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1 Etymology
The word car is believed to originate from the Latin
word carrus or carrum (wheeled vehicle), or the Middle
English word carre (meaning cart, from Old North
French). In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word
karros (a Gallic chariot). The Gaulish language was a
branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word
Karr; the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh (and
HISTORY
History
3
1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a
joint-stock company.
The rst motor car in central Europe and one of the
rst factory-made cars in the world, was produced by
Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed
to Tatra) in 1897, the Prsident automobil.
Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren
Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their
rst car in 1892 under the brand name Daimler. It was a
horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer,
which they retrotted with an engine of their design. By
1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and
Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel
A photograph of the original Benz Patent-Motorwagen, rst built Hermann, where they set up shop after disputes with
in 1885 and awarded the patent for the concept
their backers. Benz, Maybach and the Daimler team
seem to have been unaware of each others early work.
They never worked together; by the time of the merger
his rst four-wheeler was introduced along with a model
of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no
intended for aordability. They also were powered with
longer part of DMG.
four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of
France, already producing Benz engines under license, Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach
now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes that was
France was more open to the early cars, initially more placed in a specially ordered model built to specications
were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz set by Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small
sold in Germany. In August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his
of Karl Benz, undertook the rst road trip by car, to prove country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG
car was produced and the model was named Mercedes
the road-worthiness of her husbands invention.
after the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business
of his own. Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold
to other manufacturers.
Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and
Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following the First World War, but
the directors of DMG refused to consider it initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several
years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924
they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000. Both enterprises standardized design,
production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or
marketed their car models jointly, although keeping their
respective brands. On 28 June 1926, Benz & Cie. and
DMG nally merged as the Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its cars Mercedes Benz, as a brand honoring
the most important model of the DMG cars, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902 Mercedes-35 hp,
along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his
death in 1929, and at times his two sons also participated
in the management of the company.
In 1890, mile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France
began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so
Bertha Benz, the rst long distance car driver in the world
laid the foundation of the automotive industry in France.
In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis
In 1896, Benz designed and patented the rst internalRigoulot completed the longest trip by a petrol-powered
combustion at engine, called boxermotor. During the
vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler powlast years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the largest
ered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100 kilometres (1375
car company in the world with 572 units produced in
3 MASS PRODUCTION
England, in 1802. The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in
the U.S. by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at the Springeld
Armory in Springeld, Massachusetts.[33] This concept
was greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1914.
As a result, Fords cars came o the line in fteen-minute
intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing
productivity eightfold, while using less manpower (from
12.5 man-hours to 1 hour 33 minutes).[34] It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only Japan black
would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the
variety of colors available before 1914, until fast-drying
Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the source
of Fords apocryphal remark, any color as long as its
black.[34] In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a
Model T with four months pay.[34]
Mass production
5
Fords complex safety proceduresespecially assigning
each worker to a specic location instead of allowing
them to roam aboutdramatically reduced the rate of injury. The combination of high wages and high eciency
is called "Fordism, and was copied by most major industries. The eciency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the economic rise of the United States. The
assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace
with very repetitive motions which led to more output per
worker while other countries were using less productive
methods.
In the automotive industry, its success was dominating,
and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford
France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923,
Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroen was the rst native
European manufacturer to adopt the production method.
Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had
disappeared.[34]
Development of automotive technology was rapid, due
in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the worlds attention. Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both
by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company
in 19101911), independent suspension, and four-wheel
brakes.
4 User interface
See also: Automobile controls
Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, pas-
In the Ford Model T the left-side hand lever sets the rear wheel
parking brakes and puts the transmission in neutral. The lever to
the right controls the throttle. The lever on the left of the steering
column is for ignition timing. The left foot pedal changes the two
forward gears while the centre pedal controls reverse. The right
pedal is the brake.
senger comfort and safety, normally operated by a combination of the use of feet and hands, and occasionally
by voice on newer cars. Modern cars controls are now
standardised, such as the location for the accelerator and
8 SAFETY
brake, but this was not always the case. Controls are
evolving in response to new technologies, for example
the electric car and the integration of mobile communications. Since the car was rst invented, its controls have
become fewer and simpler through automation, for example all cars once had a manual controls for the choke
valve, clutch, ignition timing, and a crank instead of an
electric starter. However new controls have also been
added to vehicles, making them more complex. Examples include air conditioning, navigation systems, and in
car entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of The Nissan Leaf is an all-electric car launched in December
physical knob and switches for secondary controls with 2010
touchscreen controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's
MyFord Touch.
Most cars in use today are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled by deagration of gasoline (also
known as petrol) or diesel. Both fuels are known to
5 Weight
cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to
climate change and global warming.[39] Rapidly increasThe weight of a car inuences fuel consumption and per- ing oil prices, concerns about oil dependence, tightenformance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel ing environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse
consumption and decreased performance. According to gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power
research conducted by Julian Allwood of the University systems for cars. Eorts to improve or replace existing
of Cambridge, global energy use could be heavily reduced technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles,
by using lighter cars, and an average weight of 500 kg has plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Vehicles
using alternative fuels such as ethanol exible-fuel vehibeen said to be well achievable.[35]
cles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity
In some competitions such as the Shell Eco Marathon, avin some countries.
erage car weights of 45 kg have also been achieved.[36][37]
These cars are only single-seaters (still falling within the Oil consumption in the twentieth and twenty-rst cendenition of a car, although 4-seater cars are more com- turies has been abundantly pushed by car growth; the
mon), but they nevertheless demonstrate the amount by 19852003 oil glut even fuelled the sales of low-economy
which car weights could still be reduced, and the sub- vehicles in OECD countries. The BRIC countries are
sequent lower fuel use (i.e. up to a fuel use of 2560 adding to this consumption; in December 2009 China was
briey the largest car market.[40]
km/l).[38]
8 Safety
Main articles: Car safety, Trac accident, Low speed vehicle and Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions
Road trac accidents are the largest cause of injury-
7
related deaths worldwide.[6] Mary Ward became one of
the rst documented car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown,
Ireland,[41] and Henry Bliss one of the United States rst
pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City.[42]
There are now standard tests for safety in new cars,
such as the EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests,[43] and
insurance-industry-backed tests by the Insurance Institute
for Highway Safety (IIHS).[44]
may act as an incentive for the production of more ecient, hence less polluting, car designs (e.g. hybrid vehicles) and the development of alternative fuels. High
fuel taxes may provide a strong incentive for consumers
to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-ecient cars, or
to not drive. On average, todays automobiles are about
75 percent recyclable, and using recycled steel helps reduce energy use and pollution.[47] In the United States
Congress, federally mandated fuel eciency standards
Worldwide, road trac is becoming ever safer, in part
due to eorts by the government to implement safety have been debated regularly, passenger car standards
have not risen above the 27.5 miles per US gallon (8.6
features in cars, and by implementing safety components
L/100 km; 33.0 mpg- ) standard set in 1985. Light
such as speed bumps on the roads themselves.
truck standards have changed more frequently, and were
set at 22.2 miles per US gallon (10.6 L/100 km; 26.7
mpg- ) in 2007.[48]
10
Environmental impact
12
INDUSTRY
New materials which may replace steel car bodies include clude OScar, Riversimple (through 40res.org)[58] and
duraluminum, berglass, carbon ber, and carbon nan- c,mm,n.[59] None of the projects have reached signiotubes.
cant success in terms of developing a car as a whole both
Telematics technology is allowing more and more people from hardware and software perspective and no mass proto share cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car share duction ready open-source based design have been introduced as of late 2009. Some car hacking through onand carpool schemes.
board diagnostics (OBD) has been done so far.[60]
Communication is also evolving due to connected car systems.
12 Industry
11.1
Autonomous car
already exist in prototype (such as the Google driverless car), and are expected to be commercially available
around 2020. According to urban designer and futurist
Michael E. Arth, driverless electric vehiclesin conjunction with the increased use of virtual reality for work,
travel, and pleasurecould reduce the worlds 800 million vehicles to a fraction of that number within a few
decades.[55] This would be possible if almost all private
cars requiring drivers, which are not in use and parked
90% of the time, would be traded for public self-driving
taxis that would be in near constant use. This would also
allow for getting the appropriate vehicle for the particular
needa bus could come for a group of people, a limousine could come for a special night out, and a Segway
could come for a short trip down the street for one person. Children could be chaueured in supervised safety,
DUIs would no longer exist, and 41,000 lives could be
saved each year in the US alone.[56][57]
9
and other BRIC countries, the automotive production is
again falling.[69]
13
Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include public transit such as buses, trolleybuses, trains,
subways, tramways light rail, cycling, and walking. Carshare arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly [6]
popular, in the US and Europe.[70] For example, in the
US, some car-sharing services have experienced doubledigit growth in revenue and membership growth be- [7]
tween 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing oering a residents to share a vehicle rather than own a car
in already congested neighborhoods.[71] Bike-share sys- [8]
tems have been tried in some European cities, including Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Similar programs have [9]
been experimented with in a number of US Cities.[72] Additional individual modes of transport, such as personal
rapid transit could serve as an alternative to cars if they
[10]
prove to be socially accepted.[73]
14
See also
Car costs
Car classication
Carfree city
List of countries by automobile production
List of countries by vehicles per capita
Lists of automobiles
Motor vehicle theft
Noise pollution
Peak car
Steering
Trac collision
Trac congestion
15
References
10
15
REFERENCES
[24] speos.fr.
Niepce Museum, Other Inventions.
Niepce.house.museum. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
[26] Wakeeld, Ernest H. (1994). History of the Electric Automobile. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. pp. 23.
ISBN 1-56091-299-5.
[48] CAFE Overview Frequently Asked Questions. National Highway Trac Safety Administration.
[27] The First Car A History of the Automobile. Ausbcomp.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
Retrieved 2011-07-17.
[28] The Duryea Brothers Automobile History. Inventors.about.com. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 2011-0717.
[29] Longstreet, Stephen. A Century on Wheels: The Story of
Studebaker. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p.
121. 1st edn., 1952.
[30] Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles,
18771925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.178.
[31] Burgess Wise, D. (1970). Veteran and Vintage Cars. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-00283-7.
[32] Georgano, N. (2000). Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. London: HMSO. ISBN 1-57958-293-1.
[33] Industrialization of American Society. Engr.sjsu.edu.
Retrieved 2011-07-17.
[34] Georgano, G. N. (2000). Vintage Cars 1886 to 1930.
Sweden: AB Nordbok. ISBN 1-85501-926-4.
[35] Possible global energy reducstion. New Scientist. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
[36] 45 kg as average car weight in Shell Eco-Marathon.
Wn.com. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
[37] Shell Eco-Marathon car weight
[40] Chris Hogg (2009-02-10). Chinas car industry overtakes US. BBC News.
[41] Mary Ward 18271869.
Universityscience.ie.
Archived from the original on 2008-03-11. Retrieved
2008-10-27.
[42] CityStreets Bliss plaque.
[45] US EPA. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle (". Retrieved 2013-04-25.
11
16
Further reading
17
External links
12
18
18
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