ()   /  9 > @  %
)=  EV
 -  F
Q 8

 $ ) E" " 1- ?  '
# )*' ? 

8
0 E /
"  % )
6 $ )= +    " 1- 8 " 

 +  ) Q
 ^= E2'

E)   .   ) 
 
* )  

 
8  J )'%- 9  )*' )= "N " 1
. "<   "'1   "    (  + =
$ W *
  %
 $ *  E"  " 1- 8  ) Q
 < '
_ Q  : %
)   '6 '
)' +  V >  
%
, F    % ^= EJ4   %  2= g  #
 % '
)' ) ) " 1-  ? ) " /6 J
M.ZERAFFA =< $ -  E2

 * D/ />
* @:  )=   E  )= E# 6 $ %-Q ^= E"  $ %-6
IMAGE de  Q 8  1  2 = + E) Q  >= )= "  " 1-' "  = 
.   4 )] O
  2  )=lhomme
:  
 X    7 %  5 

"  " 1- " * W

" "
 @

("  8  "4)

 )4 _/  $, "  " 1- @=

,
Hro problmatique " %-Q " 1-
 "
 "' " 1-
= E)  


: "NN "- % ' ,  $1  ) Q )' 0 / @
. ( N # = @ -%
"  )@ '
V >    = : " N " 1.
(N  ' + =  
 " )V >  '
@   = : "   " 2.
)
>  0,  0 @ (% = :"  " 3.
( 2    ''= ' @  "  )
( )
 $/ ) " Q "
 " 1- @ "  '
*' % $6  % E" %-Q " 1-

. ( )X X %  +    @   ) )%-:   @
9

0>   / 0 'N   ,/ "3 "  )= " 1-  /  "NN  
 X   


,
"=4  " 1- ) E- * (   +
 -
0  *  9
 ) 6 +
,:
=   ) "   "  E",  "%% "  )= + > / "
   )
9 -6 ' $ $ < F%  " 1- = $ ; ) 8

 "  E 
     " 1-
.  ,6

 +

 )
* @ 
 - * )=  % '6 O ! " 1- O )
*
$ 1 +
 '
8
 @ 
 " 1- O
 % E)  )%- OQ  2 */ 2 )=
I"  " 1-' =< 1     = . =< $- 1 
: =< $- 1  $ 1

" 1- 8 W5
 $% (,  \

( ,  
: E"  " 1- $  "1  @   J% D  $%

$/   $/ "
  = 1  B 1
*'= ." 1- 8 $  =< $- 1  $ 1
> 
 @  ON  $   )= (,  E)%
V
 )= $/ J  (; (, 
. @ 6

 "/1 9 > )= 2  F ",
E 2* E" $/ " ) E "*/ ",
\
B1- F 2 +. @   2 
E  
8

  " 
8 
 )%


$/ =
   8  J 
 '
: )%
 "   $/ :1  $ * E2  ' "; $ +
'
: E)
: ?  '
" "/ E+
 ?  '
8< 8

 @ 
 E0, 
$; 
"  =  '

 8
, E"
>  ":
 "
 .  (! 8

 " J 

E %= ,  2  E@  2 J    J1  * %= ,  2  )%
 $/ = E% I %
)= 2'/ 2 %  : )%
 "   E2/ + 0,  J  E@  2 J    J1  *
.  2 "   2 % +  $/' "    2 % +   6 "
  $ E 
) * )  
 +%= (,   . 2     $/ (,   )%
 "  WH 
2  2
(-%    E2= 2<% E  )= $/ 0,  2: E@ 0,  '
8
-
2
   2
 "  "'  $ E" * 2 : E$/  B 1

 )  0,  : E2 1
. 2
$  @  2 $  816 $/ "'% ( / "  )= 2 E2
)   ) E  
  
+ ;    "  " 1- 
8 
 )%


$/ 
 .8< 4 E"'% 4 " : "   * .   * )= (; %: E  "'* 8
'4 )=
  + )   $/ .1 

8< 4 " 1- 8 
O
 % EN
$/  E"    "  :1  $ * .9 - % (; J ED'3 $/ = "3 @  


 )= + D* J


 > ) E% E)  E$ 2 : ' "> = ":
 J

  E *'3

<
+ E$  2'
  2 % 
(,  
<
2 E ** , >  8

 " 2
)= "  J )= / 1  
E2<  ) 1- 2/  E Character2 1-

  5 1
. 2
"   (; "/1 D1
)'% )' 9
6 " %  * E8< 4  '
"* " 1- )%
" 1-  E
 )= J
 + )' $/ " %-Q " 1- J 2- : E"'/ @' "** "* / 
6
$ 
  $ 2- E"1 "'  8 2' %  )' ) $/ = % .  "  
$/  ."  " N ", J  )=   $/ E) )
2' % = )%
$/  E@ =
* / J
 '= )%


$/  E@   2   $/ . " : " = )%

.  $/ $N />  D,
)%


) $/ % J
 @   " + )= E2
 % '
"  $ %-6 )'   
 E" 1- 8  J
 
*'= =< $-  '* 
8
  @ ,  )>  *  @ -
* '
 + $; = E)   ." 1-  % 
" F% 2
d %% " 1- @- 6 Y 
  ,   " 1-   "  $%- 
.V
 (/   1 V >    

'

-    D   )  $%-  ." 
\ +  )  $%-  + ." 1-   )  $%-  " > ",
"N   )
. )

Q ) 2' "  " 1-  1   % '

10

F% "  E"* "  @  %   %  % E % %= '

$
 +<  % ) " 1- = E2'

% W 
 "' 
"  < ) WB 1 J E )'1 9 9  "
* )
"> 3 8=  E" / (  0 */ (% $  E8 E%  6 Y"  " 1- F '
. 8  )=
: % B' "  )= " 1- W

 % B'    "  )= " 1- 8
  )*/ O  )= $  ( 
. 
 " 1- ) : 8
 " 1- '
<% $1
) %-Q $/  %  E   ,<! 7 "<! " 1- % B' "  )= 

"1    2 : 2= 7 + 0 )= 3  $  "'  , $/ $ .) 
 Z )- % '
3 0/  ."
 "
 "/   "< "% * J
 + / 2,  F 

$-
 0/  
  .2

 
/*= 9 6   @ % ) "/ 1 2:   4 '
2,
"' J
   % 0,  6 Y '
( ;  ' )  ;  % ) S
  %=6 <
O E< 4 $% 4 0,  2 = 
 2=   $  + 0,    % E 8 

. 
3 " 1 Q +
 2
" )= 16 * "
'
" ! " 1-  
 "  )= " 6 2 1-     
.   4 < 4 $=   $= ?
  '= ( / " )= "<6
" 2 >, 
    51 B 2! 
 " 1- % B' "    E
( ; :$N "' 6 * '
 
ES
  < E1]   '
 4   * 
4 

9:;  *  , % . 
 : "N  :
  8   $ )% "  J
 7'
 '

8  @ =. "' /
<  9

6   9 6   "N
'% @ % 2:   : %
(  :O%: 

8:   V  "  "  )= )  J  )* E (
:   N

?% N
 E81 " * $  9)- '
/ 8 , $%
  " 4 : E >  : > 2
. 8: 8:   ' =E:  

  1 E" 
1T )= % 1 $,  
   

W ,  W "
 "  8  J 0, 
 E8:   EO
E" 4: "] @ '% )= $N +
 #  , @ "  8  J= ."  " 
, @  

"1  @  ) 
 " 1- "< ?

%;  . >  : > (
E" 9 >= 7 8  "<! " 1- ! " "  " 1- (  ."' 6 2
 0
" % 
 O
  E 
 : "*'3 " 1-  .V >  @  D<

 D'* 9 >=
 0/  E?
 '% 
 @:  @ .8 : /  8   E(
:   %: E"**
@    E$% 4 < 4 
: 16 )= 2 * % '= .  =
 8   $
.8: : 
8 
8  @
 B1 @  : $ "  $/ > F .   
, @  "% * @
 E7  6 , * 

8  "N
'

%! "'% J
  %
*
816 '% 8  @ , E  
4 6  E$6 0/* % @9  1 :8!- "/
    )= $ : 0,  $% )= 9  0 D'/ + _  


 $  O
!
O
F 
4 6  E )= + 
" 1' <  % = ." % " Q "- "< ", /  "  8  J )= + 3'  
"
: "
 " %  
   % ) S
 '
 

  
4  < :
'
":
)=
4 6 "'% . J
 7'
@ < 2 @
4 ) "  2 <  '
( ; :
:
 >=   .   ,
-   % ) "' 6 * )=  /=
   1  ** B '
) %     E2<! 9 > " 
 '
-; J 
  F = E < 
  

",<! 8  J   . 
 "<  /'   " % /3> )  )
: ' )
E / Q % ? , "
] / - $,   % $%  @ 

(
) "  " 1-
1 + B'  NT 0 <   "** @ % 9  % @
 

0,  8  D   1
11

. " 4 : $  "  J % E"
 "  @  '
-; + 9 >  E *   )=
@<  '
% 8  $ 

2<! 
(,  B1- 

  = E)4 ?  '

%E $% 4    )=   D*  )   E "'% 4 @<  6 "N $-  

!
    '
% 8  @% 

2
(,  " ! )= "  @ : J @ 
816 '% @ , 8   E
4 6 8  
O
 

F @ : "*    ( % .O

  3  $* EN  . 


 % _   F
 @ EO

 8  !
(  2 )*' ?  '
@ :  .2  "N

%! )= "4  " 1-  @' E /1
: .%   
     
 " 1- "   S * 6 YD - :   8

" 



  
%! 
 N E" 1- "N
 S * (,  E  

  $,
  
:  , @ _ : 
 : 
 8  "N

%; 16 )=
 E% _ 
. " ^ $  F! F

 E'
!(.) % 7'
"  ( ; " ^%
. "
   ( ,   @   1 I+    
: 9
<  ` =
! "

8
 "*,
F  E

@
.  D- @  .- ( 1    J 
@
,  J 
 
O
6   
2<!   (,     E"  8  J )=

 
 Y" ^ $  (  2 2 '  
  "/' *    '/ .8 '
"
 . " Q F' D/ "<! @   $1  5   "'1
 8   
2 
2   0,     % "1 9<: '
":
 *  % 
1 ) 
%  .' + 9 Q <  "N% "  8  J )= " Q  . "' "  
Q
. " "'  '
 * ) 
",
 "/ ' < $ ":
 )'% 9  "< "    $1  .> % 
 
# " N  %
, ."' 6 * S
 $  @ )
: $ > "** "- _ 
<<: )
: D  
 )   )=  * _
% - 9    N% 2 9)>
 / ) "< 2
 0 , 
8
 " 1- ) 
 " 1-  .$ >   V -
. 2  Q "% @

 / )= : =   1! 1 %: " 1- 8 !
%;  : O  1T )= :
?  "4 ", / " 3' ", / #

 , :#1    
)'% )< ,  ) Q
. )  D  )
 % "'' "'
$% )=  > "  8  "  J : 8 N  N )= 
 %
 
 "  8  ) 

* E)   % )= "   = < E)  B  0>1
)  $' $  )=  , / @'3 ', "  @  @  %  N 8 > 

 4  %
. "'% "< "   " 
 (N%  

: %
E+
 )  # @  1 8
  " 1-' "  8  " * 9 N
: ED  '
9 

 = " 1 "  "  #  8
   .'  "Q 2 '/  -   < 
. "
" 
"  
 )= "  B  " * )= 8  8
 89* "  8   /
%; %
. "  " 1 "  ,  
"4 " Q " '6
: )  9 > -1.
"%-: "'   ">,  9 > 8 * "
 "N "' "  J )=   

. )*/ V  )
: @   < @ % O 
*
@  1
*
@  )= " 
12

"      % 6 / >   E  /  D  = F' ) "%' "' 9 
=
"/*6 "  
: : "< @ -  

   % ) @ - 
 ."%-: " N
/    ",  *  - E"
: "
 
  < @ % + 
 8=  + ."**
/ > /    7  3  - E"%-: " N S
 " 1 "/,   - E0
@ - S
 9:;  1 $ E N 

  % % 
 "%-: D/  .   6
. 

   % )

 2= >, +  )= $N + )
 9 > )  B  )= > ) @9 > 
@9 >  . '
( ; "  7'
$,  " 1 
4  >, @  0  8

@  
 %  $  + * E" 1
4 6 8: 
 = ' ) 8* % ?16 "

. 2 V *h
 
   1'
K1 +   $< E+
 )'
A- 2'
 + (  9 >% "' * " @9 >=
  %
.  % $% )= 2   1 2

  2=
"% @  "  ) * V - )= $N= "<! (,  8 ! 9 >=  " 9 >= 
. "'1 "*/ "
 @ =  #   B3 + 8 * 
 E#  
E '
( ; [   "*- 7'
@  % "*'3 @9 >=  "  @9 >= (  %
. 9  9 >= </ ' * )=  /  % "  @9 >=

 E8 * 9 >=    (
 "
@ /*  " % @9 >' 2/ * 2 )=  % $*
,
$< * 8 / *   %  16 )= $* E
 V -   "/  @ /*  $* F
. 7'

*  @    )= 
 */ "  "
 " @9 > "%6 $1
 E  
. ) 1 )'1
 V  "
  @ % ) )> 
: "  )= ( 1.
 * ." ">  ":
"  (  2 E$   9 -6 "%6 B 1-6 '
(   
 .( ",    Q )) )** J
   Q $  2 %  *
  $N ( 


 )= 
1 (    ) .$ /6 2= F +   $ 

 ",  "  )= ( 
. "6  9)- < )   \ _ >Q N E"   %
 "> / /1
,1 
   <= @  1-   
 1-  '
<%  )   
83 "'/ ) 8
  2 F 26 Y 0 
  
   @ N ) 9  ( % E  
\     0'/ "  "*1
 ', D1 E "
* 
,6 0,  

:" 1 +
6 
+
  -
 @ @ .D ( 
0 (    D- 0'/ . .2- /  '


, 0  
(-% \ -- D \  = )= @
 . " ( $ /  
 @ E$
. 2   =  D = 
 -  2  @'/ .>1
9 6  N% >  ) "  2 N "< 2
  1   '
( ;  % ( 
7 8 N  * "     
  $   )=   < 9 ; 9*
8 N . N  / !I0-   '
#  
 3 (% )1 E '
( ; :", =
  1]

E6 D/ 
# ,  8 , E8  7  )= ) )
,

)  + * F . / $%- )=
)= F, / )- @ : F .  8
 $   8 * . '% @ -  96


@ ) "'1

F   @%  *   "> >   "
 D/
"
.V 8 N ."
*   ", - .F     <  % ) " ,  

FN

   .", $ 

)   N% @ . 9   + )= @ @'*
  ."'
89* 
(%  .! 
:   ", : "
= @ , < )= ) @',   .)% ) ",
'
@,
4 .)% +
 ", )= @
 .",  8
 9   )
- @% .F
 ",
. 8
 7'
(e    % # 
" 1 @   
"   0>  8

)=   2''1 "  2 < 8
 7'
 % (
13

9      "  %  '

( ; " 1 7'
"<   (-% " ",1 "

.   5 1 6 9  % +
 A-
E"N 9 -6  " 3  '
( ; [% 9N 3  )   \ E ">,  "%  %  $*
.   "*-% B 1 ",  *  )  1] \
:)
: V  )*/ @ 
 9 -6 (  % ( 2= $1
  /* %
 %6  @' -  > '
. '   8

  
   " 
1 9 >
(* $  EA  @ '  @N !% " $  '
" N ( @
 E9 >6 "%

 6 2 '
  * 1 .
,6 *'

8*
   8N 

* "/6 ( 1<

1 _  .   2= D
  $ / ',  
2 2*-
 / + 2  F E
 K'
0  '  6    > J  2
(-% 6 
 )= "*
 '
/   .
. ,
$ E '= $
 F<' $  % % 2 - 2%  2  1- ( )= N% $    %  
  % +

  

$   % * %  2 % ."  0/ * 8<  @* %
) 0 <  - ) 9 -6 (    
, .$<1: (  >Q 
. "N @
6 ( 9 , 9 -6 F' ON! )= 2
-
: "
 "; -1.

 
   3 > $  ('1  ";  % B' "  )=  %

0 , 
 (  O
6  
  (* $ E$1
  "; )= % " * )= F -: + )
> 

9)- $% ( @  1- 
"*'/ "= F' 26 Y )1 2Q
   2- . "
>  $%
$1
  $  (3 
 D*- ( * $<  E   1 )   $1
8
 2  19 > @ 
 )
 - "'1

#' :"'1
 
-    = J %: @  
\4 . -  ",  8/, $  $ < *  F  % ."
8
  "
>* #  
$% #  8
 ! 8%= @/ .2-
   1     ( .  2!%= 2
A-
. ?
 
 V >
 " 1  

" ; ) .@  $'%
E)'1
  ) 1  
  3 > ('1  "; $  %  0/*    
. 
  /   ,  %
,   %  9 > @  1- O
  $*
  +   %
 D " E
 ' " 6 "  ) J E)%
 "  )=
  (  
' )
* " E 9 -6 "%6 ( @  1- B1- $1  (  " E@  1-
"
 
 
 + )*/ )
: 2  : 8N% 2  2 
B1- 0, 
* )=
 
* )= % ) "  
Q "  F  ."%-: 8 N   +  0 )= "
:
8 N   1   \ ?% "%-: S
 " 1 
@ ) "  " )%-:
. "*/ "   % % '
8 N "
: "
  
EN! " E$ : " ED'  * " )=   %
    * ?1 (  "N
. ),  0   "
: +
 < -1.
$*    5 1 >   D'/ )/1

< "  )= +
 <  
$  $*   E(F  7= )2
: )>   8  ( <  
 .@  :
. 2=-
0/ '= :"'*  $%- )=  4 > + )'* (-: '
"
 "
 0/ * 
)=
' 2! ' .
  
 4 
 O  E8  A-  , .9 
Q 2 g'
   E  
J * 8- 
' *
! ' .@,  @ )= " *  9 %  ` E2% '  4 

, 1-  *!= ' T, 0 .'  )=  '
( ; '
/   $  83  9  ? E '
D/  /> % )= S / $'1 0 D/: 
8<
8
 / 8  )= 2 ? .@ 
 $, 2  '
\*= 8  )= % 
  8!= <  '
( ; % E06 @  )=  
14

) % @-  )', :
 ( F


E#
 2 (/1  8 * 2'

- 2',  %
. 8
 7'
 < ^ "   E   '  )= /   F
' ) ) %  E"
"* 2'
8 N  2 % '
, 9

: % '
 * )>  V  '
"
 0/ * 
  E)= 1: :  @',   @N = "  @
,  $* "  )= 8
  "'1

@ : >=
) F @N (  
F! F  E
 ): EF  E  =  

! E  EF'%

 $6 ' _   <6 @ %  6 F' )= .F  @ .= '
F
 '

,
! ) %  +1 : "' )= ", 3  *  = E  
: "1 )=  , 2  J 2!%  '
( ; / 1  )= "% '
#'= 2 *'  \
 % F  @1 "%-  % = @-
4  F
 )=  $
  @', 
)
   9 >


8
 
 @ T  8

 "  @ * 
      
#     >3 '
$
 )'  /1 (  $* (- F  7= 
1 %
.  *: !N 
d  + -
V *  EB1' ( )= "
 V * ' E9/ "
  V *Q ?  '
 % 5 <
. "

 - "  ",  )= %= 9/
)= 
9)- +  %  %  8


@ 
   
 5 1 )< (   =
= /*' " @  

(,  O E?1 8  9/ E8  "
   O
6  % F " 
\ %  EN  $* E '
( ;   +
 A- "  7'
9 % @  1- \ 
@ " 
- E '
( ; [ 
 $ 1

- E *  8
 /
-% "

 -
 % +
- E2  ">  ' (, 
- E  )'1  % +  - >
- E7'

. )   
 V<  = '  % ) "  
 - E</ ' 0   2= $

: " '6 "4   -1.
 N%
* .@  1- (,  
 O
6 $* "
   8

2  )=    (
   K' E@,  # )= ."
 "*/ 2 1- 2' 2 %  N% 0,   *

V 
' 5    > ! % ."  
Q ,  \,  @  1- @  "=
,
+  -  4  '6   1T +
  ' > .   "'1
  ,< @  1-
" 1' ED    >3' T :"   N  N%  " 1- % 0
  % 2= /'1
 I
   : '* (% E7'
"  ." -  
%  " 1' E@    ! 
EA )= 0,  E )=  , %' E.       
, E  (    
.
% 9 >3  3  
  # )= @/1  9  .
* %   @,  )= \*! )%
. 9)-: I  
83  (   ./ 4 9 * % =   0/
% E"
  ",  @   4 '
  *
 ^= E 6 J $%  4 '

. "

 -  $   9 -6 "%6 @  1- 
* 9 N (    %  
  = $1
 "3' 2  0 $ 
 "  ", "3  %    "3 < 
"  "     % $ F .+  ) 0,  " 1  N% * "  " 
E"/ $* EO N6 $* :$N ":
$ * '
$
 # , $ % ."% % 3    
E* $* EO
  $* E" "/' $* E
Q "=   $* E(  
 $*
. "  $* E0 $*
$%  " 1 "=  "* " 1 '
) ) 8-  ",  "/ "3' 
1  4 '

E ( 8 : 2- ) " - '
" ,    6 \ )= (   %  : E+
- )4 D 
(,  O
6 B1- (% B ') <  $  E ( " % $ <  )8 
.      

  ) E8 , $   "'=  "  $  %   4 E"% "/   % $3-
+N )
 J /
 "% D* O
6 F $ J  %
 
, E <; O
6
. "
* 8
* "
 "%   '
J 
15

4  '6 E5   ) "  " % ?  '

"3 @ * 

,     
 6 $% @ % :   $ *

  )= E($* (- EF  7= E - 


) "T )= @'1
 =
) D/ + 

, " % )= V- 
= .
 @, )=  
)6.)
    EO
 ),   +
'* ),  

, % 
= .)


 '
@'/ " " NN  " )  )=   -
)     8
 8= )=  $% @,
. "  "' )= + " )= $%  )   '  N%  @
 "*/ J E@  -
)=
"%% @< Q )  E
 N! @ 0, %  

:D   )= >    $ *
)= <  @,
* .)
   )= 2 d  @  #  2 @N! @% )  $1 ."N

. ,  d 2'%  _/ @% " % @
 

)% @ NN / 
5   -   % E (  B
 '

  6 "  2  %    

*
   5 < "N
 " 1- "3 '
 

 EN  . 
* ) ";' 2 =  2 )'1

" "  =
) "%% "  6 )N    23 @ '1 F E"  " 
. +
 -
0  * )=
: "  )= " "
6 -1.
" 1-  % E =
 "  )=  /1 8N%  "< 4 "<  4 " 1- 


2 < " 1 
  ) D<  )'1
 V   )  EV >  @  .! " %-
", D/ 
* '
8 N $ > 2'  % +  '
( ; J  8
 7'
2*
" 
" "%-: 2
 + * + N 2    % E" "
 "*/  "
= "*/ 9 46
J 
 E0 9  - '
"
 <  /  8 N * )= 9 46 9*  +  )
.  $%  "4 = 9 =  @ % @ -
"

" 1- @  + E  N  *:
 ?1 " 1-    2 1 
= E2'

EN  ."
1 
%  )= 2  <  

1 %   1
 )=   $- @9  8
, 
E ." ",
 8' , )=  /= 
4 6 $% 0 2   )  #
  
 .'
. ?
 :   N
! ! 2'%
  ? "N
"

" 1- 
 $ 
 E  -:  - 
 F  % +  ( "
 <3  @  ) #    

 //1 %   " 1- % E  '
9 >* " 1 0 @   "  2=
  % +
. J
 ?
 : 2  "N
?
 '
$
  9 e 2',  % EN  . =
6
    6 / > "  "%-: "
*     % E?1 "  
) 
  

   %  Y D  = F'

)= "%' "'   " N "/ @ -  *'/   %
."
: "
 D*
 8
"/*
 "  

 E) ),16 +
,:
"' J )=
 N% E%  

$  
 ' % 6 / >    %
 N
 E)
: ' - V  N% *

< - @ %' @ "/,  @
( ;  E"*'/ "%'

)= @ -  4 '
<    "      %-:
) "%-: @ - "  8

  1 .@  8= @ 1   "<  5  :  '

@ % 8

)=
 = " 1 J @ E"' / @ N  
 -   % E 
 =
   %
@> ,  '
)  
 =   ) 9% "< : E"
 "<1 @=< <
. 1967 "  ,  

$  " %
',  )'   ( "  )  $* :) 1 ,  "  " 

 +%- ) 4 $ *
)   = E/>:

- 2 2 (   $, `  )= 
,
- 3  F .8-  


*  : D*   D* = $
 $< "
 @* E"%-:    @ '/
*
 3  $ )= .     .  )= "% - 
 <   N   E"
"
* "
'  @
 0  > D : ) " ' @*    "/*
 ' $ -
8
  8

 "*/ (   > 8 N 2'
+ 2   "
8

 "< )= ) 0* E"
. #
  %' 2, 
 )= \ 2   E 1
16

  F )= .   + E(
 
 % 0,  3 $  " N " 1- 
   )
j $ )= @

, 8

 "*/  E)%-: % ' @   ) 0,  ( >
* ._ 
S
 @ 1
,  '
( ; )  "  )= 'N ) "*/ J  E)  
6 )  )
%  +
 A-  ) 0,  ( > F% ,  2'N  
 $ 6
 @ 8 N
. $
 "  
 $'4 )-  (   2 )=

 "<6 )** $ 6 Y+
 )'
A- (,  2'' )= +%- ) 4 2   0 D :
 < 0,  3 )=  '-=  %-:  N @   > "* F E)=  )
 $ 
 2 N ( ;  ."- 8
' )**  > &  8
  WH W$ = E  

D/ 
+
 )'
2 - + )   $ ?   Q
 $ +  
*   <  " 1
 9 : "<   
6  - 
)'1 "'< 
 V /  / 2  Q 3
:
 )**
   0*  E& 0 .  
 
   >  % +
 (,  .  >
)' & '
$ %:  : 0 )= 3 D*  .2
O + )N )  
Q
  
? *   1967 <  )=   "<  ."* 2- $N & "
  8
 D
 
" 1- 9 6   %: "  "  0>> D  '
-; ?  "3 "  
. "  
Q

: " 1
"
 "'= "  >
D/   $1     % B' " = E$  + '

. )% /  ` : "  % % "1  '! !N  *: " $   > O  "N

 )=  Q D', 8  O

"  "
: . @ "
*: ",  ; " 
 %
. "/ "% * 2= ' "' 6 * 2= / +
 
,  O
6 $'  Y / $%- "%% "4   9   * O  "  J 
> ('1  "; $3- E-  4
 " E */ < O
6 ,     %
. ),  (  $  E 3
?
 O  , "
 " ! "  )
*Q ):
 +
   )= F% " 
 E?1 8   8
 :  )   
 
  +
9  @  % E8: 
. @  @ 8*  >  / * 
"  @ T  8

 "  @ *    

*= E"  9  "%%  4 '

(  6  /1 $* (- F  7= 5   $  9 N )
   "  
"   E '= $
 F<'

",  "   N%
 % E -  4  '6
% #
 $ :% 
 " 1  
    @    %   

% "
 
.) ) "N  2  )= > F '

Mr : yassin KAHLI / MSN => ka_yassine-net@hotmail.com

Deuxime baccalaurat sciences humaines

17