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Design principles
Course overview
Introduction to the course
Overview on precast systems
In-situ vs precast bridge (example)
Design principles
Detailing of girder bridge deck
Girder bridge design (example)
Summary and conclusions
Presentation overview
Introduction
Calculation flow chart
Structural system
Design graph
Loadfor bridges
Load distribution
Cross section analyses
Design calculation
Detailing
Summary
Bridge beam
Eurocodes
EC0 Basis of design
EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of design
Preliminary design
Structural
system
Design
graphs
Structural system
Loads for bridges
Load distribution
EC1
FEM or GuyonMassonet
element design
Bridge and
deck
Final preliminary
design
Cross sectional
analysis
Design
calculations
Detailing
Pre-tensioning
EC2
Co-operation in design
Preliminary general design:
General design office start with project - roads and bridges
are drafted.
Structural system
Preliminary design of bridge
Spans
support locations
preliminary beam height and cross-section
support solutions
dilatation joints location
etc
ZIP600
30
ZIP1000
ZIP1400
20
10
0
15
20
25
30
35
Span [m]
40
45
50
Span [m]
Design graphs
The design graph is based on:
Simply supported beams
Centre to centre distance 1.2 m
Dead weight wear layer is 1.5 kN/m2, edge line load of 3.2
kN/m1
Dutch code NEN 6720 (Structural concrete)
Dutch code bridges NEN 6723 (Loads for bridges)
ZIP and deck: 65 MPa and 35 MPa
No intermediate cross girders
Environmental class 3 NEN 5950 (environment with thawsalts)
c.t
.c
.c
1.8
c.t
2.
.c
3.
0
ZIP1700
5000
ZIP1500
4000
ZIP1300
3000
2000
45
40
35
30
25
span [m]
25
30
35
40
45
Overview of loads
Loads
Dead load
Traffic load
Fatigue load
Accidental load
Thermal load
Windload
Load combinations
For bridges, the simultaneity of actions and the particular
required verifications should be specified
Remaining area
lane 3
lane 2
lane 1
2.5 kN/m2
lane 2
lane 1
1.0 m
2.0 m
1.0 m
9.0 kN/m
2.0 m
Load Model 1
Two double axle concentrated loads
located at a lane with a weight of QQik
consisting of 2 wheels with each 0.5 QQik weight
Location
Total load
2 * Qik [kN]
qik (qrk)
[kN/m2]
Lane no 1
2 * Q1 * 300
q1 * 9,0
Lane no 2
2 * Q2 * 200
q2 * 2,5
Lane no 3
2 * Q3 * 100
q3 * 2,5
Other lanes
qi * 2,5
Remaining
area
qr * 2,5
Collision forces
1 axle LM1 on footways and cycle tracks
Fdymax
Load combinations
Serviceability limit state
Characteristic value combination:
j1 Gk,j + P + Qk,1 + i>1 0,i * Qk,i
Gk + P + Qlastst + 0,4 * qgvb
Load distribution
Load distribution
Load is carried by more than one beam
Loading leads to:
Deflections and
Rotations
Numerical method
Finite element modelling of beams and deck
Numerical displacements
Displacements due to edge load
Analytical method
Guyon-Massonet
Transversal dirstribution coefficient K
K = Ko + (K1 - K0)
at a certain
Design curves
Design curves for the effects of concentrated loads
on concrete bridge decks
K = Ko + (K1 - K0)
at a certain
K1 values for beam b
K1
Ko
Influence lines
Influence of load on beam position
Beam 0
Location of load
Beam b
Location of load
30 m
K
1.0
1/2b
3/4b
Maximum moment:
M = Fl = *600*30 = 4500 kNm for bridge deck
Hence, average 4500/9 = 500 kNm per beam
-0.7
-1
0.19
1.02
1.91
2.34
Maximum moment:
1/2b
3/4b
-0.34
P=8
-0.16
0.02
0.39
1.00
1.27
1.80
1.89
2.40
Maximum moment:
1/2b
3/4b
30 m
200 kN
400 kN
tan2/3 (EC: > 45)
600 kN
Moment in deck
Sagging moment
Hogging moment
Wt = 0.067 m3 kb = 0.137 mm
Wt = 0.335 m3 kb = 0.461 mm
e p kb
ep - kb
MG
P
kt kb
MQ
P
kt + kb
Change of stresses
Tensile stresses (flexural tensile cracking)
Compressive stresses
Local stresses
Excessive crack width
Deflection:
Excessive deflection
Pm e zt
M z
x t
I
I
Vx M x
Pm
A
Np
Pm
P ez
M z
m b x b
A
I
I
Tensile stresses
Flexural tensile strength of concrete
h
f ctm, fl max 1.6
f
,
f
ctm ctm
1000
Tensile stresses
Flexural tensile cracking
Cracking of top fibers
(after release)
M r f ctm, fl
I Pm I
Pm e
zt A zt
f ctm, fl
+
-
M r f ctm, fl
f ctm, fl
I Pm I
Pm e M x
zb A zb
Compressive stresses
changes under long-term loading
zt
Pm
Pm e zt M x zt
A
I
I
+
Vx
Mx
d
e
zb
Pm
Pm,t Pm0 Pc s r
Mx Mg
for t0 t t1
M x M g M lt
for t t1
Pm Pm e zb
M z
x b
A
I
I
prestress + dead =
weight
Slab and
transverse +
girders
Additional Variable
dead + loads =
weight
Total
stresses
Change of stresses
Change of stresses in strands and concrete due
to time dependent loss of pre-stressp,c+s+r by
shrinkage, creep and relaxation
5% at time after release of prestress
10% at time of erection of elements and
imposed loading
25% at infiniy (50 years), but more
indicative
Design calculation
ZIP reinforcement
Longitudinal strands anchored by bond
Prestressed steel wires or strands
Longitudinally placed in bottom and web of unit
7-wire helical strand of 12.5 or 15.7 mm diameter
Ultimate tensile strength is 170 kN and 280 kN, respectively
Head reinforcement
pu
Ncu = 0.8bxfcd
Npu
p in SLS
pu in ULS
1570
1260
pu = p + p
6.5
Ncu = Npu
20.0
p []
FeP1860
pu = p + p
6.5
20.0
p []
p in SLS
pu in ULS
p in SLS
pu in ULS
1570
1260
FeP1860
pu = p + p
6.5
20.0
p []
90
cracked
uncracked
Vc
Ncu
Np
a
Vx
90 0
V0
a+
M a N p d 0.4 x
Va Vc
Pd
Pi
P
at ULS
at
release
Np (Pi, P)
lpt1 lpt2
lbpd
1 2 pm 0
f bpt
lbpd l pt 2
distance
2 ( pd pm )
f bpd
maximum
number 12.5
mm
500
50
600
53
700
56
800
59
900
62
1000
65
1100
68
1200
71
1300
74
1400
77
1500
80
1600
83
1700
86
Shear force
Shear
stress
area
Stirrup reinforcement
Standardisation of stirrups
Stirrup reinforcement
Standardisation of stirrups
Projecting stirrups
Detailing
Local stresses
Anchorage stresses in the transmission zone
Bursting and spalling, related to distribution of
prestress force over cross-section
Splitting due to bond action
Bond stress
Ribbed bar
e0
spalling
splitting
strand
bursting
spalling
slip
Concrete product
Concrete cover
Tolerances of product
Summary
Bridge deck
Bridge beam