Journal of Solid Mechanics

Journal of Solid Mechanics
and Materials
Engineering
Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
The study on Evaluation Method of Primary

Stress without Evaluation Section*
Daisuke SADAHIRO**, Hiroshi SHIBAMOTO**, Hideaki NAGASHIMA**,
Naoto KASAHARA** and Kazuhiko INOUE**
**
Nuclear Power Division, Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.,

1-1 Tanabeshinden, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9530 Japan
Abstract
This paper describes an evaluation method of primary stress in three dimensional
(3-D) structures. In "Design by Analysis" for nuclear components, the stresses are
classified into the primary and the secondary stresses. The primary stress in
axisymmetric structures can be evaluated by linearization of stress distribution in
the specified section, however this procedure is hardly applicable to 3-D structures
from difficulties to define the evaluation section. From this reason, the alternative
evaluation method is needed. In this study, the evaluation method of primary stress
in 3-D structures with elastic-plastic analysis is proposed utilizing the feature of
primary stress that is independent from stress redistribution. The proposed method
is verified through application to example problems.
Key words: Nuclear Components, Stress Classification, Stress Redistribution,
Primary Stress, Elastic-Plastic Analysis
1. Introduction
The development of commercial fast reactor has been proceeded mainly by Japan
Atomic Energy Agency and Japanese utilities.(1) In this study, design rationalization such as
reduction of cooling loops etc. is adopted, and the 3-D spherical tube sheet shown in
Figure-1 with an advantage of withstanding pressure is adopted in large Steam Generator
(SG).
Most components constituting sodium cooled fast reactor are used under low pressure
condition, however SG which contact with steam loops has regions used under high inner
pressure. For these regions, it is important to evaluate the primary stress appropriately.
In "Design by Analysis" adopted in the design for the components for nuclear power
plants, stresses in structures are classified as shown in Figure-2.
Sodium
inlet
Primary
general
membrane stress; Pm
Steam
outlet
Primary stress; P
Primary
local
membrane stress; PL
Stress
Sodium
outlet
*Received 1 Oct., 2007 (No. T1-05-0876)

Japanese Original : Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech.
Eng., Vol.72, No.716, A (2006),
pp.445-451 (Received 18 Aug., 2005)
[DOI: 10.1299/jmmp.2.1008]
Primary
bending
stress; Pb
Secondary stress; Q
Water feed
Fig.1 Concept of Steam Generator in

commercialized fast reactor
Peak stress;
Fig.2 Stress classification for Design by

analysis
1008

and Materials Engineering
Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
The stresses in axisymmetric structures are classified through linearization of stress

distribution in the specified section as shown in Figure-3. Primary stresses is caused by
equilibrium with external forces, and the failure can occur in the case that the primary stress
exceeds yield stress or tensile strength of materials. In conventional design procedure,
membrane stress and bending stress are evaluated by linearization of stress distribution along
the specified section, and limitation of these stress components protects the structures from
failure caused by the tensile forces or bending moments.
Stress distribution from FEM
Linearized stress disribution
Peak stress
Bending stress
Membrane stress
Fig.3 Concept of linearization of stress distribution

On the other hand, it is difficult to specify the evaluation section in 3-D structures such
as the spherical tube sheet, and the stress classification by stress linearization can be
difficult. Evaluation method of primary stress without evaluation section is required to limit
the primary stress appropriately for the 3-D structures. In this study, the evaluation method
of primary stress in 3-D structures is proposed utilizing the feature of primary stress that is
independent from stress redistribution.
2. Concept of evaluation method

Secondary stress is displacement-controlled stress, and redistribution of this stress can
occur in the structures depending on restraint of surroundings. On the other hand, primary
stress is load-controlled stress determined uniquely by equilibrium with external forces, and
this stress can not redistribute in the structures.
GLOSS (Generalized Local Stress Strain) method utilizing the above feature of primary
stress has been proposed by Seshadri et.al..(2)~(4) In GLOSS method, elastic analyses are
carried out twice to evaluate the primary stress. In the first analysis, uniform elastic module
is used in whole structure. And, in the second, the stresses redistribute by using the
modified elastic module based on the stress distribution in the first analysis. The "modified"
means reduction of elastic module in the high stress region. Because the primary stress does
not redistribute, there is a node at which the same stress occurs in both analyses. This node
is called "redistribution node" and the stress at this node is called "R-node stress" in this
paper. Stress at this node is in equilibrium with the external forces, and this stress is
classified into primary stress.
The evaluation method proposed in this paper is improved method from GLOSS
method, and is based on the same concept as GLOSS method.
The R-node stress can correspond to the primary stress, and this stress can be obtained
without specified evaluation section. From these features, R-node stress enables the
evaluation of primary stress only using the stress distribution from FEM analysis.
3. Concept of redistribution node

Because the external forces are in equilibrium at the redistribution node, the stress at
this point can not change under the determinate load even if the stress redistribution occurs.
Therefore, the position of redistribution node does not change as shown in Figure-4 in the
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Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
case that the stress distribution changes.
R-node
(a) Membrane stress dominant type
R-node
R-node
(b) Bending stress dominant type

Fig.4 Concept of Redistribution node
When membrane stress is dominant, single redistribution node is present in equilibrium
with tensile or compressive force. When bending stress is dominant, there is two
redistribution nodes in equilibrium with tensile and compressive forces. In the latter case,
two R-node stresses have identical magnitude.
R-node stress increases in proportion to external load, and the structure will collapse
when this stress extends to collapse stress. From this feature, the relationship between the
R-node stress and the collapse load is expressed as follows.
y
~
For only axial force; P
P
L =
( ) redistribution node
y
< P, M >
(
)
redistribution node
For axial force and bending moment; < P~, M~ > =
L
where, y is yield stress,
moment).
~
~ ~
PL , < P , M > L is collapse load (P: axial force, M; bending
4. Proposed evaluation method of primary stress

In GLOSS method, elastic analysis was adopted considering the computer performance
at the time, and the modification of elastic module induced the stress redistribution in the
structure. In this procedure, post processing of analysis results was required to determine
the region for modification of elastic module. Further, in this method, the modification of
elastic module affected to degree of the stress redistribution, and the iterative calculation
was required to evaluate the R-node stress appropriately, especially in the case that
secondary stress was large as shown in Figure-5.
Fig.5
Relationship between R-node stress and number of cycles
On the other hand, elastic-plastic analysis enables the substantial stress redistribution in
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Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
the structure without the modification of elastic module. Because the secondary stress
constrains strain distribution, the change of stress distribution in proportion to the strain is
slight for the modification of elastic module. The elastic-plastic model is effective to
redistribute the secondary stress compellingly, because rapid reduction of stiffness after
yielding is assumed in this model.
In these years, computer is improved, and so the calculation time for elastic-plastic
analysis is drastically reduced. Further, proposed method can utilize only classic
constitutive equation prepared in general analysis code as standard function.
From the above background, use of elastic-plastic analysis can induce the stress
redistribution easily, and redistribution node can be obtained from simple procedure without
post processing.
The procedure of the proposed evaluation method in this paper is as follows.
(1) The first elastic-plastic analysis is carried out with temporary small yield stress
Sy1. Use of this small yield stress Sy1 induces the stress redistributes in the whole
structure.
(2) The second elastic-plastic analysis is carried out with the another yield stress Sy2.
(3) From the above two elastic-plastic analyses, the point at which the stress does
not change and the stress at that point are obtained.
Because the secondary stress redistributes, the redistribution node can be identified
through the above procedures, and the R-node stress can be obtained as the primary stress.
In the proposed method, the temporary small yield stress induces the stress
redistribution in the whole structure. Because equilibrium with the primary stress after
yielding can not be maintained in elastic perfectly plastic model, bi-linear model with some
slight work hardening is used.
Because the yield stress should be settled considering the magnitude of primary stress,
it is difficult to settle uniquely. Work hardening coefficient is recommended to be about
1/10,000 of elastic module.
The concept of the above procedure is as follows. Where, in below, P is primary stress,
Q1 is stress that is classified into secondary stress in spite of being caused by the mechanical
load, and Q2 is secondary stress as thermal stress.
(1) Elastic analysis; stress P+Q1+Q2 can be obtained.
(2) First elastic-plastic analysis with yield stress Sy1;
Q2 can redistribute, and stress P+Q1 can be obtained.
(3) Second elastic-plastic analysis with yield stress Sy2;
Q1 can redistribute, and primary stress P can be obtained as R-node stress.
5. Verification of proposed method through application to example problems

Some analyses with simple models were carried out to verify the proposed method.
The following combinations of stresses were subjected in this study.
1) Combination of primary membrane stress with secondary stress
2) Combination of primary bending stress with secondary stress
3) Combination of primary (membrane + bending) stress with secondary stress
5.1 Model for combination of primary membrane stress with secondary stress
5.1.1 Analysis model
The analysis model is shown in Figure-6. In this model, 316 FR

steels was assumed and material properties are shown in Table-1. The values was at mean
temperature between inner and outer surface of cylinder, and temperature dependence
and creep effect are ignored.
Inelastic constitutive equation was bi-linear model with work hardening coefficient of
1/10,000 of elastic module. Yield stress was settled according to inner pressure (refer to
Table-2).
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Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
Table-1 Material properties of 316FR

Item
Pressure; P
Temperature gradient T
Inner temp. Ta=500
Outer temp. Tb=300
R1;100mm
Properties
Elastic module
169,000N/mm2
Poisson's ration
Thermal expansion
coefficient
Thermal conductivity
coefficient
0.300
17.6910-6mm/mm/
19.68W/(mK)
The properties at 400 are used.
R2;300mm
Fig.6 Analysis model for a thick cylinder.
5.1.2 Load conditions
The load conditions were as follows.

1) Inner pressure was loaded to cause primary membrane stress.
2) Temperature gradient between the inner and outer surface of cylinder was loaded to
cause the secondary stress as thermal stress.
5.1.3 Analysis cases The analysis cases are shown in Table-2.
Table-2 Analysis cases for thick cylinder model
Pressure P
(MPa)
0
30
60
100
100
Case
1
2
3
4
5
Temperature
difference ()
200
200
200
200
100
Yield stress
(MPa)
10, 30
5, 10
10, 30
10, 30, 50
10, 30
5.1.4 Analysis results
The samples (case-4) of analysis results are shown in Figure-7.

Though the stress distributions are different between the analyses with different yield
stresses, it is identified that stress distributions have an intersection point. The theoretical
solution of R-node stress for this cylinder model is expressed as follows, and the analysis
results, r=158mm and R=79.5MPa, is well consistent with the theoretical solutions.
Further, as shown in Figure-8, the R-node stress increases in proportion to inner pressure.
r * = R0
R =
2An(Y )
Y 2 1
= 157.2mm
3 p
= 78.8MPa
2 An(Y )
From the above results, the verification of the proposed method is identified under the
combination of primary membrane stress with secondary stress.
Pressure100MPa
T=200
150
R-node
100
r = R0
R =
300
100
Theoritical solution of R-node

*
R-node stress
2An(Y )
= 157.2mm
Y 2 1
R-node location
80
3 p
= 78.8MPa
2 ln(Y )
*R-node location
R0Outer radius
YDiameter ratio (OD/ID)
R=79.5MPa
50
250
60
200
40
150
20
R -n o d e lo c a tio n (m m )
Elast-plastic (Sy=10MPa)
R -n o d e s tre s s (M P a )
Mises equivalent stress (MPa)
200
r=158mm
100
150
200
250
Location in the thick wall (mm)
300
Fig. 7 Analysis result of R-node for a

thick cylinder model
20
40
60
80
100
100
Pressure (MPa)
Fig.8
Relationship between R-node

stress, location and pressure
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Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
5.2 Model for combination of primary bending stress with secondary stress
5.2.1 Analysis model The analysis model is circular plate shown in Figure-9. Material
properties of 316FR steel were used same as 5.1.
t100mm
Axis of symmetry
Uniformly distributed loadp
Ta
Tb
1000mm
evaluation section
Fig.9 Analysis model for a circular plate

The load conditions were as follows (refer to Figure-9).
Deformation was constraint at the edge of plate.
1) Uniformly distributed load was loaded to cause primary bending.
2) Temperature gradient between the upper and lower surface of plate. was loaded to
cause secondary stress.
Table-3 Analysis cases for circular plate
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Uniformly
distributed load; p
(MPa)
0.5
1
3
5
10
3
3
Temperature
difference; T
()
100
100
100
100
100
30
50
Yield stress
(MPa)
1, 2, 3
3, 5, 7
10, 15, 20
15, 20, 30
30, 40, 50
10, 15, 20
10, 15, 20
The samples (case-4) of analysis results are shown in Figure-10.

The stress distributions obtained from analyses with different yield stresses intersect at
symmetric point about center of the plate thickness, and that the stresses at the intersection
point are identical.
The theoretical solution of collapse load for this circular plate model is expressed as
follows, and p* corresponds to the uniformly distributed load, s is the R-node stress. For
example, in the case that the p*=5MPa (shown in Figure-10), s is 40MPa and this is well
consistent with the analysis result (about 38MPa). Further, as shown in Figure-11, the
R-node stress increases in proportion to uniformly distributed load.
2
Theoretical solution; p* = 12.5 h / 2 s = 40 MPa

b
Where, h is plate thickness (=100mm), b is plate radius (=500mm).

combination of primary bending stress with secondary stress.
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Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
Fig.10 Analysis result for a circular plate

100
100
At the edge of circular plate
80
R-node(1) stress
R-node(2) stress
R-node(1) location
R-node(2) location
60
60
40
40
20
20
R-node location (mm)
R-node stress (MPa)
80
0
0
10
Uniformly distributed load (MPa)
Fig.11 Relationship between R-node stress, location and uniformly distributed load
5.3 Model for combination of primary (membrane + bending) stress with

secondary stress
5.3.1 Analysis model
The analysis model was the circular plate shown in Figure-12.

Material properties of 316FR steel were used same as 5.1 and 5.2.
t100mm
Axis of symmetry
Uniformly distributed loadp
Ta
Tb
Tensile
load F
1000mm
evaluation section
Fig.12 Analysis model for a circular plate
The load conditions were as follows (refer to Figure-12).

Deformation was constraint at the edge of plate.
1) Uniformly distributed load was loaded to cause primary bending stress, and radial
tensile load is loaded to cause primary membrane stress.
2) Temperature gradient between the upper and lower surface of plate Secondary stress
was loaded to cause secondary stress as thermal stress.
1014

Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
Table-4 Analysis cases for circular plate

Secondary
stress
T()
100
100
Primary stress
Case
F (N)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6.3610
p (MPa)
1.30
3.89
0
0.65
1.30
2.59
3.89
5.18
3.89
1.27105
1.91105
Yield stress
(MPa)
10, 14, 18
10, 15, 20
5, 10, 15
10, 14, 18
10, 15, 20
10, 15, 20
25, 30, 35
25, 30, 35
25, 30, 35
100
100
The samples (case-5 and case-7) of analysis results are shown

in Figure-13. Figure-13(a) and (b) are the case of membrane stress dominant and the case of
bending stress dominant, respectively.
The single redistribution node is present in the case of membrane stress dominant
(Figure-13(a)), and two redistribution nodes are present in the case of bending stress
dominant (Figure-13(b)).
50
45
40
z=67.0mm
=25.5MPa
Case 5
35
30
25
20
Evaluation section
15
10
F=1.27105N
p=1.30MPa
T=100
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Location in the section (mm)
(a) Analysis results for case 5

Evaluation section
100
90
80
70
z=67.2mm
=40.7MPa
60
z=6.4mm
=40.1MPa
50
40
30
20
10
F=1.27105N
p=3.89MPa
T=100
Case 7
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Location in the section (mm)
(b) Analysis results for case 7

Fig.13 Analysis result of R-node for a circular plate
Figures 14 shows the relationships between R-node stress, location and uniformly
distributed load and Figure 15 shows the relationships between R-node stress, location and
tensile load. R-node stress increases in proportion to the uniformly distributed load and
tensile load, differently. The position of redistribution node changes according to the of the
tensile load to the uniformly distributed load, and this node move to vicinity of the plate
surface accompanying with increase of the tensile load. It is considered that the bending
stress dominant mode changes to the membrane stress dominant mode on the border of the
tensile load at which redistribution node position is 0mm.
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Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
The R-node stress increases in proportion to load shown in Figure-16, and this shows
the satisfaction of the following equation.
y
< P, M > L =
R node
< P, M >
combination of primary (membrane + bending) stress with secondary stress.
100
60
Tensile load1.27105N
90
80
70
40
60
50
30
40
20
30
10
R-node stress (MPa)
50
20
R-node stress
10
R-node location
0
0
0
2
3
4
Uniformly distributed load (MPa)
Fig.14 Relationship between R-node stress, location and uniformly distributed load
(tensile force; constant)
R-node(1) stress
R-node(2) stress
R-node(1) location
R-node(2) location
Uniformly distributed load3.89MPa
R-node stress (MPa)
80
100
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0.00E+00
5.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.50E+05
Tensile load (N)
2.00E+05
100
0
2.50E+05
Fig.15 Relationship between R-node stress, location and tensile force (uniformly
distributed load; constant)
Rnode stress (Normalized)
0
0
Pm+Pb (Normalized)
Fig.16 Relationship between R-node stress and expected stress
6. Technical issues
6.1 Settlement of yield stress
The selection of yield stress is important in the proposed method. The yield stress as
small as possible is preferable to induce the stress redistribution in the whole structure.
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Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008
However, recommendation of specified value is difficult, because the appropriate value

depends on the magnitude of primary stress.
According to the analysis results shown in chapter 5, the use of the yield stress of
20~70% of R-node stress was effective to obtain the appropriate analysis results. Because
the primary stress is limited within the elastic region in design, R-node stress can not
exceed the actual yield stress.
Therefore, it is considered that about 0.2Sy (Sy: actual yield stress) is appropriate as a
rough standard for the first elastic-plastic analysis at the present stage. By the way, the
appropriate value should be discussed from this time.
6.2 Applicability to 3-D structures

In this paper, 2-D models was used to verify the proposed evaluation method. It should
be identified that this method is applicable to more complicate stress state by applying to
3-D structures.
7. Conclusion
The following results were obtained;
(1) The simple evaluation method of primary stress using two cases of
elastic-plastic analyses was proposed.
(2) It was identified through application to 2-D model that primary stress and
secondary stress could be classified without iterative calculation by using the
proposed method.
(3) It was shown that proposed method did not require the evaluation section and
could evaluate primary stress by only using stress distributions.
Acknowledgement
This study is performed under the sponsorship of Ministry of Economy , Trade and
Industry (METI) of Japan. The authors express their sincere gratitude to METI and the
members of the advisory committee for the project.
References
(1) Kasahara, N. et al., Research and Development Issues for Fast Reactor Structural Design
Standard (FDS), ASME, PVP-Vol.472 (2004), pp.25-32
(2) Seshadri, R. and Femando, C.P.D., Limit Loads of Mechanical Components and Structures
using the GLOSS R-Node Method, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Vol.114 (1992),
pp.201-208
(3) Seshadri, R., The Generalized Local Stress Strain (GLOSS) Analysis - Theory and
Applications, Journal of Pres. Ves. Tech, Vol.113 (1991), pp.219-227
(4) Seshadri, R. and Marriott, D.L., On Relating the Reference Stress, Limit Load and the ASME
Stress Classification Concepts, Int. J. Pres. Ves. & Piping, Vol.56 (1993), pp.387-408
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Vol. 2, No. 8, 2008

The study on Evaluation Method of Primary

Nuclear Power Division, Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.,

*Received 1 Oct., 2007 (No. T1-05-0876)

Fig.1 Concept of Steam Generator in

Fig.2 Stress classification for Design by