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STEP 7
1. Why the man appreance puffy face ?
Swelling of the face (face oedema) which may develop if a tumour presses on a main vein
coming towards the heart from the head or a blockage of a main blood vessel (superior
vena cava obstruction).
The leading symptoms of SVC syndrome are facial edema, distended veins in the neck and
sometimes chest, arm edema, shortness of breath, cough, facial plethora/fullness, and less
commonly wheezing, lightheadedness, headaches, and even confusion.
source:
Introduction to Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Syndrome_Published October 25, 2008 By Dr
West
Netter. atlas of human anatomy
Pierson DJ.Disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and diaphragm. in horrisons
principles of internal medicine, ed 12. new york:Mc-Graw Hill
2. Why he has hoarse voices ?
Sound is produced in the larynx by vibration of the vocal cords. Resonance occurs in the pharynx, nose and
mouth; articulation uses the mouth and tongue. Coughing requires adduction of the vocal cords to be effective.
Innervation of the laryngeal muscles is from the vagus nerve via its branches, the superior laryngeal and
recurrent laryngeal nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerve controls abduction and adduction of the vocal
cords. This nerve has a long course, from the base of the skull to the mediastinum: on the left side it loops under
the aortic arch and on the right under the subclavian artery.
The vocal cords are subject to high forces and so are vulnerable to voice overuse or misuse.
source:
Meyer TK; The larynx for neurologists. Neurologist. 2009 Nov;15(6):313-8. About the voice; Lions Voice
Clinic of the University of Minnesota
source:
Wilkins, R.H., Brody, I.A., Durham, N.C. (1968) Horners syndrome. Arch. Neurol. 19: 540-542.
5. Why he get pain in the lower chest and tightness when breathing ?
6. Why the patient cough with blood ?
Most of the lung's blood (95%) circulates through low-pressure pulmonary arteries and ends
up in the pulmonary capillary bed, where gas is exchanged. About 5% of the blood supply
circulates through high-pressure bronchial arteries, which originate at the aorta and supply
major airways and supporting structures. In hemoptysis, the blood generally arises from
this bronchial circulation, except when pulmonary arteries are damaged by trauma, by
erosion of a granulomatous or calcified lymph node or tumor, or, rarely, by pulmonary
arterial catheterization or when pulmonary capillaries are affected by inflammation.
source:
A Merck Manual of Patient Symptoms podcast_July 2014 by Noah Lechtzin, MD, MHS
7. What are the relations between aktive smoker with the desease ?
The pathogenesis of lung cancer is like other cancers, beginning with carcinogen-induced initiation events,
followed by a long period of promotion and progression in a multistep process. Cigarette smoke both
initiates and promotes carcinogenesis. The initiation event happens early on, as evidenced by similar genetic
mutations between current and former smokers (e.g. 3p deletion, p53 mutations). Smoking thus causes a
field effect on the lung epithelium, providing a large population of initiated cells and increasing the chance of
transformation. Continued smoke exposure allows additional mutations to accumulate due to promotion by
chronic irritation and promoters in cigarette smoke (e.g. nicotine, phenol, formaldehyde). The time delay
between smoking onset and cancer onset is typically long, requiring 20-25 years for cancer formation. Cancer
risk decreases after smoking cessation, but existing initiated cells may progress if another carcinogen carries
on the process.
source:
journal of N Engl J Med 2008 Sep 25;359(13):1367-80; Clin Chest Med. 2011 Dec;32(4):703-40 ; Am J
source:
http://www.jfponline.com/fileadmin/qhi_archive/ArticlePDF/FP/022020064.pdf
Differential diagnosis
pulmonary metastases
mesothelioma
primary chest wall tumours
o Ewing sarcoma
o PNET
chest wall metastases
apical pleural thickening secondary to previous pulmonary tuberculosis
Webb WR, Higgins CB. Thoracic imaging, pulmonary and cardiovascular radiology. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins. (2005) ISBN:078174119X. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon
Rong SH. Carotid pseudoaneurysm simulating Pancoast tumor. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;142 (3):
495-6. AJR Am J Roentgenol (citation) - Pubmed citation
11. What are the etiologys from the scenario ?
ETIOLOGY
The vast majority of Pancoast tumors are lung cancersthough only 5% of lung cancers have this
presentation. Non-small cell lung cancers are the most common etiology, and adenocarcinoma and
squamous cell carcinoma are the most frequent histologic types. Small-cell carcinomas are less
common since they usually develop centrally. Rare causes of Pancoast syndrome include other malignant
tumors (primary or metastatic), hematologic processes, infectious processes, and other nonmalignant
conditions.
Despite the rarity of these alternate etiologies, their possibility must be investigated prior to the initiation
of therapy in order to achieve optimal outcomes. Thus, the clinical examination must be supplemented by
imaging and histologic studies.
source:
http://www.jfponline.com/fileadmin/qhi_archive/ArticlePDF/FP/022020064.pdf
source:
Canadian Cancer Societys Steering Committee. Canadian Cancer Statistics 2011. Toronto: Canadian
Cancer Society. ISSN: 0835-2976.
Available at: http://www.cancer.ca/Canada
wide/About%20cancer/~/media/CCS/Canada%20wide/Files%20List/English%20files%20heading/PD
F%20-%20Policy%20-%20Canadian%20Cancer%20Statistics%20%20English/Canadian%20Cancer%20Statistics%202011%20-%20English.ashx Accessed: January
3, 2012.