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This article is about the country. For other uses, see litical deadlock.[14][15] The election was held successNepal (disambiguation).
fully and the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly was
sworn in, with Sushil Koirala appointed as the new prime
[16][17]
i
[8]
Nepal ( /npl/ n-PAWL; Nepali: [nepal] minister.
)), ocially the Federal Democratic Republic of
Nepal,[9] is a landlocked country located in South Asia.
With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq
mi) and a population of approximately 27 million,[2]
Nepal is the worlds 93rd largest country by land mass[10]
and the 41st most populous country. It is located in
the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the Peoples
Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by
the Republic of India. Specically, the Indian states
of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and
Sikkim border Nepal, whereas across the Himalayas
lies the Tibet Autonomous Region. Nepal is separated
from Bangladesh by the narrow Indian Siliguri Corridor.
Kathmandu is the nations capital and largest metropolis.
1 Etymology
Local legends say that a Hindu sage named Ne established himself in the valley of Kathmandu in prehistoric
times and that the word Nepal came into existence as
the place protected (pala in pali) by the sage Ne. According to the Skanda Purana, a rishi called Ne or Nemuni used to live in Himalaya.[20] In the Pashupati Purana, he is mentioned as a saint and a protector.[21] He
is said to have practised meditation at the Bagmati and
Kesavati rivers[22] and to have taught there.[23]
Hinduism is practiced by about 81.3% of Nepalis, making it the country with the highest percentage of Hindus.
2 History
Buddhism is linked historically with Nepal and is practiced by 9%, Islam by 4.4%, Kiratism 3.1%, Christianity
1.4%,[2] and animism 0.4%. A large portion of the popu- Main article: History of Nepal
lation, especially in the hill region, may identify themselves as both Hindu and Buddhist, which can be attributed to the syncretic nature of Hinduism and Bud2.1 Ancient
dhism in Nepal.[12]
A monarchy throughout most of its history, Nepal was
ruled by the Shah dynasty of kings from 1768 when
Prithvi Narayan Shah unied its many small kingdoms[1]
until 2008. A decade-long Civil War involving the
Communist Party of Nepal and several weeks of mass
protests by all major political parties led to the 12-point
agreement[13] of 22 November 2005. The ensuing elections for the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly on 28
May 2008 overwhelmingly favored the abolition of the
monarchy and the establishment of a federal multiparty
representative democratic republic.
Nepal is rst mentioned in the late Vedic text, Atharvaveda Parisista as a place exporting blankets, and in
the post-Vedic Atharva Siras Upanisad.[24] In Samudraguptas Allahabad inscription it is mentioned as a bordering country. The 'Skanda Purana' has a separate chapter known as 'Nepal Mahatmya', which "explains in more
details about the beauty and power of Nepal." Nepal is
also mentioned in Hindu texts such as the Narayana
Puja.[24]
According to Gopal Vansawali, the genealogy of
Nepalese monarchy, the earliest settlers in Nepal were
Gopalas, followed by Mahispala, followed by Kirata.[25]
Tibeto-Burman people probably lived in Nepal 2,500
years ago.[25] However, there is no archaeologic evidence of Gopala, Mahispala or Kirata rulers other than
The political parties of Nepal agreed to form an interim government under the leadership of Chief Justice
Khil Raj Regmi in order to hold elections for the Constituent Assembly by 19 November 2013 to end a po-
HISTORY
2.2
Medieval
The Gorkha dominion reached its height when the northern India territories of Kumaon and Garhwal in the west
to Sikkim in the east became under Nepal rule.
At its maximum extent, Greater Nepal extended from the
Tista River in the east, to Kangara, across the Sutlej River
in the west as well as further south into the Terai plains
and north of the Himalayas than at present. A dispute
with Tibet over the control of mountain passes and inner
Tingri valleys of Tibet forced the Chinese Qing Emperor
in Peking (now Beijing) to start the Sino-Nepalese War
2.3
Kingdom of Nepal
The king was made a titular gure, and the post of Prime
Minister was made powerful and hereditary. The Ranas
were staunchly pro-British and assisted them during the
Indian Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 (and later in both World
Wars). Some parts of the Terai Region populated with
non-Nepalese peoples were gifted to Nepal by the British
as a friendly gesture, because of her military help to sustain British control in India during the Sepoy Rebellion.
In 1923, the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed Following the carnage, King Birendras brother
an agreement of friendship, which superseded the Sugauli Gyanendra inherited the throne.
On 1 February
Treaty signed in 1816.
2005, King Gyanendra dismissed the entire government
Slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924.[30] Nevertheless and assumed full executive powers to quash the violent
debt bondage even involving debtors children has been Maoist movement,[33] but this initiative was unsuccessful
a persistent social problem in the Terai. Rana rule was because a stalemate had developed in which the Maoists
marked by tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation were rmly entrenched in large expanses of countryside
GEOGRAPHY
yet could not dislodge the military from numerous towns separation of powers, then Chief Justice Khila Raj Regmi
and the largest cities. In September 2005, the Maoists was made the chairman of the caretaker government. Undeclared a three-month unilateral ceasere to negotiate. der Mr. Regmi, the nation saw peaceful elections for
In response to the 2006 democracy movement King Gya- the constituent assembly. The major forces in the earlier
Madhesi
nendra agreed to relinquish sovereign power to the peo- constituent assembly (namely CPN Maoists and[46][47]
parties)
dropped
to
distant
3rd
and
even
below.
ple. On 24 April 2006 the dissolved House of Representatives was reinstated. Using its newly acquired sovereign
authority, on 18 May 2006 the House of Representatives
unanimously voted to curtail the power of the king and
declared Nepal a secular state, ending its time-honoured
ocial status as a Hindu Kingdom. On 28 December
2007, a bill was passed in parliament to amend Article
159 of the constitution replacing Provisions regarding the King by Provisions of the Head of the State
declaring Nepal a federal republic, and thereby abolishing the monarchy.[35] The bill came into force on 28 May
2008.[36]
3 Geography
Main articles: Geography of Nepal and Geology of Nepal
Nonetheless, political tensions and consequent powersharing battles have continued in Nepal. In May 2009, the
Maoist-led government was toppled and another coalition government with all major political parties barring the Maoists was formed.[41] Madhav Kumar Nepal
of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unied MarxistLeninist) was made the Prime Minister of the coalition
government.[42] In February 2011 the Madhav Kumar
Nepal Government was toppled and Jhala Nath Khanal
of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unied MarxistLeninist) was made the Prime Minister.[43] In August
2011 the Jhala Nath Khanal Government was toppled
and Baburam Bhattarai of the Communist Party of Nepal
(Maoist) was made the Prime Minister.[44]
5
Kanchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna and Manaslu.
Above these elevations, the biogeography of Nepal is generally divided from east to west by the Gandaki River.
Ecoregions to the east tend to receive more precipitation
and to be more species-rich. Those to the west are drier
with fewer species.
3.1
Neotectonics
4 Politics
Main article: Politics of Nepal
Nepal has seen rapid political changes during the last two
decades. Up until 1990, Nepal was a monarchy under
executive control of the King. Faced with a communist
movement against absolute monarchy, King Birendra, in
1990, agreed to a large-scale political reform by creating
a parliamentary monarchy with the King as the head of
state and a Prime Minister as the head of the government.
6
1991.
The movement in April 2006 brought about a change in
the nations governance: an interim constitution was promulgated, with the King giving up power, and an interim
House of Representatives was formed with Maoist members after the new government held peace talks with the
Maoist rebels. The number of parliamentary seats was
also increased to 330. In April 2007, the Communist
Party of Nepal (Maoist) joined the interim government
of Nepal.
4 POLITICS
Khanal of CPN (UML) was elected the Prime Minister.
Khanal was forced to step down as he could not succeed
in carrying forward the Peace Process and the constitution writing. On August 2011, Maoist Dr. Babu Ram
Bhattarai became third Prime Minister after the election
of constituent assembly.[62] On 24 May 2012, Nepalss
Deputy PM Krishna Sitaula resigned. [63] On 27 May
2012, the countrys Constituent Assembly failed to meet
the deadline for writing a new constitution for the country. Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai announced that
new elections will be held on 22 November. We have
no other option but to go back to the people and elect a
new assembly to write the constitution, he said in a nationally televised speech. One of the main obstacles has
been disagreement over whether the states which will be
created will be based on ethnicity.[64]
4.2 Government
4.3
Subdivisions
4.3 Subdivisions
Narayani
Janakpur
Sagarmatha
Koshi
Mechi
6 ECONOMY
6 Economy
Nepal has close ties with both of its neighbors, India and
China. In accordance with a long-standing treaty, Indian Main article: Economy of Nepal
Nepals gross domestic product (GDP) for 2012 was
and Nepalese citizens may travel to each others countries without a passport or visa. Nepalese citizens may
work in India without legal restriction. The Indian Army
maintains seven Gorkha regiments consisting of Gorkha
troops recruited mostly from Nepal.
However, since the Government of Nepal has been dominated by Socialists and Indias by more right-wing parties,
India has been remilitarizing the porous Indo-Nepali
border, to stie the ow of Islamist groups.[69]
Nepal established relations with the Peoples Republic
of China on 1 August 1955, and relations since have
been based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Nepal has aided China in the aftermath of the
2008 Sichuan earthquake, and China has provided economic assistance for Nepali infrastructure. Both countries have cooperated to host the 2008 Summer Olympics
summit of Mt. Everest.[70] Nepal has assisted in curbing
anti-China protests from the Tibetan diaspora.[71]
9
The spectacular landscape and diverse, exotic cultures of
Nepal represent considerable potential for tourism, but
growth in this hospitality industry has been stied by political instability and poor infrastructure. Despite these
problems, in 2012 the number of international tourists
visiting Nepal was 598,204, a 10% increase on the previous year.[82] The tourism sector contributed nearly 3% of
national GDP in 2012 and is the second biggest foreign
income earner after remittances.[83]
The rate of unemployment and underemployment approaches half of the working-age population. Thus many
Nepali citizens move to other countries in search of work.
Top destinations include India, Qatar, the United States,
Thailand, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Japan,
Brunei Darussalam, Australia, and Canada.[84][85] Nepal
receives $50 million a year through the Gurkha soldiers
who serve in the Indian and British armies and are highly
esteemed for their skill and bravery. As of 2010, the total
remittance value is worth around $3.5 billion.[85] In 2009
alone, the remittance contributed to 22.9% of the nations
GDP.[85]
A long-standing economic agreement underpins a close
relationship with India. The country receives foreign aid from India, Japan, the UK, the US, the EU,
China, Switzerland, and Scandinavian countries. Poverty
The trading of wool.
is acute; per-capita income is around $1,000.[86] The
distribution of wealth among the Nepalese is consistent
the 3.5 percent GDP growth in 2010/2011 and would be with that in many developed and developing countries:
the second highest growth rate in the post-conict era.[77] the highest 10% of households control 39.1% of the naSources of growth include agriculture, construction, - tional wealth and the lowest 10% control only 2.6%.
nancial and other services. The contribution of growth The governments budget is about $1.153 billion, with exby consumption fueled by remittances has declined since penditure of $1.789 billion (FY05/06). The Nepalese ru2010/2011. While remittance growth slowed to 11 per- pee has been tied to the Indian Rupee at an exchange rate
cent (in Nepali Rupee terms) in 2010/2011 it has since of 1.6 for many years. Since the loosening of exchange
increased to 37 percent. Remittances are estimated to be rate controls in the early 1990s, the black market for forequivalent to 2530 percent of GDP. Ination has been eign exchange has all but disappeared. The ination rate
reduced to a three-year low to 7 percent.[77]
has dropped to 2.9% after a period of higher ination
The proportion of poor people has declined substan- during the 1990s.
tially in recent years. The percentage of people living below the international poverty line (people earning less than US$1.25 per day) has halved in only
seven years.[77] At this measure of poverty the percentage of poor people declined from 53.1% in 2003/2004
to 24.8% in 2010/2011.[77] With a higher poverty line
of US$2 per-capita per day, poverty declined by one
quarter to 57.3%.[77] However, the income distribution
remains grossly uneven.[78] In a recent survey, Nepal
has performed extremely well in reducing poverty along
with Rwanda and Bangladesh as the percentage of poor
dropped to 44.2 percent of the population in 2011 from
64.7 percent in 20064.1 percentage points per year,
which means that Nepal has made signicant improvement in sectors like nutrition, child mortality, electricity,
improved ooring and assets. So if the progress of reducing poverty continues in this rate, then its predicted that
Nepal will halve the current poverty rate and eradicate it
within the next 20 years.[79][80][81]
10
7
7.1
7 INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure
Energy
7.2
Communication
Transport
7.5
Health
11
earlier the data/internet penetration was 10.05%, thus this 5 years and above) has increased from 54.1% in 2001 to
represents a growth rate of 74.77%.[97]
65.9% in 2011. Male literacy rate is 75.1% compared
Not only has there been strong subscriber growth, es- to female literacy rate of 57.4%. The highest literacy
district (86.3%) and lowpecially in the mobile sector, but there was evidence of rate is reported in Kathmandu
[2]
est
in
Rautahat
(41.7%).
While
the net primary enrolla clear vision in the sector, including putting a reform
[104]
ment
rate
was
74%
in
2005;
in
2009, that enrollment
process in place and planning for the building of nec[105]
rate
was
at
90%.
However
increasing
access to secessary telecommunications infrastructure. Most imporondary
education
(grades
9-12)
remains
a
major chaltantly, the Ministry of Information and Communications
lenge, as evidenced by the disturbingly low net enrollment
(MoIC) and the telecom regulator, the National Telecommunications Authority (NTA), have both been very active rate of 24% at this level. More than half of primary students do not enter secondary schools, and only one-half of
in the performance of their respective roles.[98] Despite all
the eort, there remained a signicant disparity between them complete secondary schooling. In addition, fewer
girls than boys join secondary schools and, among those
the high coverage levels in the cities and the coverage
[106]
Nepal
available in the underdeveloped rural regions. Progress who do join, fewer complete the 10th grade.
Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu
has
six
universities:
on providing some minimum access had been good, however. Of a total of 3,914 Village Development Commit- University, Pokhara University, Purbanchal University,
Agriculture and
tees across the country, only 306 were unserved by De- Mahendra Sanskrit University, and the[107]
Forestry
University
of
Nepal
(AFU).
Some newly
[98]
cember 2009. In order to meet future demand, it was
proposed
universities
are
Lumbini
Bouddha
University,
estimated that Nepal needed to invest around US$135
Mid-Western
University,
and
Far-Western
University.
[98]
million annually in its telecom sector.
In 2009, the
ne scholarship has emerged in the post-1990
telecommunication sector alone contributed to 1% of the Some
[108]
era.
[99]
nations GDP.
As of 30 September 2012, Nepal has
1,828,700 Facebook users.[100]
In the broadcast media, as of 2007, the state operates 7.5 Health
2 television stations as well as national and regional radio stations. There are roughly 30 independent TV chan- Main article: Health in Nepal
nels registered, with only about half in regular operation. Public health and health care services in Nepal are proNearly 400 FM radio stations are licensed with roughly
300 operational.[95] According to 2011 census, the percentage of households possessing radio was 50.82%, television 36.45%, cable TV 19.33%, computer 7.23%.[2]
According to the Press Council Nepal, as of 2012 there
are 2038 registered newspapers in Nepal, among which
514 are in publication.[101] In 2013, the Reporters Without Borders ranked Nepal at 118th place in the world in
terms of press freedom.[102][103]
7.4
Education
12
holds do not have toilet in their houses.[2] Tap/Piped
water is the main source of drinking water for 47.78%
of the total households. Tube well/hand pump is the
main source of drinking water for about 35% of the total
households, while spout, uncovered well/kuwa and covered well/kuwa are the main source for 5.74%, 4.71%
and 2.45% respectively.[2] Based on 2010 World Health
Organization (WHO) data, Nepal ranked 139 in life expectancy in 2010 with the average Nepalese living to 65.8
years.[109][110]
Disease prevalence is higher in Nepal than it is in other
South Asian countries, especially in rural areas. Leading
diseases and illnesses include diarrhea, gastrointestinal
disorders, goiter, intestinal parasites, leprosy, visceral
leishmaniasis and tuberculosis.[111] About 4 out of 1,000
adults aged 15 to 49 had human immunodeciency virus
(HIV), and the HIV prevalence rate was 0.5%.[112][113]
Malnutrition also remains very high: about 47% of
children under 5 are stunted, 15 percent wasted, and
36 percent underweight, although there has been a declining trend for these rates over the past ve years,
they remain alarmingly high.[114] In spite of these gures, some improvements in health care have been made,
most notable is the signicant progress in maternal-child
health.[115][116] Overall Nepals HDI for health was 0.77
in 2011, ranking Nepal 126 out of 194 countries, up from
0.444 in 1980.[117][118]
ized groups. Lessons for replication emphasize experiential learning, establishment of a strong civil society
network, exible regulation to encourage diverse institutional modalities, and responsiveness of government and
policymakers to a multistakeholder collaborative learning
process.[121][122]
Law enforcement in Nepal is primarily the responsibility of the Nepalese Police Force which is the national
police of Nepal.[123] It is independent of the Nepalese
Army. In the days of its establishment, Nepal Police
personnel were mainly drawn from the armed forces of
the Nepali Congress Party which fought against feudal
Rana autocracy in Nepal. Central Investigation Bureau
(CIB) and National Investigation Department of Nepal
(NID) are the investigation agencies of Nepal. They
have oces in all 75 administrative districts including
region oces in ve regions and Zonal oces in fourteen Zones. Numbers varies from three to ve members at each district level in rural districts and numbers
7.6 Community forestry
can be higher in urban districts. They have both Domestic and International surveillance unit which mainly
The Community Forestry Program in Nepal is a par- deals with cross border terrorists, drug tracking, money
ticipatory environmental governance that encompasses laundering.[124][125][126][127]
well-dened policies, institutions, and practices. The
program addresses the twin goals of forest conserva- A 2010 survey estimated about 46,000 hard drug users
of the users to be within the
tion and poverty reduction. As more than 70 per- in the country, with 70%
[128]
age
group
of
15
to
29.
The
same survey also reported
cent of Nepals population depends on agriculture for
that 19% of the users had been introduced to hard drugs
their livelihood, community management of forests has
14.4% of drug
been a critically important intervention. Through legisla- when they were less than 15 years old; and
users were attending school or college.[128] Only 12 of
tive developments and operational innovations over three
studied had any type of rehabilitadecades, the program has evolved from a protection- the 17 municipalities
tion center.[128][129] There has been a sharp increase in the
oriented, conservation-focused agenda to a much more
broad-based strategy for forest use, enterprise develop- seizure of drugs such as hashish, heroin and opium in the
past few years; and there are indications that drug trafment, and livelihood improvement. By April 2009, one[130]
third of Nepals population was participating in the pro- cker are trying to establish Nepal as a transit point.
gram, directly managing more than one-fourth of Nepals Human tracking is a major problem in
forest area.[119][120]
Nepal.[131][132][133] Nepali victims are tracked within
The immediate livelihood benets derived by rural house- Nepal, to India, the Middle East, and other areas such
holds bolster strong collective action wherein local com- as Malaysia and forced to become prostitutes, domestic
munities actively and sustainably manage forest re- servants, beggars, factory workers, mine workers, circus
sources. Community forests also became the source of performers, child soldiers, and others. Sex tracking is
diversied investment capital and raw material for new particularly rampant within Nepal and to India, with as
women and girls tracked to
market-oriented livelihoods. Community forestry shows many as 5,000 to 10,000
[134][135][136]
India
alone
each
year.
traits of political, nancial, and ecological sustainability, including emergence of a strong legal and regulatory
framework, and robust civil society institutions and networks. However, a continuing challenge is to ensure equitable distribution of benets to women and marginal-
With wider availability of information technology, cyber crime is a growing trend. The police handled 16
cases of cyber crime in scal year 2010/2011, 47 cases in
2011/2012 and 78 in the current scal year.[137] In 2013,
9.1
Languages
13
Demographics
The major languages of Nepal (percent spoken as native language) according to the 2011 census are Nepali
(44.6%), Maithili (11.7%), Bhojpuri (6.0%), Tharu
(5.8%), Tamang (5.1%), Nepal Bhasa (3.2%), Bajjika
(3%) and Magar (3.0%), Doteli (3.0%), Urdu (2.6%) and
Sunwar. In addition, Nepal is home to at least four indigenous sign languages.
According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published Derived from Sanskrit, Nepali is written in Devanagari
14
script. Nepali is the ocial national language and serves
as lingua franca among Nepalis of dierent ethnolinguistic groups. The regional languages Awadhi, Bhojpuri,
Maithili and rarely Hindi are spoken in the southern Terai
Region. Many Nepalis in government and business speak
English as well. Varieties of Tibetan are spoken in and
north of the higher Himalaya where standard literary Tibetan is widely understood by those with religious education. Local dialects in the Terai and hills are mostly
unwritten with eorts underway to develop systems for
writing many in Devanagari or the Roman alphabet.
9 DEMOGRAPHICS
main branches of Buddhism exist in Nepal and the Newa
people have their own branch of the faith.[146] Buddhism
is also the dominant religion of the thinly populated
northern areas, which are mostly inhabited by Tibetanrelated peoples, such as the Sherpa.
The Buddha, born as a Hindu, is also said to be a descendant of Vedic Sage Angirasa in many Buddhist texts.[147]
The Buddhas family surname is associated with Gautama
Maharishi.[148] Dierences between Hindus and Buddhists have been minimal in Nepal due to the cultural
and historical intermingling of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. Moreover traditionally Buddhism and Hinduism
were never two distinct religions in the western sense
9.2 Religion
of the word. In Nepal, the faiths share common temples and worship common deities. Among other naMain article: Religion in Nepal
The overwhelming majority of the Nepalese population tives of Nepal, those more inuenced by Hinduism were
the Magar, Sunwar, Limbu and Rai and the Gurkhas.[25]
Hindu inuence is less prominent among the Gurung,
Bhutia, and Thakali groups who employ Buddhist monks
for their religious ceremonies.[25] Most of the festivals in
Nepal are Hindu.[149] The Machendrajatra festival, dedicated to Hindu Shaiva Siddha, is celebrated by many Buddhists in Nepal as a main festival.[150] As it is believed that
Ne Muni established Nepal,[151] some important priests
in Nepal are called Tirthaguru Nemuni. Islam is a minority religion in Nepal, with 4.2% of the population being Muslim according to a 2006 Nepalese census.[152]
Mundhum, Christianity and Jainism are other minority
faiths.[153]
10.1
Cuisine
15
10
Culture
Momo
10.1 Cuisine
Main articles: Nepalese cuisine and Newa cuisine
See also: List of Nepalese dishes
A typical Nepalese meal is Dal bhat. Dal is a spicy
16
13 CITATIONS
11
Sports
er. They have also qualied for the 2014 ICC World
Twenty20 which is currently taking place in Bangladesh.
Phapla Cricket Stadium is the national cricket stadium in
Nepal. It is located in Dhangadhi Kailali.
12 See also
List of Nepal-related topics
Outline of Nepal
13 Citations
[1] Nepal5. Royalark.net. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
[2] National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National
Report)". Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal). Retrieved
26 November 2012.
[3] http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_
PPP.pdf
[4] http://databank.worldbank.org
[5] Nepal. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 20
April 2012.
[6] Gini Index. World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
[7] 2014 Human Development Report Summary. United
Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 2125.
Retrieved 27 July 2014.
Halchowk Studium
17
[17] Nepal Peace Reports. The Carter Foundation. Retrieved 14 February 2014. |rst1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
[18] The 2013 Human Development Report The Rise of
the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World"". HDRO
(Human Development Report Oce) United Nations Development Programme. pp. 144147. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
[19] Planning Commission, Nepal. An Approach to the Graduation from the Least Developed Country by 2022. http:
//www.npc.gov.np/. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
[40] Nepal King gets 15 days to leave palace. Outlookindia.com. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
[42] Madhav Kumar Nepal elected new Nepal PM. Redinews. 23 May 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
[24] P. 17 Looking to the Future: Indo-Nepal Relations in Perspective By Lok Raj Baral
[44] Bhattarai elected new Prime Minister of Nepal. Nepalnews.com. 28 August 2011. Retrieved Feb 2014.
[45] CA dissolved without promulgating constitution. Jagaran Nepal. |rst1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
[53] F. Jouanne et al., Current Shortening Across the Himalayas of Nepal, Geophys.J.Int., 154, 114, 2004.
18
13 CITATIONS
Re-
19
[98] Nepal Telecoms, Mobile, Internet and Forecasts. Re- [125] NEPAL: Corruption in Nepal Curse or Crime?". Retrieved 31 July 2012.
trieved 6 August 2013.
[99] World Bank Nepals ICT at a glance. Retrieved 31 [126]
July 2012.
[127]
[100] Internet World Stats: Asia. Retrieved 14 November
2012.
[101] Press Council Nepal Introduction.
November 2012.
Retrieved 14 [128] Survey on Hard Drug Users in Nepal: A Practice for Policy Analysis and Advocacy. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
[116] World Bank Health Services in Nepal. Retrieved 31 [141] World Refugee Survey 2008. U.S. Committee for
Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008.
July 2012.
[142] Damakant Jayshi (1 April 2008). NEPAL: Tibetans
Warned of Deportation to China. Inter Press Service.
Nepali Times Issue No. 561 (8 July 2011 14 July
Retrieved 14 February 2014.
2011)". Nepalitimes.com. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
[143] Nepal Life expectancy at birth Demographics. IndexCommunity forestry in Nepal. Retrieved 19 January
mundi.com. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
2013.
[144] Nepal Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures
Community Forestry. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
Project. Globalreligiousfutures.org. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Community Forestry in Nepal. Retrieved 19 January
2013.
[122] NEPAL: Community forest value untapped. Retrieved
19 January 2013.
20
14
REFERENCES
Gotz Hagmuller (2003). Patan Museum: The Transformation of a Royal Palace in Nepal. London:
Serindia. ISBN 978-0-906026-58-8.
[154]
[155] The Most Mathematical Flag. Numberphile. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2013. |rst1= missing
|last1= in Authors list (help)
[156] Nepali football Sportsworld. AlJazeeraEnglish. 5
March 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
[157] FOOTBALL HISTORY IN NEPAL.
trieved 17 February 2013.
ANFA. Re-
14
Espn
References
Haven, Cynthia (24 August 2010). The Best Memoir You Never Heard Of: Shadow Over ShangriLa"". San Francisco Chronicle.
Nepal: A state under siege. The South Asian: Featured Articles. Archived from the original on 31 December 2004. Retrieved 23 September 2005.
21
15
External links
22
16
16
16.1
Nepal Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal?oldid=635818775 Contributors: Brion VIBBER, Mav, Koyaanis Qatsi, -- April, Andre
Engels, Scipius, Danny, Rmhermen, Christian List, William Avery, SimonP, Drbug, B4hand, Fonzy, Olivier, Edward, Bdesham, Nealmcb,
Patrick, Michael Hardy, Paul Barlow, Liftarn, Gabbe, Menchi, Mic, Ixfd64, Lquilter, GTBacchus, Delirium, Paddu, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Docu, TUF-KAT, Notheruser, KoyaanisQatsi, Angela, Julesd, Pratyeka, Whkoh, Nikai, Dpol, Jiang, Kaihsu, GCarty, CarlKenner, Tobias Conradi, JASpencer, Timwi, David Newton, Janko, RickK, Lfh, N-true, Istabraq, Shresthasj, WhisperToMe, Selket, Peregrine981, Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, Imc, Grendelkhan, Morwen, Wernher, Stormie, Raul654, Camerong, Cvaneg, Hajor, Denelson83,
Jni, SD6-Agent, Sjorford, Branddobbe, Robbot, Vardion, Santoshmaharjan, Kizor, Lapax, Altenmann, Stephan Schulz, Nurg, Romanm,
Samrolken, Hemanshu, Diderot, Timrollpickering, Doidimais Brasil, Hadal, Wikibot, Ungvichian, Mushroom, Ambarish, Scythian99,
BovineBeast, PBP, Davidcannon, Alan Liefting, David Gerard, Dave6, Nichalp, Lupin, IRelayer, Tom Radulovich, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Gamaliel, Cantus, Rick Block, Niteowlneils, Dmmaus, Mboverload, Python eggs, Avala, Bobblewik, Sesel, Gugganij, Neilc,
Utcursch, LordSimonofShropshire, Pgan002, Andycjp, SebastianBreier, Jasper Chua, Telso, Geni, Mike R, Ebear422, Knutux, Quadell,
Ran, Antandrus, Jorm, Beland, Margana, Evertype, Lesgles, Hn acharya, Wmaheriv, Mikko Paananen, Secfan, Supadawg, Bumm13,
Sam Hocevar, Asubedi, Arcturus, Soman, Neutrality, Sarcelles, Jh51681, Sonett72, Trevor MacInnis, Squash, Acsenray, Tcr25, Babelsch, Nlnnet, Mike Rosoft, D6, Ularsen, EugeneZelenko, Discospinster, Brianhe, Rich Farmbrough, Pak21, Pmsyyz, Shudog,
Vsmith, Florian Blaschke, Tomtom, HeikoEvermann, YUL89YYZ, Kzzl, Quiensabe, Erolos, Dbachmann, Pavel Vozenilek, Paul August, ESkog, Sc147, Kbh3rd, Oren Shatz, Blugu128, Brian0918, Aranel, Maclean25, Zscout370, MBisanz, El C, Dhoom, Kwamikagami,
Marx Gomes, Aude, Shanes, Tom, Alereon, Sietse Snel, RoyBoy, Indiver, Mqduck, RobNS, Bobo192, Aydee, Chan Han Xiang, Billymac00, Flxmghvgvk, Tronno, AtomicDragon, Braeside, Garlics82, Smrits, Captain Blood, Alberuni, La goutte de pluie, CoolGuy, Rje,
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Sumit Dutta, H2g2bob, Celeron2002, Siddheshk, Jguk, Zshzn, Khanalsar, Netkinetic, Nightstallion, HenryLi, Kazvorpal, Varungarde,
Snroyvskp, Kbolino, Dismas, Hijiri88, Cheungpat, DarTar, Stemonitis, Shanghaiclique, 888, FrancisTyers, Angr, Joriki, Richard Arthur
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Nikkimaria, Closedmouth, Denisutku, Sujanks, Merishi, Chanheigeorge, Tvarnoe, Ray Chason, BorgQueen, Black-Velvet, GraemeL,
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One, That Guy, From That Show!, Parvez gsm,
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Ricky@36, Timdream, Ugur Basak Bot, Wilt, Ohconfucius, The undertow, SashatoBot, Caravaca, Agradman, Franc13, Sugarskane, Kuru,
John, Rigadoun, Wtwilson3, GeoreyVS, Heimstern, Korean alpha for knowledge, Bo99, JorisvS, Kashmiri, Green Giant, Goodnightmush, Kransky, IronGargoyle, HADRIANVS, Beefy SAFC, Chrisch, Tarikur, Rkmlai, Pazuzu1990, Hvn0413, Werdan7, Beetstra, Noah
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Thijs!bot, Leo das, Wikiwow, Epbr123, Subcontinental, Biruitorul, Tozznok, Armanaziz, NumaNumaYay, Guluspogi@yahoo.com, Mojo
Hand, Anupam, Jp07, RevolverOcelotX, Adhikar1, SGGH, Heelop, Merbabu, Franklee, RFerreira, Rabin06, NigelR, Suraj11024, I nepali,
Jws42, Pdhakal, Therequiembellishere, Tonyseeker, Tocino, Big Bird, DeusMP, Haha169, Natalie Erin, AlefZet, Northumbrian, Escarbot,
Oreo Priest, Mentisto, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Gaviidae, 33066, EarthPerson, Quintote, Dr. Blofeld, DarkAu-
16.1
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dit, Websuraj, Scepia, Vanjagenije, Modernist, Superzohar, Danger, Credema, Jhsounds, Gdo01, Yellowdesk, Alphachimpbot, Rcduggan,
Ventriloquist, Djackmanson, E.James, MikeLynch, JAnDbot, Dagayute, Uunter, Fellix, Deective, MER-C, Nepal avish, Smallbighorn,
Kshitize, Scythian1, Jackieboy87, Hello32020, Db099221, OhanaUnited, Andonic, Hut 8.5, B cubed, Leolaursen, PhilKnight, Joshua,
Dipenda, .anacondabot, SiobhanHansa, Acroterion, Aekbal, Akuyume, HempalShrestha, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, MartinDK, MJD86, Weser, JNW, Bibhu heaven 123, Bigdan201, Jim Douglas, Sindhutvavadin, Pokhrel nabaraj, The Anomebot2, Brian Hickey,
Indon, MED12345678, Mrbobmac, Teddythtam2003, Tuncrypt, IkonicDeath, Superbwiktim, Nposs, Jeb8828, 28421u2232nfenfcenc,
Sudyp, Rif Wineld, DerHexer, JaGa, Philg88, Edward321, Vsubedi, Lenticel, Karan.ag, Inclusivedisjunction, Samratchand, Flami72,
Dvalerio, Wikinger, Gwern, S3000, Misarxist, RoTi38, MartinBot, Donarst, NAHID, ARC Gritt, Paracel63, Kevinsam, Rettetast, R'n'B,
CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, AgarwalSumeet, Jobbus McKnockey, Fconaway, Lilac Soul, Johnluisocasio, What the fuck?, Wilhite
A, WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWIKIPEDIA, Element6968, Zhiqiang, Jphism, Echeesekid, J.delanoy, Jahanas, Rgoodermote, Lparkerjedi, Pharos04, JamesR, Smartguy0, UBeR, Numbo3, Himguard, Pjottermans, Qatter, Riteshlamsal, Textangel, Barts1a, BrokenSphere,
Mayaisastar, Yifan1982, Shrivastav, Jhattara, Naniwako, Berkeleybernie, Mjb1981, Ajcfreak, Rockmandu, AntiSpamBot, Youwinjack,
Junafani, Plasticup, Nepalikukur, Airpeters01, Sundar1, In Transit, Cynthia0725, SJP, Ahuskay, Sahyogi, Flatterworld, Jamminguy2,
Rumpelstiltskin223, Mikeonatrike, Angular, Eljusto1, Cometstyles, Tweisbach, LordCo Centre, Ostentatious, Nimora, Bonadea, Doctoroxenbriery, Jarry1250, Andy Marchbanks, Empty cognizance, Conte di Cavour, Idioma-bot, Montchav, Signalhead, Vranak, G2bambino,
Chinneeb, Deor, VolkovBot, That-Vela-Fella, CWii, Safemariner, Dragoonkain, Je G., Achbha, Cmkz, Partha lal, RabinK007, Smcilreavy, Barneca, Maxtremus, Philip Trueman, Kundadixit, BirmanM, TXiKiBoT, Joopercoopers, Pahari Sahib, GimmeBot, Jalwikip,
Bigvibes, Ietsov, Johnb01, Rei-bot, Aymatth2, Someguy1221, Jack of All, Master of None, Iamnepali, Kushalzone, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseric, Steven J. Anderson, Lradrama, Lanka07, Ajursha, JhsBot, Slysplace, DyceBot, LeaveSleaves, Arheus, R0kins0l,
Veggieburgersh, David in DC, Ilyushka88, Maxim, Quindraco, Nedrutland, Tidying Up, Larklight, Dick Kimball, Wei Xiwu, Enigmaman, Apforz42, Nw adelman, Synthebot, Meetkamaljee, J. J. in PA, Alfredo J. Herrera Lago, Keepssouth, Rabinesh, Birmanmaharjan,
Angsty, The Devils Advocate, Lumodular, Craigtheretard, AlleborgoBot, Miguel.v, Blaske, Mario1952, Reginald Perrin, Shaidar cuebiyar, Daveh4h, Saroozz, Nfranraicis, Francisrainik, Hughey, Demmy, Joachim Weckermann, Smurali49, Sameermanandhar, SieBot,
Zip600001, Tomalak geretkal, Qwertzxcvb, Calliopejen1, ChanningLaurel, Pakchat, Beeandy, Jessend, Rob.bastholm, Caltas, Lexlimbu,
Kbridell, Renegade111, Edmund Patrick, Yintan, Lakshya htd, AnThRaX Ru, Vanished user 82345ijgeke4tg, Rabinbaral, Keilana, Ujjwol, LADave, Was Once, Prestonmag, Sthapa, Lightmouse, Chadsnook, Int21h, Ramgautam, Lukas Upadhya, BenoniBot, Moletrouser,
Maelgwnbot, Correogsk, Schrodt, Andrij Kursetsky, Vice regent, Chrisrus, Capitalismojo, Theway2getme, Tesi1700, Sinhala freedom,
Ptr123, Nn123645, Torch1234, Varanwal, Bigen182, Akldawgs, Richard David Ramsey, Sitush, Hindupridemn, Jimmy Slade, NyteSky,
Vinay Jha, Gr8opinionater, ImageRemovalBot, JJ Williams, RS1900, Mr. Granger, MenoBot, Nischaldahal, Loren.wilton, Martarius,
OtherAJ, ClueBot, Kathmandu2007, PipepBot, RonBeeCNC, Kotniski, The Thing That Should Not Be, Kumuty, Lexington1, Goldenhawk 0, Plastikspork, GeneCallahan, Aj rock, Der Golem, VQuakr, Mild Bill Hiccup, CrazyRepublican, Rafaelgarcia, Vdgreat, Pranav17,
Doseiai2, Boing! said Zebedee, Timberframe, CounterVandalismBot, Clisteinman, Prakritilama, Harland1, Razv, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Piledhigheranddeeper, Mark.word1, Catbtds, Nepaltoursdestination, Rockfang, Ajhodd, Einsteinewton, Artotem, DragonBot, Detroiterbot, Marlow10, Frances410, Excirial, Dsquirrel, Dre123, Anonymous101, Alexbot, Saditya76, Leontios, QWerk., Nana Bjrnlund,
PixelBot, WikiZorro, Adimovk5, Wiki dr mahmad, Vivio Testarossa, Rhatsa26X, Lartoven, S paw1, Spradh01, NuclearWarfare, Cenarium, Jotterbot, Sbfw, Pewaichha, Dn9ahx, Salty1984, JamieS93, Esimal, RusskiDan, Rabindra Baral, Nas ru, BOTarate, Nsodgurl,
EgraS, Anishfun, Pogozachy1010, Dlawbailey, Tired time, Npvsus, Apaudel, Rainbow87, Samantha555, Ranjithsutari, Compower, Smarkea, Sudip Regmi, Nishadh Shrestha, DumZiBoT, Jpople, Ramsonwiki, MsTreetippitak, Editorofthewiki, Anju273, Khola123, AlanM1,
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Synvermin, Gggh, Kapil kalpana, Manyjoin, Chanchaltam, Ajay22308, Ekadev, MatthewVanitas, Jhendin, Bazj, Shreaayu, Taigaroamer,
ElatedGuru, Narayansg, Altetendekrabbe, AnonyLog, Jamisonhalliwell, Mabdul, Tcncv, Lal Salaam, Metagraph, Nepaliboi, Ashishlohorung, Jyao2, Nepal-Forum-USA, Vishnava, Sirprabin, Cognatus, Mac Dreamstate, Jubiline, Mnmazur, Padma1000, Bnp46, AntiWar001,
Prakriti1, LeeAmir, Aramsharan, NepalPatriot, SapnaMadheshi, Debresser, Rajpoot91, Padman101, Ginosbot, Encyclopedia1742, Snkr,
Tassedethe, Sanawon, Numbo3-bot, Sangam Mulmi, Brazilburn116, Lightbot, Berks911, Sarahlouisegalbraith, Dogralokesh, Rastranayak,
A class Dobbins, Ketabtoon, Bricklayer, Sujayssa, WikiHendrik, BlueMario1016, Ben Ben, Luckas-bot, Dipzone7, Yobot, Editor2423,
Yuri Karlov, Mauler90, Amirobot, Voice99, Kshitijp, NepaliBoy7, Jai Madhesh!, Bonne Nuit Bijou, Ajh16, Nallimbot, Heropadaimazero,
Prabeshdhaubaji, Againme, Xaajjaax, DiverDave, AnomieBOT, Angry bee, Nepali7, Chau87, Rubinbot, 1exec1, Uttampaudel, Zoomzoom316, Keithbob, Infovisitingnepal, AdjustShift, Blackknight12, LlywelynII, Knowledgekid87, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Nebraska3, ArthurBot, Thulasi12345, LilHelpa, Itzmerabin, Tatarian, Xqbot, Berganus, Timir2, Ulysses elias, TheP1990, The
Magnicent Clean-keeper, Gilo1969, Anna Frodesiak, Achlochan, Mykjoseph, J04n, Kostpolt, GrouchoBot, Thulungdanesh, Alumnum,
ProtectionTaggingBot, Omnipaedista, Lalit Jagannath, RibotBOT, Shattered Gnome, Moxy, Chongkian, HarshithBhat, Shadowjams, WebCiteBOT, Justpeace, Khalidshou, A robustus, FrescoBot, Anna Roy, Tobby72, VividTara, Mistakender, Bruno Ishiai, A Werewolf,
VoodooIsland, Bambuway, Pranjalghimire, BenzolBot, SargentIV, Thapa.laxman, Airborne84, Lunamdocs, PigFlu Oink, Lady Lotus,
AstaBOTh15, Nepaliaashish, WQUlrich, Deswaali, Elockid, Hariboneagle927, LiquidOcelot24, King Zebu, P.4.P. No. 1, Nahnite, Shiva
Khanal, Hoo man, Arzun, Plasticspork, Reconsider the static, Terissn, Iokerapid, Lightlowemon, FoxBot, TobeBot, Gangol, Wilhelm
Klave, Lotje, Dhilung, Pras.kota, Aoidh, Petronius2, Diannaa, Underlying lk, Tbhotch, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Deshbhakta69, Soewinhan, RjwilmsiBot, Chipmunkdavis, TjBot, Generalboss3, Ripchip Bot, Jimtaip, DASHBot, Shabidoo, Mrsurajsubedi, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Milkunderwood, Ghostofnemo, Dadaist6174, Dewritech, Racerx11, GoingBatty, Mesgul82, Heljqfy, Tatiraju.rishabh, Kkm010,
HiW-Bot, Ida Shaw, Illegitimate Barrister, Ashowmega, Inhakito, Thargor Orlando, Kamalmonami, Ladokhau, Ganesh Paudel, AvicAWB,
Eken7, H3llBot, DBSSURFER, SporkBot, Monterey Bay, Shmilyshy, NeelAbodh, Laurelenril, Tolly4bolly, Highvale, Sadeeshbala, City of
Destruction, L Kensington, Jahangir23, Shrigley, TheFoxdonut, Donner60, Shashakura, Rahul kaushik, Madalu, H31331603, Arysov, Zeke
foxon, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, Anupkaphle, Hisagar123, FeatherPluma, Amanhanda, Cielbleu, Sheela koirala, Rohith goura, ClueBot
NG, Krizpo, LogX, K1eyboard, Gilderien, Suraz03, SumerianPrince, Another n00b, XXPowerMexicoXx, Kman665, Karrattul, Frietjes,
Delusion23, Dansong22, Hazhk, Monsoon Waves, Troglopedetes, Widr, Comonline, Hisham, Prashantk23, Helpful Pixie Bot, Wbm1058,
2001:db8, BG19bot, The Banner Turbo, Mminneman, Northamerica1000, Waterbuck, Niteshpradhans, PhnomPencil, HIDECCHI001,
StevenJ81, Philpm930, Dodshe, Ocial Spokesman, Mark Arsten, Compfreak7, Jarinnp, OttawaAC, Cadiomals, AnwarInsaan, Ankit Rimal, Sadan1994, Manoguru, Enredados, Illuminatihacker, Shredder2012, RudolfRed, MeanMotherJr, BattyBot, Arundhungel, MahdiBot,
Cyberbot II, DBSSHASPER, HasperHunter, Bitthalr1, Thapamagar2012, Spnepal, IceBrotherhood, Packer1028, Sms.dang, Jaro88slav,
Mkg just4u, BrightStarSky, Dexbot, Zuluve, Andrew C. W. Dodson, Webclient101, Sikkimmadurai, Mogism, Retrospector87, Cerabot,
Ssbbplayer, Samudrakula, Frosty, SFK2, Jamesx12345, Nepalmandal, Google9999, Ashim nep, MWMKdu, Abhisek365, Masterpasa,
Jonathan.yap, PinkAmpersand, SomeFreakOnTheInternet, Rajudawadi, CsDix, Ruby Murray, BreakfastJr, AmericanLemming, Androdin,
Jakec, Advocatejake, EvergreenFir, AnuSingh855, Budhathokyp, Abcrg2, SupernovaeIA, Flat Out, ServiceGhost, 1, My name is not
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dave, Sam Sailor, Paudelpanchayat, SujanDon, Yoonadue, Blondeguynative, Amrit Ghimire Ranjit, Mr.neel, Bladesmulti, Elatestnews,
SigdelVinay, Khijee2, Animal720, Wikiamitmalla, Navyo.eller, Bijayabuddha, Signedbo, Bishal258, Jacstha, Star7899, Sushant Rijal,
Akash Simkhada, Theparties, Arjanpara, Spiritclaymore, Naver.np, Rabindahal, Orangoottan, Owais Khursheed, Monopoly31121993,
Dirgahyu, Ayuan1110, Romanriwaj, Ditttti, Dangerdipesh, Ascii002, Pajiyarrc, Ojha.dinesh4u, Azkord, Krishna418, Nepalhero, Noxboy,
WikiImprovment78 and Anonymous: 1317
16.2
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Contributors: http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112 Original artist:
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File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Originally from the Open Clip Art website, then replaced with an improved version. Original artist: w:en:User:Nightstallion
(original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version)
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Original artist:User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:
Zscout370
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open Clip Art Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999
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(Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
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File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SLS 693 - National ag of Sri Lanka Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flickr_-_don_macauley_-_House_in_Nepal.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flickr_-_don_
macauley_-_House_in_Nepal.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Flickr: IMG_3669 Original artist: Donald Macauley
File:Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG License: CC0
Contributors: Own work Original artist:
This illustration was made by Michel Royon (User:Royonx) and released under the license(s) stated above. You are free to use it for any
purpose as long as you credit me and follow the terms of the license.
File:Janki_Mandir.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Janki_Mandir.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Abhishek Dutta (http://abhishekdutta.org)
File:Kaligandaki_ghasa.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Kaligandaki_ghasa.jpg License: CC-BYSA-2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Micha Saaban
File:Kathmandu-21.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Kathmandu-21.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sigismund von Dobschtz
File:Kathmandu-35.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Kathmandu-35.JPG License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sigismund von Dobschtz
File:Kathmandu_street.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Kathmandu_street.jpg License: CC-BYSA-2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Kukri,_karda_&_chakmak.jpg Source:
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chakmak.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Kunde_Hospital_IMG_1688a.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Kunde_Hospital_IMG_1688a.
jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as IMG_1688a Original artist: simonsimages
File:Lake_Phoksundo_in_Dolpo,_Nepal.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Lake_Phoksundo_in_
Dolpo%2C_Nepal.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/heema/7180116543/in/photostream Original artist:
Heema Rai
File:Lumbini_4.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Lumbini_4.jpg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors:
Captured by uploader. Original artist:
/ -
File:Marsyangdi_valley_near_Pisang_(4518299825).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Marsyangdi_
valley_near_Pisang_%284518299825%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Marsyangdi valley near Pisang Original artist: Greg
Willis from Denver, CO, usa
File:Momo101.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Momo101.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
en:Image:Momo101.jpg Original artist: en:Spartathreehundred
File:NASA_Landsat_7_Nepal.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/NASA_Landsat_7_Nepal.png License: Public domain Contributors: Originally uploaded on en.wikipedia Original artist: Originally uploaded by Tatiraju.rishabh (Transferred
by Okino)
File:Nepal_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Nepal_%28orthographic_
projection%29.svg License: ? Contributors: Based on File:India_(orthographic_projection).svg by user:Ssolbergj Original artist: Shahid
Parvez. Based on a le by en:User:Ssolbergj
File:Nepal_landscape_1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Nepal_landscape_1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/apr01/k9388-14.htm Original artist: U.S. Department of Agriculture
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File:Nepalese_school.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Nepalese_school.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dmitry A. Mottl
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File:Pashupatinath_Temple,_Kathmandu.jpg Source:
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Temple%2C_Kathmandu.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu Original
artist: Laxman Thapa
File:Patan_temples.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Patan_temples.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: ickr Original artist: Kit Hartford
File:Phulchowki_Hill.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Phulchowki_Hill.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ashishlohorung
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