HND IN BUSINESS

(BTEC LEVEL 5)

UNIT 1: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

DATE: 4-FEB-2014

Business Environment focuses on the force of different environment and rule on organizations
and the power of their act and income.

There are six aspect will be recognize in this assignment, it includes the point of different types
of organizations, the tasks of an organization meets the objectives of different Stakeholders and
the tasks of organizations &strategy employed to part them, how economic systems try to allot
resources successfully, the impact of financial and economic policy on business organization
and their activities and the force of competition policy and other dictatorial mechanisms on the
activities of a chosen organization.

1.1 Identify the purpose of different types of organizations

Organization is natural by two or more people get jointly and be in agreement to direct their
activities in order to get their common goals. According to their different life, different leader
and different logic of organizing intention, organization can be not speaking in two types, one is
non-for-profit, and the other is for-profit organization.

For non-for-profit organization, For example, International Committee of the Red Cross is an aid
organization in world. It contains 31 province and 265.8 million members in China; their aim is
helping poor people or tolerant. When they get hold of money or goods from solicitor, they will
send them to some place where wants help.

The for-profit club can be split into two types, personal enterprise and public sector. Kraft is the
worlds second largest company and their creation in sales in 150 countries. For Kraft the
income purpose is fast more earnings, rising market contribute to and having a long-term
growth. If they attain their ideal profits, they will enlarge their international marketing,
forcefully develop new products, or lift pay for employees. Then, Bank of China is state-owned

enterprise; it assumes economic repair, insurance service and far-off exchange business. Stateowned companys aim is not profit; it should take the guide in economic growth and provide a
vital economic for people. Sometimes, bank should help country and government to no
difficulty economic pressures.

In end, because of dissimilar nature of organization, they have different objectives and when
they attain their objectives they will set some more long goal.

1.2 Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of

different stakeholders.
Adidas is a German sporting goods producer and its a part of Adidas AG. This company also
produces sporting goods, perfumes and skin care manufactured goods. Adidas not only includes
sub-brand called Adidas Originals but also has incident Sponsorship, such as Olympic Games
and football match. Next is the examination about how Adidas achieves the objectives of
different stakeholders.

The stakeholders of Adidas imperfect company can be separated into three types, internal
stakeholder, connected stakeholder and external stakeholder. Stakeholder group probably
contains shareholder, Customers, suppliers, legal entity and internal employees etc.

Internal stakeholders hold managers and employees. For employees vocation in Adidas, they
trust their enterprise has good effective environment which is contented and clean, so that
they will center on working. A career growth is important for employees; they dont want to
work in the similar place from time to time, a salesman may hope to be a store manager, so
company should offer them promotion vision. Job security is necessary, workers would have
large income and insurance is a basic guarantee. Some workers are making shoes, thus the stuff

of shoes are non-toxic. Internal stakeholders like a family and company is that their home, so
the nearly all important belief that is the organization has a constant growth.

Connected stakeholders key belief is obtaining desired notice. Suppliers are connected
stakeholders, they supply raw textile for Adidas, and suppliers wish to begin a long and friendly
assistance relation with the company, then they will get firm income.

External stakeholder is government, the government expects Adidas have a legal act, a good
variety image in limited and Adidas can meet their objectives. For example, Adidas should look
after the environment or hold governments behavior.

Figure 1 Stakeholder Mapping

According to the stakeholder mapping, arrogant there is a new strategy decision about
propagandizing new clothes. Adidas should give stakeholders who belong to area A the

minimum awareness. Due to they have the slightest assistance-based contact and the least
power to make decision, so Adidas want not to give them extraordinary focus.

In area D, people who have higher attention and lower power, such as accommodating clubs.
Adidas would keep connection with these clubs. Because they can make direct advertising and
financial hold up, Adidas will give them attention commonly. Managers of Adidas also visit
supportive clubs or when they want to make a new announcement for clothes, they will
advance these clubs.

Part C is containing legal unit, When Adidas sponsorship activities to begin their new clothes,
they have right to suspend these behavior, company will keep them fulfilled, so that legal
article can bear the policy. Legal entity want to group abides their laws, so Adidas depends their
set of laws to operate their company.

Key players in part B, For Adidas, they largely sales new clothes, the customers group is younger
people and trendsetters and they have complete power Adidas must keep happy what they
want or need, whether this policy is successful or not, thus company manufacture different
styles and color clothes. If regulars against, Adidas will be in heavy.

Stakeholders are happy with Adidas limited business. Four points will be used to investigate. In
the portion of usefulness, Adidas occupies the market share in second place in China, and
increases 28% [Adidas in greater China director general manager: we play harvest series finale].
If the new tactic meets stakeholders requirements, their market split would be always
increased. After that, the new harvest will be update per three mouths, and surplus produce
will sale in outlet, the efficiency has been rising when the new clothes introduced. Also some
fashion run were launched in 2011, the price of Adidas fashion shoes is thousands Yuan, a large

number of stars buy them, so it increases can income, stakeholders are dissatisfied with this
situation. The part of elegance, now, a new series product, Adidas Originals has a special logo-72, it means Adidas Original established in 1972.

Figure 2 Adidas Products

From the above psychiatry, Adidas are achieve the objectives of different stakeholders and
their key routine display meets stakeholders outlook. Due to all the stakeholder maintain this
approach, Adidas culture are thriving.

1.3 Explain the responsibilities of an organizations and strategies employed to

meet them.
Coca Cola Company is the biggest drinking company which found in 1892, they supply 500
brands in 200 countries. Their food include juice, sparkling water and coffee etc [Coca-Cola].

Commercial social accountability (CSR) is a form of commercial self-regulation included into

a business model [Corporate social responsibility]. Every organization also has these three types
of accountability Coca Cola has three kinds of public tasks which are environmental duty, moral
responsibility and organization responsibility.

Environmental accountability: the most general package for carbonated water is plastic bottle;
this reason may cause land and water toxic waste. Although everybody know that plastic bottle
can be cast-off, if a person drinks Coke on the road, he may not carry it home, throwing it on
grass or on streets, after a long time, there are numerous plastic bottle all over, it can direct to
land pollution. On the other hand, for some TV show, presenters teach audience to use Coke to
sparkling the toilet, because sparkling water has bitterness, which can penniless dirt, When
Coca Cola corporation produce effervescent water, surplus materials will pollute the water. In
2009, Coca Cola Company has been already entering China water pollution list (Coca-Cola and
Pepsi has previously enter the water pollution on the list on China [Coca-Cola and Pepsi has
already entered the water pollution on the list on China].

Coca Cola Company would stand for by Legislation and system to process emissions, and make
behavior to promote environmental safety. The water made by Coca Cola Company always has
a logo; it is a environmental shield logo. A person throws the bottle into dustbin. Coca Cola
want to make regulars have environmental consciousness, so that they can stay away from a
confident amount of pollution, such as bottle in grass. When regulars drink Coke, they would
see this logo, and they perchance throw it into dustbin.

Moral responsibility: first, managers should guard their employees and community; make sure
to abide by Consumer Protection Act 1987. Managers must take their workers far-off from
unsafe working setting and harmful resources, such as carbon dioxide. The whole company
reject every illegal and wrongfulness behavior, such as extortion, bribery and donations. From
CEOs to employees, from internal to external, each member takes proper way to work and
chat. Then, agreement with competitors, Coca Cola Companys chief competitor is PepsiCo,
they cannot use the means of stealing in turn or unfair price to spitefully try to win.

From the start, leaders should instill conception of good morals education and value, and lead
employees go behind their correct thinking to work. When staffs are in try-out period, Coca
Colas managers should train them and teach them that they cannot use sharp put into practice
to achieve their aim. For internal organization, staffs have peace and fair war and external
organization gets a long with competitor, such as, Coca Cola does not using advertisements to
molest counterpart.

Management responsibility: Coca Cola has household tasks to stakeholders.

Customers: Company should as far as potential to keep happy the quality and service which
requested by regulars, make realistic price with specific products, then deal with every
customer directly and fairly. Their waters price also about 3 Yuan, it is a public price that
customers can acknowledge, in classify to meet customers needs, Coca Cola Company
commence with water different taste into market.

If company needs to take liability for customers, first they should have fair trading, Coca Cola
cannot only provide harvest in certain area or when they have a new manufactured goods they
boost the price or set a very low price, so that other company cannot operate.

Employees: Coca Cola gives employees logical pay and safety working condition, giving different
staffs different rank and types of instruction so that they can work more well again and self
secure, they depend on conscription policy to find trained staffs and outfitted staffs in order to
make sure they can be practiced for this site.

Company would make above-board agreement with employees and abide by healthy and safety
policy, it is important for workers have a fair treatment, Coca Cola should avoid unfairness, such
as sex prejudice, the company employs staffs by assessment instead of refusing to use men or
women or in order to make earnings, they only use people who live in Southeast Asia.

According to above analysis, Coca Cola has before now had enough accountability for
environment moral and stakeholders, they also make new conclusion or strategy to update the
methods they used.

2.1 Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively.

In this story how to distribute and use income in planned economy and market economy of
China before and after opening is discussed in element.

The quality of funds is finiteness, every society and every person wish to use resources freely.
So the order is infinite. There is certain number of income in a country, but people want to get
more and more. Because of this, people wonder to find a realistic economic organization to
achieve best possible allocation of capital.

Planned Economy
From 1964 to 1978, Chinese government uses designed economy to share out resources,
planned market is the inner government totally control over the portion of resources.
Government makes verdict on what is twisted and how to produce [The Establishment and
advance of Chinese Economic Legal System in the Past 60 Years]. Companies and people dont
have self-sufficient right about what they want. Production volume, projected workload has
already been planned by people who work in government. Under the control of the
government, enterprises havent got enthusiasm. If companies settlement to government index

to manufacture, there was no rivalry in every trade, the production competence can't be
better, so enterprises development is limited.

Personal command separation cannot be reflected because government allots income equally.
When people buy foods and daily supplies, they must use several of coupons; they cannot buy
striking clothes or eat connoisseur food. The most inauspicious control is wasting resources,
government doesnt know the position of every hard work, they only depend on research to
calculate, for example, a company may need a ton iron to item for consumption bike, but
government make available them three tons for it. It will lead to the wear and tear of resources,
so smooth nation is not very efficiency in resources part.

Market Economy
After 1978, government uses market economy to allocate store. Market economy is companies
have self-directed right, government only gives a few intervention. Corporations just produce
goods accord to the market-orientation and buyer-orientation. Company pricing product and
plan volume of invention. When companies have enthusiasm, cutthroat is appeared. Resources
can be effectively allotted depends on exact

Personal command separation can be reflect. Because they need more and more, so working
drive can be stimulated, company also will get payback. Market economy may lead to mean
opposition and cartel problem. For example, in order to make more profits, a company will buy
more or all the assets will be produced, the market would be out of be in charge of. So
compared with planned economy system, market economy has more recompense, but also
there are some disadvantages which has been discussed above.

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Therefore, no material what kind of monetary organization adopted by China, the purpose is
always to look for a rational system to realize the most favorable allocation of resources.

2.2 Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations
and their activities.
Governments economic and economic course of action will make force on an organizations
operation..
Fiscal and financial rule is two tools that government adjusts international-economy. Fiscal
course of action is the use of government disbursement and returns collection to authority the
economy [Fiscal Policy]. Economic policy is the process by which the economic power of a
country control the deliver of money. Its aim to put off price rises and stabilize prices, promote
full employ enlarge, economic growth and sense of balance international payments, etc.

As for Fiscal guiding belief, taxation and government payments are used to order economy.
There is an example about try of government duty on enterprise, in order to encourage
increase of small-size enterprises, government strong-willed to raise corporation tax. This
financial policy will has impact on enterprises operation and economy. When corporation tax
threshold is raised, companies incomes will be improved. Then, company will have more
principal to get, provide and expand degree. Although this monetary course of action can
support enterprises increase, it also causes increase. For example, if employees earn more
income, the desire of using up and demand always bigger, and then it makes production size
goes up. The same product may be of different price now, increase appeared.

Monetary policy
Chinese government has permitted Yuan (RMB) to be grateful for by almost 30% since 2007,
from RMB 8.3 to RMB 6.3. This guiding principle will make reimbursement for Import

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Corporations. When company purchases harvest from foreign company, the value will be low.
However, due to sell abroad corporations, they would be unfair by this guiding principle. For
instance, before 2007, when one clothe was sold to America, they could get RMB 83 Yuan, now,
they only can get RMB 6.3 Yuan. The contact is that the out of a job rate will be improved,
because foreign company will find the cheaper labor in Southeast Asia, due to labor of Chinese
is more exclusive, Chinese workers will lose job and the employ rate will boost.

In conclusion, government can use both financial and monetary policy rationally adjust Chinese
economy

2.3Evaluate the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business

organizations and their activities.
Industrial strategy is that government makes try to encourage the expansion and growth of
the developed sector of the economy [Industrial Policy]. It includes industry organization policy,
industry organization plan and industry knowledge policy. Industrial can encourage
organizations development, it also limit company act.

Shougang group mostly make steel manufacturing, it originally sets up planets in Shijingshan
District. In organize to save Beijing air superiority and make certain the Green Olympics, the
State Council decides to make Shougang Group affecting to Caofeidian. This green belt policy
prevents the increase of Shougang Group. The State Council estimates that uses five years to be
in motion the Shougang Group, government hopes that Shougang Group can move to
Caofeidian before the 2008 Olympic Games. If this purpose cannot be achieve, during 2008
Olympic Games, they should shut down production lines [Shougang move: recover the blue sky
of life and death choice]. They need to pay RMB25 billion deletion expenses [Attention on
shougang move]. The most important problem is the change of employees, these will put away
more capital for Shougang. In the five years, Shougang may hang about stagnant.

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Social Warfare strategy is the study of social armed forces and the welfare state (Social Policy).
In general terms, social happiness policy is a part of social policy, it has relationship with politics
and society. Now, Chinese social warfare policy is humanizing and competing. Environmental
guiding principle is aiming for protect Chinese setting, government is using fortification strategy
in order to solve a assured period of environmental problems.

Shougang also is a good example of Social Warfare course of action, when Shougang moves to
Caofeidian, government will pay a partly of capital for them and government also help them to
solve problem of reallocating employees. This guiding principle will ease the pressure of
endeavor and employees.

In conclusion, industrial and social happiness policy can help an party to have long-term widen
and support enterprise and staff have more rivalry, however it will take drawbacks for them as
in good health.

Conclusion
This paper has profitably demonstrated that recognize the organizational purposes of
businesses and the nature of the countrywide environment in which businesses function.

This paper has clear different types of organizations, the household tasks of an organization for
different stakeholders and the farm duties of organizations &strategy in employment, and
studied the methods of allocating wealth successfully, the influence of fiscal and monetary
policy and struggle policy on selected organization.

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References
Coca-Cola and Pepsi has already entered the water pollution on the list on China
[Online] available from http://news.sohu.com/20090821/n266121323.shtml

14

[Accessed 16 March 2012, 09:00]

Corporate social responsibility

[Online] available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility
[Accessed 16 March 2012, 09:00]

Adidas in greater China director general manager: we play products series finale
[Online] available from http://money.163.com/12/0229/08/7RDU708000253G87.html
[Accessed 15 March 2012, 18:00]

Coca-Cola
[Online] available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola
[Accessed 15 March 2012, 11:00]

Shougang move: recover the blue sky of life and death choice,
[Online] available from http://news.163.com/08/0804/07/4IG2L679000120GU.html
[Accessed 13April 2012, 21:00]

15

Social Policy
[Online] available from http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/index.htm
[Accessed 13 April 2012, 21:00]

Attention on shougang move

[Online] available from http://finance.sina.com.cn/nz/gzsgbqcj/
[Accessed 20 April 2012, 14:00]

Fiscal Policy
[Online] available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy
[Accessed 23April 2012, 19:00]

Industrial Policy
[Online] available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy
[Accessed 1April 2012, 10:00]

The Establishment and Development of Chinese Economic Legal System in the Past 60 Years
[Online] available from http://www.iolaw.org.cn/global/EN/showNews.asp?id=24558

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[Accessed 10 April 2012, 10:00]

3.1 Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of business
3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organizational responses using a range of examples
3.3 Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behavior of a selected organisation

New Entrants

Supplier Power

Internal Rivalry

Substitutes and Complements

Market Structure Internal rivalry

17

Buyer Power

 Market constitution and pricing decisions are personally connected. But how to define the
market?
The degree to which the hard gets to decide price is single-minded in large part by market
construction.
There are two tremendous cases: perfect opposition and domination.
Perfect Competition
Conditions necessary:
Large information of buyers and sellers
all the same product
Free entrance and way out
just the thing in sequence
Perfect Competition cont.
Command curve for any given firm is level. Price is set by market at

Firm can put on the market as much or as little as desired at marketplace price, but nothing if
they raise P.

Monopoly
Conditions necessary
Single wholesaler of product
No close substitutes

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 important barriers to entry

There are few examples of just right antagonism and pure control.
Most firms have a differentiated manufactured goods, and there are substitutes.
Pricing in Perfect Competition
Do not prefer price.
Decide output number. TC includes occasion cost of capital invested.
What will be our income (loss) from our productivity decision?
Should we manufacture now? (SR)
Should we stay in the commerce? (LR)
Pricing in a Monopoly
Earnings maximization will be achieved by setting price so that MC=MR.
It is not reached by setting price as high as potential.
Like any firm, the monopolist is forced by their order bow.
One cannot choose both P and Q.
The Shut-Down Rule
At what point should the hard cease manufacture of a certain item?
When might it pay to produce at a beating?
In SR, many costs are fixed. Just because a firm is making dead, it does not necessarily mean it
should shut down (short run), or even go out of selling (long-run).
The Shut-Down Rule cont.
Profit = TR TC; TR=P*Q, TC = VC + FC

(TR - VC) - FC = [(P - AVC)Q] FC

disconnect out fixed costs, focus on variable elements

As long as P>AVC, there is a constructive payment to fixed costs.
If firm shuts down (Q = 0), then Profit = - FC
If shut down: Firm has a loss of fixed costs.

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 In SR, firm may minimize fatalities by long-lasting to produce.

If losses are probable permanently, get out.
Case of multiple products:
C = FC + VC1 + VC2
1. P = (TR1 - TVC1) + (TR2 - TVC2) - FC
2. P = (P1*Q1 - AVC1*Q1) + (P2*Q2 - AVC2*Q2) - FC
3. P = [(P1 - AVC1)*Q1]+ [(P2 - AVC2)*Q2] - FC
Results:
1. SR - each product should be shaped if Pi>AVCi
2. In LR, the firm should carry on in commission only if expected P>=0 (Profits are nonnegative)
Price Discrimination
Selling the same good to different people at different prices
Conditions necessary:
individual customer groups with differing price elasticities
uphold separation of groups--prevent resale.
Types of Price Discrimination
First degree
make out and charge each purchaser what they are willing to pay. Limit:
customer extra.

D = MR, no

Second degree
Extent discounts. Volume purchases are known lower prices. Need to calculate goods
and armed forces bought by customers.
Third degree
Section markets in some way. Charge all in the part the same prices.
Treat each section as a take apart market then do MR=MC in each
Are coupons as a price unfairness mechanism?

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Oligopoly Strategies
Common theme - Rivalrous performance
Pricing - limit pricing - set prices low as indication to possible entrants or other competitors your
willingness and capability to defend your market contribute to.
Must have trustworthiness.
Trading SR earnings for more income later
Oligopoly Strategies cont.
Use the legal / regulatory systems
File patent use
face up to business charter application
File dictatorial challenge
Pre-emptive entry - Wal-Mart
Capacity and production
Announce ability expansion
Revise/modify goods - more difficult to copy
Advertising
Raise cost of way in for others
Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition
Oligopoly
Few sellers - more often than not large ones
known interdependence in pricing and output decisions
Need to judge response of rivals in pricing decisions
Typically major barriers to entry
Monopolistic Competition
great number of interdependent sellers
Differentiated item for consumption

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 good quality substitutes

Easy access and way out
Most U.S. industries are one or the other
Oligopoly: many heavy built-up
Autos, steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Monopolistic Competition
examine companies, retail stores, large corporations (McDonalds, Wendys)
The important point is that insist is downward sloping
Cartels
Illegal in the U.S. - confident in much of the world.
Conditions helpful:
Small numeral of firms
all the same product
Entry barriers
likeness of members
Cartels cont.
Problems with cartels:
dishonest on agreement
Price cutting performance
have a propensity to fall apart
Pricing Strategies
Profit maximizing rule:
Set fabrication at level where MR = MC
Non - Maximizing pricing rules
there are a multiplicity of these

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Cost-Plus Pricing
Many forms and general
Markup =

P = cost (1 + X%)

X can choice widely - 33% to 150%

Cost could be MC, AVC, or probable constant. It would be best if Markup was singleminded via the
rule
p

1 p
Pricing Example:
Birds Eye Case of cold salmon. Suppose their cost function was: TC($)=20000+75Q
Fixed cost is _______, MC is_________
Marketing study estimates price flexibility of demand is more elastic (-2.5) for one group (ex:
caterers), lower for other (-2.0)
Optimal Price Markup rule

Optimal markup is a occupation of price flexibility

P = MC *

p
1 p

- 2.5
P1 = 75
75 1.66
- 1.5

P1 = $124.99 (Group 1 price)

Next, consider customers in group 2

Optimal price markup example cont.

Use optimal markup rule again

P = MC

- 2.0
P2 = 75
75 2.0
- 1.0

P2 = $150 to group 2 customers

p
1 p

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Cost-Plus Pricing cont.

Example: Winston Co. produces particular fishing tackle fly fishing rods; multiple segments
(Introductory to high-end)
Production cost $200 - $300
Markup 50-100%

$100 - $300

List price

$300 - $600

How does pricing affect image in marketplace?

What are estimated original price elasticities?
What about out-sourcing? Which parts?

Markup Pricing in Groceries

Product

Markup

Product

Markup

Coffee

5%

Cold Cuts

30%

Soft Drinks

5%

Fresh Fruit

45%

Cereal

10%

Fresh Veg.

45%

Soup

10%

Spices

50%

Ice Cream

20%

Proprietary
Drugs

50%

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Source: Mansfield, p.464 (1992) business averages

Pricing for Multi-Product Firm
Two products, x and y. TRfirm = TRx + TRy
If there are any spillovers from x to y, then you may get complications.

MRx =

dTR dTR x dTR y

dQx
dQx
dQx

MRy =

dTR dTR y dTR x

dQy
dQy
dQy

Multi-Product Firm cont.

The two stipulations on the right side of the equation represent communications. They can be
either positive or negative.
If x and y are opposite goods, the effect is positive.
If x and y are substitutes, the effect is unconstructive. One units gain is the others loss.
Two part pricing
n

Charge P = MC

charge a permanent fee to extract some of the consumer surplus

Examples:
u

country clubs

health clubs

electricity providers

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Declining block pricing

n

Charging unlike prices according to how much is purchased

effort to extract consumer surplus and transfer value to business

Porters Five Forces Model

Market structure and the Internet
n

Conventional industry structure paradigm?

Structure, time and place?

Firm size, purchaser access and service?

Pricing, and reputation online:

u

Music for Econ, link below:

F

Music For Econ

who is challenging with whom?

Internet and demand issues

n

Role of buyer service and customer loyalty online: e-loyalty?

shopper demand issues - which goods to buy online, which in person?

How to price online?

Does this gesture the end of the Brand?

Pricing and the Internet

Usual pricing paradigm?

Access to demand data...

Extent of demand elasticities?

Ability to conduct pricing experiments

Ability to spot souk changes - and move quickly (perhaps)

Access to bigger shopper base

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Will prices be minor online?

Firm organization and the Internet

Are usual firm structure concepts now irrelevant?

Economies of size? Scope?

How does this affect firm incentives to vertically mix (or de-integrate)?

Mid role of transaction costs...

Reference
Business Essentials Suppoting HND|HNC and Foundation Degrees
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT, BPP Learning Media

4.1 Discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organizations

4.2 Analyse the impact global factors on UK business organizations
4.3 Evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organizations

Design plays an significant role in the UK economy. It is a key part of the acquaintance
economy, with UK businesses investing up to 35 billion a year on plan (Haskel and Pesole,
2011). It is also a chief driver of modernism, enabling firms to enlarge more valuable products
and armed forces, and streamline their business processes. Design-intensive industries employs
up to 350,000 people (Haskel and Pesole, 2011), with many extra workers in design-related
roles.
This tale adds another factor to that list: design makes a noteworthy positive input to the UKs
international trade routine. High-quality design is one of the UKs main selling points in the
global country, and helps to sustain a range of send abroad activities in the UK. The research
detailed in this statement shows that design-intensive industries are really export-facing,

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generating a higher-than-expected go halves of revenue from overseas. An export-facing industry

such as design are vital to the UKs economic recovery as the UK struggles with sluggish
domestic demand, and seeks to eliminate its long-standing trade gap. As the UK rebalances its
economy, design will make a major contribution.
As a facts-based commerce, design generates a momentous amount of scholar property, and
interacts a great deal with the intellectual goods system. Design has its own disconnect provision
within the scholar property system, which allows companies to list design rights as a form of
protected scholar property. The 2011 government-commissioned analysis of IP and
augmentation, known as the Hargreaves Review, accomplished that design has been disused by
the intellectual assets system, and that there was a pressing need for substantiation on the role,
usefulness and necessity for reform of the design rights system. This report forms part of that
data base.
The evidence on hand in this tale provides a nuanced, multi-faceted picture of the interrelationship of design-intensive industry, its global trade, and the design rights system. Designsevere industries cannot easily be defined or categorized, and it is important that propose rights
course of action does not agree to a blanket approach to the engineering. The different parts of
the industry do business in different ways, and the scholar property system must reflect the
untrustworthy needs of these design companies. This means that any all-encompassing reform of
the design constitutional rights system is unlikely to be successful; instead, it seems likely that
trial to make the system easier to use, cheaper and more rapidly to put in force, and more flexible
to the needs of intercontinental businesses are compulsory.
Methodology and approach
This report aims to look at the international supply chain of UK design, and to believe how the
intellectual belongings system could best hold up it. This has involved looking at the buy and sell
patterns of UK design firms how much is exported and imported, by which types of companies,
and to which countries as well as investigative the connections between design-intensive
industries and the rest of the financial system. At the same time, this report considers how the
logical property system supports design firms, and in fussy how well it supports UK design firms
that trade overseas.
The delve into has drawn on both quantitative and qualitative sources of confirmation. The
quantitative data have been drawn for the most part from the Office of National Statistics (ONS)
data, which cover the total economy and enable us to look at design-thorough industries in
aggregate. This quantitative psychotherapy has identified particular sectors of the economy that
are a great deal involved in design, and examined their trade patterns and economic
communications. Meanwhile, the qualitative psychotherapy has built on these insights, and
paying attention on how companies use the mean rights system, and how it affects their facility
to sell to other countries.
There are two important mechanical challenges involved in this follow a line of investigation
project. The first is that there is no such thing as the design industry in official datasets. Design
and designers are spread across different industries and occupations, and the role they play can

28

vary extensively. For this reason, we cannot make ultimate statements about design-concentrated
industries as a complete. Instead, we identify the industries in which designers play an important
role, and investigate the performance of these industries. The confront of defining designconcentrated industries is discussed in Section 4 of this paper.
The second mechanical challenge is that there is very little large-scale data on bring in chains,
especially intercontinental supply chains. For the most part, we can only analyse supply chains
on a case-by-case basis, to a certain extent than an economy-wide basis. However, the recent
bring up to date to the ONS Supply and Use Tables (which are not working down according to 2digit average Industry Codes, rather than by product type), enables us to look at the
communications between different industries. For any given manufacturing, we have data on
where businesses sell things to (such as other industries, consumers, government etc.), as well as
imports and exports. These data do not incarcerate the full involvedness of a contribute chain,
but they give us a strong accepting of how different industries work together with one another.
Quantitative analysis
The quantitative psychoanalysis foundation this report has been conducted in four steps:
1. Identifying different parts of the economy that draw heavily on design to appreciate
the role design plays in dissimilar parts of the UK economy, we have mutual occupations
(i.e., people who work as designers) with the culture they work in. This enables us to see
which parts of the financial system are more design-intensive, and enables us to focal
point our analysis on these areas. We have used data from the Annual Survey of Hours
and Earnings (ASHE) for employees and the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for the selfemployed to charge which industries designers work in;
2. Analysing output from design-intensive sectors having acknowledged design employ
in different parts of the cost-cutting compute, we have used a mixed bag of national data
to analyse their trade and industry amount produced. Data from the Supply and Use
Tables (SUTs) have been used to assess Gross Value Added (GVA), imports, exports and
sources of income for every industry with a major design element. The SUTs have also
enabled us to explore the communications between design-intensive sectors and other
parts of the economy, by look at how much different sectors buy from and sell to one
another. In addition, we have looked at a digit of other indicators, together with firm size
(from the Annual Business Inquiry) and pay levels for designers (from ASHE);
3. Mapping trade patterns we have used our psychotherapy of design-intensive sectors in
the earlier steps to analyse which parts of the world UK propose sectors are exporting to.
Data is drawn from HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) traffic information for design
goods, and the International Trade in navy (ITIS) survey for design services;
4. Secondary analysis of firm-level data to harmonize this collective psychotherapy, we have
also used obtainable surveys of human being businesses to charge how they use design human
rights and other academic belongings. This psychotherapy has listening carefully on whether

29

companies that use design privileges are more likely to sell abroad. Datasets used include the
Community Innovation Survey (CIS) and the IPOs data on registered design rights in the UK.
The qualitative work for this report was conducted in the subsequent steps:
1. Approach and instrument design: The move toward chosen was a variety of light-touch
case studies that would hold up the quantitative psychoanalysis by providing aspect and
on the way into the communication between UK design businesses, exports, and the
academic property system. The case data first and foremost consisted of single
respondent, semi-structured interviews with a key well-informed human being within the
organisation. The data collected works instrument was a extensive set of key questions
concerning to the organisations actions, its engagement in exporting design, and its use
of the intellectual property system. It was designed to elicit a mix of graphic and opinionbased responses. The unit of analysis for all belongings was the organisation.
2. Case selection: The cases were selected for most multiplicity, not representativeness. We
looked to have cases ranged across key distinctions in the multiplicity of design
companies: designer-manufacturers, manufacturers, examine organisations, etc. We also
certainly selected for those that in custody, or had well thought-out holding, UK or
European registered design constitutional rights. Finally we selected for a larger number
of small businesses in the glasses case mix, to match the very small-business prevailing
structure of UK design.
3. Collection: Data collection was undertaken by members of the do research team in
February and March 2012. A mix of face-to-face and cell phone interviews was used (6
face to face, 4 telephone interviews). Some were recorded and fully transcribed (2),
others second-hand wide-ranging notes taken by the investigator at the time (8).
4. Analysis: The first pass of the holder examination was undertaken by the pollster
responsible for that cases numbers collected works, in a broadly unfailing format across
the personal belongings. These were then reviewed and further homogeneous by another
research team member for evenness. Cross-case conclusions were drawn through
argument and manifestation on the original personality case study write-ups by the core
research group.
In adding together to this quantitative and qualitative confirmation, the research also included a
all-inclusive review of the design writing. There are a numeral of different strands of literature
that are germane to designs global supply chain, and this work has aimed to draw them together.
to a certain extent than present the literature as a disconnect part of the report, we have fitted the
significant findings from the literature into each of the three main sections of this description .
Conceptualising design and the UK design industry
Designs meaning to the UK economy is now generally recognised, but design-intensive
industries are amazingly hard to define. Design is a discipline that spans plentiful different

30

industries and occupations, and this makes it hard to calculate its size, nature and payment to the
UK financial system. Without an sympathetic of what constitutes design-intensive industry, it is
hard to develop consistent and useful policies to support U K design.
This section of the account looks at how best to describe and measure plan as a group of
industries. It also present evidence on how big a role design plays in the UK cost-cutting
measure, and how it fits within the framework of the economy as a whole. finally, this report
takes the examination that the most apposite way to define design-intensive industries is to put
together on previous work for the IPO by Haskel and Pesole (IPO, 2011).
Designs significance to the modern UK financial system has become widely recognised. It is
acknowledged in Nestas Innovation Index as one of the key groups of insubstantial assets which
drive novelty and growth in the UK financial system (Nesta, 2011). The governments
Innovation and Research Strategy for Growth (BIS, 2011) decorated design as one of its core
themes, while the devise Council (2011) published Design for Innovation to overlap with the
launch of that line of attack. Recent analysis of design-serious industries by Haskel and Pesole
(2011) suggests that it employs up to 350,000 people, and UK businesses spend around 35
billion on propose each year.
Defining design and design-intensive industries
But in spite of the agreement on designs importance, there is unpredictably little clearness on
what design earnings, and what constitutes the design manufacturing. There is no Standard
Industrial policy that neatly captures design-intensive industries; that is partly because design
takes dissimilar forms, and skin in different industries. In the past, studies have used a assortment
of definitions of design-intensive industries, but none has gained widespread reception. Haskel
and Pesole (2011) make available a clear summary of the poles apart definitions that have been
deploy in other studies.
In operational towards a useable description, it is helpful to distinguish between design as a
notion and the design industry as a part of the financial system. Design itself is a regulation, an
commotion that most people commence to some extent as part of their jobs. A design-intensive
industry, by contrast, is a clearer consortium of people and companies who work more properly
on devise. In some cases, the term design industry is taken to represent a very narrow group of
design air force; however, this does not do justice to the diversity of design-intensive industries.
It is perhaps easiest to think of design-demanding industries as industries that make use of
designers in large statistics; to avoid any puzzlement in expressions, we refer to such industries
as design-intensive industries (or design-intensive sectors) in this information.
Design as a concept
Important design as a thought is challenging, as it is given quite precise and different meanings
by scrupulous groups of people (Jones, 1970; Cross, 2000; Borja de Mozota, 2003; Lawson,
2004). Devise can be viewed as a disconnected activity, as a total process, or in terms of its
physical outcomes (Borja de Mozota, 2003; Julier, 2000; Best, 2006). Heskett (2002) contends

31

that under the rubric of plan the variety of put into practice is vast. It encompass craft, industrial
art, profitable art, engineering design, manufactured goods design, graphic design, fashion
design, and interactive design to name but a a small number of (Heskett, 2002). The accurate
connotation and limitations of the field of design are uncertain. Even designers understanding of
design is often implicit rather than explicit (Cross, 2007), while the manufacturing struggles to
characterize itself (Press & Cooper, 2003; Julier, 2000).
Two types of design activity: tactical and strategic
While there is no uncomplicated description of the concept of plan, it is possible to discern
unlike levels of movement within design-intensive industries.
In its simplest form, intend is viewed as being about aesthetics: about how an purpose looks. On
this view, it is one of many disconnected parts of the construction process that can be easily not
speaking out or bolted on to add value to a item for consumption (Heskett, 2002; Forty, 1986,
Walker, 1990). This type of design commotion has its origins in the developed insurrection and
the specialisation of labour, which enabled human resources to design harvest without also
having to assemble them (Raizman, 2010; Potter, 1980; Sparke, 2008). This disconnected type of
design has residential into a tactical come within reach of to design (Brown, 2008), in which
designers are used to develop unambiguous, non-transferable solutions with outcomes that can
be used to make something physical.
By gap, many modern designers have adopted a more multifaceted view of aim, in which design
is a development that plays a more energetic and wide-ranging role in solving troubles and gettogether customer needs. This is referred to in the journalism as a strategic view of devise
(Williams et. al, 2009; Murphy, 2010), and sits within the context of the shift towards a
acquaintance economy. (Cooper et al, 2009:3). The increase of design as a premeditated activity
has seen design progress in a number of poles apart guidelines, which are summarised in the box
below.
What does the concept of strategic design involve?
The transfer from planned to strategic design is characterised by the mounting superiority of the
role of a expensive. On the one hand, design has become more miscellaneous, with a wider range
of disciplines and specialisations. At the same time, intend has become more and more
incorporated into a wider range of actions, and more heavily involved in premeditated business
decisions.
Potters work (1980) in classify design-thorough industries provides a constructive starting point
for the promising design disciplines that over the last decade or so have residential into what can
be termed inter-disciplines (Fuad-Luke, 2009; Design Council, 2010b). The commerce has
embraced a more holistic method of effective, thus underscoring the involvedness and expansive
environment of the authority. This involvedness has blurred the restrictions between disciplines
consequential in difficulties in classifying and essential design and signifies the multifarious
masterpiece of design disciplines today (Cooper et al., 2009).

32

Modern intend disciplines have long-drawn-out in line with the enlargement of a market-oriented
move toward to customers and regulars (Lees-Marshment, 2001; Kohli & Jaworski, 1990).
Harmonizing disciplines to the conventional disciplines of product, interior and graphic intend
emerged and grew for the duration of, and after, this period as well as retail design, packaging
intend and commercial individuality services. These armed forces have long-drawn-out further to
form the silhouette of the industry and examination offers today, such as examination design
(Shostack, 1982) and interaction design (Koskinen, 2006).
Due to profitable imperatives, designers today are working in new areas on multifaceted troubles
often referred to as wicked problems (Rylander, 2008; Buchanan, 1992) where both the trouble
and solution are indefinite. Designers find themselves often attractive with the entire expansion
process from briefing, to design, to assessment, increasingly interacting with engineers,
marketers, smooth with psychologists and health professionals (Shin, 2009; Bray, 2000).
Brown (2008) underscores the differentiation between intentional design and premeditated
design and its rapport to value creation:
Now, however, rather than asking designers to make an already developed idea more attractive
to consumers, companies are asking them to create ideas that better meet consumers needs and
desires. The former role is tactical, and results in limited value creation; the latter is strategic,
and leads to dramatic new forms of value. (Brown, 2008:86).
Many authors have comprehensive this view of plan as a strategic supply (Borja de Mozota,
2003; Brown, 2008; Press & Cooper, 2003; Bruce and Bessant, 2002; Design Council &
Creative & Cultural Skills, 2007; Sanchez, 2006; Svengren, 1996) and designers now view
themselves as strategy shapers; engaging at a deep level within businesses.
Design becoming a more premeditated resource means that designers must pursue a deeper
understanding of current business strategies (Fluarty, 2004:18). In addition, designers must
also incorporate with other function within the user organisation, such as marketing and backing,
in order to understand how these functions also aim to achieve corporate objectives (Fluarty,
2004).
There is a propensity to associate tactical design with the built-up industry, and calculated design
with the business armed forces sector. But there is little reason to hold such a difference,
particularly given the increasing propensity of manufacturing companies to adopt more bespoke
and service-oriented commerce models (Sissons, 2011). There is likely to be a role for both
premeditated and strategic design within all parts of design-exhaustive industries, whether in
industrialized or military.
Even if the dissimilarity between planned and strategic design does not follow sectoral lines, it is
likely to have implications for the academic property organization. In general terms, calculated
aim tends to involve upward separate, codifiable outputs. These blueprints can frequently be
pretend and mass fashioned, as well as licensed. Such outputs normally lend themselves well to
design constitutional rights and rational property protection, because they can be codified, and

33

easily simulated and derivative. As a result, tactical design may spot strongly with the design
rights organization.
On the other hand, planned design relies far more on tacit information and expertise, which is
harder to replacement but also harder to look after using academic property rights. As a result,
design human rights and other forms of rational property feature much less importantly in the
literature on premeditated mean. This is not automatically a problem, as scholar property
fortification is likely to be less important to a bespoke, service-based commotion.
Previous approaches to defining the design industry
Besides the literature on how plan has evolved as a line of work, there have also been frequent
attempts to describe design-intensive industries. There has been very little agreement and many
different definitions have been second-hand. However, the most absolute studies of designconcentrated industries have tended to take in two distinct groups within their classification:
1. A group of expert design service industries, in which most human resources are designers,
and companies sell design army; and
2. Designers that work in other non-design industries, such as developed, publishing and
manner.
Haskel and Pesole (IPO, 2011) be appropriate this come within reach of. Their psychotherapy
includes both the specialised mean industry (defined by industry 113 Architectural actions and
mechanical consulting in the deliver and Use Tables) and a assortment of design occupations
that are in employment loosely transversely different industries.
Haskel and Pesoles list of intend occupations follows their AEGPD meaning it includes
Architects, Engineers, Graphic, Product and Clothing connected designers. To a certain extent
than take these as pure aim occupations, they estimation how much time each of these
occupations in point of fact spends doing intend behavior. These estimates are:
60% for design and development engineers;
70% for architects;
50% for clothing, product and fashion designers;
10% for all other types of engineer.
This move toward is an motivating expansion in estimating the size of design as an industry.
However, their list of mean occupations differs from a number of others, as well as NESTAs
(2007), the Arts Councils (2003) and DCMS (2010), all of which include more artistic
occupations, and the Design Councils (2010a), which focuses more strongly on core design
occupations. There are also noteworthy differences in approach towards together with purchased
design, in-house design or a amalgamation of the two.

34

Of course, these dissimilar definitions all lead to different information on the size of designsevere industries. In terms of employment, estimates range from a conventional 185,500 (Design
Council, 2010a), to a more inclusive 350,000 (Haskel and Pesole, IPO, 2011). Equally, the
Design Council estimates profits for design-concentrated industries at in the region of 15
billion, while Haskel and Pesole put mean spending at a much higher 35 billion. Meanwhile,
Moultrie and Livesey (2009) found that UK businesses spend around 50 billion on mean in
wide-ranging, of which 8 billion is outsourced.
These differences are for the most part explained by the different definitions of designconcentrated industries. Haskel and Pesoles figure may be overstated by their use of the rather
broad commerce code for architecture and scientific services, which is arguably a much broader
area than the particular design industry.
Definition of design-intensive industries used in this report
The description of design-concentrated industries used in this account builds on the move toward
taken by Haskel and Pesole (IPO, 2011). This come up to involves identifying the industries in
which designers work, and making an allowance for how big a donation they make to valueadded in that commerce. There are a number of dissimilar occupations that can be considered
designers, and these designers work across a assortment of different industries.
Within this mix, there is a assemblage of specialised propose services that make use of a high
awareness of designers, but there are also many other industries that rivet a significant building
block of design. Any useful explanation of design-intensive industries must seek to take into
custody both of these groups, and must also replicate the fact that design-thorough industries
spans both service and industrialized sectors.
An substitute approach would have been to classify design-intensive industries based on which
sectors record the most designs. We have unwanted this come near, because it fails to take
account of many industries (particularly in the service sector) that do not use design rights,
notwithstanding being heavily involved in design motion. Defining design-severe industries
based on its use of the brain property system would exclude important parts of design-thorough
industries, and would not help us to answer questions about how design constitutional rights
could support the full range of intend motion.
Design occupations
The first step in increasing a description is identifying the occupations that are well thought-out
as designer. This is not straightforward, since some occupations are heavily mixed up in design,
while others spend less of their time doing design actions. To tackle this problem, we have not
speaking the occupations between core designers and design-related occupations. The core
designers are those that Haskel and Pesole acknowledged as spending at least 50% of their
implementation time on design, while design-related occupations are the occupations that Haskel
and Pesole anticipated as payments 10% of their time on design, plus complementary craft,
skillful trade and technician actions.

35

Our list of occupations follows that used by Haskel and Pesole, with two exceptions:
The inclusion of selected craft, skilled trade and technician activities following
discussion with the direction-finding board for this plan, we have built-in a number of
added occupations within the design-related activities. These occupations contain craft,
experienced trade and technician occupations, and have been incorporated based on a
view that they are implicated in design work. We have not integrated any of these
occupations in the core expensive occupations, due to a lack of substantiation on how
much time these human resources spend doing design actions; and
Not using weightings for time spent doing design the weightings used by Haskel and
Pesole to estimation how much time each profession spends doing design tricks are of too
little use in this study. Whereas Haskel and Pesole used the weightings to obtain a precise
approximation of the amount invested in own account design work, this project is
exploring a wider range of outputs, which would be baffled by applying weightings.
Instead of by means of the weightings, we have used the dissimilarity between core and
design-related occupations to take report of the different levels of devise activity.
The occupations used in our description are listed in (Occupations used in our definition of
design) below. The core designers group is made up of the four occupations that are most a great
deal caught up in design: graphic designers; product, clothing and related designers; architects;
and intend and progress engineers. The design-correlated occupations include a much wider
assortment of occupations, made up of an assortment of engineers, technicians, and craft
workers.
Design-intensive industries
With these occupations well-known, we then study which industries these designers work in (at a
2-digit SIC code level). This allows us to charge where designers are concerted, and to determine
how design-thorough each part of the economy is. Our statement is that industries that make use
of a high quantity of designers are like mad engaged in design behavior.
The results of this psychotherapy are presented in Table 3.2 (Design occupations by industry
2009) below. The data put it to somebody that we can break down design-demanding industries
into a number of divergent parts, which need to be analysed independently. These personage
sectors are described in detail in Section 5.
Design occupations by industry 20092
Sectors

Fashion and

Number of
core designers

53,000

Number of
design-related
occupations
61,000

36

Share of
sectoral
workforce

Concentration
index2

24%

7.97

craft
Advanced
manufacturing

30,000

80,000

10%

3.33

Printing and
publishing

13,000

12,000

7%

2.43

Other
production

30,000

159,000

4%

1.39

Telecoms &
computer
services

18,000

23,000

6%

2.04

Design
services

46,000

5,000

20%

6.53

Architecture

58,000

92,000

30%

9.77

Other services

67,000

155,000

1%

0.33

UK Economy

315,000

587,000

3%

The concentration index measures the concentration of designers in a sub-sector relative to the
concentration of designers in the economy as a whole, defined using the follow ing formula:
i i i i NR D N R D C /) ( / ) ( ++

Where Ci is the attentiveness index for sub-sector i, Di the number of center designers and Ri the
number of design-associated occupations in sub-sector i, and Ni the total personnel in sub
sector i. The e subscript indicates the same morals but referring to the financial system as a
whole.
A value bigger than one indicates a somewhat large concentration of design pay than in the wider
economy, and a charge less than one indicates that that sub-sector has a predominantly low
meditation of designers (for instance, other services in table 3.3)
3 Data on employees from ASHE collective with self-employed numbers from the LFS. Because
comprehensive professional data are not available for the second jobs of self-engaged, it is
understood that the percentage of those self-employed whose main job is in a design profession
is the same for second jobs.
These different parts of design-exhaustive industries form a key part of the intangible framework
for this paper. Each of these industries is relatively design-thorough, although to varying extents,

37

and each commerce has a different function and function in the economy. It is critical to
recognize that design-intensive industries is not a integrated creature, but a collection of an
assortment of industries, each with their own facial appearance and needs. It is only by
shimmering these different needs, and by charting the interactions among these industries, that
we can properly comprehend the role of the intellectual property system in sustaining UK design
businesses.
How big are these design-related industries?
The data show that designers make up a small but significant sha re of the UK workforce.
Core design employment 2009

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings 2009, Labour Force Survey 2009 (ONS Crown
Copyright)
(Core design employment 2009) shows the contribute to and number of each core design
profession. The largest is realistic designers, with 102,000, and design and progress engineers,
with roughly 89,000, either employed or self-employed in those occupations. Architects and
product, garments and related designers are smaller in number but momentous, comprising
around 39% of the core aim workers.
Design-related employment 2009

38

Source: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings 2009, Labour Force Survey 2009 (ONS Crown
Copyright)
(Design-related employment 2009) shows the number of in employment and self-employed in
the wider design-associated industrial categories. Engineers consist of almost half of the designinterrelated workforce, and trades and crafts and technicians each account for just about a
quarter.
Designs role in the economy
Taken together, these intend-rigorous sectors account for roughly 7% of the economys GVA
and 11% of its employ. Who buys outputs from design-thorough sectors? (2009) illustrates
which parts of the cost-cutting measure these design-demanding sectors sell their outputs to,
providing a portrayal of the downstream buyers in the UKs design deliver chain.
Who buys outputs from design-intensive sectors? (2009)

39

Source: Supply and Use Tables 2009 (ONS Crown Copyright)

Note: Production sector clear as SIC2007 codes 1-43, services as 45-99. Within industry
represent intra-industry utilization of design industry sub-sectors. Other represents primarily
investment expenditure, but also includes in more than a few cases government final spending
and non-profit final expenditure.
A third of command (198 billion) comes from buyer spending. This is principally for goods
twisted in design-intensive industrialized sectors such as fashion and craft and highly developed
industrialized, reflecting the finished, consumer-focused environment of much industrialized
output. Approximately 17% (34 billion) of purchaser spending on design-intensive harvest is
for service output, for the most part the output of the publishing part.
151 billion of output (22% of total output) from propose-intensive sectors is sold as in-between
inputs to other service sector businesses. The principal sectoral purchasers are human health
behavior and public administration and defence, who together obtain 16% of all design-intensive
industry output for halfway use. This is a proportionately larger contribute to than in the
economy as a full and reflects large public sector expenses on architecture, advanced
industrialized and printing and publishing. Intermediate stipulate from other manufacturers for
design industry yield is a smaller share of total stipulate than in the wider economy, at 10% of
total amount produced (67 billion) from the design-intensive industries.
There is a momentous amount of trading within the sub-sectors of the design-intensive
industries, and intra-industry burning up makes up 6.5% (44 billion) of the command for the
sectors output.

40

Sales from armed forces to developed is a similarly-sized constituent of business to business

sales within design-intensive industries, where it accounts for 32% of in-between consumption,
as in the wider cost-cutting measure, where it is 31%. This fits with the findings of chapter one
of the IPO-made to order research on design rights, which showed that most industrialized
design expenses is own-account, or conducted in-house, rather than bought
in from specialised intend businesses. This does not prevent the opportunity, however, that
design is an important calculated function of superior companies and purchased centrally by
head offices or parallel and then sent to be manufactured, or that a momentous portion of designthorough service exports are to manufacturers.
Summary a nuanced and multi-faceted view of design
Design-intensive industries are not a single, amalgamated thing; it is made up of a range of
different actions and companies. Rather than looking for to generalise about design-intensive
industries as a complete, it is imperative that government policy can reproduce the nuances
involved in different aspects of propose. The next section goes on to illustrate the different parts
of the design-intensive industries in more element, and examines their distinctiveness in more
detail.
Evidence on designs international supply chain
While the place of aim and the role of design in the UK financial system have been evolving
over recent decades, the global wealth has also been undergoing most important shifts. The UKs
design commerce is highly export-facing, and as a result it is more and more part of a complex
global supply succession. This creates massive opportunities for the UKs design industry
access to large markets, opportunities for association, use of cheap overseas industrialized but
it also creates some noteworthy challenges. Design is a knowledge-based commotion, but trading
acquaintance internationally is complicated; rational property protection is one of the issues that
firms may face.
This section presents a range of confirmation on the nature of designs intercontinental supply
chain, and explores the relations between different design-intensive industries.
The evolution of international supply chains
In way the chain are calculated, produced and disseminated has changed spectacularly in recent
decades, often located in one location. Globalization has radically misrepresented this dynamic,
with continuous trade liberalization, the opening of new input markets in emerging economies
and improvements in international announcement and transfer, making it easier for firms to
spread their supply handcuffs around the world. At the same time, outsourcing has become more
rife in many industries, denotation that there are often many more companies involved in a
typical supply chain (Soissons, 2011).

41

As a result, the networks that are concerned in creating products can now span many different
countries, producing complex worldwide flows of goods and value. It is now taken for approved
that any single item for consumption can draw on inputs, labour and knowledge from many
different firms in many poles apart countries. Baldwin (2011) describes this get higher of the
international supply fetter as the second unbundling of globalisation (the first unbundling
having occurred during the industrial revolution, with goods produced en masse in one setting
and extreme around the world) (Baldwin, 2011).
Dickens Global Shift (2011), a determining work on global economic characteristics, provides a
strong skeleton for analysing these global supply chains. According to Dicken, mean is part of
the corporate do research and development section of the chain, often retain in the home
economy of large transnational companies and conduct in-house. The strong preference to locate
do research and development functions such as design in a firms home territory can be
attributed to the conventional base of knowledge inputs in these locations, and the remuneration
of a geographical awareness of this kind of activity in knowledge clusters (Dicken, 2011).
However, thinking about worldwide supply chains or value cuffs in this way risks adopting too
linear a view of international trade. The problem with a linear supply chain reproduction is that it
compartmentalises design, and overlook the different roles design can play all through the
expansion and construction processes. As with other parts of global supply chains, design often
involves self-motivated communications and highly iterative processes that are hard to
incarcerate within a supply chain. Like many other indefinable assets, design is not a
homogenous positive feature that is fed into the contribute chain at a certain point;
communications with users as well as the changing promise (and requirements) of technology
inform both designs themselves and the responsibility of designers in creating new goods and
bringing them to market.
With product cycle in many industry (e.g., fashion (Ghemewat and Nueno, 2006)) speeding up,
and digital technologies opening up new opportunities for partnership and user-engagement, the
linear view of a deliver chain is being challenged on many fronts. In the area of digital gaming,
for example, networked imagination and shopper co-creation, enabled by digital technology, are
transforming affairs between firms and regulars (Potts and Banks, 2010). There is a greater
prospect among users that they will be treated as active followers in design processes and that
their proficiency will be full seriously. Similarly, the wealth of data on patterns of purchaser
behaviour has improved the power of firms in many sectors, as well as municipal organisations,
to tailor the air force they offer, better targeting regulars (Manyika et al. 2011); this offers
significant probable for disrupting innovation in design-intensive industries.
It is clear from the literature that intend plays an important role within all the time more
globalised supply chains. However, it is important that we do not outlook design as a discrete
participation within a linear bring in chain; innovation in design-intensive industries is far more
self-motivated than such a view would put it to somebody.
Existing research on mapping designs international supply chain

42

While our thoughtful of complex international bring in chains is growing, it is tremendously

difficult to count the value of design flows around the world. Attempts have been made at
compiling databases on intercontinental trade in design, but there is no dataset that provide a allinclusive picture of designs international supply chain. Because it is difficult to trace the
proportion of value that is accounted for by design without by means of firm-level accounts, the
vast majority of delve into on value chains uses a case study app roach.
We can generally divide existing research into designs worldwide deliver chain into three levels
of analysis:
1. At an economy-wide scale, by using macro-economic facts and aggregate do business
flows;
2. At an industry level, by examining representative bring in chains within an industry or
sector; or
3. At the level of a single product or compact, by examining a unambiguous supply chain.
Economy-wide analysis
At the economy-wide level, hard work to map designs responsibility within international bring
in chains have been hampered by the imperfect availability of data. In part, this is due to the
complexity of the processes mixed up, and by the complexity of establishing a single, worldwide
accepted definition of what constitutes design. Design is not elected by a single product or
industrial code, which makes it hard to use public accounts or trade data to map spending on it.
One explanation to this would be to analyse very meticulous firm-level accounts, considering the
share of the take-home pay bill accounted for by designers, but this is easier said than done to do
on an economy-wide scale.
The most shows potential macro-economic come within reach of is that followed by Haskel and
Pesole (2011). Their work combines data from administrator Supply and Use Tables (SUTs) with
an estimation of own-account spending (i.e., design work done in-house by businesses). They
follow the ONS software method to account for speculation in design in the UK (Haskel and
Pesole, 2011). One of the key assumptions in the rear this work is that the payment paid to
designers has some association with the total of value they add, through design, to the goods and
services sold by their firm; this seems a levelheaded assumption, but it may not hold in all cases.
Another hurdle lies in accounting for the management of user-led design innovation, which
imposes real costs and provides value to businesses, but is a relatively new put into practice so
hard to tease out of official data (B anks, forthcoming).
However, while this come near offers a strong empirical observation of design-intensive
industries within the UK, it is harder to be appropriate to designs international supply chain. The
value of design is most often embodied in a physical item for consumption, which may be manmade in a country that is different from the one in which its plan takes place. Where designs are

43

traded many times between different companies and countries, it is very hard to pathway these
contact, and work out where price is added within supply chains using of ficial data.
Problems with value-added international trade data
Increased complexity of international supply chains how well official trade statistics capture flows
between countries highlighted problems with price. an emerging debate (such as economists, 2012)
shows that business data very overweight countries that collect and export finished, even if other
countries make the most of the value of those exports udgrahit. for example If a product is designed in
the UK, but made in China, the price will end up in the UK, but most of China's export figures will reflect
the full value of the finished product. it has two effects: first, it's official statistics of the UK trade deficit;
The exact value can lead to an overestimate, and second, that it's very design in international trade such
as abstract to explore the value of inputs makes it harder.
Johnson and Noguera (2011) to try and correct this bias in the trade statistics for an interesting
approach. "gross exports value-added exports to" offer (VAX) ratio, which is the official trade figures to
compensate for hidden value flows to adjust his opening act indicates that Britain's second highest VAX
ratio (Japan) it shows that behind the UK more value-added export Captures than most countries.
However, this pattern of development is in the early stages, and a very effective design flows from
international trace values being applied to some way. this global trace procedures design and
production, research is difficult to analyze because of industry-level and product level individual
businesses or industries to focus on; These are usually successful case studies of products or business
models are limited to two examples commonly referenced fashion house Zara coordinated global
production.

Industry-level and product-level analysis

Because it is so hard to trace global process of design and production, research tends to focus on
individual businesses or industry; these are generally limited to case studies of successful
products or business models. Two commonly referenced examples of this are the fashion house
Zaras coordinated global creation and retailing innovations (Christopher, 2000), and the iPads
transnational value chain (Kraemer et al. 2011). Recently there have been some attempts to
generalise these insights using the types of methods described above, using macro-economic
data, and tracing aggregate inputs throughout global supply chains. However, the research is still
nascent and limited by the quality and breadth of data available. It is likely that changes to the
way we collect data on imports and exports would be required in order to accurately describe
global macro supply chains (Johnson and Noguera, 2011).
The fashion industry is a good example of an industry with a muscular design constituent, and
one that has qualified massive globalisation of its supply chain in current years. Driven by cost
pressures from large trade buyers, low barriers to entry and a beg off in the costs of ship and
communication, a noteworthy proportion of the sectors manufacturing support has moved to

44

countries in which low-cost labour is gamely available. Over 50% of clothing construction now
takes place in Asia. The manufacturing has had to expand lean selling and just-in-time
fabrication models in order to cope with impulsive and constantly change demand for its goods.
Fashion design firms fit into place with intercontinental suppliers in a numeral of ways, the most
universal being sub-contracting or taking an equity risk in local partners (Dicken, 2011).
Innovation in tune design has also been a well-known feature of the manner industry supply
chain over the past twenty-years. Firms are gradually more moving from selling large numbers
of homogenous goods to differentiate their products through buyer experiences. This can take
many forms, together with bespoke design and manufacture, or an ever-increasing focus on
original retail environments, and illustrates how devise can be observed at more than just the
R&D point on the deliver chain.
The distinction of retail as the driving force behind the up to date fashion industry is reflect in the
data. Figure (UK output, imports, retailers margins and net taxes of wearing apparel)
shows how output in the clothing industry is rip between manufacturers, retailers and other
source, while Figure (Contribution to growth of wearing apparel supply, 1997-2009) shows
the change in UK imports and household output of clothing over recent years. purchaser
spending on clothing has full-fledged strongly since 1997, and there has been a big transfer
towards imports, at the outflow of the UKs domestic clothing industry. However,
notwithstanding the big increase in payments, very little of the second value has gone towards
the producers of clothing the increase in import has done little more than cancel out the fall in
familial manufacturing. Instead, most of the growth in the market has been capture by
wholesalers and retailers, based principally in the UK. Whilst this includes in part in commission
and domestic bring costs, it also reflects the power of branding and design, as well as the
influential of put on the market experiences, to add value.
UK output, imports, retailers margins and net taxes of wearing apparel
Source: Supply and Use Tables 2009 (ONS Crown Copyright) Note: trying apparel refers to
SIC2007 code 14 domestic clothing industry. However, notwithstanding the big increase in
spending, very little of the extra value has gone towards the producer of clothing the increase
in import has done little more than abandon out the fall in family developed. Instead, most of the
intensification in the market has been captured by wholesalers and retailer, based above all in the
UK. Whilst this include in part in use and domestic transport costs, it also reflect the power of
branding and design, as well as the seminal of retail experiences, to add value.

UK output, imports, retailers margins and net taxes of wearing apparel

45

Source: Supply and Use Tables 2009 (ONS Crown Copyright) Note: Wearing apparel refers to
SIC2007 code 14
Contribution to growth of wearing apparel supply, 1997-2009
Source: Supply and Use Tables 1997-2009 (ONS Crown Copyright)
Note: Wearing apparel refers to SIC2007 code 14. As price deflators are unavailable at this level
of disaggregation, we have applied a general price deflator.
As well as looking at industries, it is also promising to focus on human being products. Much of
the global supply-chain literature focus on human being products in rapidly increasing areas of
construction and utilization such as computer, electronic and ocular products. A recent example
of a product that has been fashioned through global processes of design and assemble is Apples
iPad. premeditated and marketed by Apple in the US, its mechanism are sourced from South
Korean and Taiwanese firms, assemble in China, and then shipped back to the US, Europe and
elsewhere to be sold. What is predominantly fascinating about the iPad example is that by far the
largest contribute to of the profits (30%) goes to Apple, which has an circumlocutory rapport
with the firms to blame for the physical manufacture of the iPad and its apparatus. It seems, at
least in this example, that the part of the bring in chain that captures the most value is the
strategic design, brand and marketing of the product, not the cost of the inputs directly (Kraemer
et al. 2011).
The approach to international supply chains used in this research
It is not potential to duplicate the product-level examination on a large weighing machine within
this study it is not likely that this way will provide any economy-wide data without significant
advances in data crowd. At the same time, economy-wide statistics give us moderately little just
around the corner into the finer details of make available chain dynamics and worldwide flows of
value.
The come within reach of taken in this paper is to look at intercontinental supply chains on an
industry-by-industry root, and to use available data at this level to gain an on the way into how

46

designs international bring chain appears. In practice, this income bearing in mind each of the
design-intensive industry we have acknowledged unconnectedly, and examining their dynamics
vigilantly. For each industry, we can collect data on how much they trade in and export, which
parts of the world they send abroad to, as well as a array of indicators on how the engineering
works. We can also measure the interactions sandwiched between different industries for
instance, considering how much a service sector sells to the industrialized sector, or looking at
where the industrys inputs come from. Contribution to increase of wearing apparel supply,
1997-2009 Source: Supply and Use Tables 1997-2009 (ONS Crown Copyright) Note: Wearing
apparel refers to SIC2007 code 14. As price deflators are out of stock at this level of
disaggregation, we have useful a general price deflator. As well as looking at industry, it is also
possible to focus on individual harvest. Much of the intercontinental supply-chain literature
focuses on individual products in speedily developing areas of production and consumption such
as computer, electronic and optical foodstuffs. A recent example of a product that has been
created through transnational process of design and create is Apples iPad. Designed and
marketed by Apple in the US, its workings are sourced from South Korean and Taiwanese firms,
assembled in China, and then ship back to the US, Europe and elsewhere to be sell. What is
mainly motivating about the iPad example is that by far the major share of the proceeds (30%)
goes to Apple, which has an roundabout relationship with the firms accountable for the physical
manufacture of the iPad and its machinery. It seems, at least in this example, that the part of the
provide chain that capture the most value is the calculated mean, branding and marketing of the
product, not the cost of the inputs straight (Kraemer et al. 2011). The approach to international
supply chains used in this research It is not possible to duplicate the product-level analysis on
a large weighing machine within this study it is not likely that this method will provide any
economy-wide confirmation without noteworthy advances in data gathering. At the same time,
economy-wide data give us fairly little insight into the finer details Imports, 16% Domestic
Production-12% Retailer's Trading Margins, 18% Net Taxes, 1%
This industry-level examination does not provide a total picture of the multifaceted interactions
that go on within worldwide supply chains, but it gives us a good idea of how they work. This
picture can then be built upon with human being case studies, to give further insights into the
international interactions that take place.
The six distinct design-intensive industries
To begin this supply chain examination, it is key to understand the distinctiveness of the different
design-intensive sectors in fact. These six sub-sectors have been acknowledged because they
employ high concentrations of designers; they version for around two-thirds of the UKs
designers, and around 40% of wider design-related employment. These six areas are:
Design services (SIC code 74) a group of specialised aim and technical behavior,
employing a high meditation of designers and trading on a business services basis;

47

 Architecture and engineering services (71) a diverse set of services that provide design
and technological hold up to a range of building and engineering project;
Computer and telecommunications services (61 + 62) armed forces that provide IT
prop up to other companies, together with software programming, web design and
computer capacity management, as well as those that provide telecommunications
military to business and to consumers;
Printing and publishing ( 18 + 58) this grouping spans the mechanized and service
sectors, as well as both physical print and publishing of books, journals and other
expressive substance;
Fashion and craft (13-15, 31-32, 90) including a diversity of manufacturing sectors
produce low or medium-tech goods with a noteworthy design element, such as wearing
apparel, furniture, as well as designers working in arts services.
Advanced manufacturing (25-30) advanced manufacturing covers a group of scientifically
advanced manufacturing sectors, including aerospace, car manufacturing and electronic utensils.
Many of these industries use design as a key source of value.
Specialised design services4
Design services are a small, highly-specialised sector providing services primarily to other
businesses. Despite being dominated by small firms, the sector is extremely export-facing.
The UK design armed forces sector is very globally facing, with a strong trade surplus.
More than a third of design navy created in the UK are sold as exports, with the UK
exporting almost 50% more design military than it imports. This strong trade surplus
suggests that the UK design services sector is extremely globally competitive.
Design services are for the most part sold either as exports or to other UK examine sector
businesses. The sectors that procure the most design services are head offices and
computer consultancies, suggesting that design is a deliberate function for large
businesses and that it is an important say into computer brainwashing and related activity.
Design service firms sell unexpectedly little to manufacturers within the UK, suggesting
that design military are not heavily paying attention on product design. However, it may
be that other service sector business that buy design sell it on to be used in the
industrialized process. It is also possible that a large share of design service exports is
sold to foreign developed firms.
There is very little capital expenditure on design services. It is appealing to note that
investment expenses on design services is low. This may reflect secretarial practices
rather than the resources nature of much design services work.
The design services workforce tend to work in highly-skilled, knowledge-based,
technological occupations. The mass of workers in the sector are in skilled specialized

48

and technological occupation, which include designers but also a range of other
marketing, imaginative and research roles. Perhaps of course, around a fifth of workers in
the sector are designer or in design-related occupation, which is high relative to the
country as a whole.
The design service sector is conquered by micro businesses and the self-employed. The
majorities of workplaces in the sector has less than 10 employees, and around than 73% of the
designers in the sector are temporary. This implies that most businesses in the sector lack a large
corporate construction, and as such would find some activities such as exporting and long-term
strategic planning more easier said than done.
Despite being a highly-skilled sector, intend services productivity is notably below the
national usual. This is likely to be related to the labour-intensive natural history of work
in the segment, and the fact that design military firms tend to be micro or small
businesses, factors which are normally associated with low returns to size and low
productivity.
Designers in design services earn less on regular than other occupation in the sector.
Average pay in the mean military sector is only slightly below efficiency, which is
possibly to be expected given the knowledge-intensive, skilled labour natural history of
the work. Those in design occupation, however, earn 10% less, and those in designrelated occupation 25% less, than the average for the part as a whole.
Buyers of specialised design services output 2009 ( billions)

Source: Supply and Use Tables 2009 (ONS Crown Copyright)

Note: In this and other sub-sector charts that follow, each part of the pie chart represents the
amount pur chased of that sub-sector by dissimilar parts of the wider economy, definite as

49

follows: production subdivision is SIC(2007) codes 1-43, services is SIC(2007) 45-99. Within
industry represents intra-industry using up of sub-sectors (i.e. purchases of design services by
other design services company). Other represents first and foremost investment spending, but
also includes in more than a few cases government final expenditure and non-profit institutions
final consumption
Characteristics of the specialised design services sector 20096789
Key indicators

Design services

UK economy

Share of total
workforce core
designers

18%

1%

Core designers concentration

index6
Share of total
workforce designrelated

16.7

2%

Design-related Concentration
index

2%

Share of core and

design-related that
are self-employed

73%

27%

Share of
workplaces micro7

63%

20%

Share of
workplaces small

17%

23%

Share of
14%
workplaces medium

36%

Share of
workplaces large

5%

20%

GVA/hour ()8

17.38

26.98

Average core
designer hourly pay
(Employees, )9

15.47

16.89

50

Average designrelated hourly pay

(Employees, )

12.66

15.86

Average employee
hourly pay in sector
as a whole
(Employees, )

17.70

14.39

Exports ( bn)

396

Exports as a % of
total demand

35%

12.6%

Imports ( bn)

5.5

421

Imports as a % of
total supply

24%

13.4%

Trade balance (
bn)

2.5

-26

Architectural and engineering services

An architectural and engineering service is a specialised sector selling services to other
business. It is one of the most design-intensive sector in the financial system, and the vast
majority of its workers are highly skilled. The UK has a strong trade surplus in
architectural and engineering services, suggesting there is considerable scope to expand the
sectors contribution to UK exports.
The UK architectural and engineering services division has a strong trade surplus,
and it is reasonably export-facing. export are worth around 5 billion, making up
around 13% of command for the sectors amount produced, in line with the economy as a
whole. The segment has a strong trade surplus, with the UK exporting more than twice
the quantity of architectural services than they trade in. This implies the UK architectural
services sector is tremendously internationally ready for action, but may have scope to
sell to other countries more.
Around half of architectural and engineering services output is sold to other service
sector businesses. The preponderance of architectural and engineering services are sold
to non-tradable sector within the UK. This include public management, defence and
healthcare which make up roughly a tenth of the demand for architectural and
engineering services. This possibly reflect the consequence of architecture and
engineering to huge scale communal sector infrastructure project such as hospitals and
roads, as well as the common use of urban arrangement activities by the public sector.
Other service sector for which architecture is a large input consist of finance and

51

computer services. Among production sector, architectural and engineering services are a
noteworthy say into the construction industry.
Spending on public services forms a significant input into the sector. Almost a quarter
of non-labour expenditure in the architectural and engineering services sector draw from
from communal services, such as public government. This is likely to be explain in part
by spending on the publicly-provided understanding services, but is strangely large for a
sector of this amount.
80% of workers in architectural and engineering services are knowledge workers. This
emphasises the highly-skilled character of work in the architectural and engineering
services division. Almost half of workers in the sector are in employment in professional
occupation, which often necessitate occupation-specific post-graduate training.
Designers pay in architectural and engineering services is above typical both for the
sector and for the economy as a total. This is likely to be associated both to the highly
capable work conduct by architectural and engineering services businesses, and also may be
connected to the proper qualifications needed for access into these types of profession.
Characteristics of the architectural and engineering services sector 20091

11213
Key indicators

Architectural
Services

UK Economy

Share of total
workforce core
designers

11%

1%

Core designers concentration

index11

10.82

52

Share of total
workforce designrelated

18%

Design-related concentration
index

2%

9.21

Share of core and

design-related that
are self-employed

28%

27%

Share of workplaces
micro12

33%

20%

Share of workplaces
small

25%

23%

Share of workplaces
medium

30%

36%

Share of workplaces
large

12%

20%

GVA/hour ()13

23.82

Computer and telecommunications services

Computer and telecommunications services is a highly prolific sector of the UK economy,
selling services to extra businesses, often as part of asset packages. It is extremely highlyskilled and as a result earnings are significantly higher than the national normal. While the
sector has a fairly low concentration of designers, it employs a significant number of
designers generally.
Computer and telecommunications services is a smaller amount export-facing than
the economy as a total. 9% of the sectors amount produced is sold as exports, which is
less as a amount than in the wider economy. The UK does, however, have a strong trade
spare in this sectors products, correspondent to 5% of sector GVA. This suggests that the
UK computer services part is internationally ready for action, and that the UK would
assistance from increasing buy and sell in the sector.
The majority of computer and telecommunications services amount produced is sold to
other service sector businesses, or as capital expenditure. The largest business buyers of
computer and telecommunications services take in wholesale and put on the market, highlighting
the importance of in turn technologies to the performance of distribution systems in those
sectors. Economic services and public management also purchase a large amount of the sectors

53

amount produced. The large levels of asset spending on computer and telecommunications
services places of interest the capital nature of much of the sectors construction, comprising
services such as IT/phone system and bespoke software growth.
The largest sectoral input into computer and telecommunications services are
electronic foodstuffs, other business services and business carry activities. The single
largest sectoral say is computer, electronic and optical equipment industrialized. The
sector also spends a lot on office government and employment services inputs, which
indicates momentous outsourcing of all-purpose support functions and a widespread use
of agency labour in the part. They also use legal services, head offices and management
consultancy, advertising and architectural services as noteworthy inputs.
Computer and telecommunications services is a highly accomplished sector. Just about
84% of the workforces in the computer and telecommunications services sector are in
knowledge-based occupations. This is likely to reflect both the multifaceted and highly
skill-intensive life of work in computer services, but also the significant outsourcing of
many a smaller amount highly-skilled office functions, as noted above. A small but
significant amount of these highly-skilled workers are designers.
Computer and telecommunications services is a high-value part. Productivity as
measured by GVA/hour is around 60% higher than the nationwide average in the sector.
Whilst pay in the part is significantly higher on usual than in the economy as a complete.
This is also true but to a less important amount for those in mean and design-related
occupations.
Buyers of computer and telecommunications services output 2009

Source: Supply and Use Tables 2009 (ONS Crown Copyright)

Characteristics of the computer and telecommunications services sector 200916171819

54

Key indicators

Computer and
Telecommunications

UK Economy

Share of total
workforce core
designers

3%

1%

Core designers concentration

index16
Share of total
workforce designrelated

2.56

3%

Design-related concentration
index

2%

1.76

Share of core and

29%
design-related that are
self-employed

27%

Share of workplaces
micro17

29%

20%

Share of workplaces
small

16%

23%

Share of workplaces
medium

32%

36%

Share of workplaces
large

23%

20%

GVA/hour ()18

43.4

26.98

Average core
designer hourly pay
(Employees, )19

19.60

16.89

Average designrelated hourly pay

(Employees, )

16.59

15.86

Average employee
hourly pay in sector
as a whole

20.41

14.39

55

(Employees, )
Exports ( bn)

10

396

Exports as a % of
total demand

9%

12.6%

Imports ( bn)

421

Imports as a % of
total supply

7%

13.4%

Trade balance ( bn)

-26

Printing and publishing20

The printing and publishing sector combine industrialized of media and publishing
services, and sells first and foremost to consumers through retailer, and to service business.
The sector has a strong trade excess.
Whilst printing and publishing is a smaller amount export-intensive than the economy
as a full, as a sector it has a strong buy and sell surplus. Approximately 10% of
printing and publishing amount produced is sold as exports. The UK exports more than
50% more of the sectors amount produced than it imports, implying the sector is
internationally ready for action and could assistance from increased international do
business.
Most printing and publishing amount produced is sold either to households or to the
service segment. Approximately 40% of printing and publish output is sold to
households, sparkly the complete, consumer-facing nature of much of the sectors goods
amount produced. Among service sectors that buy printing and publishing productivity
the most, the principal buyers are in education, brilliant the importance of printed
materials and other media as an participation into teaching, and public administration and
security. This is more likely to reflect the public sector as a huge, concentrated buyer of
most goods and services in the financial system than as a particularly concerted purchaser
of printing and publishing productivity. There is also noteworthy trading within this
industry, as publishers use printers to construct products.
The largest input into printing and publishing are paper goods, transport services,
advertising and employment actions. Paper products are by far the major upstream
contribution into printing and publishing, shiny the nature of manufacturing bring in
chains in the sector. Printers and publishers also have great inputs from advertising and
transport services, representative outsourcing of some marketing and giving out in the
part. The high spend on employment actions indicates agency workers are momentous in
the sector.

56

 Retailers make a payment a significant amount to the bring in of printing and

publishing output. Distributors (retailers and wholesalers), form a important part of the
supply chain for the sectors output. This is to be expected given the consumer-facing
scenery of the industry.
More than half of workers in printing and publishing are in familiarity occupations.
This reflects the consequence of high-level skills to the area. There are also important
numbers of workers in middle-skilled operate occupations, above all within the printing
sub-sector.
Productivity in printing and publishing is above the nationwide regular. Whilst GVA/hour
is higher than the state average, and core designers are very paid when compare with others in
the sector and the economy as a complete, again underlining the highly-skilled nature of plan
work.
Design rights in the UK and Europe
The most common economic point of view for protecting intellectual property human rights are
well known: intellectual property rights give confidence companies to make risky savings in
research and innovation by as long as a time-limited monopoly on the innovation they
manufacture. This rationale can also be functional to design rights. The production of new
designs requires funds of time, skill and creative labour. In theory, providing a mechanism for
the protection of new design should stimulate venture in design (Haskel and Pesole, 2011).
In spite of these general economic point of view for the existence of intellectual possessions
rights in aim, the Hargreaves Review acknowledged a lack of detailed sympathetic about the
connection between the UKs system for defensive designs and the very large savings being
made in design associated activities noted by Nesta (2011). In an effort to address this gap in
acquaintance, the IPO has commissioned an extensive programme of do research to provide
evidence on this question. The first chapter of the work on design made to order by the IPO
(Haskel and Pesole, 2011) showed that the cut of firms that have registered design in the UK is
quite small: only 15%. Chapter four of that paper also found that the UK has notably lower rates
of mean registration than both France and Germany (BOP Consulting, 2011).
Taken at face value, it might be alluring to conclude that these result are an sign that the UKs
design constitutional rights system is failing the nations designer. However, the actual picture is
more nuanced. It reflects the embedded role of design in complex processes of value creation and
business models, as well as the use of other area of academic property law and clever business
model approach to defensive and leveraging savings in design.
The examination presented in of this report suggest that many of the design-intensive industry
rely on tacit knowledge and knowledge, which are not easily modifiable. Because it is easier said
than done to codify, tacit acquaintance and expertise are also easier said than done to protect
through institutional mechanism such as design privileges. However, the other side of this coin is
that tacit acquaintance is also difficult to copy and dole out on a large scale. This means that
even without recognized intellectual property safety, service based area of the design-intensive

57

industries are fairly resistant to intimidation of unrestrained doubling in a global economy

because they depend on the submission of expertise in highly specific context by skilled
practitioners (Sissons, 2011b). The evident contradiction between the number of designs being
registered and the value of design-intensive industries to the UK economy may, therefore,
indicate the predominance of design as a examine, rather than codifiable design as a item for
burning up that is being traded by the UKs design-intensive sectors.
At the same time, design privileges make more sense for more considered, process-driven and
compartmentalised (e.g. product development or technology) s of design-intensive industry,
because the IP they produce tend to be more explicit and design rights can be more without
problems clear.
Although an effective rational property regime needs to be able to give confidence both of these
kinds of design movement, the needs of these two parts of the design-intensive industry may be
quite unlike.
The speed of product cycle may also be a factor in low levels of design listing. Haskel and
Pesole (IPO, 2011) find that average design right profit a business for four years. Bascavusoglu
and Tether (IPO, 2011) find that mean rights ceased to be related with stronger business concert
in the early 2000s, when a adjust in the European design registration system made design muster
less important for designs that had a living of less than three years. Thus company with shortlived design (of which there appear to be many) have little encouragement to register their design
(although they may derive some protection for unregistered designs).
Changing the balance of costs and benefits for design rights
Chapter four of the IPO do research (BOP Consulting, 2011) explores how the pronouncement to
acquire a design right depends on a number of factors:
The cost, both in fees and organizational, of the right;
The chance of being able to effectively defend against an contravention;
The company of substitute forms of fortification;
responsiveness and knowledge of the rights system; and
The expected life of the design venture.
The confirmation on the UK, gleaned from a combination of survey and interview, suggests that
the sense of balance sandwiched between the costs and benefits of plan rights do not encourage
listing, with higher transaction costs through a paper-based file organization and inadequate
benefits, due to the difficulty of defence and the ease of use and efficacy of other substitutable
methods of IP safety. There also may be a lack of acquaintance amongst UK designers of the
design civil liberties system.

58

in the same way the structure of the design-intensive industry and the balance between small,
medium and larger mean agencies may affect where IP resides and how possible it is to be
register. Research conduct as part of the Design 2020 project places of interest how smaller
design consultancies face noteworthy cash-flow and cost pressure that prevent them taking a
sovereigns stake in their work, and also the way in which they focal point more on product
processes than production increase, perhaps neglecting IP (Cooper et al. 2011).
Is intellectual material goods a barrier to association in design-intensive industries?
A lot of strategic design commotion involves group effort between designers and their partners
(Adelson, 1999; Chiu, 2002; Cross & Clayburn Cross, 1995: Susskind & Landry, 2007). In these
situation, normal property, and concerns over its strengthening, can sometimes become a
blockade to useful association. Designers can be startled of giving out their ideas for fear of
thinning their significance (Murphy, 2010). ominously, in some cases, discussion and
fortification of IP is avoided as it is viewed as a merged and counter-collaborative disturbance
from the artistic process. What is more, the question is sometimes avoid completely because
organisations dont know how to look after the IP of their designs and no construction from
which to come within reach of it exists. The intellectual belongings framework for design must
carry, rather than hinder, two-way work by designers.
Quantitative data on design rights
To examine the link between academic material goods and exporting, we have used two firmlevel datasets. The first is the Community Innovation examination (CIS)40, which asks firms a
range of question about issue related to modernization and intellectual material goods. The
second is a amalgamation of the IPOs design rights record and the Annual Respondents record
(ARD)41, which gives data on the sell to other countries behaviour of firm who have register
design constitutional rights with the IPO.
Results from the Community Innovation Survey
Community Innovation Survey 200608 results

Sample Size

How many firms register design rights?

Design -active
manufacturing firms
registering design rights

5%

1919

Design-active service
firms registering design
rights

4%

2242

Do firms registering design rights or engaged in design activity in general

tend to export more than all firms?

59

Design rights holders

exporting

84%

199

Design-active firms
exporting

63%

3219

All firms exporting

41%

8677

Does the link between design rights and export activity vary by sector?
Manufacturing design
rights holders exporting

89%

155

Design-active
manufacturing firms
exporting

72%

1599

Service design rights

holders exporting

81%

71

Design-active service
firms exporting

58%

1660

Does the link between design rights and export activity vary by firm size?
Small firms with design
rights and exporting

84%

52

Design-active small
firms exporting

61%

24348

Medium/Large firms
with design rights
exporting

86%

174

Design-active
medium/large firms
exporting

71%

8129

The CIS data (summarised in (Results from the Community Innovation Survey)) show that
5% of design-active42 developed firms register industrial design, and that 4% of service firms do
so. This suggest that design rights are not just used by firms in the developed sector.
Firms that catalog designs are more likely to export, with 83% of design-active firm holding
design rights exporting, compare to 63% for all design-active firms, and 41% for all firms. This
result appears above all strong for service firms, where 81% of design-active firms register a

60

design precise sell overseas, compared to 58% of all design-active firm. The result is also true for
developed, where 89% of firms with design rights export, against 72% of all design-active firms.
Among design-active small firm, 84% with a design right are exporters, against 61% of designactive firm results are similar for middling and huge firms.
This confirmation from the CIS provides a strong sign that firms which register design
rights tend to be more export-facing.
The confirmation from the IPO/ARD data (summarised in Table 5.2 (Results from matched
Intellectual assets Office/Annual Respondents Database)) tell a comparable story. Of
enterprise that hold an IPO-registered aim right, 21% earn some export revenue, against
5% of all firm. This is true of construction firms (21% ve rsus 2%) and service firms (22%
versus 6%).
If we look at export as a share of proceeds, companies with IPO-registered design rights produce
1.5% of their takings from exports, against 1.25% for all firms.
Both of these data source put it to somebody that design rights are connected with higher levels
of export movement among entity firms. This firm-level examination provides a useful on the
way, because it suggests that design rights are allied with export-facing behaviour by firm.
Results from matched Intellectual Property Office/Annual Respondents Database
IPO/Annual Respondents Database
results (2009)

Matched sample size

Do firms with IPO-registered design rights tend to export more?

Firms with IPOregistered design
exporting

21%

514

All firms exporting

5%

44253

Does the link between IPO-registered design rights and export activity
vary by sector?
Service firms with IPOregistered designs
exporting

22%

103

All service firms

exporting

6%

33474

Manufacturing firms
with IPO-registered

21%

430

61

designs exporting
All Manufacturing firms
exporting

2%

10779

Do firms with IPO-registered design rights earn more export income?

Firms with IPOregistered design
exporting

1.50%

512

All firms

1.25%

44253

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