CELSO MARVIN T.

BIT 2D-G1
TECH 123

NTC (National Telecommunications Commission) is an agency of the Philippine government under the Commission
on Information and Communications Technology responsible for the supervision, adjudication and control over all
telecommunications services throughout the Philippines.

The National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) is the government agency created under Executive Order No.
546 promulgated on July 23, 1979, and conferred with regulatory and quasi-judicial functions taken over from the
Board of Communications and the Telecommunications Control Bureau which were abolished in the same Order.

Primarily, the NTC is the sole body that exercises jurisdiction over the supervision, adjudication and control over all
telecommunications services throughout the country. For the effective enforcement of this responsibility, it adopts and
promulgates such guidelines, rules, and regulations relative to the establishment operation and maintenance of various
telecommunications facilities and services nationwide.

Although independent insofar as its regulatory and quasi-judicial functions are concerned, the NTC remains under the
administrative supervision of the Commission on Information and Communications Technology as an attached agency.
However, with respect to its quasi-judicial functions, NTC’s decisions are appealable only and directly to the Supreme
Court of the Philippines.

1927: Act No. 3396 known as the Ship Radio Station Law was enacted.The Radio Construction and Maintenance
Section, the first radio regulatory office was charged to enforce the said law.

1931:Act No. 3846 known as the Radio Control Law was enacted. The Radio Control Division in the Bureau of Post
was created under the jurisdiction of the then Secretary of Commerce and Communications.

1939: The Radio Control Division was transferred to the Department of National Defense which was organized
pursuant to Executive Order No. 230.

1947: The Radio Control Division was again transferred to the Department of Commerce and Industry which was
created pursuant to Executive Order No. 230.

1951: Republic Act 1476 was enacted abolishing the Radio Control Board.

1962: Department Order 51 was issued changing the name of the Radio Control Division to the Radio Control Office.

1972: The Board of Communications (BOC) was created under the Integrated Reorganization Law. It was the first
quasi-judicial body with adjudicatory powers on matters involving telecommunications services.

1974: The Radio Control Office was renamed the Telecommunications Control Bureau.

1979: By virtue of Executive Order 546, the TCB and the BOC were integrated into a single entity now known as the
National Telecommunications Commission. The Ministry of Transportation and Communications, which was created
under the same Order has administrative jurisdiction over the NTC.

1987: President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 125-A making the NTC an attached agency of the Department
of Transportation and Communications (Philippines)|Department of Transportation and Communications.

2004: President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued Executive Order 269 creating the Commission on Information and
Communications Technology (Philippines)|Commission on Information and Communications Technology and
transferring the NTC from the Department of Transportation and Communications (Philippines)|DOTC to the
Commission on Information and Communications Technology (Philippines)|CICT.

2005: President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued Executive Order 454 transferring the NTC back to the Department of
Transportation and Communications (Philippines)|DOTC.

2008 [[President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo issued Executive Order 648 transferring the NTC back to the Commission
on Information and Communications Technology (Philippines)|CICT.
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) is a number unique to every GSM and WCDMA and iDEN mobile
phone, as well as some satellite phones. It is usually found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone. It can
also be displayed on the screen of the phone by entering *#06# into the keypad.

The IMEI number is used by the GSM network to identify valid devices and therefore can be used to stop a stolen
phone from accessing the network. For example, if a mobile phone is stolen, the owner can call his or her network
provider and instruct them to “ban” the phone using its IMEI number. This renders the phone useless, whether or not
the phone’s SIM is changed.

Unlike the Electronic Serial Number or MEID of CDMA and other wireless networks, the IMEI is only used to identify
the device, and has no permanent or semi-permanent relation to the subscriber. Instead, the subscriber is identified by
transmission of an IMSI number, which is stored on a SIM card that can (in theory) be transferred to any handset.
However, many network and security features are enabled by knowing the current device being used by a subscriber.

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) on a removable SIM card securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) used
to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices (such as computers and mobile phones). The SIM card allows
users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile
phone or broadband telephony device.

A SIM card contains its unique serial number, international unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), security
authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network (also temporary local id
that has been issued to the user), a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords (PIN for usual use and
PUK for unlocking).

SIM cards are available in two standard sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm x 0.76 mm).
The newer, more popular miniature version has a width of 25 mm, a length of 15 mm, and a thickness of 0.76 mm.
However, most SIM cards are still supplied as a full-sized card with the smaller card held in place by a few plastic links
and can be easily broken off to be used in a phone that uses the smaller SIM.

The first SIM card was made in 1991, with Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient selling the first 300 SIM
cards to Finnish wireless network operator Elisa Oyj (formerly Radiolinja).

PIN (Personal identification Number) is a secret numeric password shared between a user and a system that can be
used to authenticate the user to the system. Typically, the user is required to provide a non-confidential user identifier
or token and a confidential PIN to gain access to the system. Upon receiving the User ID and PIN, the system looks up
the PIN based upon the User ID and compares the looked-up PIN with the received PIN. The user is granted access
only when the number entered matches with the number stored in the system.

PINs are most often used for automated teller machines (ATMs) but are increasingly used at the point of sale, for debit
cards and credit cards. Throughout Europe the traditional in-store credit card signing process is being replaced with a
system where the customer is asked to enter their PIN instead of signing. In the UK and Ireland this goes under the
term ‘Chip and PIN’, since PINs were introduced at the same time as EMV chips on the cards. In other parts of the
world, PINs have been used before the introduction of EMV. Apart from financial uses, GSM mobile phones usually
allow the user to enter PIN between 4 and 8 digits length. The PIN is recorded in the SIM card.

In 2006, James Goodfellow, the inventor of the personal identification number, was awarded an OBE in the Queen’s
Birthday Honours Lis

GSM (Globe System For Mobile Communication) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its
promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by
over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very
common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM
differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second
generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system.
GSM EDGE is a 3G version of the protocol.

The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and
switch carriers without switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the
many vendors implementing GSM]). GSM also pioneered a low-cost (to the network carrier) alternative to voice calls,
the short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standards as
well. Another advantage is that the standard includes one worldwide emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it
easier for international travelers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number.
Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of
the standard added packet data capabilities, by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced
higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

SMS (Short Message Service) is a communication service standardized in the GSM mobile communication system,
using standardized communications protocols allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile
telephone devices. SMS text messaging is the most widely used data application on the planet, with 2.4 billion active
users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers sending and receiving text messages on their phones. The SMS
technology has facilitated the development and growth of text messaging. The connection between the phenomenon of
text messaging and the underlying technology is so great that in parts of the world the term "SMS" is used as a
synonym for a text message or the act of sending a text message, even when a different protocol is being used.

SMS as used on modern handsets was originally defined as part of the GSM series of standards in 1985 as a means of
sending messages of up to 160 characters (including spaces), to and from GSM mobile handsets.[3] Since then, support
for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS,
as well as satellite and landline networks. Most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages, though the
standard supports other types of broadcast messaging as well.

MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service), is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and
from mobile phones. It extends the core SMS (Short Message Service) capability which only allowed exchange of text
messages up to 160 characters in length.

The most popular use is to send photographs from camera-equipped handsets, although it is also popular as a method of
delivering news and entertainment content including videos, pictures, text pages and ringtones.

The standard is developed by the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), although during development it was part of the 3GPP
and WAP groups.

EMS (Express Mail Service) In most postal systems express mail refers to an accelerated delivery service for which
the customer pays a surcharge and receives faster delivery. Express mail is a service for domestic mail and is governed
by a country's own postal administration. Since 1998 the international accelerated delivery services are governed by the
EMS Cooperative.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular
communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G
systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/s.

GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional
circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity
or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain
quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users.

2G cellular systems combined with GPRS are often described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G)
and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused time division
multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Originally there was some thought to extend
GPRS to cover other standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM standard, so that GSM
is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was
originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP).

GPRS was developed as a GSM response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet switched cellular technologies.

NSE (Network search Engine) Computer networks are connected together to form bigger networks. Routers are
devices that connect these networks. For example, a home network connected to the network of an Internet service
provider. Routers that handle more number of networks or computers connected to them need to perform their
switching functionality faster enough such that they themselves do not become bottlenecks in the communication they
facilitate. A network search engine (also known as network search element or NSE for short) is a special-purpose
device that helps a router do one of its core and repeated function of address lookup faster. Besides routing, address
lookup is also done to perform functions such as keeping track of the services used for billing the user of the network,
looking up patterns of information in the data being passed through the network.

These are often available as ASIC chips to be interfaced with the network processor of the router products. Content-
addressable memory, Trie are some of the techniques used in implementing NSEs.
MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office) The MTSO is the switching office that connects all of the individual
cell towers to the Central Office (CO). It is responsible for monitoring the relative signal strength of your cellular
phone as reported by each of the cell towers, and switching your conversation to the cell tower which will give you the
best possible reception.

CCP (Center For Communication Program) As of January 2003, JHU/CCP no longer has a presence in the
Philippines. Under the PCS program, from 1989 to 2002, CCP worked on designing, implementing and monitoring
national family planning communication strategies which included mass media campaigns, quality improvement,
advocacy and health communication training programs as well as lending technical assistance to the development of the
private sector.

Currently, the Philippines Center for Communication Programs (PCCP), the successor organization of the CCP field
office, is a non-profit organization engaged in developing and implementing broad-range communication programs.
PCCP undertakes research, training, and materials development projects to promote enhanced reproductive health and
new opportunities for women and children.

UIIC (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) Is a unique number associated with all GSM and UMTS network
mobile phone users. It is stored in the SIM inside the phone and is sent by the phone to the network. It is also used for
acquiring other details of the mobile in the Home Location Register (HLR) or as locally copied in the Visitor Location
Register. To prevent eavesdroppers identifying and tracking the subscriber on the radio interface, the IMSI is sent as
rarely as possible and a randomly-generated TMSI is sent instead.

The IMSI is used in any mobile network that interconnects with other networks, in particular CDMA and EVDO
networks as well as GSM networks. This number is provisioned in the phone directly or in the R-UIM card (a CDMA
analogue equivalent to a SIM card in GSM).

An IMSI is usually 15 digits long, but can be shorter (for example MTN South Africa's old IMSIs that are still being
used in the market are 14 digits). The first 3 digits are the Mobile Country Code (MCC), and is followed by the Mobile
Network Code (MNC), either 2 digits (European standard) or 3 digits (North American standard). The remaining digits
are the mobile station identification number (MSIN) within the network's customer base.

The IMSI conforms to the ITU E.212 numbering standard.

UUP (Ultra Protection Project) Is an advanced script for mIRC created by KyD. It contains countless useful features;
including a file server with firewall support, fail queue support, multiple channel protections, theme support, and much
much more. It is highly customizable and will probably be the last script you'll ever need.

GDFS (Global Data File System) Data stored in the GDFS includes hardware customization data (e.g. radio channel
parameters, settings for display, audio circuitry etc.), security/identification data (IMEI, lock codes, etc.) and user data -
sounds, pictures, SMS, phonebook, calendar and so on. Some of GDFS units ("files"), or sometimes parts of them, are
protected by checksums that are stored in other GDFS units.

The GDFS also contains the Security Zone. This contains information about any SIM-locks applied to the handset.

WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is a wideband spread-spectrum channel access method that
utilizes the direct-sequence spread spectrum method of asynchronous code division multiple access to achieve higher
speeds and support more users compared to most time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes used today.

The term "W-CDMA" is also used to refer to the standard data interface used by the UMTS mobile communication
system, W-CDMA (UMTS).

PM (Post Merediem) After noon.,

MCU (Multipoint Control Unit) s a device commonly used to bridge videoconferencing connections.

The Multipoint Control Unit is an endpoint on the LAN that provides the capability for 3 or more terminals and
gateways to participate in a multipoint conference. The MCU consists of a mandatory Multipoint Controller (MC) and
optional Multipoint Processors (MPs).
SFR (Semantic-Free Referencing) At a logical level, the Web requires a Reference Resolution Service (RRS) to map
from references (also known as links) to actual network locations. In the current Web, references are URLs
with a hostname/pathname structure, and DNS serves as the RRS by mapping the hostname to an IP address
where the target is stored. Our premise is that the Web would be better served by a new RRS, one that does not
impose the limits of the current DNS.

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a specification to establish communication between devices and a host controller
(usually personal computers). USB is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports. USB can connect
computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and
external hard drives. For many of those devices, USB has become the standard connection method. USB was designed
for personal computers[citation needed], but it has become commonplace on other devices such as smartphones, PDAs and
video game consoles, and as a power cord between a device and an AC adapter plugged into a wall plug for charging.
As of 2008, there are about 2 billion USB devices sold per year, and approximately 6 billion total sold to date.

The design of USB is standardized by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), an industry standards body
incorporating leading companies from the computer and electronics industries. Notable members have included Agere
(now merged with LSI Corporation), Apple Inc., Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft and NEC.

ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) is an integrated circuit (IC) customized for a particular use, rather
than intended for general-purpose use. For example, a chip designed solely to run a cell phone is an ASIC. Intermediate
between ASICs and industry standard integrated circuits, like the 7400 or the 4000 series, are application specific
standard products (ASSPs).

As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools improved over the years, the maximum complexity (and hence
functionality) possible in an ASIC has grown from 5,000 gates to over 100 million. Modern ASICs often include entire
32-bit processors, memory blocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash and other large building blocks. Such an
ASIC is often termed a SoC (system-on-a-chip). Designers of digital ASICs use a hardware description language
(HDL), such as Verilog or VHDL, to describe the functionality of ASICs.

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) are the modern-day technology for building a breadboard or prototype from
standard parts; programmable logic blocks and programmable interconnects allow the same FPGA to be used in many
different applications. For smaller designs and/or lower production volumes, FPGAs may be more cost effective than
an ASIC design even in production. The non-recurring engineering cost of an ASIC can run into the millions of dollars.

COBBA

CCONT

ROM (Read-only Memory) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. Because data
stored in ROM cannot be modified (at least not very quickly or easily), it is mainly used to distribute firmware
(software that is very closely tied to specific hardware, and unlikely to require frequent updates).

In its strictest sense, ROM refers only to mask ROM (the oldest type of solid state ROM), which is fabricated with the
desired data permanently stored in it, and thus can never be modified. However, more modern types such as EPROM
and flash EEPROM can be erased and re-programmed multiple times; they are still described as "read-only
memory"(ROM) because the reprogramming process is generally infrequent, comparatively slow, and often does not
permit random access writes to individual memory locations. Despite the simplicity of mask ROM, economies of scale
and field-programmability often make reprogrammable technologies more flexible and inexpensive, so mask ROM is
rarely used in new products as of 2007.

RAM (Random Access Memory) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it takes the form of integrated circuits
that allow stored data to be accessed in any order (i.e., at random). The word random thus refers to the fact that any
piece of data can be returned in a constant time, regardless of its physical location and whether or not it is related to the
previous piece of data.[1]

By contrast, storage devices such as magnetic discs and optical discs rely on the physical movement of the recording
medium or a reading head. In these devices, the movement takes longer than data transfer, and the retrieval time varies
based on the physical location of the next item.

The word RAM is often associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules), where the
information is lost after the power is switched off. Many other types of memory are RAM, too, including most types of
ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory used in
computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g.,
calibration tables or device configuration.

When larger amounts of static data are to be stored (such as in USB flash drives) a specific type of EEPROM such as
flash memory is more economical than traditional EEPROM devices.

EEPROMs are realized as arrays of floating-gate transistors.

UEM

ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)

FAID

BSI (Broadcast Software International)]

ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol Advanced Digital Signal Processor Automatic Data Set Protection
Allgemeine Deutsche Speditionsbedingungen Advanced Digital SAR ProcessorADSPAir Data Smart Probe
Average Daily Student Population Availability Design Status Package)

APE (Actionscript Physics Engine)

FIA (Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile), commonly referred to as the FIA, is a non-profit association
established as the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) on June 20, 1904 to represent
the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. To the general public, the FIA is mostly known as the
governing body for many motor racing events.

Headquartered at 8, Place de la Concorde, Paris, the FIA consists of 213 national member organisations in 125
countries worldwide. Its current president is Jean Todt.

As is the case with football's FIFA, the FIA is generally known by its French name and acronym, even in English-
speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.

Its most prominent role is in the licencing and arbitration of Formula One motor racing. The FIA, along with the FIM
also certify land speed record attempts.

DBS (Database System) A database system is a term that is typically used to encapsulate the constructs of a data
model, database Management system (DBMS) and database

DCT (Digital Core Technology) generation of mobile phone.