Nju;rr

; p 8.3
mbg;gil Fwpg;Ngw;w EZf;fq;fs; (Modulation)
mbg;gil Fwpg;Ngw;wkhdJ Fiwe;j J}uj;jpw;F gpuahzpf;ff; $ba miy nfhz;l rkpq;iQahdJ
fhtpr;rkpq;iQfSld; (Carrier Signal) ,izf;fg;gl;L $Ljyhd J}uj;jpw;F gpuahzpf;f; $ba cau; miy
nfhz;l rkpq;iQfshf khw;wg;gl;L gupkhw;wj;jpw;F jahu; nra;ag;gLk; ,k;khw;Wk; nraw;ghNl Fwpg;Ngw;wk;
(Modulation) vdg;gLk;.

Fwpg;Ngw;wk; (Modulation)

xg;Gik miy(Analog Signal)

vz;zpay; miy(Digital signal)

(jho; - cau; miytupir)

(vz;zpay; - xg;Gik)

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude Shift Key (ASK)

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Frequency Shift Key (FSK)

Phase Modulation (PM)

Phase Shift Key (PSK)

Fwpg;Ngw;wr; nraw;ghL (Modulation)

xg;Gik miy rkpq;iQ

Fwpg;Ngw;wg;gl;l rkpq;iQ

Fwpg;Ngw;wp
(Modulator)

Carrier Signal
fhtpr;rkpq;iQ
(vg;nghOJk; cau; xg;Gik miytupir)

fhtpr; rkpq;iQ (Carrier Signal)

fhtpr; rkpq;iQ vd;gJ kpf cau; kPbuidf; nfhz;l rf;jp tha;e;j kpd;fhe;j miyfshFk; (Electro magnet
wave). ,J rhjhuz Fuy; miyfis gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak; NghJ mf;Fuy; miyfis mjpf J}uk; gpuahzk;
nra;aj;jf;fjhf khw;w mf;Fuy; miyfSld; fhtpr; rkpq;iQfis cs;sPlhf toq;fp mitapuz;ilAk;
Fwpg;Ngw;wp ePz;l J}u gpuahzj;jpw;F jahu; nra;ag; gad;gLk;.

xg;Gik rkpq;iQia
Fwpg;Ngw;wg;gLk;.

Fwpg;Ngw;Wk;

NghJ

miyapd;

%d;W

gz;Gfspid

mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L

1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

,f;Fwpg;Ngw;wkhdJ
miyapDila
gyj;jpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLj;JtjpD}lhf ,lk;ngWk;.
mjhtJ
me;j
rkpq;iQapd;
voltage or
gpufhrj;jpy; khw;wk; nra;tjpD}lhf
,f; Fwpg;Ngw;wk; ,lk;ngWk;. ,jid gpd;tUk;
glk; tpgupf;fpd;wJ.

- fhtpr; rkpq;iQ

- Fwpg;Ngw;w rkpq;iQ
- Fwpg;Ngw;wg;gl;l
rkpq;iQ

2. Frequency Modulation (FM)

,e;j Fwpg;Ngw;wkhdJ miytupirapd; kPbudpy
(Frequency) khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;JtjpD}lhf
,lk;ngWk;.
,jid
gpd;tUk;
glk;
tpgupf;fpd;wJ

- fhtpr; rkpq;iQ

- Fwpg;Ngw;w rkpq;iQ
- Fwpg;Ngw;wg;gl;l
rkpq;iQ

1|ILM.Irfan

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3. Phase Modulation (PM)

,J miytupirapd; ,aw;if
Xl;lj;ij
jw;fhypfkhf
jhkjpg;gjd;
Clhf
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ
fhtp
rkpq;iQfSf;F
nghUj;jkhd
miyapd;
Njhw;wj;ij
,lkhw;Wtjd;
%yk;
,J
ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
,jid
,g;;
glk;
tpgupf;fpd;wJ

rkpq;iQfshdJ xg;Gik
Kiwfspy; Fwpg;Ngw;wg;Lk;.
Digital
1.

fhtpr;

-fhtpr; rkpq;iQ
-

-Fwpg;Ngw;w rkpq;iQ

- Fwpg;Ngw;wg;gl;l
rkpq;iQ

rkpq;iQAld;

Nru;j;J

FwpapLk;

NghJ

gpd;tUk;

Amplitude Shift Key (ASK)

,e;j Fwpaplypd; NghJ xg;Gik fhtpr;rkpq;iQahdJ
Fwpaplg;gLk; rkpq;i
; QfSf;F Vw;g khWgLk; mNj
neuk; mjDila tPr;rk; kw;Wk; mtj;ij khwJ
,Uf;Fk;.
,jpy;
tPr;rkhdJ
Jtpj
ju;f;f
,yf;fq;fshd 0,1 ,dhy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,jid gpd;tUk; glk; tpgupf;fpd;wJ

2. Frequency shift key (FSK)

,f;Fwpaplypd;
NghJ
fhtpr;rkpq;iQahdJ
Fwpaplg;gLk; rkpq;iQapd; kPbuDf;F Vw;g mjDila
tPr;rk;,
mtj;ij
khwhjpUf;f
fhtpr;rkpq;iQapd;
kPbud; khWk;. ,jid gpd;tUk; glk; tpgupf;fpd;wJ

3. Phase shift key (PSK)

,J fhtpr; rkpq;iQapd; mtj;ijapy; khw;wk;
Vw;gLj;JtjpD}lhf khw;wg;gLk;. ,jid gpd;tUk;
glk; tpgupf;fpd;wJ.

xg;Gik rkpq;iQia vz;zpay; rkpq;iQf;F khw;wy;

,jid khw;Wtjw;fhd Kiwahf pulse code Modulation (PCM) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ

gpd;tUk; %d;W gbKiwfSf;Fl;gl;Nl ,e;j khw;wk; epfopfpdwJ.

1. Step 1- Sampling
Sample

2|ILM.Irfan

xg;Gik rkpq;iQapdJ shine tisapahdJ epiyf;Fj;jhf

gpupf;fg;gLk;.
,jd; xU gFjp sample MFk;.
xU Rw;wpy; vj;jid sample ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ sampling
Theorum %yk; (Nyquist Theorum) jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

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(xU nrf;fDf;Fs;shd Sample

fspd; vz;zpf;if)

Sampling Rate

2 X Mff;$ba kPbud; (Highest Frequency)

cjhuzk;: kPbud; 0.3 3.4 KHz cila miytupirapd; samplefspd;
vz;zpf;if
Sampling Rate 2 X Mff;$ba kPbud; (Highest Frequency)
= 2 X 3.4 khz
= 6.8 khz (,jid fpl;ba 2d; klq;fpw;F kl;lk;
jl;ly;)
= 8 khz
= 8000 Hz/s

2. Step 2 Quantizing
Quantizing kl;lk 52

52

Quantizing kl;lkhdJ mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; me;j

rkpq;iQahdJ ek;gfkhdJ.

3. Step 3 Encoding

,jpy; xt;nthU kl;lKk; encode gz;zg;gLk;.

cjhuzkhf sample quantizing kl;lkhdJ 52 vd;why; mJ binary f;F khw;wg;gLk;. ,J 8 bit

y; vOjg;gLk;

CODEC (Compressor and Decompresser or Coder and Decoder)

CODEC MdJ Digital data stream or rkpq;iQia encode or decode gz;z gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU rhjdk; or
xU fzdp epuypahFk;..
,f; CODEC MdJ data sream or rkpq;iQfis gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhf, Nrkpg;gjw;fhf or Nghypf;FwpapLtjw;fhf
encode gz;Zk, or mtw;wpypUe;J gpw NjitfSf;fhf decode gz;Zk

3|ILM.Irfan

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