Sections 5.

3 (Day 1) Notes

AP Calc

We will now learn a much easier way to evaluate a definite integral such as

dx .

The Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (we will learn the 1st part next class):
If f is continuous on the interval [ a, b ] , then
b

f ( x)

dx F (b) F (a )

F is the antiderivative of f (which by the way means that f F ' )

where

How to use this theorem:

Take the antiderivative of f (x) (and leave off the constant C ), then put in the upper limit b and subtract what you get

a .

when you put in the lower limit

Example #1:

Example #2:
2

Evaluate

Evaluate

dx .

t 3 dt .

Solution:
We write,

x3
x
dx

2
3
4

(4)
(2) 3

3
3
64 8

3
3
56

Example #3:

Example #4:

Evaluate

Evaluate

x 3 dx .

sin x

dx .

Solution:
4

x
5
2

x 3 dx x 2 dx
1

2
5

5
2

2 2
x
5

x5

2
2
( 4) 2 4 (1) 2 1
5
5
64 2 62

5 5
5
Example #5:

Example #6:

Example #7:

Evaluate

1
dx .
x2

Evaluate

1
1 x dx

Evaluate

dx

Solution:
The value of this integral DOES NOT
EXIST, since the function f ( x)

1
is
x2

not continuous on the interval [ 2, 1 ].

(since it is undefined at x 0 )

Example #8:

Evaluate

Example #9:
4

2 csc x dx

Evaluate

x3 1
dx
x

Example #10:
Find the area of the enclosed region between the graph of y x 2 1 and the

For the next few examples, you will need to recall the following rules:

x axis .

1
1 x

1 x

dx sin 1 x C

dx tan 1 x C

Example #11:

Example #12:

2
2

3
0 1 x 2 dx

Evaluate

Evaluate

Note: y arctan x is only defined for

y
2
2

1
2

1
1 x2

dx

Note: y arcsin x is only defined for

y
2
2

Most graphing calculators CANNOT evaluate an INDEFINITE integral, but they CAN evaluate a DEFINITE integral.

To evaluate a DEFINITE integral on a graphing calculator:

On homescreen,
ALPHA WINDOW

On the graph screen,

2nd calc f ( x) dx

fnInt

(then type in Lower limit and hit

ENTER, then same for the Upper limit)

(and then fill in the blanks)

Example #13: Use a calculator to evaluate

1

3
x 5 x dx (use homescreen)

Example #14: Use a calculator to evaluate

tan x e

dx

(do on the graph screen)

Assignment: p.402 (19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43*, 46*) * use a graphing calculator

AP Calc

Sections 5.3 (Day 2) Notes

Some functions are formed by integrating some other function from a constant

to the variable

x.

For example, some

function g (x ) might be defined as g ( x )

f (t )

dt . In such problems, it is very important to remember that

f (t )

dt is the AREA between the curve f (t ) and the x axis , starting at

and ending at

x.

Example #1:
x

The function g ( x )

f (t )

dt , and f is the function shown in the graph below.

(a) Find the value of g (1) .

Solution:
To find g (1) , we need to replace the
variable x with 1 , then go from
there.
x

So, since g ( x )

f (t )

(b) Find the value of g (3) .

(c) Find the value of g (5) .

Solution:

Solution:
5

g (5) f (t ) dt

g (3) f (t ) dt

dt

then

g (1)

f (t )

dt

which is the area between the graph of

the function f and the x axis
from 0 to 1 (this area is shaded).

(remember; you must SUBTRACT the

area below the x axis )
So,

1
So, using A bh ,
2
1
we get A (1)(2) 1
2
Therefore, g (1) 1

f (t )
0

dt

1
b1 b2 h 1 bh
2
2

1
3 1 (2) 1 (2)(2)
2
2

42
(d) At what value of

on the interval [0, 5] does g (x ) attain its ABSOLUTE MAX?

f (t )

Lets again consider a function such as g ( x )

dt . Instead of the upper limit being a single variable, it is often a

function of

x , such as in

x3

g ( x) cos t dt . Lets see what happens when we take the DERIVATIVE of such a function:
5

Example 2: (Finding the derivative of g (x ) - Long method)

x3

Given g ( x)

cos t

dt

Find

g ' ( x) .

Solution:
x3

g ( x) cos t dt = sin t 5x

[sin( x 3 )] [sin(5)]
sin( x 3 ) sin(5)
So, we have g ( x) sin( x 3 ) sin(5)
Taking the derivative now gives:

g ' ( x) [cos( x 3 )] 3 x 2
this simplies to g ' ( x ) 3 x cos x
2

noting that the derivative of sin 5 is 0 (since it is a constant)

x3

You should now see a SHORTCUT that we can use to go from g ( x)

cos t

dt to g ' ( x ) 3 x 2 cos x 3 .

This SHORTCUT is called The 1st Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, and is summarized below:
The FIRST Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

d
dx

g ( x)

f (t ) d t f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)

In other words: To take the DERIVATIVE of an INTEGRAL (going from a constant to a function), put the upper limit
into f (t ) , then multiply this by the derivative of the upper limit.

Example 3: Use the FIRST Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, to find the derivative
2x

(a) Given g ( x )
Find

1
1 t 2 dt

g ' ( x) .

Solution: (the

(c)
x2

Given F ( x )

(t

d
means derivative)
dx

d
g ' ( x)
dx

(b)

2x

Find

F ' ( x) .

t ) dt

Given h( x )

cos t dt

x3

Find

h' ( x )

dt

1
2
(2 x) 2

1
2x 2

Before going into our next example, we need to review some basics about the relationships between f and f ' :
(REVIEW):

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

When f ' is POS (above the x-axis), the graph of f is INC.

When f ' is NEG (below the x-axis), the graph of f is DEC.
When f ' changes from POS to NEG, the graph of f changes from INC to DEC, and therefore f has a Local MAX.
When f ' changes from NEG to POS, the graph of f changes from DEC to INC, and therefore f has a Local MIN.
When f ' is INC, the graph of f is CONCAVE UP.
When f ' is DEC, the graph of f is CONCAVE DOWN.
The graph of f has an INFLECTION POINT, when its concavity changes (from down to up, or from up to down).
Therefore, we can also say that f has an INFLECTION POINT wherever f ' changes from INC to DEC, or DEC to
INC.
x

f (t ) dt ,

Example 4: Let g ( x)

where f is the function whose graph is shown below.

a) What is g ' ( x )
b) At what x values does g (x ) attain a relative max? Why?
c) At what x values does g (x ) attain a relative min? Why?
d) At what x values does g (x ) attain a point of inflection? Why?
e) Find g (0)

g (1)
g ( 2)
g (3)
g (5)
g ( 6)
f)

Estimate g (7)

g) Sketch a graph of g (x ) below.

Example 5: Let g ( x)

f (t ) dt , where

f is the function whose graph is shown below.

a) On what interval(s) is g (x ) increasing? Why?

b) On what interval(s) is g (x ) decreasing? Why?

c) At what x values does g (x ) attain a relative max? Why?

d) At what x values does g (x ) attain a relative min? Why?

e) On what interval(s) is g (x ) concave up? Why?

f) On what interval(s) is g (x ) concave down? Why?

g) At what x values does g (x ) attain a point of inflection? Why?

h) At what x value does g (x ) attain its absolute maximum value ? Why?

i) At what x value does g (x ) attain its absolute minimum value ? Why?

Assignment: p.402 (1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 49, 53, 54, 55, 59)

Sections 5.4 Notes

AP Calc
b

The DEFINITE integrals

f ( x)
a

dx we have been evaluating have resulted in a NUMBER.

 x3

2
x dx

Example:

8 1 7

(answer is a NUMBER)
3 3 3

Now, if we go back to evaluating INDEFINITE integrals

f ( x ) dx , we need to recall that we just find the antiderivative,

then add on a constant at the end. This gives us another FUNCTION ( or family of functions only differing by a constant C).

x3
C
3

2
x dx

Example:

(answer is a family of FUNCTIONS)

Lets now practice evaluating more integrals:

Example #1:

Example #2:

Evaluate

6 x dx

Evaluate

3x 2
dx
x

Solution:

x 4 6x 2
x

6
x
dx

0
2
4
3

3x 2

(3) 4
( 0) 4

3(3) 2
3(0) 2
4
4

81

27 0 0
4

81 108

4
4
27

Example #3:
Evaluate

(10 x

2 sec 2 x ) dx

In general, if we take the antiderivative of f (x ) and get F ( x ) , we then have:

f ( x)

dx F ( x ) a F (b) F ( a ) .
b

Now, if we INTEGRATE a DERIVATIVE, such as in

H ' ( x)
a

Therefore, this results in:

dx , the integral and derivative CANCEL each other out .

dx H ( x ) a H (b) H (a ) .

H ' ( x)

Furthermore, the result H (b) H (a ) represents the CHANGE in H (t ) from

xa

to x b .

(**So, integrating a DERIVATIVE or RATE function gives you the change in the ORIGINAL function from

to b )

Example #4: If V (t ) is the volume of water in a tank at

time t , then its derivative V ' (t ) will be the RATE at

Example #5: If N (t ) is the total population at time t ,

then N ' (t ) is the RATE of change in population.

which the volume ( or amount) of water is changing .

Therefore,

Therefore,

t2

t2

N ' (t ) dt N (t )

V ' (t ) dt V (t ) V (t 2 ) V (t1 )
t2
t1

t2
t1

N (t 2 ) N (t1 )

t1

= the CHANGE in population from t1 to t 2 .

t1

= the CHANGE in amount of water from t1 to

t2 .

NOTE: Suppose the units on N ' (t ) were

NOTE: Suppose the units on V ' (t ) were

gallons
.
min .

gallons
we end up with gallons .
min .
Example #6: If I (t ) is the RATE at which cars pass

If we integrate

people
.
year

people
we end up with people .
year

If we integrate

through an intersection , then

t2

I (t )

dt = the total number of cars that passed through

Example #7: Suppose a particle is moving back and forth

along a straight line. If s (t ) is its position at time t , then
s ' (t ) or v (t ) (recall that the derivative of the position is
velocity) is the RATE at which the particle is moving.
Therefore,

t1

the

t2

intersection on the time interval t1 to t 2 .

v(t ) dt s(t )

t2
t1

s (t 2 ) s (t1 )

t1

NOTES:
(1) Supposing the units on I (t ) were
if we integrate

= the CHANGE in the particles position from t1 to

cars
,
hour

cars
we end up with
hour

t2 .

cars .

(This change in position is also called DISPLACEMENT)

NOTE: Suppose the units on v (t ) were

(2) Even though I (t ) was not labeled as a derivative, it

should be thought of as a derivative since it said it is a RATE.

If we integrate

cm
we end up with
sec

cm
.
sec

cm .

t , then v ' (t ) or a (t ) (recall that the derivative of the velocity is

acceleration) is the RATE at which the particles velocity is changing.
Example #8: If v (t ) is its velocity at time
Therefore,
t2

a(t ) dt v(t )

t2
t1

v(t 2 ) v(t1 ) = the CHANGE in the particles velocity from t1 to t 2 .

t1

For

Position/Velocity/Acceleration problems, it will be helpful to always remember the following:

Position

DIFFERENTIATE Velocity

INTEGRATE

Acceleration

Suppose the graph shown below is the velocity function for a particle moving along a straight line.

t2

(1) The value of

v(t )

dt = the CHANGE in the particles position from t1 to t 2 ( its DISPLACEMENT).

t1

t2

Then,

DISPLACEMENT =

v(t )

dt A1 A2 A3 (Note that we SUBTRACT A2 since it is negative

t1

area)
**Summary of the movement of the particle: the particle moved FORWARD A1 units, then moved BACKWARD A2
units, then moved forward A3 units. So, the particle is now A1 A2 A3 units away from where it started.

(2) If we wanted to find the TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED by the particle on the time interval t1 to t 2 , we
would need to count the area A2 as a POSITIVE number. In other words,
t2

TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED v (t ) dt A1 A2 A3

t1

t2

Important note: Finding

t2

v (t ) dt is NOT the same as finding

v(t )

dt , so do not make this mistake.

t1

t1

Example #9: The given graph is the velocity function for a

Example #10: (Use a graphing calculator)

particle moving along a straight line where

and v (t ) is in meters/sec.

If v(t ) x sin( 2 x ) 2 is the velocity function for a

particle moving along a straight line where t is in minute
and v (t ) is in meters/min.

is in seconds

(a) Find the displacement over the time interval [2, 4].
4

Displacement =

(a) Find the displacement for the first 6 seconds.

6

Displacement =

v(t )

dt =

v(t )

dt =

(b) Find the distance traveled over the time interval [2, 4].

(b) Find the distance traveled for the first 6 seconds.

v(t )

v(t )

dt =

Distance Traveled =

Distance Traveled =

dt =

Example #11: The function v(t ) t 2 1 is the velocity function for a particle moving along a straight line where
in minute and v (t ) is in feet/min.

is

(a) Find the displacement for the first 2 seconds.

(b) Find the distance traveled for the first 2 seconds.

Displacement =

Distance Traveled =

Suppose we know the value of f (a ) and want to find the value of f (b) .
It would make sense then to find f (b) as follows:
f (b) = f (a ) (the change in f (x) from a to b )
b

OR

f (b ) f ( a )

f ' ( x)dx
a

Example #12: If f ' ( x) 2 x 3 and

f ( 4) 7 , find the value of f (5) .

Example #13:

Example #14:

Solution:

(Use a graphing calculator)

If f ' ( x) sin( x 2 ) and f (3) 6 ,

(Use a graphing calculator)

If v(t ) t 2 3t and s ( 2) 10 ,

find the value of f (1) .

(Note: there are 2 ways to evaluate a
definite integral on a calculator)

find the value of s (5) .

f (5) f ( 4) 2 x 3 dx
4

Assignment: p.411 ( 1, 2, 5, 8, 15, 19, 21, 23, 26, 31, 32, 45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54*, 55, 56*, 58, 59, 62 , + AP Questions)
*use a graphing calculator
Hint on #1 and #2: Just differentiate the answer and compare it to what is inside the integral
Note on #59 (use 5 equal subintervals)
Note on #62 (use 4 equal subintervals)

AP Questions for Section 5.4 Homework (Use a calculator)

(1) The function H(t) represents the rate at which the number of shoppers in a mall is changing (in people per hour) between
the hours of 1:00 P.M. and 4:00 P.M. The mall opens at 10:00 A.M. (so that is t = 0).

H (t ) t 2 10 sin t 18

for 3 t 7 (which is 1 P.M. to 5 P.M.)

(a) Graph H(t) on a graphing calculator and find H ( 4.5) .

(b) Explain the meaning of H ( 4.5) as it relates to the mall.

(c) Find the total number of people in the mall at 5:00 P.M. if there are 930 people in the mall at 2:00 P.M. Round your
answer to the nearest number of people (show how you set up the problem before getting your answer).

(d) Find the number of people in the mall at 1:00 P.M. (again, show how you set up the problem to get your solution).

(e) Using only the time period 1:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M., at what time of the day will there be the fewest number of people
in the mall? (Hint: think about the SIZE of the areas between the curve and the x axis )

(2) Let f be the function defined for x 0 with f (0) 5 , with the graph of f ' given by f ' ( x ) e

x
4

sin( x 2 ) .

The graph of y f ' ( x ) is shown below.

Graph of f '

(a) Use the graph of f ' to determine whether the graph of f is concave up, concave down, or neither on the
interval 1.6 x 1.9 . Explain your reasoning.

(b) On the interval 0 x 3 , find the value of x at which f has an absolute maximum. Justify your answer.
(Hint: label the areas between the curve and the x axis and use them in your argument)

(c) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of f at x 2 .

Answers to AP Questions:
(1) (a) H ( 4.5) 7.525

people
hour

(b) This tells us that at 2:30 P.M., the number of people in the mall is decreasing at a rate of 7.525

people
.
hour

(c) 930

H (t ) 954.925 , so approximately 955 people.

4

(d) Number of people at 2 P.M. = Number of people at 1 P.M.

H (t )
3

So, 930 = Number of people at 1 P.M.

H (t )
3

OR

930 = Number of people at 1 P.M. 9

Solving this, we get: Number of people at 1 P.M. = 930 + 9 = 939

(e) Number of people is least at t 5.186 which is 3:11 P.M.

Note that I multiplied (.186)(60 minutes) to get the 11 minutes for 3:11 P.M.

(2) (a) f is concave down on this interval since the graph of f ' is clearly decreasing.
(b) Based on the areas between the f ' curve (as shown below) and the x axis , we can see that f
increases by area A1 , then f decreases by area A2 , then f increases by area A3 (which is smaller
than the area A2 it just decreased by). Based on this, we conclude that f will be at its absolute max at

x 1.772 .

(c) We first need the y coordinate for our point (2, ) on f .

2

'
To find this, we need to write f ( 2) f (0) f (t )
0

So f ( 2) 5 .623
then f ( 2) 5.623
So, using the point (2, 5.623) and getting f ' ( 2) .459 from the graph of f ' on your calculator,
we can finally write: y y1 m( x x1 )
so

y 5.623 .459( x 2)

AP Calc

Sections 5.5 (Day 1) Notes

Since there is no product rule, quotient rule, or chain rule for integrals, we need an integration strategy that can help us evaluate
integrals which contain a product, quotient, or composition of functions.

Integration by u-substitition:

(This often works in evaluating an integral which contains a product, quotient, or composition of functions)

Step #1: (Off to the side )

(A) Let

u = one piece of the function.

Hints in choosing this piece:

(a) If you have a COMPOSITION, then let

u = the inside of the composition.

u = the more complex factor.

u = the factor which when differentiated will give you the other factor.

(b) If you have a PRODUCT, then let

or let

(c) If you have a QUOTIENT, then let

or let
(B) Differentiate u with respect to

x.

u = the entire denominator.

u = the inside of the denominator.

In other words, just find

du
.
dx

(C) Move the dx to the other side.

(D) Continue rewriting this to try to get it to MATCH some parts of your integral.

Step #2: Substitute everything from Step #1 into your integral, so that there is no

or dx left in your integral.

Step #3: Integrate.

Step #4: Replace u with your expression from Step #1, so that your final answer is now in terms of
Example #1: Evaluate 2 x ( x 2
Solution:
First, I can rewrite
as

2 x( x 1)
( x 1) 2 x
2

Now, noticing that ( x 1)

2

x.

1) 4 dx

dx
dx

( I just moved the 2 x over next to the dx )

2 x contains a composition, I will let

the inside of this composition:

u x 1
du
2 x ( I just differentiated)
then
dx
then du 2 x dx ( I just moved the dx to the other side)
2

(x 1)
2

2
x dx

u4

du

We now just integrate

du , which gives

Finally, replacing the

1
du u 5 C .
5
1 2
( x 1) 5 C
gives:
5

Note: From now on, it will always be best to PULL OUT any CONSTANTS in your integral BEFORE doing anything else.
Example #2: Evaluate 6 cos 5 x

dx

Solution:
First, pull out the constant: 6 cos 5 x dx

Now, noticing that cos 5 x is a composition, I will let

the inside of this composition:

u 5x

then

du
5
dx

( I just differentiated)

then du 5 dx ( I just moved the dx to the other side)

or

1
du dx
5

6 cos

5 x dx

1
du
5

cos u

1
du .
5
1
6
cos u du .
Pulling out the constant
gives
5
5
6
cos u du
Now integrate
5
6
sin u C .
giving
5
6
sin 5 x C
Finally, replacing the u gives:
5

We now have 6 cos u

Example #3: Evaluate x( x 2

1) 2 dx

Hint: As I did in example #1, it will be best to first move the

x over next to the dx . Doing this gives:
2
2
( x 1) x dx

Now, let

du

then
dx

Example #4: Evaluate

(1 2 x)

dx

Hint: Again, first pull out the constant 5 . Then, since you
have a quotient, you should try letting u be either the entire
denominator OR the inside of the denominator. Here, letting
u = the inside will work.

1
dx
(1 2 x ) 3
Now, let u 1 2 x
then

Example #5: Evaluate

3x 2

dx

Example #6: Evaluate

u be
either the entire denominator OR the inside of the
denominator. Here, letting u = the entire denom. will work.
Note: Since you have a quotient, you should try letting

3x 2

dx
Now, let u 3 x 2
then

du

dx

du

dx

x2 5
dx
x

Note: Since this is in the form

ab
, which algebraically
c

can be rewritten as

a b
, we can evaluate this
c c

WITHOUT using

u-substitition.

x 5
dx
x
2

Example #7: Evaluate

x
dx
5

Example #8: Evaluate

tan x

sec 2 x dx

Note: Since the sum here is in the denominator, we cannot

Note: Since this is a product, then you should let

split it up algebraically.
Thus, we must try u-substitition.

u = the more complex factor

OR let u = the factor which when differentiated will give

x
dx
5

you the other factor.

Now, let

then

du

dx

In this case, we need to notice that the derivative of the

function tan x is sec 2 x .
Therefore, we should let u tan x

tan x

sec 2 x dx

So, letting

u tan x

du

then
dx

Example #9:

Evaluate

sec 2 x tan 2 x

dx

Note: Even though you have a product, you dont want to let

u one of the trig functions.

The reason is that you know

that the antiderivative of sec x tan x is sec x simply by
using one of your memorized derivative rules backwards.
Here then , letting

u = the inside

sec 2 x tan 2 x

2x

dx
Letting u 2 x

Example #10: Evaluate

2 x 1 dx

Let
then

u
du

dx

then

Example #11: Evaluate x

du

dx

2 x 1 dx

Let
then

u
du

dx

Assignment: p.420 ( 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 31, 33, 41)

Sections 5.5 (Day 2) Notes

AP Calc

Lets look at a few more u substituti on examples.

Example #1: Evaluate tan x

dx

Note that we cannot use a derivative rule in reverse. So, lets

try to rewrite it, and then try u substituti on .

tan x

dx

sin x

cos x

cos x

Example #2: Evaluate

xe

x2

dx

Note that we only know how to integrate

x
u
e dx and e du .

So, lets try a u substituti on with u x 2

dx

xe

sin x dx

Lets first move the

x2

dx

to get

x2

xdx

u cos x

Now let

u x2
du
2x
then
dx
Let

du
sin x
dx

then

or du sin x dx
or du sin x dx

1
sin
x dx
cos
x

or

1
du x dx
2

e x xdx
2

1
u

or du 2 x dx

du

eu

1
du
u

1
du
2

1 u
e du
2
1
eu C
2
1 x2
e C
2

ln u C
ln cos x C

Example #3: Evaluate

2 x 1 dx

u 2x 1
du
2
then
dx

Let

or du 2 dx

1
du dx
2

or
4

1
du
2

1
u du
2
4

1
u du
2 0

1
u du
2 0

1
u 2 du
2 0

See next page..

3
2

1 u

2 3
2

1 2

2 3

u
3

4
0

1
u u
3

1
u u
3

OPTION #1 (Regular Method):

u with

4
0

Now, to FINISH from this point

(Replace

2 x 1 then continue)

4
0

, we actually have 2 options:

OPTION #2 (Change of Limits):
(DO NOT replace

u , but instead Change the Limits)

1
( 2 x 1) 2 x 1
3
1
9 9 1 1
3
1
27 1
3
26

New Upper Limit:

Put x 4 into u 2 x 1 , which gives u 9

New Lower Limit:

Put x 0 into u 2 x 1 , which gives u 1

9
1
u u1
3
1
9 9 1 1
3
1
27 1
3
26

Then we have

Note: Although the region area under the curve for

2 x 1 dx might look completely different than the region area

under the curve for

u du , both of these regions will have an area of

Example #4: Evaluate

26
units 2 .
3

x
dx using a change of limits. (Note: a few different choices for
3x 1

here)
Let
then

3x 1

du

dx

would work

Example #5: (Multiple Choice)

3

Which of the integrals below is equivalent to

f (2 x)

dx ? (Hint: use a u substitution )

(a)

3
2

f ( 2 x ) dx

(b) 2

f ( x) dx

(c)

f ( x ) dx

1
2

(d)

1
f ( x) dx
2 2

(e)

1
f ( x) dx
2 1

Review of Symmetry:

(a) If f ( x ) f ( x ) , then f is
(b) If f ( x ) f ( x ) , then f is

odd (and has origin symmetry).

even (and has y axis symmetry).

Important identities from Pre-calc:

(a) sin( x) sin x (because the graph of sin x has origin symmetry)
(b) cos( x ) cos x

(because the graph of

cos x

has y axis symmetry)

Integral shortcuts due to Symmetry:

(a) If f is odd (origin symmetry), then

(b) If f is even ( y axis symmetry), then

f ( x ) dx 0 (negative and positive area add to 0)

f ( x) dx 2 f ( x) dx
0

Example #6: Rewrite each integral based on symmetry

3

(a)

x sin x

dx

(b)

x 2 dx

Assignment: p.420 (6, 27, 28, 35, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58, 65, 76*,79, 80 ) *use calculator

AP Calculus

Section 5.3-5.5 Review

Assignment: p. 430 (true-false) (1 - 4, 6 - 8, 11)

p. 431 (11, 13, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32* , 33, 35, 43, 44, 45, 46, 57) *HINT: let u x 2
Extra Questions:

(1) Evaluate cot x dx (Hint: first rewrite, then use a u-substitution)

(2) Rewrite

1 dx as a sum of two integrals that do not have an absolute value. (Do not evaluate).

(Hint: first draw a rough sketch)

(3) Let g ( x)

f (t ) dt , where

f is the function whose graph is shown below.

(a) Write an expression for g ' ( x )

(b) At what x values does g (x ) attain a relative max? Why?
(c) At what x values does g (x ) attain a relative min? Why?

(d) Find g ( 2)

g ( 0)

g (2)
g (5)
(e) At what x value does g (x ) attain its absolute maximum value ? Why?
(f) At what x values does g (x ) attain a point of inflection? Why?
(g) Write an equation for the tangent line to g (x ) where x 4 .

(4) Use the given velocity graph for a particle moving along a y axis ( t is in meters and v (t ) is in meters/sec)

(c) Find the displacement for the first 5 seconds.

(d) Find the distance traveled for the first 5 seconds.

(e) If the position of the object on the y axis at t 0 is y (0) 5 , find the new position at t 3 sec.

(f) Find a (3) .

(5) The position function for a particle moving along an x axis is given by x(t ) t 2 sin 2t 6t .
Find the distance traveled by the object on the time interval 2 t 6 . (Use a calculator)
6

Hint: first find the velocity function by hand, then use your calculator to evaluate

v(t )

dt

(6) If

f ' ( x)

dx 16 and f ( 2) 4 , find the value of f (0) .

(7) If f ' ( x) 4 x 3 and f (2) 6 , find the value of f (5) .

(8) Use a u substitution on

f (3x)

dx to rewrite this as an integral in terms of f (x) .

(9) The function L(t ) 5 cos t e t represents the rate at which the number of cars parked in a supermarket lot is
changing in

cars
. Let time t 0 correspond to 12:00 noon, at which time there were 45 cars in the lot.
hour

(a) Graph L (t ) on a graphing calculator and find L ( 2.5) . Explain its meaning.

(b) Set up an integral expression to help find the number of cars in the lot at 5:00 PM, then find this number.
(use a calculator)

(c) For the time interval 12:00 noon to 6:00 PM, find the value of
in the lot. (use a calculator)

at which there were the fewest number of cars

Answers to Review 5.3-5.5:

Textbook Questions:
True-false (p. 430): (1) True (2) False (3) True (4) False (6) True (7) True (8) False (11) False

21
1
1
9
e 1
(13) 76 (15)
(19) sin 1 (21)
10
4
3

1
2
7
1
(22) ln 4 or ln 2 (23) ln 2
(25) x 2 4 x C (26) cot 3t C (27)
3
3
4
3
1
2
sin t C
2
1
1
sin 1 ( x 2 ) C
ln 1 x 4 C (35) ln 1 sec C
(29) 2e x C (32)
(33)
2
4
3x 5
2
4
(43) 1 x (44) tan x
(45)
(46) sin x 3 1 cos 2 x
1 x9

Regular questions (p. 431): (11)

(57) The number of barrels of oil consumed from Jan. 1, 2000 through Jan. 1, 2003
Extra questions:
(1) ln sin x C
1

(2)

2
2
x 1 dx x 1 dx
0

(3) (a) g ' ( x ) f ( x ) by using the FIRST Fund. Theorem of Calculus

(b) at x 2 since g ' changes from POS to NEG.
(c) None
(d) g ( 2) 0 , g (0) , g ( 2) 2 , g (5) 2 6
(e) at x 2 since g increased by 2 ( 6.28) from t 2 to t 2 , then decreased by only 6 from

t2

to t 5 .
(f) at x 0 since g ' changes from INC to DEC.
(g) y ( 2 3) 3( x 4)

(4) (a) 1.5 meters

(b) 7.5 meters
(c) y (3) y (0) 4.5 5 4.5 .5
(d) a (3) is just the slope of the velocity curve at t 3 , so a (3) 3

meters
sec 2

(5) 10.157 units traveled

(6) f (0) 12
(7) f (5) 27
15

1
f ( x) dx
(8)
3 6
cars
. This means that the number of cars in the lot at 2:30 PM is decreasing at
hour
cars
the rate of 4.004
.
hour

(9) (a) L( 2.5) 4.004

(b) 45

L(t )

dt . This value is 41.092 , so about 41 cars.

(c) at t 4.712 hours.