Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2009
DOI: 10.4260/BJFT2009800900016
Autores | Authors
Solange Teresinha CARPES
Universidade Tecnolgica Federal do
Paran (UTFPR)
Via do Conhecimento, Km 01
CEP 85503-390
Pato Branco/PR - Brasil
e-mail: carpes@utfpr.edu.br
Summary
Bee pollen is an agglomerate of pollen grains from various botanical sources,
which are collected by the bees and mixed with nectar and secretion from the
hypopharyngeal glands such as -glycosidase enzymes. Bee pollen has a complex
chemical composition constituted of carbohydrates, proteins, aminoacids, vitamins
and minerals, and is considered a good nutritional source, beneficial to health,
particularly because of the presence of phenolic compounds with antioxidant
activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the nutritional composition
and antioxidant activity of the bee pollen produced in the Southern region of Brazil.
The content of humidity, water activity, protein, total sugars, reducing sugars, crude
fiber, lipids and minerals, as well as the content of total phenolic compounds,
flavonoids, and antioxidant activity by the DPPH free radical scavenging method
(2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) were determined. The mean contents of humidity,
protein and reducing sugars were 4.19, 20.47 and 48%, respectively, and the
predominant minerals were phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium.
The contents of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids were 30.46 8.22 mg
of GAE.g1 pollen and 8.92 5.5 mg of quercetin.g1 pollen, respectively. High
scavenging activities were found for the free radical DPPH, with EC50 (minimum
concentration required for the antioxidant to reduce the initial concentration of the
DPPH by 50%) values that ranged from 810 to 4690 g.mL1. The bee pollen of
Santa Catarina showed high antioxidant activity probably due to the high content
of phenolic compounds present in pollen.
Key words: Bee pollen; Phenolic compounds; Flavonoids; Antioxidant activity;
DPPH, EC50.
Resumo
O plen apcola possui uma composio qumica complexa constituda por
carboidratos, protenas, aminocidos, vitaminas e minerais, sendo considerada
uma boa fonte nutricional com benefcios para a sade, principalmente pela
presena de compostos fenlicos com atividade antioxidante. Portanto, o objetivo
deste estudo foi avaliar a composio nutricional e a atividade antioxidante do
plen apcola produzido na regio sul do Brasil. Foram determinados o teor
de umidade, atividade de gua, protena, acares totais, acares redutores,
fibra bruta, lipdeos e minerais, alm do teor de compostos fenlicos totais,
flavonoides e a atividade antioxidante pelo mtodo de sequestro do radical livre
DPPH (2,2 difenil-1-picril hidrazil). Os teores mdios de umidade, protena e
acares redutores foram de 4,19, 20,47 e 48%, respectivamente, e os minerais
predominantes foram o fsforo, potssio, clcio e magnsio. Os teores de
compostos fenlicos e flavonoides totais foram de 30,46 8,22 mg de EAG.g1
plen (EAG: equivalentes de cido glico) e 8,92 5,5 mg de quercetina.g1 plen,
respectivamente. Foram encontradas altas atividades de sequestro para o radical
livre DPPH, com valores de EC50 que variaram de 810a 4690 mg.mL1. O plen
apcola de Santa Catarina apresentou alta atividade antioxidante provavelmente
em funo do alto teor de compostos fenlicos presentes nesse plen.
Palavras-chave: Plen apcola; Compostos fenlicos; Flavonides;
Atividade antioxidante; DPPH; EC50.
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Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil
CARPES, S. T. et al.
1 Introduction
Bee pollen has been used for many years in both
traditional medicine and supplementary nutrition, as well
as in alternative diets, mainly due to its nutritional properties and health benefits (SERRA BONVEH and ESCOL
JORD, 1997; ISLA etal., 2001; KROYER and HEGEDUS,
2001; ALMEIDA-MURADIAN et al., 2005). Its nutritional
composition consists of proteins, lipids, sugars, fibers,
mineral salts (calcium, chlorine, copper, iron, magnesium,
iodine, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, stannum, boron,
fluoride, vanadium, chromium, phosphorus, potassium,
sulfur, aluminum, iron, manganese, and zinc), aminoacids
and vitamins (A, B, C, D, E) (WESH and MARSTON, 1983;
MARCHINI etal., 2006).
In addition to this, pollen also has high contents
of polyphenolic substances, chiefly flavonoids with antioxidant (KROYER and HEGEDUS, 2001; CAMPOS etal.,
2003) and antimicrobial activity (GARCA et al., 2001;
BASIM etal., 2006). During the last decade, interest in
the study of phenolic compounds has increased greatly,
mainly due to the antioxidant capacity of these substances
in scavenging free radicals that are harmful to human
health (DORMAN etal., 2003). The antioxidant activity of
phenolic compounds depends on the chemical structure
and can be determined by the action of the molecule
as reducing agents (speed of free radical inactivation,
reactivity with other antioxidants and metal chelating
potential). In vitro trials have demonstrated that some
flavonoids have greater antioxidant activity than vitamins
E and C (RICE-EVANS etal., 1996; ALMARAZ-ABARCA
et al., 2007). Epidemiologic studies have also demonstrated positive correlation between the increase in
phenolic compound consumption with antioxidant action
(JAVANMARDI et al., 2003) and reduction of the risk of
cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer
(RICE-EVANS and MILLER, 1994; COOK and SAMMAN,
1996).
The biological properties of phenolic compounds
are related to the activity that each phenol exercises in
a certain medium, and the chemical structure of flavonoids favors antioxidant action. The high capacity of the
phenolic constituents to neutralize the species reactive to
oxygen are strongly associated with their structure, such
as conjugated double bonds and number of hydroxyls
in the aromatic ring of flavonoids and cinnamic acid
derivatives (CAMPOS etal., 1997). The radical DPPH is
widely used to test the free radical scavenger capacity
in apicultural products such as, pollen (CAMPOS etal.,
2003; SILVA etal., 2006; LEJA etal., 2007), propolis (LU
etal., 2003; KUMAZAWA etal., 2004) and honey (MEDA
etal., 2005). The antioxidant activity using the stable free
radical DPPH is based on the transfer of electrons from
an antioxidant compound to a free radical, DPPH which,
when it is reduced, loses its purple coloring. Thus, only
www.ital.sp.gov.br/bj
Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil
CARPES, S. T. et al.
(1)
www.ital.sp.gov.br/bj
Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil
CARPES, S. T. et al.
samples.
Protein %
(N x 6.25)
18.9 0.2b
18.6 0.4b
18.9 0.7b
15.0 0.2b
15.4 0.7b
21.7 0.4b
22.4 0.8b
22.3 0.4b
21.5 0.3b
21.8 0.3b
21.9 0.4b
22.5 0.1b
21.8 0.6b
20.1 0.2b
20.9 0.3b
21.5 0.1b
22.9 0.4a
27.7 0.3a
22.6 1.5a
20.9 0.7a
22.9 0.8a
24.9 0.2a
19.0 0.6a
21.5 0.2a
24.4 0.3a
19.1 1.5b
20.0 0.1b
18.9 0.5b
18.2 0.2b
16.4 0.9b
18.5 0.2b
17.1 0.1b
19.3 0.1b
19.4 0.0b
19.9 0.1b
18.0 0.1b
27.7
15.0
20.5 2.6
12. 9
Crude
fibers (%)
3.5 0.0a
3.1 0.0a
3.6 0.1a
2.7 0.1a
2.5 0.1a
4.8 0.1a
3.2 0.0a
2.8 0.1a
3.0 0.1a
3.9 0.0a
3.9 0.0a
3.9 0.2a
2.8 0.1a
3.0 0.1a
3.5 0.0a
3.4 0.1a
3.7 0.0a
2.2 0.0a
4.0 0.0a
3.5 0.1a
3.4 0.1a
2.9 0.0a
3.6 0.1a
2.8 0.1a
4.3 0.1a
4.6 0.0a
3.5 0.1a
3.5 0.0a
3.4 0.1a
3.2 0.1a
3.9 0.0a
3.1 0.0a
3.3 0.1a
3.2 0.0a
4.3 0.0a
3.5 0.1a
4.9
2.2
3.4 0.6
16.5
Lipids (%)
4.2 0.1a
4.1 0.1a
5.1 0.1a
4.9 0.1a
4.7 0.0a
5.2 0.0a
5.7 0.0a
6.5 0.1a
5.4 0.0a
3.7 0.0a
4.2 0.0a
4.9 0.1a
5.7 0.1a
6.0 0.0a
5.2 0.0a
5.5 0.0a
4.2 0.0a
4.1 0.1a
5.4 0.1a
5.2 0.0a
5.3 0.0a
4.9 0.1a
3.9 0.0a
4.5 0.0a
4.4 0.0a
3.9 0.0a
4.0 0.0a
4.6 0.0a
4.9 0.0a
4.2 0.0a
5.6 0.0a
5.0 0.0a
4.5 0.1a
4.9 0.0a
5.4 0.1a
5.0 0.1a
6.5
3.7
4.9 0.7
13.4
Ash
(%)
2.1 0.1a
1.9 0.0a
3.2 0.0a
3.1 0.0a
3.2 0.0a
2.5 0.0a
2.9 0.1a
2.9 0.0a
3.9 0.1a
3.7 0.0a
3.8 0.1a
3.8 0.0a
2.9 0.0a
2.9 0.0a
3.0 0.1a
2.2 0.0a
3.4 0.0a
3.3 0.0a
3.1 0.0a
3.0 0.1a
2.9 0.0a
2.4 0.1a
2.6 0.0a
2.5 0.0a
3.2 0.0a
3.1 0.0a
2.6 0.1a
1.9 0.0a
2.9 0.0a
3.0 0.0a
3.0 0.0a
2.9 0.0a
3.3 0.0a
2.8 0.1a
2.6 0.1a
2.9 0.0a
3.91
1.90
2.9 0.5
16.33
TS***
(g.100 g1)
54.6 2.1a
58.8 0.2a
55.3 0.2a
58.6 0.2a
60.3 0.5a
55.2 0.5a
51.3 0.4a
52.6 0.4a
50.8 0.2a
50.3 0.3a
50.1 0.5a
48.7 0.2a
52.2 0.2a
50.3 0.5a
50.0 0.6a
50.5 0.0a
48.4 0.5a
42.8 0.3a
49.7 0.2a
55.0 0.4a
53.3 0.47a
52.8 0.2a
51.2 0.6a
49.4 0.2a
50.5 0.4a
51.3 0.2a
60.4 0.6a
49.4 0.3a
54.2 0.8a
57.7 0.5a
54.7 0.5a
55.0 0.9a
41.1 0.4a
46.5 0.6a
51.1 0.4a
51.4 0.2a
60.4
41.1
52.1 4.22
8.09
RS****
(g.100 g1)
48.7 2.2a
56.6 0.4a
52.8 0.6a
56.3 0.5a
55.9 0.8a
52.6 0.3a
45.1 0.7a
50.9 0.1a
49.5 0.7a
47.0 0.6a
47.6 0.4a
45.1 0.5a
48.7 0.4a
48.0 0.2a
48.0 0.6a
47.0 0.0a
44.2 3.7a
40.4 1.0a
45.9 1.0a
50.4 0.2a
50.4 0.6a
50.4 0.7a
49.8 0.2a
47.6 0.5a
46.2 0.2a
49.0 0.5a
55.0 0.7a
45.4 0.2a
49.0 0.9a
53.0 0.2a
52.2 0.3a
48.4 0.4a
38.2 0.7a
41.5 0.8a
50.2 0.8a
48.7 0.3a
56.6
38.2
48.8 4.2
8.53
* PR: Parana samples, SC: Santa Catarina samples, RS: Rio Grande do Sul samples; ** Water Activity ( 22 C); *** Total Sugar (g.100 g1 drybasis);
**** Reducing Sugars (g.100 g1 drybasis); Means followedby the same letter do not differ statistically by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).
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Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil
CARPES, S. T. et al.
P
7345.5
75.1a
7364.3
259.9a
7277.3
361.9a
7328.0
269.9a
7323.5
21.7a
7309.9
227.4a
7329.0
253.6a
6132.7
217.8a
6923.9
86.7a
6795.2
37.7a
6404.6
217.4a
5724.1
447.2a
7155.5
78.2a
8865.3
229.9a
6609.5
240.3a
7748.2
47.3a
5872.4
235.7a
8769.4
149.0a
Mg
763.4
20.4a
785.5
41.4a
946.9
99.5a
831.9
42.5a
854.8
62.8a
877.9
41.5a
831.9
36.5a
714.4
3.5a
808.1
0.8a
784.8
15.4a
738.3
23.1a
463.3
7.8a
1095.9
32.5a
924.3
10.2a
713.4
12.2a
953.6
36.5a
536.0
32.0a
1039.5
111.0a
Mn
73.3
3.6a
75.4
4.7a
43.6
4.2a
64.1
2.6a
61.0
0.6a
56.2
0.6a
64.1
1.4a
97.5
3.1a
72.6
0.5a
78.1
1.9a
83.3
7.3a
51.5
6.5a
63.7
4.2a
129.4
5.0a
98.9
1.8a
63.5
0.6a
50.2
3.0a
25.3
1.5a
K
5727.4
268.6a
5419.7
439.2a
4820.4
295.3a
5322.5
48.6a
5187.5
43.9a
5110.1
80.4a
5322.5
80.9a
5645.7
198.4a
5359.4
80.9a
5442.5
10.9a
5318.0
231.6a
3722.5
237.3a
6363.7
24.7a
5586.8
33.8a
5516.8
159.6a
6274.0
78.7a
4556.3
297.3a,b
5136.0
428.8a,b
Na
206.5
7.7a
212.9
18.9a
459.4
22.1a
292.9
9.5a
321.7
0.8a
358.0
17.8a
292.9
7.8a
73.5
1.8b
241.5
0.8a
202.6
1.1a
19.7
4.4c
161.8
8.8a
231.1
63.0a
106.8
9.1a
42.7
4.6b
221.66
0.6a
202.5
22.4a
636.4
87.5a
Zn
53.1
1.2a,b
54.5
0.7a,b
46.2
5.9b
51.3
1.2a,b
50.6
0.7a,b
49.4
8.8b
51.3
2.0a,b
61.2
0.9a
53.9
0.3a,b
55.5
0.8a,b
48.7
2.2b
43.0
2.2b
55.2
4.7a,b
53.7
2.2a,b
42.7
4.2a,b
53.9
1.7a,b
55.6
4.6b
42.4
1.7b
* mg.kg1 of bee pollen dry basis; ** PR: Parana samples; SC: Santa Catarina samples; RS: Rio Grande do Sul samples; Means followed by the
same letter do not differ statistically by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).
224
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Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil
CARPES, S. T. et al.
Table 2. Continued...
Samples**
SC 03
SC 04
SC 05
SC 06
SC 07
SC 08
SC 09
SC 10
RS 01
RS 02
RS 03
RS 04
RS 05
RS 06
RS 07
RS 08
RS 09
Vmx.
Vmn.
Mean SD
CV (%)
Ca
866.7
75.2a
808.8
19.9a
792.9
7.35a
816.0
19.1a
750.8
22.0a
1518.6
36.2a
868.1
50.0a
870.3
5.5a
843.2
85.0a
1086.7
96.2a
291.6
11.4a
301.8
23.6a
2149.2
88.8a
540.4
44.7a
964.2
25.7a
732.0
95.7a
726.0
82.0a
2149.2
291.6
1031.9
377.5
36.58
Cu
16.4
0.1a
10.7
0.3a
9.9
0.4a
11.3
0.2a
9.1
0.2a
10.3
0.4a
13.7
0.3a
8.8
0.3a
12.0
3.7a
14.9
0.1a
4.5
0.2a
4.8
0.3a
11.9
0.1a
10.0
1.1a
17.8
2.2a
7.0
0.1a
10.8
0.6a
17.8
4.5
11.4
2.9
26.0
Fe
115.6
8.1a
35.4
0.5a
48.8
0.3a
35.0
1.1a
49.7
4.8a
48.5
0.5a
51.3
1.3a
35.9
0.3a
54.4
2.3a
107.6
3.4a
69.0
1.5a
71.6
7.4a
27.9
5.0a
203.3
15.9a
101.3
2.5a
136.9
17.9a
36.5
1.2a
203.3
27.9
79.7
40.3
50.6
P
6958.8
69.7a
7691.8
8.2a
6079.8
125.9a
7433.8
48.7a
5913.5
86.9a
5921.3
67.2a
8224.5
72.6a
5868.6
32.1a
6134.7
20. 7a
8456.6
34.61a
6073.2
22.7a
6128.7
64.7a
7455.4
60.9a
6119.9
75.9a
7006.3
91.1a
6932.8
80.4a
5647.9
90.0a
8865.3
5647.9
6923.6
872.6
12.6
Mg
558.2
8.2a
799.0
1.9a
544.6
4.7a
818.6
29.9a
534.7
10.9a
530.3
6.3a
881.3
6.0a
547.9
26.4a
575.9
46.9a
908.9
36.9a
612.8
2.4a
623.0
6.2a
1235.1
21.4a
809.3
56.6a
695.5
17.4a
532.5
8.5a
540.0
47.5a
1235.1
463.3
754.6
184.2
24.4
Mn
59.4
1.4a
110.7
0.6a
83.0
5.0a
110.9
3.2a
59.3
2.1a
58.9
0.9a
69.4
0.8a
59.8
0.6a
43.5
3.6a
48.9
1.5a
26.50
1.7b
28.9
3.6b
83.4
2.8a
24.9
2.5b
57.5
1.1a
51.2
5.6a
18.7
1.3b
129.4
18.7
64.2
25.5
39.7
K
5270.1
135.2a,b
5348.8
72.7a,b
4976.1
78.7a,b
5347.0
284.6a,b
4762.8
110.4a,b
4792.0
61.1a,b
5073.3
76.0a,b
4715.3
71.0a,b
5074.9
85.6b
5452.5
95.5b
4435.6
82.5b
4462.8
62.9b
5133.1
272.4b
4389.8
63.8b
4898.8
221.6b
4782.7
255.2b
4329.6
110.2b
6363.7
3722.5
5116.8
528.9
10.3
Na
227.7
40.0a
229.7
5.0a
55.4
0.7b
239.6
23.6a
47.0
2.7b
54.9
0.7b
168.3
20.1a
48.7
0.5b
202.2
24.6a
379.9
27.6a
12.9
0.6 c
13.2
1.2c
323.5
66.9a
262.0
32.8a
272.1
11.9a
193.6
32.5a
72.1
7.1b
636.4
12.9
202.5
136.9
67.6
Zn
60.6
0.7a
45.7
0.4b
36.1
0.7b
46.7
0.1b
38.0
0.3b
38.9
0.8b
49.6
4.8b
37.1
0.1b
48.3
7.1b
66.9
2.0a
51.5
0.3b
51.6
0.7b
55.8
1.3b
82.1
3.7a
60.8
7.1a
40.8
1.4b
39.1
2.0b
82.1
36.1
50.6
9.2
18.3
* mg.kg1 of bee pollen dry basis; ** PR: Parana samples; SC: Santa Catarina samples; RS: Rio Grande do Sul samples; Means followed by the
same letter do not differ statistically by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).
www.ital.sp.gov.br/bj
Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil
CARPES, S. T. et al.
Bee pollen
RS 10
RS 09
RS 08
RS 07
RS 06
RS 05
RS 04
RS 03
RS 02
RS 01
SC 10
SC 09
SC 08
SC 07
SC 06
SC 05
SC 04
SC 03
SC 02
SC 01
PR 16
PR 15
PR 14
PR 13
PR 12
PR 11
PR 10
PR 09
PR 08
PR 07
PR 06
PR 05
PR 04
PR 03
PR 02
PR 01
0
10
20
30
mg.g1 bee pollen
40
50
Figure 1. Total phenolic compounds (mg GAE.g1 bee pollen dry basis), total flavonoids content (mg quercetin/g bee pollen dry
basis). Data are means (n = 3).
226
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Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil
Been pollen
CARPES, S. T. et al.
BHT 70
A-tocoferol 30
BHA 50
SC 10
SC 09
SC 08
SC 07
SC 06
SC 05
SC 04
SC 03
SC 02
SC 01
RS 10
RS 09
RS 08
RS 07
RS 06
RS 05
RS 04
RS 03
RS 02
RS 01
RS 16
PR 15
PR 14
PR 13
PR 12
PR 11
PR 10
PR 09
PR 08
PR 07
PR 06
PR 05
PR 04
PR 03
PR 02
PR 01
0
1 x 103
2 x 103
3 x 103
4 x 103
5 x 103
EC 50 g.mL1
Figure 2. Free radical-scavenger activity of the bee pollen. Data are means (n = 3).
4 Conclusion
Considering the high protein content, reducing
sugars and low lipid content found in bee pollen, make
pollen an excellent food supplement. Each bee pollen
generally contained different polyphenolic, and each of
these compounds possesses differing amounts of antioxidant activity. Bee pollen from Southern Brazil may supply
substantial antioxidants, which, in turn, may provide
health-promoting effects to consumers. However, due
to the diversity and complexity of the bee pollen, further
investigations should be performed to evaluate the profile
of polyphenolic composition.
References
ALMARAZ-ABARCA, N.; CAMPOS, M. G.; VILA-REYES, J.
A.; JIMNEZ, N. N.; CORRAL, J. H.; GONZLEZ-VALDEZ, L.
S. Antioxidant activity of polyphenolic extract of monofloral
honeybee-collected pollen from mesquite (Prosopis juliflora,
Leguminosae). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,
Rome, v. 20, n. 1, p. 119-124, 2007.
227
www.ital.sp.gov.br/bj
Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil
CARPES, S. T. et al.
228
www.ital.sp.gov.br/bj
Chemical composition and free radical scavenging activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from Southern Brazil
CARPES, S. T. et al.
229