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those who study and possess them, and send instructions in print to
this end to all communities of Israel in every country . . . Ezekiel.5
R. Landau saw the turbulence surrounding Eibeschutz and his handful
of amulets as a minor issue relative to the far greater problemthe spread
and attraction of Sabbatean writings, which the masses viewed as holy
writings. This literature, partly associated with the acclaimed figure of
Eibeschutz,6 boasted numerous copiers and possessors among the
Jews of Podolia. Its circulation was not limited to members of the Sabbatean sect proper, and its success necessitated a sharp contravening move
of separation. Thus, Landaus approach was to oppose Eibeschutz himself
only by moderate means, and even to turn a blind eye to his peccadilloes.
At the same time, heretical literature (including Eibeschutzs attributed
composition) should be fought unambiguously. In this way, he hoped
that Eibeschutz would come to disavow his own heretical writings, thus
weakening the link between the rabbinic establishment and the Sabbatean literature. He urged bans against this literature in order to reestablish the recently blurred boundaries between acceptable and inadmissible
writings. A whole genre perceived by many Podolian Jews as holy writings was in fact heretical! It was this aspect of the ongoing controversy
that Landau, the Rabbi of Yampol, sought to emphasize.
European Sabbateanism in the mid-eighteenth century was frequently
a diverse, shadowy phenomenonan open secret, whose existence was
known but not always exposed and analyzed. Sabbateanism occurred in
the environs of the traditional community; typically it was neither publicly
nor sharply distinguished from the correct faith. The Sabbatean manuscript, like the Sabbatean believer himself, exploited the widespread dissemination of kabbalistic-Lurianic culture. It was not easily differentiated
from holy writings based on R. Isaac Luria (the Ari) and his followers,
which at the time were at the height of their popularity.7 This blurring
5. Gah.ale esh, Part 2, 132a133a. Other, printed versions and translation are
mentioned below.
6. They attach themselves to a great person . . . (Gah.ale esh, Part 2,
125b); for secret matters came from him (ibid., 133b).
7. See, e.g., Jacob Elbaum, Openness and Insularity: Late Sixteenth-Century Jewish Literature in Poland and Ashkenaz (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1990); Yosef Avivi, Kabbala Luriana (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 2008); Zeev Gries, Printing and Publishing:
Printing and Publishing before 1800, in YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern
Europe, http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Printing_and_Publishing/Print
ing_and_Publishing_before_1800 (accessed July 18, 2010); Moshe Idel, Mysticism and Mystical Literature, YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. http://
www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Mysticism_and_Mystical_Literature (accessed July 18, 2010). Sabbateanism itself, as Gries and others have argued, played
an important role in this popularity.
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used it to his own advantage. Conversely, the call for a literary ban had
a limited effect. The rabbis of the Brody kloyz assembled in September of
the same year (1752). They rejected the proposition of their colleague,
the Head of the Court of Yampol; they preferred an indulgent attitude
toward the amulets in question, although they did issue a ban on the
pamphlets listed in his letter.13 Beyond this local declaration by Landaus
hometown bet midrash,14 no move toward the exclusion of these texts
was undertaken at this point in time by any of the great people of the
land whose support the impassioned writer had hoped to enlist.
TO MEND A F ENCE
A different statement of Ezekiel Landaus is recorded in an undated responsum in the first volume of Noda bi-yehudah, published in Prague in
1776. The following paragraph was written in connection with a seemingly run-of-the-mill halakhic discussion regarding the correct written
form of certain letters in a Torah scroll. Earlier discussions of this topic
had cited the Zohar among other sources of halakhah and customsa
not unusual occurrence.15 Surprisingly, Landau interrupts his analysis of
the case in order to comment on a worrisome state of affairs:
Now, regarding the words of the Zohar, I do not wish to speak at
length. How I am angered by those who study the book of the Zohar
and the Kabbalistic literature in public. They remove the yoke of the
revealed Torah from their necks, and chirp and make noises over the
book of the Zohar, thus losing out on both, causing the Torah to be
forgotten from Israel. Furthermore, since our generation has seen an
increase in the heretics of the sect of Sabbatai Zevi, may his bones rot,
it would be proper to mend a fence and prohibit the study of the Zohar
and the Kabbalistic texts . . . in any case, we do not rule halakhah from
the Zohar.16 I do not wish to speak at length regarding the meaning of
13. Gah.ale esh, 140b; Aspaklarya ha-meirah (Altona, 1752), 95a; Petah.
enayim 15a.
14. Landau was a member of the kloyz between 1732 and 1745, at which point
he left for the position he held at the time, Rabbi of Yampol.
15. See, e.g., the Responsa of the Maharshal, 73; R. Menahem Lonzano, Or
Torah (Berlin, 1745), section Behaalotkha and others. These two sources are
cited by Landau in his responsa.
16. This expression is a paraphrase of the well-known statement of Shemuel
in yHag 1.8: Rav Zeira [said] in the name of Shemuel: we do not teach [Halakhah] from mishnah, nor from legends, nor from additional teachings, but only
from Talmud. Landau rephrases the saying to fit his rejection of the Zohar as a
source.
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the Zohar, as I do not deal with hidden secrets17 but merely reflect on
that which has been permitted to me.18
He agitates here against two different groups. The heretics of the sect of
Sabbatai Zevi form an external, remote opponent. However, this
polemic is not aimed directly at them; rather, they serve as a warning to
those who do not belong to the sect. Landau claims that their amateurish
involvement with the Zohar (they chirp and make noises), and their
folksy public lectures in esoteric kabbalistic homiletics, though not heretical per se, threaten to lead them toward the rejection of the true law.
Despite the distinctness of the two addressees, the paragraph links
them together rhetorically: it is the existence of the heretical group that
gives the catastrophic meaning to the activities of the normative. At this
particular juncture (due to the increase in the heretics of the sect of
Sabbatai Zevi), the decisive action of mending a fence is required in
order to meet this threat. This proposition is, of course, addressed only
to the second, internal, group, the only one of the two that might pay
attention to the rabbinical authority.
It can be assumed that there is also another, less theoretical reason for
this pointed amalgamation between the two groups: in the day-to-day
reality reflected here, familiar to all readers of the time, there was no
sharp differentiation between a recognized magid or kabbalistic preacher,
on the one hand, and a hidden Sabbatean heretic, on the other.19 The
polemical argument offered by Landau attempts to distinguish the two by
means of denunciations and prohibitions. The bearers of Jewish tradition
struggled with the various manifestations of the Sabbatean perversion
precisely because of this elision: they were not dealing with a band clearly
set apart but with one snugly integrated within majority culture.
The worldview reflected here is reminiscent of the one encountered
earlier in Landaus letter of 1752. However, the passages differ in two
significant ways: first, the mending of a fence mentioned is a far cry
from the ban and excommunication which he called for in the previous
section. Second, in this responsum, Landaus censure is no longer
17. This phrase comes from the well-known saying of Ben Sira, quoted in both
Talmuds (bHag 13a; yHag 2.1): Search not the things that are too wonderful for
thee, And seek not that which is hid from thee. What thou art permitted, think
thereupon, but thou hast no business with the secret things.
18. Noda bi-yehudah Responsa, part 1 (Hebrew; Prague, 1776) Yoreh Deah
74.
19. This forms the background for the dozens of exposures of Sabbateans,
documented in the writings of Emden, among others. See, e.g., Sefer Hitavkut
(Altona, 1762), 24246; Kahana From Prague to Pressburg, 2021; 28; 77.
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While the date of the responsum is omitted from the printed editions of
Noda bi-yehudah, a copy can be found in the notebooks of its addressee,
R. Pinh.as of Boskowitz.20 The manuscript enables us to establish the date
as Friday, 19 Adar I, 5516 (February 20, 1756). This dating clarifies the
urgency and the harsh tone that holds sway over what should have been
a normal halakhic exchange. On 1 Tevet (December 1, 1755), Jacob
Frank had crossed the Dniester into Poland. During his ostentatious
campaign through Podolia, he had openly solicited groups of Sabbatean
believers, occasionally clashing with the rabbinical establishment.21 Two
months later, on the eve of 26 Tevet (January 28, 1756), Frank and his
supporters were discovered in Lanckorona conducting a Sabbateannihilist ritual ceremony. This incident snowballed into arrests, hearings,
persecutions, and eventually into a frontal confrontation on a vast scale.
As it ran its convoluted course (lasting roughly three years), the clash
between the rabbis of the region and the Frankist groupunder the partisan patronage of the local bishop, Dembowskyescalated into two
dramatic public debates (in Kamieniec Podolski and Lwow), an extraordinary blood libel which featured counteraccusations between Jews and
the burning of the Talmud (in the wake of the first debate) and culmi20. Katzenellenbogen, Derashot ve-h.idushim, Oxford University Bodlean
Library, MS Heb. E. 13, 12a12b.
21. See M. S. Balaban, Le-toldot ha-tenuah ha-frankit (Tel Aviv, 1926), 1217;
and Dov Ber of Bolechovs Divre binah, in Studies in Galician Jewry, ed. A.Y.
Brawer (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1956), 214.
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ture and its preachers. Various sources attest to his earlier acceptance of
and personal involvement in the circulation of printed works of Kabbalah
and the kabbalistic magidim throughout his many years at the Brody kloyz
(173245) and the Yampol rabbinate (174555).24 This positive outlook
is in keeping with his active objection to any perverted Kabbalah that
was clearly Sabbatean in nature, as seen from his 1752 declaration.
By contrast, the statement he issued in the halakhic ruling, which I
have dated to early 1756, expresses a negative view of the very standing
of Kabbalah in contemporary Jewish culture. At this particular juncture
he loudly and roundly rejects its public study, proposing a collective public veto on any type of Kabbalah study, whether of the acceptable kind
or otherwise. It is in this context that the representative character of the
wandering (or stationary) magid is transformed into a menacing figure.
From this point on, R. Landaus letters of approval to homiletic works
include warnings and attach conditions on wandering preachers and
revealing of secrets, even when no Sabbatean influence was identified.25
The almost forty years he was to spend in Prague (1755 to 1793) only
served to entrench and deepen his hostility to Kabbalahthis in a man
who himself had grown up, been educated, and had been unconditionally
active in an environment saturated with it.26
Due to the intensity of ongoing events, Landaus call on this occasion
received a speedy and noteworthy response. Three months later, after the
conclusion of the rabbinical courts investigations in Satanow into the
Lanckorona affair, a number of rabbis (including friends and relatives of
Landau) gathered in Brody and promulgated a writ of excommunication
against the Frankists. Yet, unlike previous bans issued against Sabbateansim, this excommunication was not only directed outward in an effort to
isolate the proscribed group but also erected a surprising fence facing
the community left inside, exactly in accordance with Landaus words
and intentions in his communication to Rabbi Katzenellenbogen. This
fence mandated that the minimum age for the study of the Zohar was
24. See Kahana, From Prague to Pressburg, 7388, and compare an alternative, important attitude: Sharon Flatto, The Kabbalistic Culture of EighteenthCentury Prague: Ezekiel Landau (the Noda Biyehudah) and his Contemporaries
(Oxford, 2010), 11189.
25. See Mendel Pierkarz, The Beginning of Hasidism: Ideological Trends in Derush
and Musar Literature (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1978), 14547; Kahana, From
Prague to Pressburg, 47; 83.
26. Kahana, From Prague to Pressburg, 7388; Maoz Kahana and Michael
K. Silber, Deists, Sabbateans and Kabbalists in Prague: A Censored Sermon of
R. Ezekiel Landau 1770 (Hebrew), Kabbalah: Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts 21 (2010): 37178; and cf. Flatto, Kabbalistic Culture, 97232.
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thirty; in regard to the writings of the Ari and the rest of the kabbalistic
literature, the requisite age was forty.27
Two months later, this excommunication, titled The Double-edged
Sword, was partly ratified at the gathering of the Council of Four Lands
in Konstantynow28 and henceforth became the official policy of the leadership of Eastern European Jewry.29 At this stage Landaus earlier
request was also grantedthe excommunication included not only the
believers in Sabbatai Zevi and Nathan of Gaza but also anyone who
possessed the Sabbatean pamphlets mentioned in his 1752 warning. The
relevant clause read, and the excommunication shall apply to anyone
who owns the aforementioned impure books, unless he burns them,
including the names of God they contain.30
The 1756 Frankist outbreak was not the only factor that led Rabbi
Landau to adapt a combative approach to the kabbalistic cultural
supremacy of his surroundings,31 but its contribution was clearly decisive
in his efforts to formulate an alternative. In opposition to the Zoharite
Sabbatean-Frankists, who rejected the Talmud (Contratalmudists, as
they were known at the time), Landau presented the mirror-image of the
rabbinic talmudist, whose knowledge is purified from kabbalistic dross.
A contemporary confrontation had thus served to redefine, and sharply
reshape, the boundaries of rabbinic culture.
R A B B I PI N H
. A S K AT Z E N E L L E N B O G E N
KABBALAH AND SABBATEANISM
The aforementioned fence had indeed been constructed, but official decisions, of course, merely present a narrow view of actual reality. A differ27. The writ of excommunication was printed in proclamations, reprinted by
Y. Cohen-Tzeddek, Otsar h.okhmah (Lwow, 1859), 1:2228. A corresponding
description of the excommunication was printed in 1758 by Emden (Sefer shimush
7b), which provides the source for The Records of the Council of the Four Lands,
compiled and annotated by I. Bartal, Y. Halperin, and S. Ettinger (Hebrew;
Jerusalem, 1990), section 753. Regarding the link between Landaus letter and
the Brody excommunication, see Kahana From Prague to Pressburg, 22, n. 50.
On the development of the different traditions regarding the limit of Kabbalah
study to age forty, see Moshe Idel, On the History of the Interdiction against
the Study of Kabbalah before the Age of Forty, AJS Review 5 (1980): 1*20*.
28. The distinguished backgrounds, contexts, and contents of Brody and Konstantynow bans can be traced through Pawel Maciejko, Baruch Yavan and the
Frankist Movement: Intercession in an Age of Upheaval, Jahrbuch des SimonDubnow-Instituts 4 (2005): 33354.
29. Halperin, The Records, sections 75153.
30. Ibid.
31. See Kahana and Silber, A Censored Sermon.
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ent vantage point can be found by way of a brief look at the notebooks
of Rabbi Pinh.as Katzenellenbogen, the addressee of Landaus 1756 responsum.
Pinh.as Katzenellenbogen (16911765), an eighth-generation descendant of Rabbi Meir (Maharam) of Padua, was a scion of a distinguished
and well-known family, whose offspring occupied many rabbinical posts
in eighteenth-century German lands and Poland. He was born in Dubno
in 1691. His father, Moses, served as the rabbi of Podhayce before falling
victim to a blood libel in 1699 and fleeing to Furth. Subsequently, Moses
served as rabbi of Ansbach and Zirendorf. Katzenellenbogen himself
stayed for a while with his grandfather, accompanying him to Furth as
well, where the latter served as rabbi of the community. Later, Katzenellenbogen studied in Prague, at the yeshivot of Rabbi David Oppenheim
and Rabbi Abraham Broda. He served later in the rabbinate in Wallerstein, Leipnik, and Markbreit before moving to Boskowitz in Moravia.32
It was from there in 1756 that he sent his query regarding scribal practices to Landau in Prague.
Happily, Katzenellenbogen was a near-obsessive recorder of his life.
Equally fortunate, ten of his notebooks had already reached the Bodleian
Library in Oxford by the nineteenth century.33 These notebooks, roughly
two thousand pages in total, contain an abundance of diverse material:
novel Torah ideas and insights into tractates he had studied, sermons
and eulogies, various calculations, halakhic responsa, and court rulings.
Alongside these, he also recorded dreams, visions, and encounters with
assorted mystics, as well as the advice he received from them, and many
other events of his life. In 1986 Rabbi Isaac Dov Feld published one of
these notebooks: Yesh manh.ilin (There Are Those Who Bequeath), containing Katzenellenbogens last testament, in addition to his life story.34
This book, together with the manuscripts, offers a unique glimpse into
the world of an eighteenth-century Ashkenazi rabbi of a medium-sized
community.
If Landaus words and actions embody the desire to draw a firm dividing line between those who chirp and make noises over the book of the
32. A detailed and accurate portrayal of his life and family history can be
found in Y. D. Felds introduction to Katzenellenbogens book Yesh manh.ilin, and
in the appendix added to the volume, H
. aluke avanim.
33. See Aharon Walden, Shem ha-gedolim he-h.adash (Warsaw, 1864); Maarekhet gedolim 80.
34. Katzenellenbogen, Yesh manh.ilin (Jerusalem 1986). On testament literature, see Zeev Gries, Conduct Literature (Regimen Vitae): Its History and Place in the
Life of Beshtian Hasidism (Hebrew; Jerusalem, 1989), 5154.
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Zohar and the rabbinic masters, the writings of Katzenellenbogen provide the best demonstration of the nonexistence of any such demarcation.
His life and writings combine diligent study and uninterrupted study of
Talmud, the halakhic authorities, and novel teachings of Torah, alongside
his correspondence regarding Kabbalah, visionary dreams, the use of
kabbalistic and magical talismans, and dealings with various kabbalistic
Names, some of which he learnt from books, others from living mystics.
Naturally, his rabbinical service was not disconnected from his written
interests.35 A survey of his attitude toward Sabbateanism reveals the
extent to which his viewpoint differed from that of R. Landau.
Yesh manh.ilin, interestingly enough, was composed between 1758 and
1761, at the height of the Frankist confrontation discussed above. At the
beginning of this book of his testament, Katzenellenbogen recorded his
childhood relationship with two wondrous mystics in 17045, during the
period of his stay with his father in Furth:
A holy and pure man . . . his faith was in the hidden secrets of Torah,
and all the pious (H.asidim), including their most learned and ascetic,
would approach him in order to draw living waters from his well of
kabbalistic wisdom . . . My fathermy master, teacher and rabbialso
attended him . . . his name was the Sage, our Master, Abraham Rovigo,
may his memory be blessed, and let his merit be in our stead forever.
His student who served him, our Master Rabbi Mordecai from the
holy community of Lwow, he cleaved unto his masters Torah and
faith,36 until he merited . . . that a [heavenly] Magid was revealed to
him in the form of his perfectly wise rabbi (h.akham ha-shalem), the
same Master, Rabbi Abraham Rovigo. He studied the wisdom of the
Kabbala with him, and revealed secrets to him until he wrote a book on
several passages from the Zohar, called Eshel avraham after the Rabbi
[Rovigo] . . . since I know that our Master, Rabbi Mordecai, was not
learned enough to be versed in the Talmud, he must have obtained the
knowledge as a gift from Heaven for serving the great man . . . for I
have known him [Abraham Rovigo] from my youthhis countenance
35. See, e.g., Yesh manh.ilin, section 31.
36. By the recurring expression his faith Katzenellenbogen might be referring to Rovigos Sabbatean beliefs: in the faith of the righteous man; mistaken
in his faith. See Y. Tishby, Netive emunah u-minutmasot u-mekhkarim be-sifrut
ha-kabala ve-hashabetaut (Tel Aviv, 1964), 22930; Gershom Scholem, Shabethai
Zebi veha-tenua ha-shabtait bi-yeme h.ayav (Tel Aviv, 1957), 2:822 (index), maaminim.
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through the pages of this manuscript, which was also brought by the
exigencies of history to the Bodleian Library in Oxford, we will discover
an interesting composition, roughly fifteen pages in length, which includes the following lines: penitential rectifications (tikune teshuva) sent
from Gaza, instituted by our most dignified teacher, Rabbi Nathan
the Prophet Ashkenazi.44 Katzenellenbogen kept this manuscript
including the penitential rectifications of Nathan of Gazain his private
library for many years, dating back to his Furth period. On one summers
day in 175645 he added a comment of his own, identifying the copyist of
the writings he had brought from Furth as none other than Abraham
Rovigo.46
Just as the reference to Nathan of Gaza did not lead Katzenellenbogen
to burn the Sabbatean manuscript, or even remove it from his house, so
Rovigos affiliation with Sabbateanism, clearly established by the manuscript, failed to induce the author to repudiate his youthful relationship
with the latter. Nor did it have any noticeable effect on his reverential
portrayal of the holy, pure man,47 written in 1758, more than two years
after the outbreak of the conflicts between Frank and the rabbis in
Podolia.
Katzenellenbogens esteem for Rovigo belongs also to the realm of the
mystical. Like Mordecai Ashkenazi, the youthful Katzenellenbogen had
seen Rovigo in a dream, in which he taught him the relevant biblical verse
assigned esoterically to his name. Even when writing his comment on the
Sabbatean rectification, more than fifty years after this vision, Katzenellenbogen continued to recite that verse on a daily basis: since I merited
from heaven that he show it to me, and I heard it from that holy, pure
mouth.48 This leads to the inevitable question: was Katzenellenbogen
44. Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari and Other Kabbalistic Writings (Hebrew;
Oxford manuscript, MS Mich. 36), 214a. These lines are inserted between the
lines in pages 214b and 228b. This manuscript, mentioning the rectifications of
Nathan of Gaza, has been noted by Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi, 460, n. 1. On the
identity of the copyist and its implications for the dissemination of Sabbateanism
by Rovigo during his Furth days, see Tishby, who also mentions Katzenellenbogens aforementioned comments on this manuscript: Doctor Rabbi Meirs Letters to Rabbi Abraham Rovigo, 16751680 (Hebrew), Sefunot 2/3 (195960):
7784.
45. June 18, 1756. Interestingly, the Hebrew date was 20 Sivan 5516, the
same date as the Frankist excommunication in Brody.
46. Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari, 259a.
47. Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari, 259a; in the same year, using the same
expression, see Yesh manh.ilin, section 6.
48. Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari, 259a. With slight variations, he copied this
two years later into his testament; Yesh manh.ilin, section 6.
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who kept a Sabbatean manuscript in his home and who recorded his and
his fathers relations with Rovigo and Ashkenazi in unreservedly affectionate terms, was he a distinguished rabbi of a standard community, and
a secret believer in Sabbateanism at the same time?
Interestingly, it appears that troublesome thoughts of this kind actually
occurred to Katzenellenbogen himself. On November 17, 1758,49 roughly
two and a half years after writing his first comment,50 he added another
note, prominently positioned at the head of the binding of the Shulh.an
Arukh of the Ari (which included the aforementioned Sabbatean manuscript). This note was written in the course of his use of Nathan of Gazas
penitential rectificationshe had copied parts of it for he own purposes,
excellent words, as he put it.51 After praising Rovigo once again, Katzenellenbogen sought to rid himself of any suspicion:
Now I have observed in this book that he calls Nathan of Gaza a true
and righteous prophet . . . the same man who prophesied falsely
regarding Sabbatai Zevi, may his name be blotted out, who caused a
great stumbling-block. Lest anyone suspect me, God forbid, of being
one of them, far be it for [me] the seed of father, our holy teacher, may
his memory be blessed, and the faith of the righteous, may he live
forever. However, we do not criticize the lion [Ari], that Godfearing, righteous man; one should not be astonished even if he wrote
such things, for in those days, in the year 1666, most communities of
Israel believed in those strange matters. But their disgrace has since
been revealed, and no more need be said.52
The unease of the owner of the Sabbatean manuscript at the time is evident to anyone who glances at it. Alongside this note, at the head of the
binding, Katzenellenbogen scribbled a few short words of reservation
next to the praises of Nathan the Prophet, on the opening page of the
Sabbatean rectification itself. He added similar comments to the closing
page as well.53
49. Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari, 259a. The page was originally placed at the
head of the binding of the writings. It is dated Friday, on the eve of Shabbat
Parashat Vayyera, 16 H
. eshvan 5519 [1759].
50. Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari, 259a.
51. Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari, 259a. On the significance of penitential rectifications for Rabbi Pinchas, see Yesh manchilin, sections 3846; Kahana From
Prague to Pressburg, 4951.
52. Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari, 259a.
53. Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari, 214a (and his disgrace was revealed, for he
was a false prophet, as is well-known); 223a. Although these additions are
undated, they direct the reader to the earlier, more detailed comment, which
appears above.
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retrospect he had been mistaken.56 Even at this stage, Nathans penitential rectification was not buried or consigned to the flames.
Katzenellenbogen, the recipient of Landaus 1756 letter, had indeed
fallen prey to the allure of forbidden knowledge. Just like the masses
of Podolia, he viewed Nathan of Gazas rectifications as holy writings,
and just like them, he denied being a Sabbatean adherent. Katzenellenbogens four personal comments scribbled on the back of the penitential
rectification manuscript appear to reflect a change of heart in the light of
current events. Between the initial revelation of the Frankist movement
and later its fateful denouement, he had to confront afresh the implications of a normative rabbi such as himself possessing a Sabbatean
manuscript. His response clearly displays a dialectical attitude toward the
Sabbatean phenomenon on the one hand and its literary productions on
the other. Katzenellenbogens public writings of those years also suggest
that he recoiled from some of his earlier opinions in light of the ensuing
events. In the winter of 1761, about three years after he had begun his
testament Yesh manh.ilin, he had completed one hundred and fifty pages of
the project. In the traditional manner, he sought to finish on a positive
note by mentioning the long-awaited redemption. At this point, more than
a year after the Frankist conversions began (September 1759), his troubled state of mind is manifest in the concluding paragraphs of his personal
testament:
According to the Tosafot57 . . . even Shmuel, who says the only difference between this world and the days of the Messiah is the subjugation
of the kingdoms alone,58 agrees that we will nonetheless possess the
Temple and the holy city of Jerusalem, may it be rebuilt speedily in
the days of the Messiah, in our days, with Gods help. And what shall
we do with those who believe in Sabbatai Zevi etc., and claim that he
has already arrived; may their name be blotted out? For if so, where is
the Temple in its glory? And Jerusalem, our holy city? In our sins, our
splendor has been removed from us.59
56. The first part of the quotation cited above includes a renewed account of
Rovigos praises (Shulch.an Arukh of the Ari, 259b).
57. The reference is to the comments of the Tosafot on bShab 63a, which he
had mentioned earlier in section 239.
58. bBer 34a.
59. Yesh manh.ilin, section 241. This section can be approximately dated to January or February 1761. In March 1760, Katzenellenbogen set aside the conclusion of the volume, due to the passing of his wife. In early November 1760 he
undertook to finish the work (Yesh manh.ilin, Everyday Events, 346). This he
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608
609
610
book, for he truly was a great and cherished kabbalist, all of whose
words are in good taste, and composed with perceptive understanding.
And if he was in errorI said to myselfnow that I have reached old
age71 [ . . . God] will assist me and teach me the way of truth, and until
the day of my death he will lead me in straight paths for the sake of his
true name, Amen, let it be his will.
This remarkable passage sketches out in clear terms Katzenellenbogens
spiritual tribulations, as his unequivocal rejection of Sabbateanism confronts his honest appreciation of the merits of the book and the pleasure
he takes in reading it. While its author is decidedly mistaken in his
faith, he remains a great and cherished kabbalist, all of whose words
are in good taste, and composed with perceptive understanding. The end
result of his confusion and misgivings is far from unambiguouseven an
explicit revelation of Elijah in favor of the book leads him to distance
himself temporarily from its perusal. This point is remarkable: Katzenellenbogen, who accepted Nathan of Gazas rectifications, was suspicious
of Elijah the Prophets visionary revelation! It is likely that the thenstandard association of prophecy with Sabbateanism caused Katzenellenbogen to doubt the validity of his own dream.72 The Elijah who
appeared in his dreams might actually be a lure from the Other Side
[Satan], as R. Isaiah Bassan feared might be the case in regard to the
identity of the otherwordly magid who visited his student Moses H
. ayyim
Luzzatto, suspected in his time of Sabbateanism.73 A similar concern was
expressed by the Gaon of Vilna when he ruled that now that the delinquents (Sabbateans) have increased . . . it is impossible for all the words
[of a magid] to be holy of holies without any dross.74
It will be recalled that in his youth a magid appeared to Katzenellenbogen in the form of the Sabbatean Rovigo, just as he featured in the dreams
of his Sabbatean student, Mordecai Ashkenazi.75 Although his admiration
71. Katzenellenbogen turned sixty-five in 1756.
72. See, e.g., Scholem, The Dreams of Mordecai Ashkenazi; Tishby, The First
Sabbatean Maggid. On the early stages of this phenomenon and its broader
European context, see, e.g., Matt Goldish, The Sabbatean Prophets (Cambridge,
Mass., 2004). For later ones, see Moshe Idel, On Prophecy and Early Hasidism, in Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Babi-Bahai Faiths,
ed. M. Sharon. (Leiden, 2004): 4175.
73. S. Ginsburg, Rabbi Moses Haim Luzzatto and His Generation: A Collection of
Letters and Records (Hebrew; Tel Aviv, 1937), 1:86.
74. Rabbi H
. aim of Volozhin, Sifra de-tzniuta im biur ha- Gra (Jerusalem,
1986), introduction.
75. See Shulh.an Arukh of the Ari, 259a.
611
612
613
I will tell you face-to-face: how could such a thing be, that words of
truth could be found within lies?! Hence whoever is wise should eat
the pulp and discard the rind, as Rabbi Meir did with Ah.ers teachings.
Moshe H
. aim Luzzatto81
I have attempted to trace, step by step, the parallel reactions of these
two correspondentsRabbi Pinh.as Katzenellenbogen and Rabbi Ezekiel
Landauto the tumultuous events, which they experienced from a certain distance, in the provinces of Bohemia and Moravia respectively.
However, this limited survey has wider implications with regard to the
conceptualization and exclusion of the Sabbatean movement in the latter
half of the eighteenth century and beyond.
The unambiguous compartmentalization of impure and pure, combined with the revelation and exposure of Sabbatean literature and
figures, was a discourse beloved by Emden, who made continuous use of
79. On the Sabbateans of Prague, see, e.g., Gershom Scholem, A Frankist
Document from Prague, in Salo Wittmayer Baron Jubilee, ed. S. Lieberman (Jerusalem, 1974), 2:787814; Scholem, Researches in Sabbateanism, ed. Y. Liebes
(Hebrew; Tel Aviv, 1991), see index; Maciejko, Frankist Movement, 23146;
Alexandr Putk, Prague Jews and Judah Hasid: A Study of the Social, Political
and Religious History of the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries,
Judaica Bohemiae 38 (2003): 72105; ibid, 39 (2004): 5392.
80. On Landau and the Sabbateans of Prague, see Kahana, From Prague to
Pressburg, 7378.
81. Letters of the Ramh.al (Ginsburg, Letters and Records), 152.
614
615
616
89. A parallel example, with many points of similarity and contrast, can be
found in Darntons study of philosophical literature in prerevolutionary
France; see Robert Darnton, The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France
(New York, 1995). In a Jewish connection, the kabbalistic writings of the Ramh.al himself form an integral part of any such discussion, as they were prohibited
and banned, while having a unusually wide influence, throughout the eighteenth
century.
90. Emdens long-term project of literary purification, including the typological conflict between himself and R. Jonathan Eibeschutz, can be helpfully viewed
from this vantage point as well, in the form of an encounter between a vague,
convoluted, multifaceted sense of self and a certain kind of modern, distinct, pure
identity. On these transformations, see Dror Wahrman, The Making of the Modern
Self: Identity and Culture in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven. Conn., 2006).
Wahrmans study focuses mainly on England, and to a limited extent France and
the United States. His work is partly a development of Taylors classic, more
general survey of European culture: Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making
of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, Mass., 1989). The development of secret societies in the eighteenth century, such as the Freemasons, is also relevant to this
discussion. A similar approach to Emdens complex personality can be found in
Schacters study of his autobiography: Jacob J. Schacter, History and Memory
of Self: The Autobiography of Rabbi Jacob Emden, in Jewish History and Jewish
Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, ed. E. Carlebach, J. M. Efron,
D. N. Myers (Hanover, N.H., 1998), 42852. See also Sorotzkin, The Timeless
Community. On mixed identities in eighteenth-century Jewish society, including Sabbateanism, see David B. Ruderman, Early Modern Jewry: A New Cultural
History (Princeton, N.J., 2010), 15990.
91. bH
. ag 15a. Luzzatto used this exact same metaphor.