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by travelling waves
Cigr WG A3.22
Cigr WG A3.28
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
50kA
Tr
2
D-S/S
D-2
360km
120km
A-S/S
Tr
2
50kA
3LG
F1
B-4
Tr
2
50kA
LLF breaking
BTF breaking
240km
B-S/S
C-S/S
2.15ms
Vs : Source voltage
1.29ms
Breaking point
(A)
(B) (C) (D) (E)
2.58ms
3.01ms
VL : Line voltage
Tr
2
50kA
55
26.5m
26.5m
26.5m
100 m
18.55 m
53m
38.25 m
India, single
circuit, 1200 kV
26.5m
38.25 m
18.55 m
53m
19.0m
19.0m
15.5m
16.5m
72.5 m
14.8m
42 m
15.5m
61.7 m
81.5 m
98 m
14.8m
16.0m
14m
90 m
14m
15.5m
18m
120 m
107.5 m
18m
16.0m
16.5m
Earth Resistivity =
100ohm-mor 500 ohm-m
Dimensions in
m
Rated voltage,
kV
Nr. circuits
Nr.
subconductors
Diameter
subcond.
Spacing
subcond.
Sag
Height
lower/upper
Nr. shielding
wires
Diameter
shielding
Height
shielding w.
Sag shielding
wires
Earth
resistivity, m
Japan
China
India
Canada
1100
1100
1200
(800)
2
8
2
8
1
8
1
4
0.0384
0.055
0.03177
0.03505
0.4
0.4
0.457
0.457
20
73/108
20
42/82
37
7.6
27
0.0295
0.0175
0.01812
0.0127
120
98
55
39
18
18
11.7
100 to 500
500
100
1000
2. Surge impedances
For instance for SPAR identical to 1st pole clearing 3-phase fault:
Z = (L/C)
As travelling waves may occur between each pair of conductors and
combinations thereof many surge impedances have to be calculated
and combined: modal analysis, as used by EMTP or ATP.
8
2. Surge impedances
some formulae
Two infinite equidistant (D) conductors with equal radius (r):
Z = 60 ln {D/r}
as (0/0)/2 = 60, and Z for each conductor, between conductors: 2Z
One infinite conductor with constant height (h) above perfect earth:
Z = 60 ln {2h/r}
earth surface acting as ideal mirror plane:
no penetration of electric and magnetic fields
Imperfect earth:
especially for magnetic fields
depth of conductor >> h
depth < 25 m :
- above 100 kHz (100 m)
- above 1 MHz (1000 m)
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2. Surge impedances
some formulae
For 0:
l = 0.2 ln{D/d} H/m
Z = 60 ln{D/d}+30 ln{D/D}
with d={(h-hi)+xij} D={(h+hi)+xij}
D={(h+hi+2p)+xij}
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2. Surge impedances
some formulae
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1. travelling waves:
tL/4
0.5 tL
3 tL/4
tL
1.5 tL
TIME
Voltage at x = 0.75 L
-2
Voltage half-way
to the fault x = 0.5 L
Voltage at circuit-breaker
Terminal x = 0
12
Example:
Fault at 1500 m, tL= 5 s 100 kHz
with 100 m (imaginary) penetration depth = 25 m
8 subconductors, equidistant, d = 0.4 m, r = 0.0192 m
GMR = 0.405 m
Height conductor at tower: 73 m, sag: 20 m h = 60 m
Other phase at same height, distance 20 m
Fault at 150 km: depth 250 m 1 kHz (not negligible)
sag
no
yes
no
yes
h (m)
73
60
73
60
sag
yes
yes
yes
depth
no
no
yes
yes
h (m)
60
60
60
p (m)
0
0
25
25
depth
no
yes
yes
Zself ()
353
342
362
352
p (m)
0
25
250
D (m)
147
121
197
171
Z1
234
234
244
Zmutual
120
108
129
118
Z0
558
588
715
Z first
290
293
313
Zlast
342
352
401
13
14
15
To IEC 62271-100
Zlast = 450 ( 800 kV)
Zlast = 330 (UHV)
450 for single conductor
or fully contracted bundle
360 for not fully
contracted bundle
for 800 kV 300 to 330
For first pole even lower.
Country
Size (mm2)
Italy
Japan
Japan
Number of
Span
Sub-conductor
Initial tension
Conductor
(m)
distance (mm)
(kN)
520
---
450
---
410
45
400
410
45
400
810
45
810
810
810
Rated
voltage
550
(Japan)
Cal. (sec)
Exp. (sec)
50.0
0.166
---
34
40.8
0.140
0.110
34
53.2
0.106
0.080
550
49
40.8
0.148
0.124
45
550
49
53.2
0.114
0.090
50
400
53
50.0
0.202
---
45
400
60
50.0
0.149
---
conductors
frequency
condition
8*410 mm
60 Hz
60 kHz
60 kHz
50 Hz
27.5 kHz
27.5 kHz
50 Hz
26.2 kHz
26.2 kHz
50 Hz
25 kHz
25 kHz
normal
normal
contract.
normal
normal
contract.
normal
normal
contract.
normal
normal
contract.
800
(RSA)
6*428
mm
1050
(Italy)
8*520
mm
1100
(Japan)
8*810
mm
Z0
509
444
580
561
403
509
485
406
532
504
476
595
Z1
228
226
355
258
254
359
211
210
343
236
228
339
Zeq
first
279
270
408
315
290
398
260
250
389
287
276
396
Zeq
last
322
299
430
359
304
409
302
275
406
325
311
424
16
Variation
- 10%
Earth wires
- 5% to - 10%
- 10%
+ 5%
+ 15%
+ 5%
+ 15%
- 5%
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20
21
Jingdongnan
359 km
2.73 kA
Jing-Nan
282 km
Positive reflections
after 1.88 ms
(after 2.39 ms)
until 1.88 ms:
RRRV=0.65 kV/s
540 , twice 270
23
Huainan
336 km
Wannan
317 km
Zhebei
Huxi
Positive reflection
after 2.1 and 2.2 ms
RRRV = 0.542 kV/s
Zeq = 383 = 1 Z
Z = 256
Natural freq. 170 Hz
by line capacitance
short-circuit react.
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25
26
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7. ITRV
Travelling waves inside a substation
Initial TRV: small triangular waveforms during first s, due to travelling waves inside AIS
substation.
Busbar surge impedance depending on height, diameter and additional capacitance.
Example from Indian design for 1200 kV AIS:
height
connections and busbars are at several heights, e.g. 18 m, 38 m, 50 m
diameter 1.17 m for octogonal bundle conductors (or 0.321 m for twin Al tubes)
additional 1 pF/m for post insulators, 1.4 pF/m for CTs, etc. 20% reduction of Z
Zself 260
UHV GIS show a surge impedance of 90 and equipment/bushings a large time delay,
low enough to neglect ITRV
HIS or MTS the effects of GIS-busbars beyond 15 m and equipment/bushing capacitances
is so large that they can be treated as GIS
Deadtank-breakers are to be treated as life tank
UHV AIS gives severe ITRV stresses due to the large dimensions
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7. ITRV
Fault gives a travelling wave that reflects after 120 m with - at busbar B and again
after 80 m at next diameter ( peak value)
Fault gives a reflection after 60 m, unless left connection doesnt exist reflection
after 220 m (1.5 s) or more
Fault gives travelling waves at both sides of CB, to be compared with L90:
SLF with 90% @ 450 (standard for EHV) RRRV ~ 405
Double side ITRV with, say, 75% @ 260 RRRV ~ 390
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8. References
THANK YOU
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