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Nepal

This article is about the country. For other uses, see litical deadlock.[14][15] The election was held successNepal (disambiguation).
fully and the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly was
sworn in, with Sushil Koirala appointed as the new prime
[16][17]
i
[8]
Nepal ( /npl/ n-PAWL; Nepali: [nepal] minister.
)), ocially the Federal Democratic Republic of
Nepal,[9] is a landlocked country located in South Asia.
With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq
mi) and a population of approximately 27 million,[2]
Nepal is the worlds 93rd largest country by land mass[10]
and the 41st most populous country. It is located in
the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the Peoples
Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by
the Republic of India. Specically, the Indian states
of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and
Sikkim border Nepal, whereas across the Himalayas
lies the Tibet Autonomous Region. Nepal is separated
from Bangladesh by the narrow Indian Siliguri Corridor.
Kathmandu is the nations capital and largest metropolis.

In 2014, Nepal ranked 145th of 187 countries on the


Human Development Index (HDI) and despite several
challenges, Nepal has been making steady progress and
the Government of Nepal have made commitment to help
the nation to graduate towards one of the more developed
nations by 2022.[18][19]

1 Etymology
Local legends say that a Hindu sage named Ne established himself in the valley of Kathmandu in prehistoric
times and that the word Nepal came into existence as
the place protected (pala in pali) by the sage Ne. According to the Skanda Purana, a rishi called Ne or Nemuni used to live in Himalaya.[20] In the Pashupati Purana, he is mentioned as a saint and a protector.[21] He
is said to have practised meditation at the Bagmati and
Kesavati rivers[22] and to have taught there.[23]

The mountainous north of Nepal has eight of the worlds


ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on
Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha () in
the Nepali language. More than 240 peaks over 20,000
ft (6,096 m) above sea level are located in Nepal.[11] The
southern Terai region is fertile and humid.

Hinduism is practiced by about 81.3% of Nepalis, making it the country with the highest percentage of Hindus.
2 History
Buddhism is linked historically with Nepal and is practiced by 9%, Islam by 4.4%, Kiratism 3.1%, Christianity
1.4%,[2] and animism 0.4%. A large portion of the popu- Main article: History of Nepal
lation, especially in the hill region, may identify themselves as both Hindu and Buddhist, which can be attributed to the syncretic nature of Hinduism and Bud2.1 Ancient
dhism in Nepal.[12]
A monarchy throughout most of its history, Nepal was
ruled by the Shah dynasty of kings from 1768 when
Prithvi Narayan Shah unied its many small kingdoms[1]
until 2008. A decade-long Civil War involving the
Communist Party of Nepal and several weeks of mass
protests by all major political parties led to the 12-point
agreement[13] of 22 November 2005. The ensuing elections for the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly on 28
May 2008 overwhelmingly favored the abolition of the
monarchy and the establishment of a federal multiparty
representative democratic republic.

Nepal is rst mentioned in the late Vedic text, Atharvaveda Parisista as a place exporting blankets, and in
the post-Vedic Atharva Siras Upanisad.[24] In Samudraguptas Allahabad inscription it is mentioned as a bordering country. The 'Skanda Purana' has a separate chapter known as 'Nepal Mahatmya', which "explains in more
details about the beauty and power of Nepal." Nepal is
also mentioned in Hindu texts such as the Narayana
Puja.[24]
According to Gopal Vansawali, the genealogy of
Nepalese monarchy, the earliest settlers in Nepal were
Gopalas, followed by Mahispala, followed by Kirata.[25]
Tibeto-Burman people probably lived in Nepal 2,500
years ago.[25] However, there is no archaeologic evidence of Gopala, Mahispala or Kirata rulers other than

The political parties of Nepal agreed to form an interim government under the leadership of Chief Justice
Khil Raj Regmi in order to hold elections for the Constituent Assembly by 19 November 2013 to end a po-

HISTORY

Former royal palace at Basantapur, Kathmandu

2.3 Kingdom of Nepal


Main article: Kingdom of Nepal

Lumbini, listed as the birthplace of Buddha by the UNESCO


World Heritage Convention

later documents (Lichchavi and Malla era) mentioning


them.[26]

In the mid-18th century, Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha


king, set out to put together what would become presentday Nepal. He embarked on his mission after seeking
arms and aid from India and buying the neutrality of bordering Indian kingdoms. After several bloody battles and
sieges, notably the Battle of Kirtipur, he managed to conquer the Kathmandu Valley in 1769. A detailed account
of Prithvi Narayan Shahs victory was written by Father
Giuseppe who was an eyewitness to the war.[29]

There is a quite detailed description of the kingdom of


Nepal in the account of the renowned Chinese Buddhist
pilgrim monk Xuanzang, dating from c. 645 CE.[27][28]
Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley are important
sources for the history of Nepal.
The Licchavi dynasty went into decline in the late eighth
century, probably due to Tibetan dominance, and was followed by Thakuri era, from 879 CE (Nepal Samvat 1),
although the extent of their control over the country is
uncertain. In the 11th century it seems to have included
the Pokhara area.

2.2

Medieval

Main article: Malla (Nepal)


In the early 12th century, leaders emerged in far western
Nepal whose names ended with the Sanskrit sux malla
(wrestler). These kings consolidated their power and
ruled over the next 200 years, until the kingdom splintered into two dozen petty states. Another Malla dynasty, beginning with Jayasthiti, emerged in the Kathmandu valley in the late 14th century, and much of central
Nepal again came under a unied rule. However, in 1482
the realm was divided into three kingdoms: Kathmandu,
Patan, and Bhaktapur.

Hindu temples in Patan, capital of one of the three medieval


Newar kingdoms

The Gorkha dominion reached its height when the northern India territories of Kumaon and Garhwal in the west
to Sikkim in the east became under Nepal rule.
At its maximum extent, Greater Nepal extended from the
Tista River in the east, to Kangara, across the Sutlej River
in the west as well as further south into the Terai plains
and north of the Himalayas than at present. A dispute
with Tibet over the control of mountain passes and inner
Tingri valleys of Tibet forced the Chinese Qing Emperor
in Peking (now Beijing) to start the Sino-Nepalese War

2.3

Kingdom of Nepal

Nepalese royalty in the 1920s


Janaki Mandir, one of the famous temples of Janakpur, Nepal

and religious persecution.[31][32]


compelling the Nepalese to retreat and pay heavy repara- In the late 1940s, newly emerging pro-democracy movetions to Peking.
ments and political parties in Nepal were critical of the
Rivalry between Nepal and the British East India Com- Rana autocracy. Meanwhile, with the invasion of Tipany over the annexation of minor states bordering Nepal bet by China in the 1950s, India sought to counterbaleventually led to the Anglo-Nepalese War (181516). ance the perceived military threat from its northern neighAt rst the British underestimated the Nepalese and bour by taking pre-emptive steps to assert more inuence
were soundly defeated until committing more military re- in Nepal. India sponsored both King Tribhuvan (ruled
sources than they had anticipated needing. They were 191155) as Nepals new ruler in 1951 and a new govgreatly impressed by the valour and competence of their ernment, mostly comprising the Nepali Congress Party,
adversaries. Thus began the reputation of Gurkhas as thus terminating Rana hegemony in the kingdom.
erce and ruthless soldiers. The war ended in the Treaty After years of power wrangling between the king and the
of Sugauli, under which Nepal ceded recently captured government, King Mahendra (ruled 195572) scrapped
portions of Sikkim and lands in Terai as well as the right the democratic experiment in 1959, and a partyless
to recruit soldiers. Madheshis, though having supported Panchayat system was made to govern Nepal until 1989,
the British East India Company during the war, had their when the Jan Andolan (Peoples Movement) forced
lands gifted to Nepalese.
King Birendra (ruled 19722001) to accept constitutional
Factionalism inside the royal family led to a period of instability. In 1846 a plot was discovered revealing that
the reigning queen had planned to overthrow Jung Bahadur Kunwar, a fast-rising military leader. This led to
the Kot Massacre; armed clashes between military personnel and administrators loyal to the queen led to the execution of several hundred princes and chieftains around
the country. Jung Bahadur Kunwar emerged victorious
and founded the Rana Lineage and was later known as
Jung Bahadur Rana.

reforms and to establish a multiparty parliament that


took seat in May 1991.[33] In 199192, Bhutan expelled
roughly 100,000 Bhutanese citizens of Nepali descent,
most of whom have been living in seven refugee camps
in eastern Nepal ever since.[34]
In 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) started
a bid to replace the royal parliamentary system with a
peoples republic by violent means. This led to the long
Nepal Civil War and more than 12,000 deaths. On 1 June
2001, there was a massacre in the royal palace. King
Birendra, Queen Aiswarya, and seven other members of
the royal family were killed. The perpetrator was Crown
Prince Dipendra, who committed suicide (he died three
days later) shortly thereafter. This outburst was alleged to
have been Dipendras response to his parents refusal to
accept his choice of wife. Nevertheless there are speculation and doubts among Nepalese citizens about who was
responsible.

The king was made a titular gure, and the post of Prime
Minister was made powerful and hereditary. The Ranas
were staunchly pro-British and assisted them during the
Indian Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 (and later in both World
Wars). Some parts of the Terai Region populated with
non-Nepalese peoples were gifted to Nepal by the British
as a friendly gesture, because of her military help to sustain British control in India during the Sepoy Rebellion.
In 1923, the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed Following the carnage, King Birendras brother
an agreement of friendship, which superseded the Sugauli Gyanendra inherited the throne.
On 1 February
Treaty signed in 1816.
2005, King Gyanendra dismissed the entire government
Slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924.[30] Nevertheless and assumed full executive powers to quash the violent
debt bondage even involving debtors children has been Maoist movement,[33] but this initiative was unsuccessful
a persistent social problem in the Terai. Rana rule was because a stalemate had developed in which the Maoists
marked by tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation were rmly entrenched in large expanses of countryside

GEOGRAPHY

yet could not dislodge the military from numerous towns separation of powers, then Chief Justice Khila Raj Regmi
and the largest cities. In September 2005, the Maoists was made the chairman of the caretaker government. Undeclared a three-month unilateral ceasere to negotiate. der Mr. Regmi, the nation saw peaceful elections for
In response to the 2006 democracy movement King Gya- the constituent assembly. The major forces in the earlier
Madhesi
nendra agreed to relinquish sovereign power to the peo- constituent assembly (namely CPN Maoists and[46][47]
parties)
dropped
to
distant
3rd
and
even
below.
ple. On 24 April 2006 the dissolved House of Representatives was reinstated. Using its newly acquired sovereign
authority, on 18 May 2006 the House of Representatives
unanimously voted to curtail the power of the king and
declared Nepal a secular state, ending its time-honoured
ocial status as a Hindu Kingdom. On 28 December
2007, a bill was passed in parliament to amend Article
159 of the constitution replacing Provisions regarding the King by Provisions of the Head of the State
declaring Nepal a federal republic, and thereby abolishing the monarchy.[35] The bill came into force on 28 May
2008.[36]

In February 2014, after consensus was reached between


the two major parties in the constituent assembly, Sushil
Koirala was sworn in as the new prime minister of
Nepal.[16][48]

3 Geography
Main articles: Geography of Nepal and Geology of Nepal

Nepal is of roughly trapezoidal shape, 800 kilometres


(497 mi) long and 200 kilometres (124 mi) wide, with
2.4 Republic
an area of 147,181 km2 (56,827 sq mi). See List of terThe Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) won the largest ritories by size for the comparative size of Nepal. It lies
number of seats in the Constituent Assembly election between latitudes 26 and 31N, and longitudes 80 and
89E.
held on 10 April 2008, and formed a coalition government which included most of the parties in the CA. Al- Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic arthough acts of violence occurred during the pre-electoral eas: Mountain, Hill and Terai. These ecological belts run
period, election observers noted that the elections them- east-west and are vertically intersected by Nepals major,
selves were markedly peaceful and well-carried out.[37] north to south owing river systems.
The newly elected Assembly met in Kathmandu on 28
May 2008, and, after a polling of 564 constituent Assembly members, 560 voted to form a new government,[36]
with the monarchist Rastriya Prajatantra Party, which
had four members in the assembly, registering a dissenting note. At that point, it was declared that Nepal had become a secular and inclusive democratic republic,[38][39]
with the government announcing a three-day public holiday from 28 to 30 May. The King was thereafter given 15
days to vacate the Narayanhiti Royal Palace, to re-open it
as a public museum.[40]

The southern lowland plains or Terai bordering India


are part of the northern rim of the Indo-Gangetic plains.
They were formed and are fed by three major Himalayan
rivers: the Kosi, the Narayani, and the Karnali as well as
smaller rivers rising below the permanent snowline. This
region has a subtropical to tropical climate. The outermost range of foothills called Shiwalik or Churia Range
cresting at 700 to 1,000 metres (2,297 to 3,281 ft) marks
the limit of the Gangetic Plain, however broad, low valleys called Inner Tarai (Bhitri Tarai Uptyaka) lie north of
these foothills in several places.

Nonetheless, political tensions and consequent powersharing battles have continued in Nepal. In May 2009, the
Maoist-led government was toppled and another coalition government with all major political parties barring the Maoists was formed.[41] Madhav Kumar Nepal
of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unied MarxistLeninist) was made the Prime Minister of the coalition
government.[42] In February 2011 the Madhav Kumar
Nepal Government was toppled and Jhala Nath Khanal
of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unied MarxistLeninist) was made the Prime Minister.[43] In August
2011 the Jhala Nath Khanal Government was toppled
and Baburam Bhattarai of the Communist Party of Nepal
(Maoist) was made the Prime Minister.[44]

The Hill Region (Pahad) abuts the mountains and varies


from 800 to 4,000 metres (2,625 to 13,123 ft) in altitude
with progression from subtropical climates below 1,200
metres (3,937 ft) to alpine climates above 3,600 metres
(11,811 ft). The Mahabharat Range reaching 1,500 to
3,000 metres (4,921 to 9,843 ft) is the southern limit of
this region, with subtropical river valleys and hills alternating to the north of this range. Population density is
high in valleys but notably less above 2,000 metres (6,562
ft) and very low above 2,500 metres (8,202 ft) where
snow occasionally falls in winter.

The political parties were unable to draft a constitution in


the stipulated time.[45] This led to dissolution of the Constituent Assembly to pave way for new elections to strive
for a new political mandate. In opposition to the theory of

The Mountain Region (Parbat), situated in the Great


Himalayan Range, makes up the northern part of Nepal.
It contains the highest elevations in the world including
8,848 metres (29,029 ft) height Mount Everest (Sagarmatha in Nepali) on the border with China. Seven other
of the worlds eight thousand metre peaks are in Nepal
or on its border with China: Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu,

5
Kanchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna and Manaslu.

montane grasslands and shrublands and rock and ice at


Nepal has ve climatic zones, broadly corresponding to the highest elevations.
the altitudes. The tropical and subtropical zones lie be- At the lowest elevations is the Terai-Duar savanna and
low 1,200 metres (3,937 ft), the temperate zone 1,200 grasslands ecoregion. These form a mosaic with the
to 2,400 metres (3,937 to 7,874 ft), the cold zone 2,400 Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests, which occur
to 3,600 metres (7,874 to 11,811 ft), the subarctic zone from 500 to 1,000 metres (1,600 to 3,300 ft) and in3,600 to 4,400 metres (11,811 to 14,436 ft), and the clude the Inner Terai Valleys. Himalayan subtropical pine
Arctic zone above 4,400 metres (14,436 ft).
forests occur between 1,000 and 2,000 metres (3,300 and
Nepal experiences ve seasons: summer, monsoon, au- 6,600 ft).
tumn, winter and spring. The Himalaya blocks cold winds
from Central Asia in the winter and forms the northern
limit of the monsoon wind patterns. In a land once thickly
forested, deforestation is a major problem in all regions,
with resulting erosion and degradation of ecosystems.

Above these elevations, the biogeography of Nepal is generally divided from east to west by the Gandaki River.
Ecoregions to the east tend to receive more precipitation
and to be more species-rich. Those to the west are drier
with fewer species.

Nepal is popular for mountaineering, having some of the


highest and most challenging mountains in the world, including Mount Everest. Technically, the south-east ridge
on the Nepali side of the mountain is easier to climb; so,
most climbers prefer to trek to Everest through Nepal.

From 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,900 to 9,800 ft), are


temperate broadleaf forests: the eastern and western Himalayan broadleaf forests. From 3,000 to 4,000 metres (9,800 to 13,100 ft) are the eastern and western
Himalayan subalpine conifer forests. To 5,500 metres
(18,000 ft) are the eastern and western Himalayan alpine
shrub and meadows.

3.1

Neotectonics

The collision between the Indian subcontinent and the


Eurasian continent, which started in Paleogene time and
continues today, produced the Himalaya and the Tibetan
Plateau, a spectacular modern example of the eects of
plate tectonics. Nepal lies completely within this collision zone, occupying the central sector of the Himalayan
arc, nearly one third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi)-long
Himalayas.[49][50][51][52][53][54]
The Indian plate continues to move north relative to
Asia at the rate of approximately 50 mm (2.0 in) per
year.[55] Given the great magnitudes of the blocks of
the Earths crust involved, this is remarkably fast, about
twice the speed at which human ngernails grow. As the
strong Indian continental crust subducts beneath the relatively weak Tibetan crust, it pushes up the Himalayan
Mountains. This collision zone has accommodated huge
amounts of crustal shortening as the rock sequences slide
one over another. As such Nepal is prone to frequent
earthquakes, a major earthquake happening within every
100 years.[56]

4 Politics
Main article: Politics of Nepal
Nepal has seen rapid political changes during the last two
decades. Up until 1990, Nepal was a monarchy under
executive control of the King. Faced with a communist
movement against absolute monarchy, King Birendra, in
1990, agreed to a large-scale political reform by creating
a parliamentary monarchy with the King as the head of
state and a Prime Minister as the head of the government.

Nepals legislature was bicameral, consisting of a House


of Representatives called the Pratinidhi Sabha and a
National Council called the Rastriya Sabha. The House
of Representatives consisted of 205 members directly
elected by the people. The National Council had 60
members: ten nominated by the king, 35 elected by the
House of Representatives, and the remaining 15 elected
by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and
Erosion of the Himalayas is a very important source of towns. The legislature had a ve-year term but was dissediment, which ows via several great rivers (the Indus solvable by the king before its term could end. All Nepali
to the Indian Ocean, and the Ganges and Brahmaputra citizens 18 years and older became eligible to vote.
river system) to the Bay of Bengal.[57]
The executive comprised the King and the Council of
Ministers (the cabinet). The leader of the coalition or
party securing the maximum seats in an election was ap3.2 Environment
pointed as the Prime Minister. The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime
The dramatic dierences in elevation found in Nepal re- Minister. Governments in Nepal tended to be highly unsult in a variety of biomes, from tropical savannas along stable, falling either through internal collapse or parliathe Indian border, to subtropical broadleaf and coniferous mentary dissolution by the monarch, on the recommendaforests in the Hill Region, to temperate broadleaf and tion of the prime minister, according to the constitution;
coniferous forests on the slopes of the Himalaya, to no government has survived for more than two years since

6
1991.
The movement in April 2006 brought about a change in
the nations governance: an interim constitution was promulgated, with the King giving up power, and an interim
House of Representatives was formed with Maoist members after the new government held peace talks with the
Maoist rebels. The number of parliamentary seats was
also increased to 330. In April 2007, the Communist
Party of Nepal (Maoist) joined the interim government
of Nepal.

4 POLITICS
Khanal of CPN (UML) was elected the Prime Minister.
Khanal was forced to step down as he could not succeed
in carrying forward the Peace Process and the constitution writing. On August 2011, Maoist Dr. Babu Ram
Bhattarai became third Prime Minister after the election
of constituent assembly.[62] On 24 May 2012, Nepalss
Deputy PM Krishna Sitaula resigned. [63] On 27 May
2012, the countrys Constituent Assembly failed to meet
the deadline for writing a new constitution for the country. Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai announced that
new elections will be held on 22 November. We have
no other option but to go back to the people and elect a
new assembly to write the constitution, he said in a nationally televised speech. One of the main obstacles has
been disagreement over whether the states which will be
created will be based on ethnicity.[64]

In December 2007, the interim parliament passed a bill


making Nepal a federal republic, with a president as head
of state. Elections for the constitutional assembly were
held on 10 April 2008; the Maoist party led the results
but did not achieve a simple majority of seats.[58] The new
parliament adopted the 2007 bill at its rst meeting by an
of the few countries in Asia to abolish the
overwhelming majority, and King Gyanendra was given Nepal is one [65]
death
penalty
and the rst country in Asia to rule in
15 days to leave the Royal Palace in central Kathmandu.
favor
of
same-sex
marriage. The decision was based on a
[59]
He left on 11 June.
seven-person government committee study, and enacted
On 26 June, the prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala, through Supreme Court's ruling November 2008. The
who had served as Acting Head of State since January ruling granted full rights for LGBT individuals, includ2007, announced that he would resign on the election of ing the right to marry[66] and now can get citizenship as a
the countrys rst president by the Constituent Assembly. third gender rather than male or female as authorized by
The rst round of voting, on 19 July, saw Parmanand Jha Nepals Supreme Court in 2007.[67]
win election as Nepali vice-president, but neither of the
contenders for president received the required 298 votes
and a second round was held two days later. Ram Baran 4.1 Environmental policy
Yadav of the Nepali Congress party defeated Maoistbacked Ram Raja Prasad Singh with 308 of the 590 votes As a mountainous country with agriculture, hydropower
cast.[60] Koirala submitted his resignation to the new pres- and tourism all important for its economy, Nepal is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as risident after Yadavs swearing-in ceremony on 23 July.
ing temperatures, erratic rainfall patterns and incidents
of drought. According to the Climate & Development
Knowledge Network, this has prompted the government
to introduce new initiatives and institutional reforms.[68]

4.2 Government

Prachanda speaking at a rally in Pokhara.

On 15 August 2008, Maoist leader Prachanda (Pushpa


Kamal Dahal) was elected Prime Minister of Nepal, the
rst since the countrys transition from a monarchy to a
republic. On 4 May 2009, Dahal resigned over on-going
conicts with regard to the sacking of the Army chief.
Since Dahals resignation, the country has been in a serious political deadlock with one of the big issues being Singha Durbar, the seat of Nepalese government
the proposed integration of the former Maoist combatants, also known as the Peoples Liberation Army, into Nepal is a multi-party system federal republic. The Inthe national security forces.[61] After Dahal, Jhala Nath terim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 has dened three or-

4.3

Subdivisions

gans of the government.

4.3 Subdivisions

Main articles: Development Regions of Nepal, List of


Executive: The executive power of Nepal is vested zones of Nepal and List of districts of Nepal
in the Council of Ministers. The responsibility of Nepal is divided into 14 zones and 75 districts, grouped
issuing general directives, controlling and regulating the administration of Nepal lie in the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister of Nepal is
Karnali
Mahakali
the head of the Government. The Prime Minister
Dhawalagiri
appoints the Ministers. While appointing Ministers, the Prime Minister shall appoint them, on the
Gandaki
recommendation of the concerned political party,
Bagmati
Seti
from amongst the members of the LegislatureBheri
Parliament.
Rapti
Lumbini

Legislative: The Legislature-Parliament of Nepal


is unicameral. Constituent assembly is working as
the legislature of Nepal at present. The legislature
is composed of 601 members. Among them, 240
members are directly elected by the people from 240
constituencies. 335 members are elected through
proportional basis and 26 members are nominated
by the cabinet. All the bills are presented in the parliament. After passing the bills by the majority. After his approval, it becomes the law. In this way, all
the laws are made in the parliament. The legislative controls over the nance of the country. Legislative passes the annual budget according to which
the government spends money in various tasks. Legislative can raise questions to any work of the government. If the government does not work properly,
legislative can withdraw its support and government
is dissolved. In this way the legislative has control
over the executive.
Judiciary: The Constitution provides three tiers
of Court which include the Supreme Court of
Nepal, the Court of Appeal and the District Courts.
Supreme Court is the Apex Court. All courts and
judicial institutions except the constitutional assembly court, are under the Supreme Court. There is no
distinction between Criminal and Civil court except
some basic procedures. District Court is the Court
of rst instance upon which Court of Appeal hear
appeal. In addition to these regular courts there is
provision in constitution to establish special types of
courts or tribunals for the purpose of hearing special
types of cases by the law. According to these provision there are four Revenue Tribunals, one Administrative Court, one Labor Court, one Debt Recovery
tribunal and one Debt recovery Appeal Tribunal and
one special court are functioning under the respective laws. These institutions are under the judicial
control of the Supreme Court. There are 16 Court
of Appeal and 15 Districts in Nepal. The Supreme
Court is also the ultimate interpreter of the constitution.

Narayani
Janakpur
Sagarmatha

Koshi

Mechi

Administrative subdivisions of Nepal

into ve development regions. Each district is headed by


a permanent chief district ocer responsible for maintaining law and order and coordinating the work of eld
agencies of the various government ministries. The ve
regions and 14 zones are:
Eastern Region (Purwanchal)
Koshi
Mechi
Sagarmatha
Central Region (Madhyamanchal)
Bagmati
Janakpur
Narayani
Western Region (Pashchimanchal)
Dhawalagiri
Gandaki
Lumbini
Mid-Western Region (Madhya Pashchimanchal)
Bheri
Karnali
Rapti
Far-Western Region (Sudur Pashchimanchal)
Mahakali
Seti

6 ECONOMY

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Nepalese Armed Forces and Foreign


relations of Nepal

lowed to be a part of the army in sections like intelligence,


headquarters, signals and operations.[74]

6 Economy

Nepal has close ties with both of its neighbors, India and
China. In accordance with a long-standing treaty, Indian Main article: Economy of Nepal
Nepals gross domestic product (GDP) for 2012 was
and Nepalese citizens may travel to each others countries without a passport or visa. Nepalese citizens may
work in India without legal restriction. The Indian Army
maintains seven Gorkha regiments consisting of Gorkha
troops recruited mostly from Nepal.

Terraced farming on the foothills of the Himalayas.

Khukuri symbolic weapon of the Nepalese Army and Gurkha

However, since the Government of Nepal has been dominated by Socialists and Indias by more right-wing parties,
India has been remilitarizing the porous Indo-Nepali
border, to stie the ow of Islamist groups.[69]
Nepal established relations with the Peoples Republic
of China on 1 August 1955, and relations since have
been based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Nepal has aided China in the aftermath of the
2008 Sichuan earthquake, and China has provided economic assistance for Nepali infrastructure. Both countries have cooperated to host the 2008 Summer Olympics
summit of Mt. Everest.[70] Nepal has assisted in curbing
anti-China protests from the Tibetan diaspora.[71]

Kathmandu street vendors

estimated at over $17.921 billion (adjusted to Nominal


GDP).[5] In 2010, agriculture accounted for 36.1%, services comprise 48.5%, and industry 15.4% of Nepals
GDP.[75] While agriculture and industry is contracting,
the contribution by service sector is increasing.[75][76]
Agriculture employs 76% of the workforce, services 18%
and manufacturing/craft-based industry 6%. Agricultural
produce mostly grown in the Terai region bordering
India includes tea, rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root
crops, milk, and water bualo meat. Industry mainly
involves the processing of agricultural produce, including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Its workforce of
about 10 million suers from a severe shortage of skilled
labor.

Nepals military consists of the Nepalese Army, which


includes the Nepalese Army Air Service. The Nepalese
Police Force is the civilian police and the Armed Police
Force Nepal[72] is the paramilitary force. Service is voluntary and the minimum age for enlistment is 18 years.
Nepal spends $99.2 million (2004) on its military
1.5% of its GDP. Much of the equipment and arms are
imported from India. Consequently, the US provided
M16s M4s and other Colt weapons to combat communist (Maoist) insurgents. The standard-issue battle rie
of the Nepalese army is the Colt M16.[73]
Nepals economic growth continues to be adversely afIn the new regulations by Nepalese Army, female soldiers fected by the political uncertainty. Nevertheless, real
have been barred from participating in combat situations GDP growth is estimated to increase to almost 5 percent
and ghting in the frontlines of war. However, they are al- for 2011/2012. This is a considerable improvement from

9
The spectacular landscape and diverse, exotic cultures of
Nepal represent considerable potential for tourism, but
growth in this hospitality industry has been stied by political instability and poor infrastructure. Despite these
problems, in 2012 the number of international tourists
visiting Nepal was 598,204, a 10% increase on the previous year.[82] The tourism sector contributed nearly 3% of
national GDP in 2012 and is the second biggest foreign
income earner after remittances.[83]
The rate of unemployment and underemployment approaches half of the working-age population. Thus many
Nepali citizens move to other countries in search of work.
Top destinations include India, Qatar, the United States,
Thailand, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Japan,
Brunei Darussalam, Australia, and Canada.[84][85] Nepal
receives $50 million a year through the Gurkha soldiers
who serve in the Indian and British armies and are highly
esteemed for their skill and bravery. As of 2010, the total
remittance value is worth around $3.5 billion.[85] In 2009
alone, the remittance contributed to 22.9% of the nations
GDP.[85]
A long-standing economic agreement underpins a close
relationship with India. The country receives foreign aid from India, Japan, the UK, the US, the EU,
China, Switzerland, and Scandinavian countries. Poverty
The trading of wool.
is acute; per-capita income is around $1,000.[86] The
distribution of wealth among the Nepalese is consistent
the 3.5 percent GDP growth in 2010/2011 and would be with that in many developed and developing countries:
the second highest growth rate in the post-conict era.[77] the highest 10% of households control 39.1% of the naSources of growth include agriculture, construction, - tional wealth and the lowest 10% control only 2.6%.
nancial and other services. The contribution of growth The governments budget is about $1.153 billion, with exby consumption fueled by remittances has declined since penditure of $1.789 billion (FY05/06). The Nepalese ru2010/2011. While remittance growth slowed to 11 per- pee has been tied to the Indian Rupee at an exchange rate
cent (in Nepali Rupee terms) in 2010/2011 it has since of 1.6 for many years. Since the loosening of exchange
increased to 37 percent. Remittances are estimated to be rate controls in the early 1990s, the black market for forequivalent to 2530 percent of GDP. Ination has been eign exchange has all but disappeared. The ination rate
reduced to a three-year low to 7 percent.[77]
has dropped to 2.9% after a period of higher ination
The proportion of poor people has declined substan- during the 1990s.
tially in recent years. The percentage of people living below the international poverty line (people earning less than US$1.25 per day) has halved in only
seven years.[77] At this measure of poverty the percentage of poor people declined from 53.1% in 2003/2004
to 24.8% in 2010/2011.[77] With a higher poverty line
of US$2 per-capita per day, poverty declined by one
quarter to 57.3%.[77] However, the income distribution
remains grossly uneven.[78] In a recent survey, Nepal
has performed extremely well in reducing poverty along
with Rwanda and Bangladesh as the percentage of poor
dropped to 44.2 percent of the population in 2011 from
64.7 percent in 20064.1 percentage points per year,
which means that Nepal has made signicant improvement in sectors like nutrition, child mortality, electricity,
improved ooring and assets. So if the progress of reducing poverty continues in this rate, then its predicted that
Nepal will halve the current poverty rate and eradicate it
within the next 20 years.[79][80][81]

Nepals exports of mainly carpets, clothing, hemp natural


ber, leather goods, jute goods and grain total $822 million. Import commodities of mainly gold, machinery
and equipment, petroleum products and fertilizer total
US$2 bn. EU (46.13%), the US (17.4%), and Germany (7.1%) are its main export partners. Recently, the
European Union has become the largest buyer of Nepali
ready made garments (RMG). Exports to the EU accounted for 46.13 percent of the countrys total garment exports.[87] Nepals import partners include India (47.5%), the United Arab Emirates (11.2%), China
(10.7%), Saudi Arabia (4.9%), and Singapore (4%).
Besides having landlocked, rugged geography, few tangible natural resources and poor infrastructure, the ineective post-1950 government of uneducated old selfcentered Politicians and the long-running civil war is
also a factor in stunting the economic growth and
development.[88][89][90]

10

7
7.1

7 INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure
Energy

ation is in a better state, with 47 airports, 11 of them


with paved runways;[95] ights are frequent and support
a sizable trac. The hilly and mountainous terrain in the
northern two-thirds of the country has made the building of roads and other infrastructure dicult and expensive. In 2007 there were just over 10,142 km (6,302 mi)
of paved roads, and 7,140 km (4,437 mi) of unpaved
road, and one 59 km (37 mi) railway line in the south.[95]
There is a single reliable road route from India to the
Kathmandu Valley. More than one-third of its people live
at least a two hours walk from the nearest all-season road;
15 out of 75 district headquarters are not connected by
road. In addition, some 60% of road network and most
rural roads are not operable during the rainy season.[96]
The only practical seaport of entry for goods bound for
Kathmandu is Calcutta in India. Internally, the poor state
of development of the road system makes access to markets, schools, and health clinics a challenge.[88]

The bulk of the energy need is dominated by fuel wood


(68%) agricultural waste (15%), animal dung (8%), and
imported fossil fuel (8%).[91][92] Except for some lignite
deposits, Nepal has no known oil, gas or coal deposits.
All commercial fossil fuels (mainly oil and coal) are either imported from India or from international markets
routed through India and China. Fuel imports absorb over
one-fourth of Nepals foreign exchange earnings.[92] Only
about 1% energy need is fullled by electricity. Paradoxically, the perennial nature of Nepali rivers and the
steep gradient of the countrys topography provide ideal
conditions for the development of some of the worlds
largest hydroelectric projects in Nepal. Current estimates
put Nepals economically feasible hydropower potential
to be approximately 83,000 MW from 66 hydropower
project sites.[92][93] However, currently Nepal has been 7.3
able to exploit only about 600 MW from 20 major hydropower plants and a number of small and micro hydropower plants.[91] There are 9 major hydropower plants
under construction, and additional 27 sites considered
for potential development.[91] Only about 40% of Nepals
population has access to electricity.[91] Even in this scenario there is a great disparity between urban and rural
areas. The electrication rate in urban areas is 90%,
whereas the rate for rural areas is only 5%.[92] Power cuts
of up to 22 hours a day takes place in peak demand periods of winter and the peak electricity demand is almost
the double the capability or dependable capacity.[94] The
position of the power sector remains unsatisfactory because of high taris, high system losses, high generation
costs, high overheads, over stang, and lower domestic
demand.[92]

7.2

Communication

Transport

Mahabir Pun hand-making a satellite dish in Nepal

According to the Nepal Telecommunication Authority


MIS May 2012 report,[97] there are 7 operators and the
total voice telephony subscribers including xed and mobile are 16,350,946 which give the penetration rate of
61.42%. The xed telephone service account for 9.37%,
mobile for 64.63%, and other services (LM, GMPCS) for
3.76% of the total penetration rate. Similarly, the numMeans of transport in mountain area
bers of subscribers to data/internet services are 4,667,536
Nepal remains isolated from the worlds major land, air which represents 17.53% penetration rate. Most of the
and sea transport routes although, within the country, avi- data service is accounted by GPRS users. Twelve months

7.5

Health

11

earlier the data/internet penetration was 10.05%, thus this 5 years and above) has increased from 54.1% in 2001 to
represents a growth rate of 74.77%.[97]
65.9% in 2011. Male literacy rate is 75.1% compared
Not only has there been strong subscriber growth, es- to female literacy rate of 57.4%. The highest literacy
district (86.3%) and lowpecially in the mobile sector, but there was evidence of rate is reported in Kathmandu
[2]
est
in
Rautahat
(41.7%).
While
the net primary enrolla clear vision in the sector, including putting a reform
[104]
ment
rate
was
74%
in
2005;
in
2009, that enrollment
process in place and planning for the building of nec[105]
rate
was
at
90%.
However
increasing
access to secessary telecommunications infrastructure. Most imporondary
education
(grades
9-12)
remains
a
major chaltantly, the Ministry of Information and Communications
lenge, as evidenced by the disturbingly low net enrollment
(MoIC) and the telecom regulator, the National Telecommunications Authority (NTA), have both been very active rate of 24% at this level. More than half of primary students do not enter secondary schools, and only one-half of
in the performance of their respective roles.[98] Despite all
the eort, there remained a signicant disparity between them complete secondary schooling. In addition, fewer
girls than boys join secondary schools and, among those
the high coverage levels in the cities and the coverage
[106]
Nepal
available in the underdeveloped rural regions. Progress who do join, fewer complete the 10th grade.
Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu
has
six
universities:
on providing some minimum access had been good, however. Of a total of 3,914 Village Development Commit- University, Pokhara University, Purbanchal University,
Agriculture and
tees across the country, only 306 were unserved by De- Mahendra Sanskrit University, and the[107]
Forestry
University
of
Nepal
(AFU).
Some newly
[98]
cember 2009. In order to meet future demand, it was
proposed
universities
are
Lumbini
Bouddha
University,
estimated that Nepal needed to invest around US$135
Mid-Western
University,
and
Far-Western
University.
[98]
million annually in its telecom sector.
In 2009, the
ne scholarship has emerged in the post-1990
telecommunication sector alone contributed to 1% of the Some
[108]
era.
[99]
nations GDP.
As of 30 September 2012, Nepal has
1,828,700 Facebook users.[100]
In the broadcast media, as of 2007, the state operates 7.5 Health
2 television stations as well as national and regional radio stations. There are roughly 30 independent TV chan- Main article: Health in Nepal
nels registered, with only about half in regular operation. Public health and health care services in Nepal are proNearly 400 FM radio stations are licensed with roughly
300 operational.[95] According to 2011 census, the percentage of households possessing radio was 50.82%, television 36.45%, cable TV 19.33%, computer 7.23%.[2]
According to the Press Council Nepal, as of 2012 there
are 2038 registered newspapers in Nepal, among which
514 are in publication.[101] In 2013, the Reporters Without Borders ranked Nepal at 118th place in the world in
terms of press freedom.[102][103]

7.4

Education

Main article: Education in Nepal


Currently the overall literacy rate (for population aged

Kunde Hospital in remote Himalayan region

Nepalese teacher and schoolchildren in Pokhara

vided by both the public and private sector and fares


poorly by international standards. According to 2011
census, more than one third (38.17%) of the total house-

12
holds do not have toilet in their houses.[2] Tap/Piped
water is the main source of drinking water for 47.78%
of the total households. Tube well/hand pump is the
main source of drinking water for about 35% of the total
households, while spout, uncovered well/kuwa and covered well/kuwa are the main source for 5.74%, 4.71%
and 2.45% respectively.[2] Based on 2010 World Health
Organization (WHO) data, Nepal ranked 139 in life expectancy in 2010 with the average Nepalese living to 65.8
years.[109][110]
Disease prevalence is higher in Nepal than it is in other
South Asian countries, especially in rural areas. Leading
diseases and illnesses include diarrhea, gastrointestinal
disorders, goiter, intestinal parasites, leprosy, visceral
leishmaniasis and tuberculosis.[111] About 4 out of 1,000
adults aged 15 to 49 had human immunodeciency virus
(HIV), and the HIV prevalence rate was 0.5%.[112][113]
Malnutrition also remains very high: about 47% of
children under 5 are stunted, 15 percent wasted, and
36 percent underweight, although there has been a declining trend for these rates over the past ve years,
they remain alarmingly high.[114] In spite of these gures, some improvements in health care have been made,
most notable is the signicant progress in maternal-child
health.[115][116] Overall Nepals HDI for health was 0.77
in 2011, ranking Nepal 126 out of 194 countries, up from
0.444 in 1980.[117][118]

CRIME AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

ized groups. Lessons for replication emphasize experiential learning, establishment of a strong civil society
network, exible regulation to encourage diverse institutional modalities, and responsiveness of government and
policymakers to a multistakeholder collaborative learning
process.[121][122]

8 Crime and law enforcement


Main article: Law enforcement in Nepal
See also: Directorate of Military Intelligence, Nepal,
National Investigation Department of Nepal and Human
tracking in Nepal

Law enforcement in Nepal is primarily the responsibility of the Nepalese Police Force which is the national
police of Nepal.[123] It is independent of the Nepalese
Army. In the days of its establishment, Nepal Police
personnel were mainly drawn from the armed forces of
the Nepali Congress Party which fought against feudal
Rana autocracy in Nepal. Central Investigation Bureau
(CIB) and National Investigation Department of Nepal
(NID) are the investigation agencies of Nepal. They
have oces in all 75 administrative districts including
region oces in ve regions and Zonal oces in fourteen Zones. Numbers varies from three to ve members at each district level in rural districts and numbers
7.6 Community forestry
can be higher in urban districts. They have both Domestic and International surveillance unit which mainly
The Community Forestry Program in Nepal is a par- deals with cross border terrorists, drug tracking, money
ticipatory environmental governance that encompasses laundering.[124][125][126][127]
well-dened policies, institutions, and practices. The
program addresses the twin goals of forest conserva- A 2010 survey estimated about 46,000 hard drug users
of the users to be within the
tion and poverty reduction. As more than 70 per- in the country, with 70%
[128]
age
group
of
15
to
29.
The
same survey also reported
cent of Nepals population depends on agriculture for
that 19% of the users had been introduced to hard drugs
their livelihood, community management of forests has
14.4% of drug
been a critically important intervention. Through legisla- when they were less than 15 years old; and
users were attending school or college.[128] Only 12 of
tive developments and operational innovations over three
studied had any type of rehabilitadecades, the program has evolved from a protection- the 17 municipalities
tion center.[128][129] There has been a sharp increase in the
oriented, conservation-focused agenda to a much more
broad-based strategy for forest use, enterprise develop- seizure of drugs such as hashish, heroin and opium in the
past few years; and there are indications that drug trafment, and livelihood improvement. By April 2009, one[130]
third of Nepals population was participating in the pro- cker are trying to establish Nepal as a transit point.
gram, directly managing more than one-fourth of Nepals Human tracking is a major problem in
forest area.[119][120]
Nepal.[131][132][133] Nepali victims are tracked within
The immediate livelihood benets derived by rural house- Nepal, to India, the Middle East, and other areas such
holds bolster strong collective action wherein local com- as Malaysia and forced to become prostitutes, domestic
munities actively and sustainably manage forest re- servants, beggars, factory workers, mine workers, circus
sources. Community forests also became the source of performers, child soldiers, and others. Sex tracking is
diversied investment capital and raw material for new particularly rampant within Nepal and to India, with as
women and girls tracked to
market-oriented livelihoods. Community forestry shows many as 5,000 to 10,000
[134][135][136]
India
alone
each
year.
traits of political, nancial, and ecological sustainability, including emergence of a strong legal and regulatory
framework, and robust civil society institutions and networks. However, a continuing challenge is to ensure equitable distribution of benets to women and marginal-

With wider availability of information technology, cyber crime is a growing trend. The police handled 16
cases of cyber crime in scal year 2010/2011, 47 cases in
2011/2012 and 78 in the current scal year.[137] In 2013,

9.1

Languages

13

out of 78 cases of cyber crime this year 57 are related to


social networking sites.[137]
Capital punishment was abolished in Nepal in 1997.[138]
In 2008, the Nepalese government abolished the Haliya
system of forced labour, freeing about 20,000 people.[139]
How eective this has been has been questioned.[140]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Nepal


According to 2011 census, Nepals population grew from

A mountain village in Nepal

Population density map of Nepal

9 million people in 1950 to 26.5 million in 2011. The


population was 23 million in 2001 with a subsequent family size decline from 5.44 to 4.9 from 2001 to 2011. Some
1.9 million absentee population was noted in 2011, over
a million more than in 2001, most being male workers.
This correlated with the drop in sex ratio from 94.41
as compared to 99.80 for 2001. The annual population
growth rate is 1.35%.[2]

Nepalese women dancing in Teej

by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants,


Nepal hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers in 2007 numbering approximately 130,000. Of
this population, approximately 109,200 persons were
from Bhutan and 20,500 from Peoples Republic of
China.[141][142] The government of Nepal restricted
The Nepalese are descendants of three major migrations ethnic Nepalese expelled from Bhutan to seven camps in
were not
from India, Tibet, and North Burma and the Chinese the Jhapa and Morang districts, and refugees
[141]
permitted
to
work
in
most
professions.
At
present,
province of Yunnan via Assam.
the United States is working towards resettling more than
Among the earliest inhabitants were the Kirat of east mid- 60,000 of these refugees in the US.[34]
region, Newar of the Kathmandu Valley and aboriginal
Tharu in the southern Terai region. The ancestors of
the Brahmin and Chetri caste groups came from Indias 9.1 Languages
present Kumaon, Garhwal and Kashmir regions, while
other ethnic groups trace their origins to North Burma Main article: Languages of Nepal
and Yunnan and Tibet, e.g. the Gurung and Magar in the
west, Rai, Sunuwar and Limbu in the east (from Yunnan Nepals diverse linguistic heritage evolved from four
and north Burma via Assam), and Sherpa and Bhutia in major language groups: Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman,
the north (from Tibet).
Mongolian and various indigenous language isolates.
Despite the migration of a signicant section of the population to the southern plains or terai in recent years,
the majority of the population still lives in the central
highlands. The northern mountains are sparsely populated. Kathmandu, with a population of over 2.6 million
(metropolitan area: 5 million), is the largest city in the
country.

The major languages of Nepal (percent spoken as native language) according to the 2011 census are Nepali
(44.6%), Maithili (11.7%), Bhojpuri (6.0%), Tharu
(5.8%), Tamang (5.1%), Nepal Bhasa (3.2%), Bajjika
(3%) and Magar (3.0%), Doteli (3.0%), Urdu (2.6%) and
Sunwar. In addition, Nepal is home to at least four indigenous sign languages.

According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published Derived from Sanskrit, Nepali is written in Devanagari

14
script. Nepali is the ocial national language and serves
as lingua franca among Nepalis of dierent ethnolinguistic groups. The regional languages Awadhi, Bhojpuri,
Maithili and rarely Hindi are spoken in the southern Terai
Region. Many Nepalis in government and business speak
English as well. Varieties of Tibetan are spoken in and
north of the higher Himalaya where standard literary Tibetan is widely understood by those with religious education. Local dialects in the Terai and hills are mostly
unwritten with eorts underway to develop systems for
writing many in Devanagari or the Roman alphabet.

9 DEMOGRAPHICS
main branches of Buddhism exist in Nepal and the Newa
people have their own branch of the faith.[146] Buddhism
is also the dominant religion of the thinly populated
northern areas, which are mostly inhabited by Tibetanrelated peoples, such as the Sherpa.

The Buddha, born as a Hindu, is also said to be a descendant of Vedic Sage Angirasa in many Buddhist texts.[147]
The Buddhas family surname is associated with Gautama
Maharishi.[148] Dierences between Hindus and Buddhists have been minimal in Nepal due to the cultural
and historical intermingling of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. Moreover traditionally Buddhism and Hinduism
were never two distinct religions in the western sense
9.2 Religion
of the word. In Nepal, the faiths share common temples and worship common deities. Among other naMain article: Religion in Nepal
The overwhelming majority of the Nepalese population tives of Nepal, those more inuenced by Hinduism were
the Magar, Sunwar, Limbu and Rai and the Gurkhas.[25]
Hindu inuence is less prominent among the Gurung,
Bhutia, and Thakali groups who employ Buddhist monks
for their religious ceremonies.[25] Most of the festivals in
Nepal are Hindu.[149] The Machendrajatra festival, dedicated to Hindu Shaiva Siddha, is celebrated by many Buddhists in Nepal as a main festival.[150] As it is believed that
Ne Muni established Nepal,[151] some important priests
in Nepal are called Tirthaguru Nemuni. Islam is a minority religion in Nepal, with 4.2% of the population being Muslim according to a 2006 Nepalese census.[152]
Mundhum, Christianity and Jainism are other minority
faiths.[153]

9.3 Largest cities

Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu, Nepal.

follows Hinduism. Shiva is regarded as the guardian deity


of the country.[145] Nepal is home to the famous Lord
Shiva temple, the Pashupatinath Temple, where Hindus
from all over the world come for pilgrimage. According
to theology, Sita Devi of the epic Ramayana, was born in Narayanhiti Palace Museum
the Mithila Kingdom of King Janaka Raja.
Lumbini is a Buddhist pilgrimage site and UNESCO The 14 largest cities in 2011 by population as per cenWorld Heritage Site site in the Kapilavastu district. Tra- sus 2011[2]
ditionally it is held to be the birthplace in about 563 B.C.
of Siddhartha Gautama, a Kshatriya caste prince of the
Main article: List of cities in Nepal
Sakya clan, who, as the Buddha Gautama, gave birth to
the Buddhist tradition.
The holy site of Lumbini is bordered by a large monastic
zone, in which only monasteries can be built. All three

Kathmandu (Pop.: 975,453) the largest city and capital of Nepal.

10.1

Cuisine

15

Biratnagar (Pop.: over 700,000 including sub urban


areas) the second largest City of Nepal
Pokhara (Pop.: 264,991)
Lalitpur (Pop.: 220,802)
Bharatpur (Pop.: 143,836)
Birganj (Pop.: 135,904)
Butwal (Pop.: 118,462)
Dharan (Pop.: 116,181)
Bhim Datta (Pop.: 104,599)
Dhangadhi (Pop.: 101,970)

Musicians singing devotional songs

Janakpur (Pop.: 97,776)


Hetauda (Pop.:84,671)
Madhyapur Thimi (Pop.:83,036)
Bhaktapur (Pop.: 81,748)

10

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Nepal and Music of Nepal


Folklore is an integral part of Nepalese society. Tradi-

Momo

Most houses in rural lowland of Nepal are made up of


a tight bamboo framework and walls of a mud and cowdung mix. These dwellings remain cool in summer and
retain warmth in winter. Houses in the hills are usually
made of unbaked bricks with thatch or tile roong. At
high elevations construction changes to stone masonry
and slate may be used on roofs.

Traditional Nepalese cuisine- (Dal bhat)

tional stories are rooted in the reality of day-to-day life,


tales of love, aection and battles as well as demons and
ghosts and thus reect local lifestyles, cultures and beliefs.
Many Nepalese folktales are enacted through the medium
of dance and music.
The Nepali year begins in mid-April and is divided into
12 months. Saturday is the ocial weekly holiday. Main
annual holidays include the National Day, celebrated on
the birthday of the king (28 December), Prithvi Jayanti
(11 January), Martyrs Day (18 February), and a mix of
Hindu and Buddhist festivals such as dashain in autumn,
and tihar in late autumn. During Swanti, the Newars perform the Mha Puja ceremony to celebrate New Years
Day of the lunar calendar Nepal Sambat.

Nepals ag is the only national ag in the world that is


not rectangular in shape[154] and is considered to be the
most mathematical ag in the world.[155] According to its
ocial description, the red in the ag stands for victory in
war or courage, and is also color of the rhododendron, the
national ower of Nepal. Red also stands for aggression.
The ags blue border signies peace. The curved moon
on the ag is a symbol of the peaceful and calm nature of
Nepalese, while the sun represents the aggressiveness of
Nepalese warriors.

10.1 Cuisine
Main articles: Nepalese cuisine and Newa cuisine
See also: List of Nepalese dishes
A typical Nepalese meal is Dal bhat. Dal is a spicy

16

13 CITATIONS

lentil soup, served over bhat (boiled rice), served with


tarkari (curried vegetables) together with achar (pickles)
or chutni (spicy condiment made from fresh ingredients).
It consists of non-vegetarian as well as vegetarian items
served with non-alcoholic beverages. Mustard oil is the
cooking medium and a host of spices, such as cumin,
coriander, black pepper, sesame seeds, turmeric, garlic,
ginger, methi (fenugreek), bay leaves, cloves, cinnamon,
chilies, mustard seeds, etc., are used in the cooking. The
cuisine served on festivals is generally the best. Momo
is a type of steamed bun with or without llings. Momo
have become a traditional delicacy in Nepal. They are
one of the most popular fast foods in many regions of the
Nepal.

11

Sports

er. They have also qualied for the 2014 ICC World
Twenty20 which is currently taking place in Bangladesh.
Phapla Cricket Stadium is the national cricket stadium in
Nepal. It is located in Dhangadhi Kailali.

12 See also
List of Nepal-related topics
Outline of Nepal

13 Citations
[1] Nepal5. Royalark.net. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
[2] National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National
Report)". Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal). Retrieved
26 November 2012.
[3] http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_
PPP.pdf
[4] http://databank.worldbank.org
[5] Nepal. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 20
April 2012.
[6] Gini Index. World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
[7] 2014 Human Development Report Summary. United
Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 2125.
Retrieved 27 July 2014.

Dasarath Rangasala Stadium


[8] Nepal. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford
University Press. September 2005.
[9] CIA The World Factbook. Cia.gov. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
[10] The World Factbook: Rank order population. CIA. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
[11] Shaha (1992), p. 1.
[12] Shrestha, Khadga Man (2005). Religious Syncretism and
Context of Buddhism in Medieval Nepal. Voice of History 20 (1): 5160.

Halchowk Studium

Association football is the most popular sport in


Nepal[156] and was rst played during the Rana dynasty
in 1921.[157] Also, cricket has been gaining popularity
since the last decade. Cricket in Nepal is making quick
progress as the Nepal cricket team has won the 2012 ICC
World Cricket League Division Four and the 2013 ICC
World Cricket League Division Three[158] simultaneously
hence qualifying for 2014 Cricket World Cup Quali-

[13] Nepal, UN. 12-point understanding reached between


the Seven Political Parties and Nepal Communist Party
(Maoists)". http://www.un.org.np/. Retrieved 3 July
2014.
[14] Bhusal, Thira (14 March 2013). Major parties ink 11point agreement. Republica. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
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21

15

External links

Ocial website of the Government of Nepal


Nepal entry at The World Factbook
Nepal from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Nepal at DMOZ
About Nepal
Nepal at Encyclopdia Britannica
Nepal prole from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Nepal
Planet Nepal Nepal Encyclopedia Project
Cost of Living Index in Nepal - Statistics & Graphs
of Nepalese Citizens Economic Power
People missing in connection with the conict in
Nepal database on ICRCs Restoring family links
website
Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in
Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, March 2011
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Nepal
Coordinates: 2632N 8644E / 26.533N 86.733E

22

16

16
16.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


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Oreo Priest, Mentisto, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Gaviidae, 33066, EarthPerson, Quintote, Dr. Blofeld, DarkAu-

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23

dit, Websuraj, Scepia, Vanjagenije, Modernist, Superzohar, Danger, Credema, Jhsounds, Gdo01, Yellowdesk, Alphachimpbot, Rcduggan,
Ventriloquist, Djackmanson, E.James, MikeLynch, JAnDbot, Dagayute, Uunter, Fellix, Deective, MER-C, Nepal avish, Smallbighorn,
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Indon, MED12345678, Mrbobmac, Teddythtam2003, Tuncrypt, IkonicDeath, Superbwiktim, Nposs, Jeb8828, 28421u2232nfenfcenc,
Sudyp, Rif Wineld, DerHexer, JaGa, Philg88, Edward321, Vsubedi, Lenticel, Karan.ag, Inclusivedisjunction, Samratchand, Flami72,
Dvalerio, Wikinger, Gwern, S3000, Misarxist, RoTi38, MartinBot, Donarst, NAHID, ARC Gritt, Paracel63, Kevinsam, Rettetast, R'n'B,
CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, AgarwalSumeet, Jobbus McKnockey, Fconaway, Lilac Soul, Johnluisocasio, What the fuck?, Wilhite
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Synvermin, Gggh, Kapil kalpana, Manyjoin, Chanchaltam, Ajay22308, Ekadev, MatthewVanitas, Jhendin, Bazj, Shreaayu, Taigaroamer,
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ProtectionTaggingBot, Omnipaedista, Lalit Jagannath, RibotBOT, Shattered Gnome, Moxy, Chongkian, HarshithBhat, Shadowjams, WebCiteBOT, Justpeace, Khalidshou, A robustus, FrescoBot, Anna Roy, Tobby72, VividTara, Mistakender, Bruno Ishiai, A Werewolf,
VoodooIsland, Bambuway, Pranjalghimire, BenzolBot, SargentIV, Thapa.laxman, Airborne84, Lunamdocs, PigFlu Oink, Lady Lotus,
AstaBOTh15, Nepaliaashish, WQUlrich, Deswaali, Elockid, Hariboneagle927, LiquidOcelot24, King Zebu, P.4.P. No. 1, Nahnite, Shiva
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Eken7, H3llBot, DBSSURFER, SporkBot, Monterey Bay, Shmilyshy, NeelAbodh, Laurelenril, Tolly4bolly, Highvale, Sadeeshbala, City of
Destruction, L Kensington, Jahangir23, Shrigley, TheFoxdonut, Donner60, Shashakura, Rahul kaushik, Madalu, H31331603, Arysov, Zeke
foxon, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, Anupkaphle, Hisagar123, FeatherPluma, Amanhanda, Cielbleu, Sheela koirala, Rohith goura, ClueBot
NG, Krizpo, LogX, K1eyboard, Gilderien, Suraz03, SumerianPrince, Another n00b, XXPowerMexicoXx, Kman665, Karrattul, Frietjes,
Delusion23, Dansong22, Hazhk, Monsoon Waves, Troglopedetes, Widr, Comonline, Hisham, Prashantk23, Helpful Pixie Bot, Wbm1058,
2001:db8, BG19bot, The Banner Turbo, Mminneman, Northamerica1000, Waterbuck, Niteshpradhans, PhnomPencil, HIDECCHI001,
StevenJ81, Philpm930, Dodshe, Ocial Spokesman, Mark Arsten, Compfreak7, Jarinnp, OttawaAC, Cadiomals, AnwarInsaan, Ankit Rimal, Sadan1994, Manoguru, Enredados, Illuminatihacker, Shredder2012, RudolfRed, MeanMotherJr, BattyBot, Arundhungel, MahdiBot,
Cyberbot II, DBSSHASPER, HasperHunter, Bitthalr1, Thapamagar2012, Spnepal, IceBrotherhood, Packer1028, Sms.dang, Jaro88slav,
Mkg just4u, BrightStarSky, Dexbot, Zuluve, Andrew C. W. Dodson, Webclient101, Sikkimmadurai, Mogism, Retrospector87, Cerabot,
Ssbbplayer, Samudrakula, Frosty, SFK2, Jamesx12345, Nepalmandal, Google9999, Ashim nep, MWMKdu, Abhisek365, Masterpasa,
Jonathan.yap, PinkAmpersand, SomeFreakOnTheInternet, Rajudawadi, CsDix, Ruby Murray, BreakfastJr, AmericanLemming, Androdin,
Jakec, Advocatejake, EvergreenFir, AnuSingh855, Budhathokyp, Abcrg2, SupernovaeIA, Flat Out, ServiceGhost, 1, My name is not

24

16

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

dave, Sam Sailor, Paudelpanchayat, SujanDon, Yoonadue, Blondeguynative, Amrit Ghimire Ranjit, Mr.neel, Bladesmulti, Elatestnews,
SigdelVinay, Khijee2, Animal720, Wikiamitmalla, Navyo.eller, Bijayabuddha, Signedbo, Bishal258, Jacstha, Star7899, Sushant Rijal,
Akash Simkhada, Theparties, Arjanpara, Spiritclaymore, Naver.np, Rabindahal, Orangoottan, Owais Khursheed, Monopoly31121993,
Dirgahyu, Ayuan1110, Romanriwaj, Ditttti, Dangerdipesh, Ascii002, Pajiyarrc, Ojha.dinesh4u, Azkord, Krishna418, Nepalhero, Noxboy,
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File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg Source:
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projection%29.svg License: ? Contributors: Map by Ssolbergj
Aquarius.geomar.de
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at en.wikipedia
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artist: ?
File:Dalbath.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Dalbath.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
ja: :
(
)
(
).jpg Original artist: ja:User:
File:Dasarath_Rangasala_Stadium.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Dasarath_Rangasala_Stadium.
jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Piterpan
File:Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg Source:
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commons/e/e7/Everest_North_Face_toward_Base_Camp_Tibet_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.5 Contributors: Photo
taken by (Luca Galuzzi) * http://www.galuzzi.it Original artist: Luca Galuzzi (Lucag)
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File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: CC0
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File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
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(original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version)
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Contributors: Original artist:User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:
Zscout370
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? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
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artist: ?
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File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open Clip Art Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999
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File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by
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(Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various

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File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SLS 693 - National ag of Sri Lanka Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flickr_-_don_macauley_-_House_in_Nepal.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flickr_-_don_
macauley_-_House_in_Nepal.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Flickr: IMG_3669 Original artist: Donald Macauley
File:Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG License: CC0
Contributors: Own work Original artist:
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Contributors: Own work Original artist: Abhishek Dutta (http://abhishekdutta.org)
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Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sigismund von Dobschtz
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File:Kukri,_karda_&_chakmak.jpg Source:
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File:Lake_Phoksundo_in_Dolpo,_Nepal.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Lake_Phoksundo_in_
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Heema Rai
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Captured by uploader. Original artist:
/ -
File:Marsyangdi_valley_near_Pisang_(4518299825).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Marsyangdi_
valley_near_Pisang_%284518299825%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Marsyangdi valley near Pisang Original artist: Greg
Willis from Denver, CO, usa
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en:Image:Momo101.jpg Original artist: en:Spartathreehundred
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by Okino)
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projection%29.svg License: ? Contributors: Based on File:India_(orthographic_projection).svg by user:Ssolbergj Original artist: Shahid
Parvez. Based on a le by en:User:Ssolbergj
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File:Nepalese_school.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Nepalese_school.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
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Temple%2C_Kathmandu.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu Original
artist: Laxman Thapa
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Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ashishlohorung

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16

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Population_density_map_of_nepal.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f5/Population_density_map_of_


nepal.png License: PD Contributors:
I made it myself manually with data provided based on a 1990 survey by the Government
Original artist:
Sudip Regmi
File:Prachanda.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Prachanda.jpg License: CC-BY-2.5 Contributors: en
Wikipedia Original artist: en:User:Nhorning
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File:Royalpalacektm2006.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Royalpalacektm2006.JPG License: CCBY-SA-2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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2013_%283%29.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Krish Dulal
File:Sayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka.ogg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Sayaun_Thunga_Phool_Ka.ogg
License: CC0 Contributors: The government of Nepal has ocially provided this through their website.
Previously published: http://sanjaal.com/ganthan/44/inepal/national-anthem-of-nepal/ Original artist: Achlochan
File:Seto_Gumba_Panorama_view.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Seto_Gumba_Panorama_view.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ashishlohorung
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work Original artist: Tomchen1989
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from ne.wikipedia Original artist: Ganesh Paudel at ne.wikipedia
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Originally uploaded to Flickr as Man hand-making satellite dish, Nepal Original artist: Futureatlas.com
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near_Khartuwa_2013.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ashishlohorung
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Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
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16.3 Content license


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User:Zscout370
File based on the specication given at [1].

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