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Analysis
Glossary of
Terms
The following words and terms are
used in the Caterpillar Applied
Failure Analysis training modules, or
in conjunction with general failure
analysis activity.
-BBackground facts
Background facts are facts gathered
during a failure analysis other than
those facts obtained directly from the
failed parts.
Bar
Bars are long steel products that are
rolled from billets. Merchant bar and
reinforcing bar (rebar) are two
common categories of bars, where
merchants include rounds, flats,
angles, squares, and channels that
are used by fabricators to
manufacture a wide variety of
products such as furniture, stair
railings and farm equipment. Rebar
is used to strengthen concrete in
highways, bridges and buildings
Base metal
Base metal is the region of metal
that is joined by a welding process
that is not metallurgically altered by
the heat of welding.
BCC
See Body Centered Cubic.
Beach marks
Beach marks are marks that develop
on the fracture face of a fatigue
fracture as a result of significant
changes in the applied load. Beach
marks show the location of the crack
tip at sometime during the failure.
Bend
To bend is to turn or force from
straight into a curved shape.
Bending fatigue fracture
Bending fatigue fracture is fatigue
fracture of a part resulting from the
application of a bending load.
Bending load
A bending load is a load that results
in the flexure of a body creating
tensile stress on the side being
stretched apart and compressive
stress on the side being squeezed
together.
Bimetallic
Bimetallic means composed of two
bearing.
Bond separation
Bond separation is separation
between two metal layers, such as
the aluminum and steel layers in an
engine bearing, due to a
manufacturing process error or
operational problems.
Brass
Brass is a family of alloys consisting
essentially of copper and zinc in
varying proportions.
Brinelling
Brinelling is a wear term used to
describe surface damage of solids
by repeated local impact or by static
overload. The term probably comes
from a hardness testing procedure
such as the Brinell hardness test
that indents the surface being
checked.
Brinell hardness number
Brinell hardness number is a
hardness rating number related to
the applied load and the surface
area of the permanent impression
made by a ball indenter of a
specified diameter.
Brittle
Brittle is a material condition that
permits little or no plastic
(permanent) deformation prior to
fracture.
Brittle fracture
Brittle fracture is separation of a
solid accompanied by little or no
macroscopic plastic deformation.
Typically, brittle fracture occurs by
rapid crack propagation with less
expenditure of energy than for
ductile fracture.
Brittle material
A brittle material is a metal or
material that fractures without
undergoing appreciable plastic
deformation.
Bronze
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin
and sometimes other elements, or
any of various copper-base alloys
center of rotation.
Channeling
Channeling is grooves cut into the
sealing area of an engine valve due
to the leakage or passage of hot
gasses.
Chaplet
A chaplet is a metal support or
spacer used in molds to maintain
cores or parts of the mold that are
not self-supporting in their proper
position during the casting process.
Chaplets become a permanent part
of the casting.
Chemical properties
Chemical properties are the
characteristic response of a metal in
a chemical environment.
Chevrons
Chevrons are the ridges or steps on
a brittle fracture surface that
converge on the fracture initiation
site.
Chomp marks
"Chomp marks" is an expression
used to describe marks made by a
connecting rod cap on the back of
an engine bearing as it escapes
from the bore during a failure.
Chopped cam ring
See Rippled Cam Ring.
Chordal fracture
Chordal fracture refers to fracture of
an engine valve head between any
two points on its circumference
except the diameter.
Clamping force
Clamping force is the compressive
force generated on parts held
together by a bolt or threaded
fastener as the fastener is tightened.
Cleavage (1)
Cleavage is fracture of a crystal by
crack propagation across a
crystallographic plane of low index.
Cleavage (2)
Cleavage is the tendency to cleave
or split along definite
crystallographic planes.
Cleavage fracture
fracture.
Concave
A concave surface is hollowed or
rounded inward like the inside of a
bowl
Contact stress fatigue
Contact stress fatigue is cracking
and subsequent break up of a
surface subjected to alternating
stresses such as those produced
under rolling or sliding contact
between two surfaces. Contact
stress fatigue is most often
encountered in rolling element
bearings or gears where surface
stresses are high due to the
concentrated load and the load is
repeated many times during normal
operation.
Continuous casting
Continuous casting is a casting
process that consists of pouring
molten metal into a bottomless,
water-cooled mold of simple cross
section and continuously
withdrawing solidified metal from the
bottom of the mold.
Convex
A convex surface is curved or
rounded like the exterior of a sphere
or circle.
Core (1)
A core is a preformed sand
aggregate inserted into a mold to
shape the interior of the casting or
that part of a casting that cannot be
shaped by the pattern.
Core (2)
In a case hardened part, the core is
the inner portion that is softer than
the external case.
Core mold
See Core.
Core sand
Core sand is sand used for making
cores to which a binding material
has been added to obtain good
cohesion and permeability after
drying.
Corrective pitting
-DDamping capacity
Damping capacity is the rate at
which a material dissipates energy
of vibration.
Debris
Debris is the remains of something
broken down or destroyed; often
used as a synonym for particles.
Deburr
Deburring is a manufacturing
process to remove sharp metal
slivers from the edges of a part.
Dedendum
The dedendum is the portion of a
gear tooth between the pitch line
and the root of the tooth.
Defect
A defect is a discontinuity in a part
that exhibits a size, shape,
orientation, or location that makes it
detrimental to the useful service life
of the part.
Deflection
Deflection is deformation within the
elastic ranged caused by a load or
force that does not exceed the
elastic limit of the material. A
False Brinelling
False Brinelling is damage to a solid
bearing surface characterized by
indentations not caused by plastic
deformation, resulting from overload
but thought to be due to other
causes such as fretting corrosion.
False ratchet marks
False ratchet marks are features on
a fracture surface that have the
appearance of ratchet marks but that
actually result from something other
than multiple crack initiation in a
fatigue fracture.
Fastener
A fastener is a device to fix one or
more pieces securely together.
Fasteners are frequently, but not
always, threaded.
Fast crack
A fast crack is a fracture that travels
rapidly through a part, usually due to
a shock load or an overload.
Fatigue
Fatigue is a fracture process
wherein a part fails under repeated
loading, often at load levels that are
significantly below the load required
to fail the part in a single load cycle.
Fatigue crack
A fatigue crack is a crack in a part
that has resulted from a fatigue
process.
Fatigue fracture (1)
Fatigue fracture is the gradual
propagation of a crack across a
section due to cyclic stresses within
the elastic limit.
Fatigue fracture (2)
A fatigue fracture is any fracture that
has any amount of fatigue on it.
Fatigue limit
The fatigue limit is the maximum
stress that a metal can withstand
without failure for a specified large
number of cycles of stress. Fatigue
limit is usually synonymous with
endurance limit.
Fatigue strength
Fatigue strength is the maximum
stress that a material can sustain, for
See Frosted.
Fully killed steel
Fully killed steel is steel that is
completely deoxidized by a
deoxidizing agent such as
aluminum.
Furnace heat
In metal casting, a furnace heat is
the batch or cast produced from a
single melting operation.
-GGall, Galling
Galling is a condition where
excessive friction between high
spots results in localized welding
with subsequent spalling and a
further roughening of the rubbing
surfaces of one or both of two
mating parts.
Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic corrosion is accelerated
corrosion of a metal because of
electrical contact with a more noble
metal or nonmetallic conductor in a
corrosive electrolyte.
Galvanic series
A galvanic series is a list of metals
and alloys arranged according to
their relative corrosive tendency in a
given environment. The most
common environment is seawater or
other concentrations of salt in water.
Gas pockets, gas holes
Gas pockets (or holes) are rounded
cavities, either of spherical or
elongated round shape, caused by
the generation and/or accumulation
of gas or entrapped air during
solidification of metal.
General corrosion
General corrosion is a form of
surface deterioration due to
corrosion that is distributed more or
less uniformly over a surface.
Glass bead cleaning
Glass bead cleaning is a surface
cleaning process where small glass
beads are propelled at high velocity
irons.
Gray cast iron
Gray cast iron is a cast iron that has
a relatively large percentage of the
carbon present in the form of flake
graphite. These castings exhibit a
gray fracture when broken.
Grinder burn
Grinder burn is surface damage to a
hardened and tempered steel part
resulting from temperature increase
during grinding. The damage can
include relaxation of residual
compressive stresses, development
of residual tensile stress, a decrease
in the surface hardness or the
development of an unacceptably
hard and brittle layer of untempered
martensite.
Grinding crack
A grinding crack is a shallow,
elongated surface crack resulting
from an uncontrolled, abrupt heating
and cooling cycle during a grinding
operation.
Grit blasting
Grit blasting is a cleaning process
that uses a chilled iron grit or nonmetallic grit medium to remove
scales and oxides from the surface
of parts.
Guttering
Guttering is erosion of an engine
valve face that results when the
valve is not in full contact with the
seat due to deposits, seat distortion,
insufficient use, or some other
cause. If the valve does not seal
locally, leakage will occur that can
result in guttering or burning of the
valve.
-HHandling cracks
Handling cracks are cracks in parts
arising from impact loads during
manufacturing or subsequent
handling.
Handling damage
Hot tears
Hot tears are fracture that form
during metal solidification due to
hindered contraction. Hot tears are
frequently open to the surface of the
casting and thus exposed to the
atmosphere. This may result in
oxidation, decarburization or other
metal-atmosphere reactions at the
hot tear surface.
Hot working
Hot working is controlled plastic
deformation performed above the
recrystallization temperature for the
purpose of shaping a product.
Hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen embrittlement is a failure
mechanism in steel that is exposed
to hydrogen whereby the steel can
fail prematurely at a stress level well
below the material's yield strength.
Hydrogen embrittlement usually
occurs as a result of the part being
exposed to hydrogen at some time
during its manufacturing process but
it can also occur through in-service
corrosion. Electroplating is generally
considered to be a major cause of
hydrogen absorption in steel due to
the release of hydrogen during this
process. Higher strength steels are
more susceptible to hydrogen
embrittlement than lower strength
steels. However, as a rule of thumb,
steels below Rockwell C 35 are
considered to be far less
susceptible.
Hydrogen flake
A hydrogen flake is a short,
discontinuous internal crack in a
ferrous metal attributed to stresses
produced by localized transformation
and hydrogen solubility effects
during cooling after hot working. On
fracture surfaces, hydrogen flakes
appear as bright, silvery areas with
coarse texture.
-I-
Impact damage
Impact damage is damage to a part
or surface that results from being
struck by another part or surface.
Impact load
An impact load is an especially
severe shock load such as that
caused by instantaneous arrest of a
falling mass, by shock meeting of
two parts, or by explosive impact, in
which there can be an exceptionally
rapid buildup of stress.
Impact shearing
Impact shearing is a type of fracture
that results when a part is caught
between two other parts, one or both
of which are moving, and scissored
into pieces.
Impact shear fracture
An impact shear fracture is a ductile
fracture in which a crystal (or
polycrystalline mass) has separated
by sliding or tearing under the action
of shear stresses generated by
impact with another part.
Implode
Implode means to burst inward, such
as in a collapsing cavity, or negativepressure region during cavitation
erosion.
Inclusion
An inclusion is a particle of foreign
material in a metal matrix. The
particle is usually a compound (such
as an oxide, sulfide or silicate), but
may be of any substance that is
foreign to (and essentially insoluble
in) the metal matrix. Inclusions are
usually considered undesirable
although in some cases - such as
free machining metals - they may be
added intentionally to improve
machinability.
Indentation
An indentation is a recess in a
surface; often used in connection
with hardness testing.
Induction hardening
Induction hardening is a heat
treatment process for hardening the
surface of a part by heating it above
Intergranular fracture
Intergranular fracture is brittle
fracture that propagates along the
grain boundaries of a metal.
Intermittent weld
An intermittent weld is a weld
applied in a discontinuous manner
on a part.
Internal burst
An internal burst is an internal
fracture or tear in a shaped part
resulting from the action of internal
forces developed during the shaping
process on inclusions in the metal.
Internal stress
Internal stress is stress inside the
body of a part.
Iron ore
Iron ore is a mineral containing
enough iron to be a commercially
viable source of the element for use
in steelmaking. Except for fragments
of meteorites found on Earth, iron is
not a free element; instead, it is
trapped in the earth's crust in its
oxidized form.
Iron oxide
Iron oxide is a group of minerals and
inorganic compounds made up of
iron and oxygen such as FeO
(Wuestite), Fe2O3 (Hematite) and
Fe3O4 (Magnetite).
-JJournal
The journal is the part of a rotating
shaft, axle, roll, or spindle that turns
in a bearing.
-KKilled steel
Killed steel is steel that is completely
deoxidized by a deoxidizing agent.
Keyway
A keyway is a longitudinal groove,
slot, or other cavity, usually in a
shaft, into which is placed a key to
-LLacquer
See Varnish.
Ladle
A ladle is a refractory lined
receptacle that is used for
transferring and pouring molten
metal.
Lamellar tearing
Lamellar tearing is the formation of
cracks in the Heat Affected Zone
(HAZ) of a weld when the strain
imposed by the shrinkage of the
weld exceeds the through thickness
ductility of the parent material.
Lamellar tearing only occurs in rolled
materials, principally structural and
pressure vessel steels.
Lap
Laps are surface irregularities
caused by metal folding over itself
during hot working and then being
pressed into the surface of the part.
Lead tin overlay
A lead tin overlay is a thin layer of
lead-tin alloy applied over the
aluminum layer in a steel backed
aluminum bearing to improve the
lubricity, embedability and
conformability of the bearing
surface.
Lead tin overlay flaking
Lead tin overlay flaking is a condition
where small bits of the lead tin
overlay on a steel backed aluminum
bearing flake off.
Lead tin overlay sheeting
Lead tin overlay sheeting is a
condition where large areas of the
lead tin overlay on a steel backed
aluminum bearing come off,
frequently due to poor adhesion
between the lead tin overlay layer
and the aluminum layer beneath it.
Ledging
-MMachinability
Machinability is the relative ease of
machining a material as compared
with machining a standard base
material.
Machining burrs
Machining burrs are the ragged,
protruding portions of work material
on the edges of machined parts.
Macroscopic examination
Macroscopic examination is
examination of a fracture surface
with the naked eye, magnifying
glass, or light microscope.
Magnaflux
Magnaflux is the trade name for a
nondestructive test method that uses
dry non-fluorescent magnetic
particles to detect surface and
subsurface flaws in ferrous parts.
Magnaglo
Magnaglo is the trade name for a
nondestructive test method that uses
wet fluorescent (requires a black
light) magnetic particles to detect
surface and subsurface flaws in
ferrous parts.
Magnetic particle inspection
Magnetic particle inspection is a
nondestructive inspection method
used for detection of surface and
subsurface flaws in ferromagnetic
materials such as iron and steel.
Martensite
Martensite is an austenite
transformation product that forms
when austenite is cooled rapidly,
allowing no time for carbon to diffuse
and form pearlitic products.
Material defect
A material defect is an imperfection
in a part that makes it unsuitable for
its intended application.
Material flaw
A material flaw is an imperfection or
weakness in a part that is not severe
enough to make it unsuitable for its
intended application.
Material properties
Material properties are qualities
peculiar to an individual material
including both mechanical properties
and physical properties.
Mating fracture
In a fractured part, the mating
fracture is the opposite fracture
surface that mates up with the one
under consideration.
Mating fracture surface
The mating fracture surface is one or
the other of the two fracture surfaces
created when a part breaks.
Matte appearance
See Matte finish.
Matte finish
A surface with a matte finish lacks
luster or gloss and has an unusually
smooth even surface free from shine
or highlights.
Maximum design stress
Maximum design stress is the
maximum stress that a part is
expected to experience under
normal operating conditions.
Mechanical bond
A mechanical bond is the adherence
-NNecking
Necking is the reduction of the
cross-sectional area of a part under
the action of a tensile load.
Neutral axis
The neutral axis (for instance under
a bending load) is the boundary
between the tensile and
compressive stresses in a part.
NDT
Abbreviation for (1) Non-Destructive
Testing or (2) Nil Ductility Transition
Temperature.
Nil ductility transition temperature
The nil ductility transition
temperature is the temperature at
which the impact behavior of a metal
changes from ductile to brittle in the
presence of a stress raiser.
Ni-Resist
Ni-Resist is a trade name for a type
of cast iron alloyed with high
percentages of nickel and chromium,
basically the iron equivalent of
stainless steel in their properties.
Available in either gray or ductile
iron grades, Ni-Resist irons have
good heat resistance and resistance
to salt water and other corrosive
-OOil quenching
Oil quenching is rapid cooling of a
heated metal part in an oil bath.
Ore
An ore is a mineral containing a
valuable constituent (such as metal)
for which it is mined and worked.
Origin
See Initiation site.
Overload
An overload is a load that exceeds
the maximum design stress for a
part.
Overpressure
Overpressure is pressure that
exceeds the recommended
maximum pressure in a hydraulic
system.
Oxide, oxidized
An oxide is the product of a
corrosion reaction in which the
corroded metal has oxidized (i.e.,
formed a compound of the metal and
oxygen), usually applied to reactions
with a gas containing elemental
oxygen, such as air.
Oxidation (1)
Oxidation is a corrosion reaction in
which the corroded metal forms an
oxide; usually applied to reaction
with a gas containing elemental
oxygen, such as air.
Oxidation (2)
Oxidation is the chemical
combination of a petroleum product
with oxygen with resultant
degradation of its composition and
performance. Oxidation is
accelerated by heat, light, metal
catalysts (e.g. copper), and the
presence of water, acids, or solid
contaminants. The first reaction
products of oxidation are organic
peroxides. Continued oxidation,
catalyzed by peroxides, forms
alcohols, aldehyde's, keytones, and
organic acids, which can further be
oxidized to form high molecular
weight, oil insoluble polymers; these
settle out as sludges, varnishes, and
gums that can impair equipment
operation. Also, the organic acids
formed from oxidation are corrosive
to metals. Oxidation resistance of
petroleum products can be improved
by careful selection of base stocks
(paraffins have greater oxidation
resistance than naphthenes), special
refining methods, and addition of
oxidation inhibitors. Also, oxidation
can be minimized by good
maintenance of oil and equipment to
prevent contamination and
excessive heat.
Oxidized metal
Oxidized metal is metal that has
undergone oxidation.
-PParent metal
See Base Metal.
Particle
A particle is a minute fragment of
material.
Pattern
In casting, a pattern is a form made
from wood, metal or other materials,
around which molding material is
placed to make a mold for casting
metals.
Pearlite
Pearlite is a lamellar aggregate
(consisting of very fine alternating
plates) of ferrite and iron carbide in
the microstructure of iron and steel.
Penetration
In welding, penetration is the
distance from the original surface of
the base metal to the depth at which
fusion stops.
Photomicrograph
A photomicrograph is a photograph
of the microstructure of a metal.
Physical properties
Physical properties are the
properties of a material that are
relatively insensitive to structure and
can be measured without the
application of force. Examples of
physical properties are density,
thermal conductivity, melting
temperature and magnetic and
electrical properties.
Physical structure
Physical structure is the way
something is put together; for
metals, see Crystal structure.
Pigs
Pigs are small bars cast from the
iron from a blast furnace.
Pig iron
Pig iron is the crude product of the
blast furnace where ore is reduced
into iron and from which it is cast
into small bars (pigs).
Pipe
Pipe is the central shrinkage cavity
-QQualitative fact
A qualitative fact is one that answers
a what question; for instance, in a
chemical analysis qualitative facts
are the identity of the components of
a substance or mixture.
Quantitative fact
A quantitative fact is one that
answers a how much question; for
instance, in a chemical analysis
quantitative facts are the amounts or
proportions of the components of a
substance or mixture.
Quenching
Quenching is the heat treatment
process used to rapidly cool heated
metals.
Quenching and tempering
Quenching and tempering is a heat
treatment process used to harden
ferrous alloys of suitable
composition by heating within or
above the transformation range and
cooling at a rate sufficient to
increase the hardness substantially.
Hardening is followed by a
secondary heating step to establish
the desired mechanical properties in
the part. The process usually
-RRace, raceway
Raceways are the tracks or
channels on which roll the balls or
rollers in an antifriction rollingelement bearing. The inner race fits
around a shaft, while the outer race
fits within a hole in a larger part.
Radial tearing
Radial tearing is a type of ductile
fracture sometimes observed in
threaded fasteners where the
fracture face shows what look like
internal shear lips between the
center of the cross section and the
surface of the part.
Ratchet marks
Ratchet marks are ridges on a
fatigue fracture surface that indicate
where two adjacent fatigue cracks
have grown together. Ratchet marks
usually originate perpendicular to a
surface and may be straight or
curved, depending on the
combination of stresses that is
present. Ratchet marks can also
originate beneath the surface of a
part.
Recrystallization temperature
The recrystallization temperature is
the approximate temperature at
which a new, strain-free grain
structure forms from an existing cold
worked grain structure within a
specified time. Recrystallization is
usually accomplished by heating the
cold worked metal.
Refining
Refining is a process applied to a
material to make it free from
impurities or unwanted material.
Refractory
A refractory is a heat-resistant
material, usually nonmetallic, which
is used for furnace lining and such.
Remanufacturing
Remanufacturing is the process of
manufacturing a part or component
into a new product.
Residual stress
Residual stress is the macroscopic
stress that is set up within a metal as
the result of non-uniform plastic
deformation. This deformation may
be caused by cold working or by
drastic gradients of temperature
from quenching or welding.
Residual compressive stress
A residual compressive stress is a
residual stress that is compressive in
nature.
Residual tensile stress
A residual tensile stress is a residual
stress that is tensile in nature.
Result, resultant damage
Resultant damage is fracture or
damage to a part that occurs as a
result of an earlier failure. It is
important to distinguish between the
first abnormal event in a failure and
damage that occurs as a result of
the abnormal events.
Reverse bending fatigue
Reverse bending fatigue is fatigue
fracture of a part resulting from the
application of a reverse bending
load.
Reverse bending load
A reverse bending load is a load
applied to a part that acts in one
direction and then in the opposite
direction; reverse bending loads
often produce two fatigue cracks that
grow toward each other until final
fracture occurs.
Reverse torsional fatigue
Reverse torsional fatigue is a type of
fatigue fracture where cyclic twisting
forces act in opposite directions
causing the fracture to propagate at
a 45-degree angle.
Reverse torsional loading
-S-
Sacrificial anode
A sacrificial anode is a protective
device to prevent electrolytic
corrosion. Anodes (often made of
Mg or Al metal) are sacrificed
intentionally to protect a steel
system, such as a buried pipeline,
offshore platform or ships hull.
SAE
Abbreviation for the Society of
Automotive Engineers organization.
Safety factor
Safety factor is allowance for
variation in material, manufacturing
and operation. Safety factor for a
part is calculated by dividing its
endurance limit stress by the
maximum design stress.
Satin finish
See Matte finish.
Scale
Scale is a layer on the surface of a
metal part resulting from the
combination of the metal with
oxygen.
Scaling
Scaling is the loss of metal from a
metal surface by the formation of a
scale (oxide layer).
Scanning electron microscope
A scanning electron microscope is
an instrument that can greatly
magnify the surface of an object
while at the same time retaining
excellent depth of field.
Score
A score is a line or scratch on a
surface made by a sharp object, or
to mark with lines, grooves,
scratches, or notches.
Scratch
Scratching is to rub and tear or mark
the surface of a part with something
sharp or jagged; or a mark produced
by scratching.
Scuffing
Scuffing is to become scratched,
chipped, or roughened by wear frequently used to describe adhesive
wear on parts.
Seam
-TTap
In the casting process, tapping
means to pour molten metal from
one vessel into another such as from
a furnace into a ladle or from a ladle
into a mold.
Taper
A taper is a gradual diminution of
thickness, diameter, or width in an
elongated object.
Tear ridges
Tear ridges are alternating high and
low areas in the form of concentric
ridges on a ductile fracture surface
that result from deformation of the
metal crystals prior to fracture.
Temper color
Temper color is surface discoloration
on metal due to heating it in air; the
color can give some indication of the
temperature to which the metal was
heated.
Temper, tempering
Tempering is a heat treating process
consisting of heating a quenched
steel part in a furnace to a specified
temperature below the lower critical
temperature and then allowing it to
cool at any desired rate. In general,
tempering refers to heating a metal
to a temperature to achieve a
specified set of material properties.
Tensile fatigue
Tensile fatigue is fatigue fracture of
a part due to repeated (cyclic)
application of tensile loads.
Tension
Tension is a force or load that
produces elongation.
Tension load
See Tension
Tensile strength
In tension testing, tensile strength is
the ratio of maximum load to the
original cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
Thermal cracks
Thermal cracks are cracks in a part
that result from sudden, non-uniform
changes in the temperature of the
part.
Thermal fatigue
Thermal fatigue is fracture resulting
from the presence of temperature
gradients that vary with time in such
a manner as to produce cyclic
stresses in a structure.
Thermal fatigue cracks
Thermal fatigue cracks are cracks
that develop on the surface of a part
as a result of repetitive, rapid
heating and cooling cycles.
Thermal shock
Thermal shock is the sudden
development of a steep temperature
gradient and accompanying high
stresses within a structure.
Thermal stresses
Thermal stresses are stresses in
metal resulting from nonuniform
temperature distribution.
Three body wear
Three body wear is a type of
abrasive wear in which a third body
is introduced between two other
bodies causing abrasive damage to
each such as a large particle
passing between a crankshaft and
engine bearing.
Through harden
Tribology
Tribology is the science concerned
with the design, friction, lubrication,
and wear of contacting surface that
move relative to each other.
Tuliping
See Dishing.
Two body wear
Two body wear is a type of abrasive
wear in which one body directly
abrades another such as a hard file
on a piece of metal.
-UUltrasonic
Ultrasonic is a frequency above the
human ear's audibility limit of about
20,000 Hertz.
Ultrasonic inspection
Ultrasonic inspection is an
inspection technique that uses
ultrasonic sound waves to assess
internal quality characteristics or
measure the wall thickness of parts.
Ultimate strength
The ultimate strength of a material is
the maximum stress (tensile,
compressive or shear) that a
material can sustain without fracture,
determined by dividing maximum
load by the original cross sectional
area of the specimen.
Unit cell
A unit cell is the smallest
arrangement of atoms that repeats
itself within metal grains. The
configuration of the unit cell depends
on the metal. The most common unit
cells are cubic, body-centered cubic,
face-centered cubic, hexagonal and
tetragonal.
Upper critical temperature
The upper critical temperature in any
specific steel composition is the
temperature at which the austenite
phase change begins or is
completed (for a specific rate of
heating or cooling).
-VVarnish
Varnish is a hard, lustrous coating of
deposits that results from oil
oxidation products formed during
high temperature engine operation.
Varnish deposits can also form on
other parts for instance, in the fuel
injection system where oxidation
products from the oil, the fuel, or
both may result in gums or resins.
These gums and resins typically
deposit in the injectors as varnish.
Vent
A vent is a passageway in a sand
mold that allows for the escape of
hot gasses generated when a
casting is poured and cooled.
Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of
resistance to flow in a fluid or
semifluid.
Visual examination
Visual examination is a process by
which failed parts are optically
examined to discover facts (also
called road signs) that will identify
the type of fracture or wear that led
to failure of the part.
-WWater quench
Water quenching is rapidly cooling a
hot metal part in a bath of water.
Weakest link
The weakest link is the area of a part
that carries the highest load or that
contains an unusual or abnormal
stress raiser.
Wear
Wear is damage to a solid surface,
generally involving progressive loss
of material, due to relative motion
between that surface and a
contacting surface or substance.
Wear environment
Wear environment is the set of
Wrought
Wrought is a material designation
that refers to material that has been
shaped by heating and plastic
deformation.
Wrought metal
Wrought metal is metal that has
been shaped by heating and
mechanically forming by processes
such as rolling, forging, extruding or
drawing.
Wrought steel
Wrought steel is steel that has been
forced to assume a shape through
heating and plastic deformation.
-X(empty)
-YYielding
Yielding is a change is shape that is
evidence of plastic deformation in
structural materials.
Yield point
Yield point is the first stress in
loading a material, usually less than
the maximum attainable stress, at
which an increase in strain occurs
without an increase in stress.
Yield strength
Yield strength is the stress at which
a material exhibits a specified
deviation from proportionality of
stress and strain. The specified
deviation is usually 0.2% for most
metals.
Young's modulus
See Elastic modulus.
-ZZyyglo