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pdrtr , BucuF Li, 1916(ed t Il3)
s' lirad&r, soc'.Lie de 5l:inl. I'loloei'. dn F?ubl'(a
seolBLa Romrnia,Bllmili, 195! t u
tlf,t'
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nMire & linguLdiqs, Brcarest' 1956lrn

slld,i Fi a/.dd'i /irPlrle, BudEli 1950rrm
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stutii d. sotdnn RedacLlt'rsDons,bllj:Al Gradr'
J. BycL-, Butrerti, 1956lD. ls57 (II), l96l OID
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ha nl daati ooto En. \as i l i L.
S,dM ratlo,Nli.nala d ra6:i toann
Crele)cu,
1968.
Bucrrsti.
stflLtud M$a;tc d: I or s ! Ior dan, V Gui u R om al o
Al. Niculescu, shdctua ntldwitd n tinbti rotutne
,odmp./da, Buure$ii, 1967
TNle 9in2tadd:s, sldli, Tetieritubdnlnsi ata' Brcureiti'1967.

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de divos" nii doi ji p'edsazi pi1 eptr"nitib:narelld cd. dt
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l.
n! pr6lDrne diviriure. " morfolopie/slntari
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Cu toate Ezdvele cu ere *te
celemai ftulte ori. ln cmidsatie ln dffidile linbilor ll*iomre Examimreaoleaniariienunturtror
!e opresre
In eqral.a
elndu{,,eI orlin rmolicj',la diljnclr inl'c douo nivel"d. orn,
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Canbrldge,l,{a$ac!mtte, 1965,p. t6)-Cea e * ahibaieh nod ohlsnuit
morfologieise inchde ln ofpdmtd
lundandtal sub tolra udor
rinbolrl -otegor:,I."e \ Grb.), v (!db). Al Gdjeli,J etr.,caF
tspts/1li -otero_iil.r.eF" ri dsound ln nd. pi llor de vorbiF
lct. stnlM tdntftn4|ndtn, p. 29), dar ti sb bina ,,lormtivelof
cEr Gsunziu).Int (lnkrccadv,,de
sramlicole" Pall (palticipiu\,
xenplu- jrc sEpund atixelordin eranauc. hrdilroialt.,,,
pmlicukinl@Clrive,
advsbereCdtir..h."(la.r/l.,
un@!iqe numileloSiftboluileetegdiallac pdte din vocabularul
auxilirr al
gahalicli, jat Idmatrele granalidle, a ti c.le lexicaleslnr cupri@
gnmalicji.Componstulsinlaclicrl ladaliciihans
h lexicon!l
3 dk6df moddftiti & , &ridh obielut ir dore.
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ld.lingvistic dtjrlns in desi@.
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2.& Slntaxa Eodsni ! c hddiiionaE nu se s.pari, dn d prta
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Dt ' e . la o ii m , r " d a ? ,
ikDd. liidu, t."ohioral d" aboda+ )i d" \ataa p$i.li 9i oeiitE
ru.sce,:' rr d. o m are oodon,i tre itu3, in.pds a(rual;,capt. o
pordse eidert nsi marc.
De asemeninu trcbuie hlol6 cl ternenii "sint&xi lradtlionald" ti
aesfi ternsi
"sintax, nodrne"se dDlici mor dtititi o moFe4e;
su in lederem'".dn si Forii direhe deoebh. .tb nulre .sDede drr
lie d liro dn u D i F r d d r r i ( o n u " d r p i i m l g a p d c . l o r l a o a l i ,
ahiar a6te lristtuli comune se lot ninifesta in ,Iade" diisil in
o ir- e lu cr a ' i
"sinlaxa no.
3,0. Shtali anilitici ti slnt h gherattvd. Tdndll
ddni" nu desmeaz, o iealiiaie lnicd si dnltari. Cdacteristica ea
nai izbitode a slntrrei nodsne o Epreinu pr@par de a pune de
! @d F e L r r s d . n a e : l d o n " n i u o n o l F 6 n . e 0 l i i d e p F l l ' b ; ,
de a.l"bora Denru "uoi'cr i6rui a\De.r , linDir o
ll lg! "lic,
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.flIfl ,lLe nirele sle l,nbx- Pr@ur de modq'iar a dntd\ei nu 8re
insi un sDect rnitar. tu s dezvoltd lntr o dtci dlrciie. CdutSrile
de lnnoi ineloddldic, e manitgte i. divdse iposiaze ia! loma u.or
t6nl dreite sau toli dqEbile,
In a6tn
diversjtaie se disting doui dneqji op!*. hrr-m lel e.
lnaliticd si @a genuslivisti, aeasta din ulni nind ndt ftat r*mia.
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@ po'njnd de Ia u lol (un .q.. un o'Dur sr ao.da la !i,bi trs
und ilf, upri/iid
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idnuricsteprin oD6ati, de ,nstiz4
cnjl z 6p e i mu litu| de hMde..
ots ?Drzinta *.ul o$nlk
dcgalr., udra{ilor tinAvis!r r pu@a rn .\ d;la o retahi.ordintre
ere: rol'irc dc relaliild .d! p4tcipa repleinta p .]ipiu, caliticob,
iar.a.i'i"a?a, dei alcrtrGa mir inielrd? 6'Eani;re. .onni.uie
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'
-atkt i a'du.. {b tupur
Prin. aaba$i caracterisiici, eretrr e rMnonip nodft
E opm
etaaa'td;Ce@db.hMIdqatk{al, e1u ae qrut reppinrl .qtpul
$ n u p m r , de pLA aft: 0omindde ta _E l. 8 t Rt e p a md ig d a c @,
p".dF li ,cptd s d.t ti .d. ltnl rrp ime tn \@oitaro ruxitjar,
s i ao lciid u sisien,.1 {diB ,'l)ls, dele g u ' . z s , ip d " g ra ra ric a
{tstui. 3d arg!." .intetjzarea,
D ooueFa rrtoto' mre.ri ak inei anumiteI:mbL.Moduldr oolineea kuld , i),orirld dsi. d v. . TDR/I a
l n aL e lE9i.U dp
daJina J exolia s lo' c a t e Cd ih s a ms ic ; p , , d c'
dM@
in l e ! r; ' < | U , Ua |i. h
n ode luEer
l
:0"r.ib
frm.
p.'
o
a I' o n a I r. ; ' J d m' s p n
sa uv
@nportareald in pm.*ul de ceitrar z propoziliilor,.
1.2. Ceh do nodeh E:smr'isle Ep@irrs doua onrp,ii d6p) nl, 5i dsoF $do. e ldrji ntinlilie
Ga m a r is a rdl, ti.a @ RpundecoG o rid d n ld md re : a c rc e
tr.d lriinulh, lr"bui. s, o-du.i, avfto in i.d@ u narsia.detaD.e
clt roi bosa, la clsi'icr"a da'-.o' r.unul.re D. oblsvsrie In d,n.
eplb nodsna, eret E. g lil fn 3 sF rclul d; a mnrui. Domindde
l. ud numi libiljr de rpt., Todrleiporeticcbrlt ap,0'ld$ 4ptice
jile !revadi ppdr"nqno{u@. GF oouaond,Dtii
ditele lfuuleri
o pu slii't, rsronon
cz. frnlei
le o re t .
c n a ma ic r
geneiativd,
nodel dednctlv,dBpurde a6tui at doiter no{i

,*L;""X+:i;"./,3j:

nnbo'dd
^L^tuitqie

n
de inr el@e, r r i i nr o c el edo ; m epr i i 'eP" nnL;dou' rIa'P
p'
es
rrd-o.d
m@s
pBlplr
l@'cld
;;;ik
; iilel, .sp"
obqvlli'lc I:plere P'Psupusrr 1od
i. i"iinutar..&*'ltumrra;
.ati",
-nbr c.le dousIaF '6, rR*
iici.ii J" cice rone erp
td@ udn4aeetM P
P!\?t'
l
l
i
,.d",unsal r .o- dD r u't f
br
;;;r dap, Ps i x 7, p 12) Adl nom dl de di nar r s F '
snat:cil
rsFro'
fo
tarml
os*)
E
i;':.l;;i *br,i,t d" ',1.cio
'ijrri,i,i"._"'t"
,snenra 3 g'mario lmrt@ a rod.lului
tl;s, rr'i'i,k, ,rotumi.' 0oddlr\r' suararlla
f;itd;i"o;ta
;;';;';:
5/du6, HasJ,Id57$ t3'
LJde p eriglrsi ale linsvi( icii {aFl:e e
ol al nenl i onl e de
ht
d,ni. l dl
) i I' gnndr ,d..aPo'R--"gr
F J al ob'o
fF
'hudu'8[L
i .r ,,
ii.ch;tr ,ky ,
{P'
gl
tr PF qtr r r u '
p1r
'f
r
M. Hr llp. E. B.r v eni <t5
li
s"p:., o. r ei p" r q. I c i '.,c '. N . R uq" r . o, ,,
i,,i' jE
p: 15- 16)
3.3. T{r, l'ng\ lica p'dP6a dc C'tu@ r4Jdrbtln4dtd *
h,,az Dodir'r,lia tundsqmLai,d 11. 6mDemk I opfldn,rF
"
al e l n v .d" - N r i or hnr e D r .s upl sde
o*J"i
- 6r q" ." " t.
runo4rtr
de
re
rep"d[
Iim,isrio,
,sJ.i.nul
adviilr.,
c ho tr k v A'tutsali2 rhse
i,;i;'dt;ii.'"' bir---,li'*- (N'egtxl

'
, , rld d , cr m b r i d c . ,t { ' s o . r u _ t l ! . l 9 6 s p {
riD'dinls a lurriErPa.danih.L,

pcrrorl

dnla

onpeLcnls/p?rlor.
tr"dihtu!,
Ln Ddaleli"m"sdm s.r.
rnDd
d
sului,
trl,
difn"l
ud
lorn,tlo
mnLsl din @ori!
si
'd
luj
fzdll

ln
@r'
prinoPzl.
dsi
s
drn
.".
dia
D@b.
@bi
o npctdtr reptein', ll: 4emdr s uv op,ul
N. C" o n r k y
s aslpre 5i sd.xplje ers.rdu o@ior d rmDn
p-tdtrml 6F dire. ,csibJe @eiml,6mpeLsl"
Fu pdlP ri
aramn@
d'
d
1da{ele
olerlla
D{rorn3'r,
dqrdinau ds r nPdi,'.
d6 nds @np.tdid" volbil@'ui D.ci 't
u.d linbi
n,da sk -DainlJ
.:. Dd ed c\Dljara - ada! da., nu * btdi. pc ldleLig""la
uut lectorDnsDhace,oold; o an,l'ld dplicit, aonrnbufl' 'alP - pu'
lm * o ir tr.ft (oaF Ur tedunda o {c'ata'i ; seneFuv'r
'r)
( N. chonsk y op .i /. p a)

Iutlr_
indudeun ortrpondl orinclpal,
CraFatid transrormail.nrl;
fdo_
doda
ohDorenLe
inteniietative
cd
s
i
ni
s
c
l
i
c
m 6t,r
$
tomale
logic d $nant'c. sinldra e m wdft,ln D mulnqd,aonditiile

F,a '" tr .bu ?{ le lndeplin6a

, a o Gaa hq u n t . p e n t rra t ' . G p t b .
de . Drin! o tntsoret,re emanud d ron.rh;
oraina is transr;rolionaldDeuDire un rDdrarakrur din 5inbo.
l un a m ff toliliLaF iepFz,oia noca b u t a ru l
o a n s t (' i ri u n
Lnl' d. Aguli
..grj or coll"uel' rj reuli de katufo-isre.
cD L* r
r c'nib' de rolltuoli
a.isu ' u F . iT a F -lrL L lL rii
p- o '|un d e . p. .rnd slrLcturd
d. s rp . a l3 l,
re ? L t rid t l
ttznstotntti Lt Stdut hr8lotfuttwlL,
p I
39t.
3,4 Tr/" ,mdammFl,
@Brruc,ia !,Mrdd
aa l.tP stulrrok o Roreinta ,mits u l s . ! l c F , l! c , l lln b i
Umbsp Leun ,i.t"n ,e qtui .onDddl,a .ri{d J tuFctDnea,d
F bu,
dinlre ele. D'rftle eemenle6modn.nL. se ,mrLitaa ne
'l,lro
na r, r" nrvele ni.elLr ronoroC:c,
nivelul norlolosi., ,iFtut .int irf,d n ,
r i aF d,nl( a6tF nivekfiindr& , 6 i4 t
o rin ilr; li -De i.
L@ i Dhnh.o organjaF prop.p N'v.F. luuvi :F { dcm/s.!
isdhle Dm faplul cB uiill l. n rel.lor D"
stnl r.Dr* i.
'nlr.o
'd,
lale pr'n er.pa'i d" unitali sle n.veluli msior. o 6inrsgm"
repj{znk
aorlem e aldluil de obi&i dn m, nulle
U.ilillle divtr*lor niveles daclaizeaze p n .latiilc
!ecdc
le dt.cte.zi.
Cr ulrEe, iddtlllda
lnil4t
i ddoera ;etd
', cia* .e pdlr f,ll8 p-rn Dunse in *.denir a
ui,or la de
p,,ticrpa Orie elenrt;
',Do'
uniurn'vel.e slluea^ fal.
d" rlelak orin
rdDotu'1" da opoTil:c rdporu- p,iaorgnjii ", .au de .o blnm i',
poiu 3nkmtice)pe (re Ie poah erDs
'
Relaliik
lnd .td{ur;. nodul d" orcri4ie r n.velelor,
'epmra
iivel po l. da.F irF r' .lbr'4F
Hiralrlp dh;ia
lirr"! {an.
dr psr nubr:lil.. o.
,,F
Cao(.skriih
rbu? !a h
De
'.r.fonde
6tF h 'tu s puedurileuhiure5a liesel 5 i: . Dd ib il d a i! 3 . d e ru l
d.lodolde. de ,a u d\.1 l" s.'ur. d. , o d*:r.:nr t:nrvi{hr ta alrs,
Mdud d L uq ,pnomor| r al o'ocpdurilor'act j Dubojr. v,amf.
sttla4tatt4 d! ftqqois, I4 pht@ d bshda4itndiw,pztis1969,D.E.
l'letodoloeh struclurali a aolrut si .a devollat in cq@tilile consa,
dat? ronolosiej
d a ro{ opoi aoliA.; d hel. sd"o.u' !i modrrsri
@r''rr
norfolosiei,3 inhre 3i chja. 5i a texiului.
La sub!l'1ulT,corul, e o "-ibu,re a; pel,If, eraL mtri,, fonoAvhd In vedd. prrlicl.arilrrll. fkt,on,le. o,ruricte a0!tiricesrabilsc, penku olvdde
.nv.nrd" o doine oe etemenle,
'ivelq

{.0. O crr,,rp'irld 6nuna.inldpi noda F In atrsTbrul du, dei

ah; v,ri,nb analitice clr si @lq r't de, ge'd8Lr' o mtilui.
deiderel'll ' nd de{Tlerisl b4Jrcdr pJholoein'i J ld8id'bul 5inLr!.|
c "ri tuit| onlind'ur n
ror r,le
iadtriolale. , un.i dsrl.ri
s
.
u
:
a
l
c
u
p
'
l
n
d
e
!
@
r
d
hduiln5"u' lslutrordtl
3i h o.trlii
";n; ; . on;ed4/i N c^on
rv, in a'poE ot thz Thwt oJ s'n!N
1965lvei 0. 63 um, d. d.mplu)
lorndrrea lceti dezldral 6te de ohiei spnjhlti de o e$mlnare
crilicd a defrnilillor d de*risilor traditionale
Per.Lqla ,nodelul-l rnLtcli. I :dlloul, d.lorrli ln mMe
fla5ur; oracdoid'drde. mnutelo' rolrre, Iae cs ,l $l epor
,cl9t/ .a nzl Le .oBjdod. re@c
-ludrl. lare relevd
oFnonrb,
nelrcarth, de':niLiilo'* narl.e Ch ( T le
(r, .J., p. .7r un)
d.itur. srb:elului !& tiird
lmqen,,
rupulo. dtln.e o
."cuvi,lul:au
e L 3 ' e u c a r e D ' e 4 l' ' t o e , t l o a 4 i n n - , c i . i p e d r o p d F
enul ci': otut d ad ba:dutut Do t (rt' w ceetha ho,
'nrrn
dia,lqu
t&r)TpF
thr
dMed," Pre de
"ddtu llinu
, @ . " p r e c e v , " , i a , p ed ea l t , p a i r ep, o , r e
, n ra , i i r l u f o e D r e ^'nal
jn d iq nr r u m r r p ; , d ' o , d r r g i D e @ l F u p o ' t i o * l i u n e s u ' H
@ " o.rrn4, 5iu d-dr et. (op.,n, p. r' 3), d:vq*le *n u" 3F
u n iE t ul r i d e D ' m d d e* 6 u l v c ' b . - ' i u c . r e e @ ' b i ri
pele un stqi
AeeN Dbblen, esle disul,ti in tsmeni ,.dd
d2
dtJidi!:an
k s.ieLtt
1PtuDQ
oe *@l d; R. LaA1.
I p 53 62 DLpi
ls n't:xP", 1c69,
firn(ai*,
-L!aa.
neiiutud,or divd*lor drhhi ' *rMLic i :-eELd
-ubjnterea
otulc
3ti'o'Td..raord,\ubq.r
"itodr moua' .t..,. Ju.o-ul ln.h4r. l!cul_onurelep4
pd.
ind
die
r'
eu in e@
,,ln
'
ossah t r'!rDUn,dDd. unp tut.F c.re in l:Lie un aemplu
pernite
se
h
caft
si
i.a.t DrGt de;netodd Dstn ldi, ln mi$ra
a@pr;. r oln diso-d!1l.h a lte delinil i "a'lfiir'
'1 sF 5i Dub.caljer tn ael.li nnn't lR?Mrqu$'t k tdioa
_2r.r'1 cro('
exanin"s-;.ri'k
o
d b p td r i d i l I M \ a i ' , p b \
detl.iiia ofl plenenldui dtet.
4.I. t{odul de z inielese forfl,lizaiea, s $ atitudinM f:li de conlinul,
fate de sms.vanazede la un lingvisila altul,de1, o lusare la alta.AboF
darea lormali a lsonenului slnta.tic, lnlelesi inilial iorr'un mod
@nnet ei d*trl de rudimenhr ca punereIn eviddti a patticulad&lild

h .lunrlr
.
d".m r '( l h,
["pt't p.
r' o o u . e r6
"L.
j
L or rnceDLeca .ub ilulr., 4o; 'dl:ra
de erhivrlerl;,
kar'o.rdc clr.
re .stinare6te rezullolul Atorul.i d" p,du, r" )i
A.p I
'ee
h
3
i cu " 4rii linev .la rdsbo'3ea ure. m..r 'il na
Drot:pvo .uae d r yn.. h un lonoLdsl .rop D" n ip , d . n g r
" : . i: " r . p Iv.b sr fl dn",, da iol uc*.-o o ! ' lr d d ro s u mo d e mdd, .
natemdilct etc. Gaftatica trddorballonali, 6e hceani si lormulere
,.p'i' "ipiiD" bra drcm pbpoLlllh (er (s.6) ur.i linb' porIl orru'F
l ."eldstnod
careo teon. rdhnaLi.; torn.: al; oo"l. f"oo 'a
p"n r - d i..r r u: '. leoFme"(E . B ach, A t ld t a d t \ a 1 lo T F a . lo . 1 a
Lo{/ 6,rrd,
Nry York. Chicago,sen franli,o, 196!,p. l0. .le
tocnai reuult'lul acdtei @nvergenl.
4.2. lstoria lingvini.ii anericdnd (de la ]-. !looottld
la
N. Chomskv) ilftlrszi c! do*blti clrritale aBt Dtocs.
al Enltisr.
Asrrer,c h. ai P r i e s {Ah ldtudlcttn la the cd8tfliiat
<d?116. Londtt 1954 pornind de Ia prAupuncm .r ..enn,ler
di";r ui q .._ucl,Tl
n mA ler-... p o l t i d e rF e Drin
ra ift)\'
t
Ia ldnr, la co!laliile dintre folne i la tapicd lstMgetulb al 'tu
lnsd
o
scmnific,lie
sbucimlS
591,
care,u
nunai
h
misura
ln
care
{D.
aparln anuBiteiipae (p.60),stabil4tepontrueiElsi nei multe),tipare
:r !u.tu ,, ", l i, hd .sn3 de* sl s p, f o . d Ft d b ! F d . b , 1 3 h " a c n i'0. a j " nt, po..lijlo' ..brdh. 11 , 4 1 n o d . l h d . c n " e
tr
,an": " un 'o" ,nporlan, e i a o d; prded"Lt : da
t4nFl'ro
sflod.
'
in sdtul tiparelor Dropozitionale,arolizei consiitumlild inediaii.
F. \.da
n , Suv$l\ aJ EnEl& Strrdr. I ondr*IJdg*Pa...
1066(r(.rer . Io I preTeoo'i ca e/i dp d(loraL tn l94J)propJn.d I
model 1n ste ,,loate construcljile (ldgero) slnt definite slricl ln ler
fL lior;"
70,,yi In .src
rpnr!acero' rx"re sT lda,
'ohliild
'p
ropi
p'in
("
.
o
'
d
r,..
"
t
rlia
hxe
n
e
le
"
,
r ra c rT )p (c
"l n' "o-F",'"
. n lo. dmrb,l
! "i,di LDU Lo de,daiii ca e * $b LL inte con
Ambele d*dieri disting, 1n dtul divs&lor structld sar tiDare,
ptii de propozillesu porlii sintactie Gubiet, predic.tetc.),pe care
inedc, 3i le definea$, lornal. E. Nida canctsia.zi dstll de detauat
aBte onDonenh ln ternenii laxenelor.
s
4,3. Opftl,s de Dohre a omponenlelof,de semenlsre
inplica'! de o' a d6uiue .inla.lij d" i p 'd:onooir, dfliF".
de la r a ia "a bo6ts.,.prc+du-a_
sn!!r'l' . o n . lilu e rlii. . d la li

qoDhd

lodr.: al'lor o" +cn"1laF

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e " u

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r r er '
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i"-"iir.i-" eiriirr ru" aD,l'4 flo odogllurtshrori
6
iij*"! .t;; :;;.t" s ;' I p o r er s dF r ''n i di t
'r r :r i i
o" ir 'p; r.r' rrrrr': . 'd P' niDtere
,pd.
i;
i'"iili,,',it't.i
'iiii,": iiiu a.i" lld-i.. ri., p,o."oes7d
1 "- ur': dturtg
J 6

de
,;u i "or'", r'ou"ro'
i' !i" - ,,;iii ti i "."',rr I"p"
:d:n':
! d p IaLi
(i-il"
| rep_errE
e i o n : t r. e p r e ' i n
hwnlrul de shuctun ae rmbn engr*
p mb t " -, a n s r ' l C , a D r o . e o ". l s i 3 t - o " . r . \ a l " b j ; . o i r t l i
d. qrcl esrePUs o' r' l
o'.- li,.t)r spl.abiri Jror erv4 t or'

'n

{"!dc scF" o47 r/3" p 3l ll71

""'''
"i" csor.our" o.,ra': " '" oi{ed:l; d' delfils mol { 4pre
E*oun"
\i i,,l,aLa' .

d,n " ar crr d,ne l :16e

d" er Ps n

re

'u
puti ror
n
s"o r'n".el
ii a "i' ij:t"*;, "*to tt rot,r,d; 6r.r:
; L it . " ro r' n .j -| " r i r e " d 4 r u d u a d ' a c ' | L d p ' r l i n e b ' r r z /

. t r! e d e e . ve r . p " , , e h r i : 1 , o L ' i r e r p s n
. :; i ,
m m p t " .o A p d s . F b o r d n p r i / r h i a d o u ; e u F
;";;;
itr.^
z, BadLt ld.lattn/ 'ikf' ti rb' /od r"nP D#r
'nn'_
iez*.\e'rssdidi
l,ad":'ob rrparl "d r hodelulu a''iar'l au
eiprtuJ'e srnlul','Ddat't upb
ri,,n.t.t
i" " , F "
|.;lttqI
m' o
rptL \Boa"tIahhit
L r ! g n".ia
rr a
i a' rn- o t m l ' d .
i. o .r ol-." o prc'eou'.,a.q mlmile oPrr_
' rt rrrE c sn . r F d\orom,e
I ur .nunr uPru.
rl:rL
mea h F
ner .e bruz;" oe ,nuni e p' f,cipil: * sleeF estr
_a
la L C, ll n ri i n i l o p m J ' n ,r. i t u ' o . d r u l , n . l l 3 d r c F p e l S d \ i
i,
tori."; \'rl t" 1\etut am ir"i r lJd:.p e, e un "oBt'tudt
"r
o s_upa" d" do Ic) orie 'gn lttre
.1 o1lill
i -"
n r-.16;i
ih . , D. ' L e -: 'iro. d . d " r u . 1 " t e b u F h ( , l i n h d s n ; d e , r e u
"
cn 311eanalize etc.
r61ul eonodiei {eu 31 sirplititii), al ainonizirii
l,lodelul sintactic pe caE e ba@azasntliza lC consideri enunlul ca o
swenli de pozitii sintsctice('ompariidmte, Nid3, op t'r.). care
pol fi reprezeDble pnn dheise Jo'ne llngvisli.e , dirersd ,clas de
Tehricad*disll in lerneniilC 6te conplebin de R. S. Pitt m3n
(Nulet sttu.lrfts itu Lihguldtu.ln ,,Langrage",I9{3 (2,1),p. 237-192),
prillr-o pr@edult cme s, pernit, dtslin.tia lnhe @Ntiinenli nucleart

si lalerdl. Deoare@un @nstllut se rcdu de oblcei la doi Iq und dinke

it Dorle ticonddod .,'Liku" Eru Frtr!"), m Rra,' rstellt (au
4 rqii ( pPmirl c.re pol
..adiundr. pi r t
i- aiuh tlr wd@ in oDdariade rtdouits s on lilFnil'dr 'a uns dil

iffi$fbjld+TiTi'f:
llff.il;tp,i?
:,'fiE
i*"'t""ir'.

in
6te det a lia t td e S Ch a rh a n
Ihfudtde CaaddizntsannEvaBtM e'alrt^ (lo "word , 1955(l l), nr' 3,
.
tn sdrut osnaucti dr cdnni uenr,drliza eostFpLM d. ta rn rer
dirn oe lare. O. obi@i.q po'lqF dr la enL4 | (mgl tt@r'
si Doab ma@ din eraDatn elao: iin, ls rilelul onemrlui Ce(r'd lle
a a rL ' r_
i hi"d l.ee id le
d. Gle ms iulieor,la n o -re f l,
vl.t'.
x,no oNddal un @nmpt lftdricienld. ptrcl definil
"ed uniha cuorindnd !oa'c n velelerrTb , ln caft diveMl"
o nrd.edur,
rr' .dlate ri da ltdh In urtr, uri
uniiati linsn e hd.inelbl"
snen dad" r*l riD,Debaz. prrirlla-rL3llo entex tuale dtdalbl't
'
Lnpa'6 (hireo, l s60,r pioddum
of;o ?. H?rris
'lsndual
d(kioluonalal ooDu.: di Z. H3 r_i' p.ntlu : udfls rr dedrso
a " 'upe o,,, obiLn-I, ti prin
l-mb:i sa larorF i,;t; orin.Fo
'orms"
nitematicd6
inchderea sinbolicii

*. samdiura3 rin$i i ro murs' I'dil r "',i"i.i,;i. ir.+-,

i;i:L is@dji sre, disr,"c.d
rorEsn

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.
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tu onk

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edtL, Mad r' sdsd

'! Pdn.
P4ru nd.& dbtrblldir, d. v. autu Ro n , ro , , k d 4 i4 h E L s .

idiot- lt@t!, BKU4ri, ss, P.s um is.sLli

illl;Ji"!ir *e'. p;;;'

n
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unibrei' po@.

Htii;i$,,i#ft,f
il;ii'i"'t'l:il:'rdid
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malenaticii, ln Driml rlnd?, a loclcii noderne, a cibd_

ldtvrue * d.d lueE olii' ut il c$Ll
an'sl
LlLnului ;rsr or !ffoj. PI@ur ah preEati,p i' lu" in
t t e s ' i. w
t?|d (A S 4 o lP a ru t a ^ lo 'ull
o,r eca ce r e sleluL. B Ioon
oI l @r k{p ,'r..1aE uaee-,1926'2'. p 26 -J lr' a r B B lo c h (4 s rn '
A PN-utdF k, Phokn:. Amtq6, 'n l,lcuaea 1943/r) P r-'6)
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ul}:T.n*T';5tffi

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I

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u"e
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s
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t
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!ftdtFa

lineriql'j. afnge un

pd'tr
r"jii cio iiidrna,arq or t'tnoca JnL'raLan+dmaflonali
'

.., care hi are originea in

do ld lorm, $prehi a dgorii mretutie
studiul rundandtelor malemati@'r'
iL d in o irf t , i' . e
Gr r st,a e .neidiv; ere ap." L
de marc:motoac ae limvisloL natemtlc":
5.r, s.ruclurai5nur .uoD.Bn e cd rrlei4rza p-i' o zbo ddr
t d , u p t u F la t , J oc d e
z lmnriulu'.'nb"Lc
I un"lio n sr s
i
pid e n-lL m$
s .L,hllsc lnL ! com0onmtele
enun!-li '!:t u p'@
dl <intdreiroil
i aiiai.ui O BlflF asabii,,"o rsra
orln de Droblema
liwi! ii F5r t
;";"ner': p oarri !r*{e D'tr
ac.eraliv:J6
; ,;N
! omskv V o.rnil 6tttr A P Rt : a " ' t t p p Mh t o s u t t u
n tantuln" 04 ntii.4 al t oaxuds'i Netr\i/o \.lo6q (ano P sgslr'

r. \e r ," s\i ,

a Go .r.i k ov a.

f . H, : it o \ r )

. c \ ' l" r ; o

d. na_
voiun" d sanlri ii sffirive ,!are bro$t. .dei dvvdl''
oid a l i dis:.( aeu ops k, sGede
i. ' d , lh i
2) ; d d e p e n d c n lc o '
sadusla dinke ioda !L ruiclie' (p 'Frt
ln l- m vr li,s .fl4'ca,odenra il"oodsne ' n " i' id v c o $ t iru ie o o ie , u L
nn d ,;Dle D!@n.d: !i or l" Ldre'n e (l O c 4 h ra n o v a ,
Jo@ zex. sda, . . a -A ? & d r' \ ! o s o v a , l9 6 J
G B Ai l i .l,.n.
L A. Sizo\s, cnd 14.{@" rdtuis, l o5kov., 1066, dbord-! | r' o
nau a .enotrdulr: r.n's 1 ir' s)ceslec\p'6a k A A{ 11
'\'F
lFwtkmlnh a&i sido$i4cn a??de, lidkov,:"q tr.d 1064).
6 .2.r - nlinsbr.,, t..@a 5l' |'pr*nla L e Rl" d o u zo ' 4 t ; i' t u
dml ti(, dslul
Irnc DmL t cq lan lo'Ti,io., , O dd5
'tr|'lr'dF
it . t F b ru d s
t
"
I
;h.nar'sdrioiroroo
L
;;.,i;; a i;"i !" d"
d2 :u;M trMtu at', p.ti., t ot, t^ tr \ Frmi.4al rttu al LMEaE.
O:6r d U niv.E rl P re, qo2 4 A r i rI p -o Dlt o d " -ri" F
h./rc unirJ__eob.inuLco : M tt di anprl. l cla-e imonr nc
l' o F 3 l
a,to r cm e d "D.idc-Le
)!li .!'o-ak, dtt 1l, n n la 4 : . . I u f
,'ai !1p - d ' { u lii d e B P o li
P r d b le n , tr ;r iilor 6ri.LpG
utdat"
lhdt' d!' tutpht 4ilb'4
A'e "bM^ d" 4ldo'
ts&lnd:au
ia;@P^rt1t967, ot i tn'4Jarcn d' t4@ dei E\eJt"s e'Mm

: " ! ; , u'" . *. .

, , D., ,!

v3 . !L

" , - . " " . , . *Iv:'g:1.'.';:

..tu
'
'
la:,""\:HT'p;",t}
ii;*tf"::.'iT,'i.
il"J.ittj.ii,l,j
Indiri, ildlBry Prd 1s56.p 79-05

NrFc.. '069r. O obod." modqn: o'.ri i

Lsd'tuud vtubta9 du haqdb tud?'v Le
1 . il. ' C' r" e ,t ,
dnrc b ptud., PEBi tett
tbtuds
- t n u ttutian@^
rrr:{aeas.livi,t.\t}4
G!oi),
d ii a4 l e j e n . a o L h r a
st"db. du sb?'^P8ri- le63
du ha4ai
AMLV r@L5tdtuh"tnr
Ds \. 1968:
g'il'diP.
d to stMft
N R u w e r, /d'od,{Li
prtM
Ll
d'at MIdtu
.r D tbots, a,tudRt!-dtalzdLlto4an:
rcpmFralrin
5 : 1 -I n lin 4 i s . n s o m d . a r a , s i n r a 3 o o d o I e t
lraal" lui :. s " i. T2aQ ': tuDea.h tda'n /8u.,!gu,^.1967)
(BUd-E! re/z)
\ Llewtlt dt odid ' s dtid
I u
(BudrtLi. 1969)dc E. vs
i,oatdtudtaaata a udb\,&'tu
r
e
t
a
s
s' i pS . G o lo P e n t i a E
pnn Jrdaa ranao'tu|'adtd
l:Arale d" anenDlu
'"prean.ara
n odificai t sdilg' i 6rprxr'd 1972)
ene.es u hd"
a.dr t\.ni!d
a'o.l pft:alrd ti, uF'o 6 role 610de nuaefu Judii Drirrld u Ele
unk a6le4 un oonenru
d$eteodu.Jrare0rc''msudr Tnrq!
ol
nar tpotuta(5 rutr'5 "
r'id e;erd, Jou' nd slurir 'orefa
'io
a
de-o"\?di', GtLptJ v' hal Lnsut@ haLlD dnlto1da
(
s
!
b
U
P
z
r
)
o. P.na Dindeleean
rr
M.dalttites adl rio de c" cLd_ a 'nurei bi g"r.!t" e.p'*L
propue,
pe
baza
{nei
studiilc lni S. Stati T?0,@tt tu/ddn l' sidard
b$0. Ne de d raf bll d ivoluliei erel;rii ln 3or do F-i' u modeL
cL
u- rcl loerlc ispo lMr ar. anaLo8ia
sinJictlcln 6n5t$1,3 'da
s i)L . muro
. lo l o g j r. ' r ' o r b e t t e d e o p o r i f i d n ' " ' ; r ' d e r P U ' ' &
lrz d . e t 6 n i v d s i r i , c l . e l c) .rA v r n du p b c t d . p r 4 a E e n u n l u i r
@s sd *oprtStald I u l c o r..gn"4ul. nacli- m'nrmallP ssl
''tclaia d. vrnu! rone[e, no ologie t
5sr. 6.a,ir. Drnlnd h e|dpnl, poslb|'tiLh (vals(e ") codb da
'n
;rii ;1" cuvt.Llor r.un'liil.J, 3 fdr"ton e oraniPad ln r
"to
ae.ora .ub 6pst'n
!)srFrs
'el,liildr
'o'
pa
ofl
slnt,'lR
ias
L!'1"
de
ore.niare
aLe
i,rne n e"id*rl
aod.l, Elrtua1? d' MotEd li4ottid ffirune o
ln od.!"1:va aRil
a6rc0bb
n o d a t : rte d " a 1 ( z ' s !n
L d a . ueanenLeh
. . D l i n c a rro-F,|".
e . p d n i nd.d dorgarDmc,
e
rBdrr:ori.. sd !e ro,l3 ' \ e t Jrd:.'
linslirlii r4; u'-i din Lrr' ""
Numeroa4!liL, de ,redeni,
'n
dinlrc ',,r' o
d
e
.
i
n
l
r
r
d
4
e
li[c l',dfioDi
d
c
F
l
r
i
'
e
d c c t rii,
,tentie sle.irli irebuie acoldatt Aruadicii Linbii totuiae a A$dentel
R.s. Ronienta, Bucueiti, Igfts, ale detslirzi si preidazi dgoieri mai

\ ehi.dr e o n r {ud,ie.ai. eborde,/,dr. a t r p o b l" n ' rr a E ' u

doneir; drd'.; p"^po iv! u ri.,. ,dMri d. pe po.ilii trodsr. 11
de^orftr Grelarji :inlsr'R onA s[ un rcl imDdtsnr N Bw(
Linba rcnb^A@den$tMd ae ead. L lorda!
0954, 1956){ 6ra'
aati$ ltf,bii nnane a aad.niei R, s. Romenia. 1954-

Dd r. ro h rirJ l i l co " r n L - r i e d . l o p r c " . d " p i - " . r d i n l o n a l i e e r ' ' 1 - ' )

ir
)au'le o:lo"ql" nu oot lr Ine 5u'pitr $i nai als d".nr'i*
pF
lor
direl;.
erplicrs
cuF
i.
ohr:'
oo*ry,fd
le'nd,i
ird:Iadl:de
p o @ d e en , i
-dr".4m clnl.ubni
Dd o u Dij l o . @n s i P i o
'af
'r'',

mo d e r@.
e a a ra h li-i
6. r .r 'e e le oolairo.!r,.opr,rl"linCr..i! ii
.tu,ldal.!:' r' r, 5ir riir, I'u lornalionalisle,dq.i N. Ch o n: k y
qb lal, .u vehp8dlz d''.ftnl.le d:nr'c lr,
rr!r; ua trpo I or.
'u
Lad.rrcliu Fc doui diRlii tu *
r omoleF"a: gradstila senqtLrvi.ls Bpa" in oordlul in J e.
c r n sr 'til- lr.:@adun@a dcl, T,ler : a l$ d e d u le o b s e. lii(o p *
'n o b,d $hd3 p- ttu (on4ruLliaunui node. deductjv.
6:le a r irure
Ds, zbo r d ir uleaon-ul 1gv [c dtntro, " 3 P c r9 e lv , , s ' e rp F e
a adl. d fs le, E sm"ticatrar.fdnalio' sldmnduc",I, Itrd, l. hglo
d dardo
n";r
inL m nod su allul. cvenlu,l u uel. Arills.l
oolinu " d. EramalicsErcnonic!'.ohhS:.d. asn.ni, la o r@xanid'e
a oarbri'lo. (da- l, o runT." , .laqfidrilor laxomnie, Totodrtl,
F tsr.l" oblinuD d" dstar:|. gmerrLiv\repun ln ryidenli aspece
i l 8n Decart oramsrrcili,rulLtld nr h obcflAqi Gmn,l.-l?li
nodJit:t
no,
d,bo,da,"
.@d/t
@-lrlitor
saju"f
Iormdlionala
a Lor;lo- fa'ini Do.ioih,r.lrde-ea t doi m a
altidati nu tuteou li opdns

?.r. Sub6lllulldDM. ir evrden.,- nr. llSll. d" d'nnbLli" z 'li e '

ld r " o d Do n e r hp r i na o a . i a e , , " . h d e J a p a , s N U d " s n , a o r r c a )
hh.o ;numrla ve.inatrLc..ni .ur dL nil conrrxr. AFs$ oDqrtF
! dlFrilor snn'
indre -a rorindeFs r ' r,c. de elnshlli
s -. s mr . o m D 8 r ' b I : n . @ l o s im h \ t s a r l r . e l s t i l - P Ui d e
tuntp\le. D:vs;h la+ de 3!b l"ule lnglobd?) r /ti di1lt. a
inLindee,i rs rtu(li.. Ac6 e i ls e pot rereir, G) n- li' l dr e
xdud.caF u o@inlr nid o 4l,arc.onuni, (b) nult ar In orc nu
nrp"ore, "otrure .uturo t3 rrl frullor(I3*j,
,Da de!' '
L_
'atrri
c u p r i n or ' t r s o r u ' i i r
or.r iihhskrl,.are
rc r n L lrn'
";eni
;
l.'m.Fi
ci"
Fp'si'
li
dircto{
Da t.cj R"s -a'1. so4iric
!;
6!. d" oreupL 'z pol L otujdea'" d,l r tdnipohu o,1 n'r; (16,
sinlsctlar.ca 3 ont.riele diasffiLice
Sub!lilutis;, Dtordeu ,l e' rkdi I'rglnrie , 'spJa. nlinerrr'o
bi<Delul@ dL
d.rriDLnii, lnfirkdq doo lihd.iroa.eelsbo',h
.@sti Pmbr'
efEtra,
cu
teultate
@ncladente,
tiilor in ca e ooil
ste dcea t io p i cii: letals
una dinhe ondiiiile dd@i sublini&lc
Diub,t,rllii de .Lo*irurh rrcoli {.r trd,!lnd r
de lurcP
;nn.r di'irun anun:.lanr l, a'rel .inacric, unde odlu
i rE a @npm{hld unuiq L l pr. alrep-ool"qed' il la rvel ro1ts
tc *u nololdpic. c'TpLl un.Ftnendrnente lr d prireie ond tld
d '1 mporl de'ub,'1ul:'
,ersil{* la pdilia i, r'1 , '4r{
Lr tov.lul unitahlorlo",a,r dd" s n !a'. s'uced t .id ul unu'
oolipabrie: In iToq mdrla uniialih a, . 5i r' de
.u\t.l e{e l',.:
senplu, grupa'eln ordine.41, .i aloudi. a rui 's! drll ln "u@
la acst ntvel,
une e sau..t, Ddlia lorested{i sdct relevanlS
didine
rixd' ln
de
asasi,
o
La niveld lrntn or ru4.n@ @tsiauft,
r
nd
mo em
adrul ovlntllui, a grupirilor ore a$.ldzi o realiaE
inileo4dent c, ralizrrea ler ftalizlrlle) lnui Gau unod no e(G)
de qenpl!, acest, otdindo flcGlune
dep;dentG): h a:,=ra,
lnhuclt
qi
obligstoie,dai nerelevantS,
! conponsietorestdlirr
ie:r=.,
su
nici '&-4-s
le Bica poibln; ff ptrten sDlne

glamaticii sj!1ljce $ calei analitioe

Dnmi
7,0. O oraclqisti.i
incdcara de a pu ln
slnctrrale o colsitltlo Iornaliz,r!4.
k d. o,gal zF
c"ldsla, & F d|it pnn rapdla'e 3
, d*b
"no n < e t r r n l. c d O e n k ua
d n r e e n u ilu , de a gii o oodal'tdt..n
diltirue divd*i 6mDon{rp sl".nu iulu:, penlrJe na $tmd de.mbid.rq! dlltr. enunlulile,ale, la n'.elu. omunL
@iUile .u diteren,elp
i j r ir o i r e sib ileob*aarra dr.cr.tJl_suu c u riid e ' L p a h lrj, q ' p d u c
h ilDde cu acas$ orgdiaE de onslituti.
r..a d deo*blll"
,DoLes cb ldLe dif@nlele de dg,dae
'nts pr:n mijloac nonlr de ol.r fdmrl.
d. onlind d. de(ds din elp por
rcniau-a. Flaliincd.rcate
*d.nhe dsiv, djn ids caeri
Dtir n:mi.
(cf,
pGtulliul
H. Frei,
ehnlflmt-&mificant
6te,,in6f,potibil!cu

rudtt l@a*n4@ @wrw, tn ,,Llnsu", 196, (ll), p. I34),

l4od.liuiile lornalo de a plde in evid{F deosebnihdc stociu!5
slnt dstll de varilid, ObseMa directt a munludlor a @ndusI! eurd*@a islortanlel rolului pe ere il au ln orgEniuleamnuniciri'

plivind locul in carek Faliuazi subni

La nivelsilelt restriciia
iuJiapoale onducela realtaie evidei tal*.
Astlel, daci awn in vedeft duflJuri ca:
(1) DadPtun lrti(h),
(2) Lr dMd,
13)ce dMwd?
lq DMea2nk!
h caF un lernen onun, dze@,i (T), 6G a$ciat cu un tdmd care
d"e lei lsr 1, i colducer
\E iza ldtt'),k,
de
cclr
valenl;
a tsmenilofT
urnaloars sruoaleIn .lasc

(2)
(3)
dEi tdale cnvinlelecareap{ 6 T' h conbimli, md&'r@d s silueazi
tal, de acsta in acelali nod.
- T':ilatl, poateaptud allt dupnT, clt Si itulntea lui, ont.:
<t) De^eo.d fLv(h)
dituenla
et (l" j Fluih le d@d.,
lr') tti d@d.
de inlornalie rduchdu3ola p re ze n ta - { l' ) i ( l' ) - su llPs'
l' d pF "dd ob grto,iuDeT,
l & u-n"su oblisrtlr:-De l, dacsc'a 6t d irp{rliv In !e'
(a)
\au lo eE, ?'u i;ts,artdr.4'.dd I pm.d, obl'Calonu
"1.
p o z i t i Jl a { ! d e T ,p 3 i " r.l l e l o n e "lavtltl.
lndit@t d poztilalalI de T, lsmenii T' din nbtnrile (l), {2), (3)
, {a) Dorti etuide all r apmli"lnd8eF.at .le d" 'ubs{iiulc cr
ucei poziliesLnta(ljc!.
repr.zenhnd
La .@3i oncluzie onduce exislenlaomonlmiitornorlolqie. Con-

demonshativ!ln
u avrnd o shucturi diferjtt: "snbsLntiv+plonune
{b.taniv- L l2), obls" l: o do.
; , -:de.Lir' derur/',f\'l
r ll) Ae"di d"i .r_
nirtd. ; dd. ,iliej p'onun.lu' penl_u.lu,l
aiFpi:n(r:(a)"djalvuld.no
h t e s rmlv d d
v, ,6 t.. de"rr 13G dp pof,lr8 l"l: d- tubnarlr', dpci n diLr'.
oodoJ stc o0oiir.u
rbt adje
b t ' A d n p lp r - 1 , , 2 , . r
".Ll
p@te Ii, de aeneni, uiilizaG.a rodaliiate Iordali
x2. TBf,slmau
de prnere in eviden*i a utur deoebi|i de dganizare inGrni a emn'A@st on@pt apare c! ac@ptiu.i ditsiG la Z llarris

ii I!

ln mn@Dtiailj Z. H a r r i s. trmlormra estedeliniti ca o rela_

nt'atuT
o$fqtuia h Lin$:tie Jlue oora.on lucli: {cor,
iL S t rd u 4 , \ t , , . a ' e \ t c t . 1 9 - ' ( ] 3 , , p 1 5 0 - 1 6 0 ) o ' o d z l i L l P
la eeeari ih a h elhivrlenli P"sl" diltrP ('1.
de a Ie
'edl&
.\..
ibil.
oi@,".o1lu.tiP poal. l:
e c
c
o
n
r'
r
.
l
i
:
ooB
(h o '
L r'ac e' oPg
\ y, 6reo ul dr l sa 'd n" "
l/ N
" ? oPere4z,
'
oalion,le..te
!
trariir
aljo
ln
adru.
uli
s,s
Iona.
I i 0rr rna rrguE rorva'
de !e$ " " 5i r{uL d. rarro rrF,e
ftea strucLuoLor
orolmde ln strucluri de qupr.Itl;
n I dei' ne ". riind ,tecurid" hplr \_Y A Z
Rdulile o" di-.
ul . nbo i. diferi dc a'0,
ln die I
Xorin-un ilborsuo"ueoi-T
n e x . a \ ,'rD'eir.:'
. Y derrlisla
'nbolul
ite 3inbolunLrd.ouns o faJrlj d" aro, isr,^ T oFsptnd.@r letlului
d r60e(iva- ( sjfrda ,,at " @fotld, P J0)
!
.
rd
a
r4l
k
r
e
d
r
'
.
a
o i jr! u,t, ;'bor rtuut"i 0 der' \ 1 e
R@r
"
de oL iruerl',, rsuhe
de 'P
;, deo*bire d ,.d';
li
p" o l
,e
d" ruftF
o . I s , . ' d r! r e , t o t J d u r / I o l z o"eP
'
e
g
u
l
i
l
o
ro,
dt.onp)icoh
rlql DF? uno' op" 4 rai nusnrs'" /
"i/ o 4r
pot
$t
nPozlltoft.
onile, lnleui
Pdn relliG. de hanslornde e
Trandormirile aa m sractd pa.ilctlar, linital onlexilal, in smsrl
hanslordareDo&leii atliati numaiunni lanl deam'
.ioan!flilt
bold sre salistad anuniie ondiill, dei a c{rui i*one ddivati este
cunosuu (ap. .it., A 34, 35)
etrd

ti dltb

it tutdqa

sa'tuid4i

nlae,

Rnl" d. lran'lo-n,,. ad srt!|"' ordor.l $ ru .r rl

'4.hib'le
lru(lie
Pnn aolis!@ (6110r d. .r#ro-nte !e poal' obl:n'o on
din alta .au din Funirs a {roudtsau nai I ult'r on4rutlii {l,nl'
'il
lui
Pnd oDrt*a ftlulilor
"ollo-n cjlmn "pli"i\t2e
bndgr'
N. C h o n. I r erpsln ntr'ts dlttu rh$LalStnlu
!1l'odutE'elcnFFlepu'litoac de
e6usrt!, 19b5, p 12, lu v pol
rtu, nicinu po' 1 ; a rdedp"llP del"F"un'!l'l"\i";.ntreuperubilc

ENIJNTUL

ana.iti"d,ercersE'inhJk,
L In
r. t rrl 'o6rsa
d d i v s + d . T . G i - n i ,

de a pml

de Pre,'ts

7,3. Diva*|" Drdcdeee dgbnrrz, lnh o li'd"F de ls c"r inPb.

.noirie.lacele or6lDunlndotdboore n 3imhpl"li cum sre r':r{or
ma@. r
ajeD'si a pond.tsaoive *lo prcede i varler dP la
ij.ul"; '1. 1".ti r,nr e aesrrucrrs &Rj,iia , rinbr Goecjve lr

r,ue cs. N qtit' ,rrd

i.ri, i"i i" ii,,i'" d. *k deo;rnieq
.e
[ryvisti' ct 3pd

did"llE a dNbi, o'

dksLe. D Lfid
p
ir l- o lln bd
ao.lul la oed." ai. @rpr.\e pedk
I.e r.;s
[i\e
lopicii
lsondr
d.rvolral
it,
iirem
d.la a uu
4l
tormai a
coftl,r-I. conoilii tdrcobil Dd a o dddee la le' ami 'PlPvtnr.l
l i
r, enuniu."or,
de s is " c if d la c la p e ma
c od Do n m r ei nl;'
i
atE i diRC' , 1 n u t u r in k u n I u n ; r
'rBtrlna
l .r I.da dde
icu
ladrali.e6ibileobv'
sltralii
h plo@delenai @npld

;; :ii"";i;;; d,:;;-i.;;

"urle lrmb. 1.ae,oaednunq'r . pol Ee k nrlul ob:srsliel

I a ! | sislen
;;r;,;
d(n hDrul c, rco"?ri a
qc.pul e'."tirn
repF?hb depenF'
,'i u."t",r'
hU d limbt drt:
op,nd? a onr:ctn'
;;d;h
sDRir; de',to'
p;ireo tn didfll, a {ruclur o dunicdn * baa;
'd sd*ar'
unit3li lingvstle carend dc0tle* anum e umre

" il1";il1i5':.*,,
."1'"iil"ii:-oii
;:;;i;":";;;;
,iiifi i"'"r",i

i;;''r 'iriar

,-"*

o n u | | n c de
'
'cptstnra

deba,isups r,reiav ereued

i:it., {F-bi@i,. r u n | !) : darpsrre hodu'Lr

o".ibikin! orinb, dau oeitrcanrktuii

'ir; ob" h'd prinupsr @'er:di sr'rfl"e
'l
"p-, 'l;

rl,,,j;.;,1::,,h'
J,ll.T:Tl
_
:
,,;i.,;,:';1,"r,,4,
$
o
r
n
r
r
c
A rFp@n a
""fH,:,"h*:;
. n " l s i. a - i o a ' . , o d F t n i l , i n ' o r n a l i e
A @t 3 d .f i n i l i e a e ' u n ! - l r i @ . l v o c a c , p a ' r i u l a r ' i a l l d m c l e ' i ' : c P
Da u : oe j i, to r a [ 4 , , e l i v e d o " s t r u n i s @ o r a l r ' L o a' d e D r t ' a
conu'
rorfu p'.tpala
;;;{tnd
Pniordrorass i\ilcli'hsvi4ir
niolasc! ist ldsuoracirela3eopr6c,de obiei' @tirile lioevkUce
st ln care @.ti;ulul omunicat este 3$cl'! cu simholtri g.alice, tdind
;u oarearc apbifatie @lilatea votbiti) onstjtuie un renonen *cnn_
dar, o tansprnde nai null sau nai Pnlin fidel, a r.aliztrtt 'fle
Lr crtarca tertuld sis, delinitda munidlor ln inletiorul

teiii, .. ete "o op"q" ,proap"mearr., eal+ puncruatiei'

; ; i r b M ' i ;""t' i .
t: r r r :"e n u r l .u r p e d ,' r u n n l cu
in ' l, d r m a i r u l s!ssl :( i l u l o i tr l u l u i vp u n "l *m n p r l r ' p a l d e
Dftctualie (rrid?nl.

c dp puncuali" Fdau(urpmrim,.hpdu-el.t prnir'ra,iUtile

Samne
n oqalio$e al. Iu)ului$no! caF renqinE @nui!r!s oroD Tsn!dora . a a eB"1s lomuni(rr:Drbu0une
o oo$aliede en"11,'e
r t F \ l u l uiind u q l u n .l c\ u r:u i >o ri , o si i r r u ur r iiar - 1i".,
"' ,
Drc l u ( , t l. m o pri 4 d fa za so p q l i " 'd .m,lvdo1depar i.A..a.l;
pd { i . - b i l . l e i td p 'u l." l u l u l sL . " o !lsb' lilste,
,zr ' ' pr tte
canunic6rii orale qi care lace posibil, revsira aslpra naterialului,
Fna.lis ssup'adeklor.ond:lh esi:a; , cr(d: :i. .{plic} prets:nla
.eeldLo' o' penlruo:pRlullsk al linbii.
V,rimt8 ssisi a constiiuitsole dea llndul sinorul obiet ,1 em.
abs e@raha
lsni llf.tt".
.ingrnLi.aI,r lndGaD'ia sti stprt
F a l i , i r L lo r 3 . n vs,r-b fl p g 'o .sl i cl.Lr ' u' di"' u .ublLnlr zi
t c o r t i ' n p o n r l a _ .a
vo ,b i Fa h nbl
."..n r .sudr r ,
'r'e r
$ 1nepos actualr, ifti, cind ieh'ica pddile surpdndds ti Iinreo
actului omret al volbnii, eicetarca llnsvistic, lreJeri adMd 1*td
$rk. rai alesatunciclnd s cuoi desintaxt. Astlel. asuDraunor iexle
llre-,p r op qb d'n 9ri\inalradjli.i oior. ir 5i li'mria /kr?dsd'
andiz (.t. p. t3:l
rnllr
2.2,P' n @nurul mronar'mal
rde il dclimiLesz,,
ti Ddurele
c a D ' d o a l J o l d ,u to ro D Id , rA ,d a obie!,.a.,"
' r udonunj.
. ; . i . d r .I F . l : | i ,o d ." ,,d p ' T , o i n l o 'rulies' " po,la'
i dleletu,
preclz:ri,
lrri alte
de ftceptor. dltonomir de @ihrt a enuntuluinu
6te insi oblisatorie
?reenja undronpondte d pronrmole(.r, dzedd,@rd) s0 ca uele
adverbe(a@ro,
a,.t, dd)lacecainleleserea
ldui du,i sl depindede co'.
t e i t u I ln care apde ; de obiei un enunl ahteriorpoarli inlornalia
coDabili si explicitezesmunicrrile de acst lel. Un enunl c, i
AtMi .l a dual aplkatia.
devi!. mai clar ln ontertul:
PlafMut a e,ptidt k4ta, dat .leiL nu au tnlet6,lAta^ci et d dtud
Conl4iul ljngvjsiic are un rol loarle inportanl, de oblcel,in dialoe,
t ip d e m o u s m t 'd c, d 'l ca d d e o n omi"'deeb l. "
r lur ll..i ' nl
,dsi
slrtats pnr om\iuneeunororporalle BA ar' rl.bui
F
repetede ld o repli.i la 3ll, cL:
- Ce.tr httnPht2

nu ya tn1wd. pe ctrc
In al doila ddl, 6ie ,,eliddl" of,pffiftl
$le dprlns in .tuntul
d dedu.en insl liri dilicultate: *a hrh@
P. e lqul obligaoriu, ca larn.l lord4rn, m_rrll
,n- o . .df
inru' munl'Lmrplol, d" ij4n (n- .pun.n rs.4 r"liqprc, elri.,.
O 3 : t u rlip p | i a , h c - o n l n l u l u n l i s u n l e . t " . l r k t d r p . ' d s l
ln djalog de enuniul dnte or onstiluie comunicirile cae s reouc ,a

ln ele doon exeoDle,da are sss dilsit

ete ehlJalst o Ui,
r:iM. In D'iaul cr"Tt . !u 4 aiq6 o@.d.In cel de al do ea.
ln ink-p'a*s "unlri.o ln ,'-ucluE crMa JDdrDbn.tr..e,a,
/,, fo'Tle rrtbaladr pe.oaD, .i, l a sdrsbeleaki, /d pt.., un
sl imporlzntare,ad@ri, situalla,
@niqtul exlralingyistic
ln
cae e iedlizszi ii la care$ EIdi drmicarea.
( r ntl r ttl enunl udl o'
l tr pU .: !l
+\pl r i l ah ni c i r dn
'qfo.n,l .'
@nh\tulli svt li, ni.i orin.:luB|...Oirtrba'.rOi
@:'prols-l t
p'. dphe lplul c; vdbilorul tlie c, .p.dlMul l'.buie " sro_,
oaltalie.' tr o l t c a Aeda e!t.u4l a tu d. Pi t@ .l oD l l s p'.$po
iabloului ar puieas, n! lie Pios".
,lia c,
"aulorLil
continutul
unri srnl csredetqidrar de s e n s u I onlondtelor
i l ul hF c .s l a $ " r r r ,l i nc i i " t( J d. or ed'i ,.
sle, d" cor '
a!rr"r i inlunh
ll) LupuLd@d wL
(4 orut altcd tlput.
r1l lo Bal" dir era-l d.el.a9ldnpone'ip, plaloleIn;' ln rod di.sit
ln o gr l/rE dml-rild. A@a.t' .iudc .'rucluBla dilerit, explkj
dirftnl, de inlormatiedintre.ek doui nunlur
pnn raporta@a
la o anuftit, 3itralle individuale,
duniul
b z,t a,. ira.lq n ere p e I a b i L i oduld- o a1:?,r,o af,u nr,
rtrurt-rl, .. tspe(E,n.d, porte i rsltal, p l "orpone re drreue
(6n0. Lupulaltd Mut., Vultutulald.lnldul. SM.b hLAzztleMul. de
erenplr).pltn,cej4l "oaponerlp(uprinF ln nod dlf.ntrr,,;,ti
'ip de sLructur,(cr,orurlu'le (l) ti (2).Dnr compon-nre
diioi'r, t,
fer pr,lale!' rersindu{. ra situa tii ditsite.
. 2.3.Enunlulc, r ui l J te .i n 1a( Li c l . :r D l 'a D o
da l .oi
i &ibr
.' d.
d' viz- iniE.al i r ater de Intec onal i ?abl l . pd"'bi

oFs ia@ inlerro a unul enul n masuah 6e enun{ulBtr al.ituil

odPonflq 3 er pulin doi
;;ir dururrs a -el pul,n dour
ln.sllkle, $ de vN.rl, rotu d.upritui iltr. pauF" dflul
reo+nntddin lutcr d. rdse lonlci adsuc Lr rl-r 5no- i o I ' 1r u
ore nJ ep,r, d.rl parlisLonponmide
sai, d dislln'nkll
e n u n lu r:
O qlcr l, $rora la'a duntinuilili po . re ' p s e li
C@ tz,trJdd, Pue nuu tut nue
Ace,y, sunl posh I pronunl,r d doud Psu/einhrioaF:
nLtt rui tu?.
.M'tr@-dd'Pu"
(CM, t*Ndn, Ptue nut rui Met
s/, doul {@ ti
Dn e.e !. qn"nte s'"
udli :nd'{rh' . d t c ! lin i' 3 ' ljI rra 8 " d ia
' end
a d RD'o
lnt,ssb L Umtl ete ln'e o 8rupa'" d' 'uvrnu
cu.lnrul,
o
Fdeinl
Nici sbordaldin Dun4ul de ved.4 rl mnlldriui sunluL nu ooalP
n 6 qrin,a dn /;l h .p{."L. emnirrr'"e rn ontonenle !il
d " -. lo r o B
;r
,u Jn .i @o rc.irie; un Lotln
-"iiii"ti
*t'
'e o n t lio utui
u L s o nponcn'
r' crre *Frlala
* :.aer*-',
mll
onpo
i ludla,a..rodi'Ec, p 6lau sla{ie predlei elo'ltll:
(t) BuiM f@e bak(2) Bhia Jw ni@
r oli"n d r - * !ts.' "rdcLa i remi,l o . ! , r re rn " N! ' t c @ p ri'
o nodi'4. a conlrnudru
ntLu!
"nnqu.d
pulti nuno
Yqrificoliel orie- prir { n'fiolis 'tr in'
d''io{irs
drdF
dh
srslih
.de. ci si
Decm F tie rnpondlul /4 r de
doJd enulrun, {Furi @ndild a.e d" 6mbi'8lia
un drnl ln d'meitel
selndtafta nuxllul $ndr care tPreinii
srle onDonmte ru s inpune deo obsvatiel dkecte, .i pr6lpune u
Dm.s m;l onplicat, o ahstracti@ oPsalia pe ca s barazi teu
nMsldea unui sunl ca o dticul,lie a unor eler.nte d i s c r e i e 6r'
o opdatle de subsliiull.. Faptul cd {ln pe baza expqienloi li a comp*
te.lel noaslre lingri3tice ci, al5lnrl de enunlul:

\tl copitut sn4d6 n' pnq?.

sidt p@bile$ enmlrrile:

12)copitul ru pttnce13\Cdp uJsdndtBplinqe.
lq copuut bat@ ptwe.

l5)copuulptw.

eroria oD,cirsLeaI or\tri, d @rb:tori,dp a interDrelatldrl ino'

@idnrr ii i
Cobjla cu ca blf, a.o .,' r o *.venla de palru
copih.t, idid6, 4, ti pttnge.
tnitli di*eL:'lortu,ia
ComDeldb linFvistlci a vorbllodlul sdu a crno* ddd mei limbi
r o.trdia .r a uno enun.re hliGti de ded.na
in Dhs D@ta
deJ
.lendre
di{rete, De siQ l" poaleiddrilic! ti surcalle
b. allll
s rt.p'o vuGlpes'eLepMre
I n rru ' o 6 . j, p" E ' . l r d 6 d 1 & ,
mtuttue unuldui pnn care@nu
u ria,In @li'sL d."Ell:to,'r
n\z o anuruta slt rrliP. o i r. ril; rerlikL, o r ur'ts ide.
(utinu!)
de ce1rc qetftor
a enut,lli
ln oitili
Desomp@a
djffi..Ete ne@sl psLlu lnlelesse mRoni:mulurvolbiri:,a omuni.
c" l: prin lrmbi, i pq au d-o'ops Unb::, car. pcupue obligbrorr!
cuno.tleRaeE1a,lo' dirF|. t s aporuib' r'r h q'a!Leri?",2t,
a emDotibililrlllor !l inomDaUbilitililor specille.
Rohl oryaniatdr dl ldf,d lingvistice, .de declp@i lniutl
dislc
n ab.t.rli Ioni(I ti{nenlic5, s IGI Du..n ev,dsl, d.
t Hje n\lr\.
Pabeowaa ta a lh@t, d
lroemaLi.a
'cf
Laagugei Bttriturz,
\953).
In lnLrionn ahia9i llrx snor ontinuu, ditingen divde elenmte
omponeDte in lMctie de nivctul line{stic pe c.re il awn ln rdsg
(l add. .lnt@
replezilti o sevdF

poPutue,

lolmtd di! lr.i

ovinis:

0 q44 |444 e!!4e

o kcvedl,de 9ase triuti norrenice:
13)lcinl dll .tddllell I
t o ecvmJnde doutzeci

de lnitiJi lonie:

( 4 )lll, r , In , tl , l a t k,
lDl, o l, lp l nl Lr

r, In, l 1l , c,

.1, l e;

i,la! mite u1i4l ronie drn q!"nla i4r s sruperj lo-F\d .li
.aulentrrentP dd ri u' (3),iar alshd. It rhdur or. * suP4 4 Fnrru
s ilc:iEi celchi @nDonmt. din (?: din rcq brarea &5b? I'uD
urd enor carrsretnu enuniul (l)
dinlia v3 av4 In \edde toldeLT
9. In csDil,olele
", " udeaa,
nu @b.i{ slo irr'r dPd j|r, reDFArt
' e O e c it s le @n id d ; f ,
"."6;i"'ni;ri:
de- h cuv'nL
;,r
- '.. Aia tj zar.d*te
dej on lh idii Ia
,l
dunluiiri
s$
de
@'rtuenli
)
' apao
a4nr'rF d" oilds'
d'drin'.
pot
.intriii",
"p
ii,J
i erupu-!
pe
?nbu
Bot'ltit d. p'itud.
.nn .nn{ ctn orodildilre
lcl
h
4m@nd
e:
aat
din
a
Id
'iind
is'.lJ nivcltrtaiLia Ilor{d6an
arcaruF
tur utd \|tu nLd@not $u corpon4 e popdlDnde
'n
F cle-dludiomh.
prlhiD; + @"ad'er". diLre ff
t;;;
',
n' E/
;-sa"*'
.inl&ra:
niveldr
s
"ddtolsl'
pbdJ
5ln r'Ds
e/. r'k $.t
;/d"i.iJ'tt:'i.'i,'
o ,rdd-4u"i " d tei
Ftzr't: v qnnl'd vk ':eottu.
l;; hl,e mndnuend onelwl,
-dponenli
*...ic
d o $ucr! s 6oDrcx6 uF heo;;;";;'":
;.,!,,j*-,
acia dh urq hinq dt,tur' b
u@
lj@
omnonrtde
ber:
.'./

F : .m a ra rDe3!hl 9i prioul
.r-naas;iilO' aouau tt;li sin.acf
(ooilrl
) ria' r'Drern a o
cofoom' yir, 5ub lo tu alaltdt, Z/
rinlactjce)
doul
uriilt
stuiale de
Co.nds@, oreDo:ilior )i dj, 4( l nd a ,dvq beld a/ hdi

n dr
otc.o i.ii cu qirtacl,'
" aixi.ia;, iuvir 'e ca' nusrntPd'
ud*re

Diorord- Ll. c/ded(lq$J, rl P 36-371Fp@inl,lF

bc o",n. c..ilab d. .c ilMr' la nivrl nn'B,uc
e;;;;ia;"
ra" r"'iii,ru tr * ao'ar h te'r st neflit \ren p t29 t:n)

RETATIT

t.0. RelDda
l,t. ori@ dDl

dicirci mhlni.iri
cft

tresupule ln nod nssai

reprennii o mhffiire,

distenlt

oriclt de surt I de

de @ndirifaro;,'ea-1i1-,9:r:"r.:T,li..fThl*:,T?
si0pru.

*
.oniu"o:v, F l al i a r .l c :i
L| L4L4: h v hul ea ac 'u
vorbirii,ri iglu @nmier'
@njl omu.ia s, p
'riF-I-itLnT r:-: Rel4lart'ftr_
ldft,
\"dr. h
la ere
e'c *j rc
-" fre
*d
DeGre
Gre o 6Ir
oir ln
rcldis s pe

h ninic. nu
Lnsunlcs"ru
o bI i c a ' o ' ' e
n rL s ' .
","i:
iiune ninc. dd nu ooM:cr, nu 4 nr in .rlitaie de commiae
e rea:xaza P"n o' e "nhi i di?u l dPq(inder",
Relah3
'.f\qenusl;
ptthM lM M@tn
ctbE4& t.totla. pe
u ti aM.
tuj: Ah!,
41l, e ra0orleazila un IsPrP" rd
r o n u n iia : d * n l n F r , o q / a l l e 1 1 D t i n u l s r , o ) r l u 3 l i " T , l
dela s DreT4lali .n a d'al do:leo
Rt a t lj s e n h s l e 6 F , i r a e l a r i t i n p , r n l ' . r a n u r i l ! s , e t l e .
rio r, , s u n n i u l ( d t ' l a D r u l u " e l , l , ' p I r P - ' - l d . r l i f e l l r m r s r a
h care nu Elete @anizmq, strucluradhlulri
idt bev pardiE
\dr
sddLe
.o'ori de aetlt c@tc laadot
pt4i6
nn
r.rrizw,
telslia rctumlida !i nn
bfubMc
saeta *;leb
slp rroti rodrn.. det pol li pu btdel" urPi
re'yinl3 otruridi
ad'lT'r i-fdm4ii
In priFs serdt, teumsrLen snuotc (rvnie
ln
al" liobii rooafle, oi dp a doua,wr? !i sdeuln 6lrt dnlll. o
p tn t@tz
sub{anrive,rozba6. s v,.b p.-. {d. er"npc dq det
r ddodr, D 2, u d ) fr'r ., uimi a l, cunat 3rr linbii bn3ne
2.0. Enunbnb dedlbrdabilc alciiuile din rti tuite ompo.dtd,
inDllci 6i m ilt tiD de .litii, relattile c'ft s stdt'lld i n t r e @mponente
in cadrul dmiului.
in'!in*ee ult'ljui
E lo rb a .de a @ a r l ad e r s .d " r e l , l "
' n t .o6ioiitnb
rle,
e u ui s-.t In
ael.tii de aGl riD l@a ; r I de ".lin,lr
rtd;t bde te, A" u.nptt, atrlodd(ul lri' * i@Eade d,, tare
.ne ln Flaiie n cu @mooenlul r&e

Re d z,r dr e lau.o i F.n. !s-4 h. i,dd a n r

lu ' i
o e ma. d,./abit,
" " t p u nedari
t id e s pojt t:
,4h1. de etenDl4 raore?intaun dnena cf,ltl
d " c o d o o s ls
Re a .i r l ".n r arne aai ".1. co d ilio n " ri
'i
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s:llu
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pta M' Itr awlMd
Toma pta\d , s n t 64t
nulti tdddi
.'rtez:.ntt
n1;A(A 'NtJ.,p.a- o pncdxa dn a a nn d' M
lF .a. * dc,.or t ' lii. d n 3 in p t s I n p ijn u l
r {R de e d m lri
'pl3l'
h cel de al doilea
enunl, mal onoleie,
2,1, Calscterul linitr al vorlnit, al onunicerii lingvisti. ln general,
nu + pd
Lorul ca drfe'.kj. -nil",' .ol pod e 31"u ui {ul
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rR;rr. esel.r, l, {lnco (Spaa'af
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Fuier nauaer"

t' Ps u

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'r
inhi in relaliedeveintlrte,
Inrdcdaraa rnli termen tnhe doui pauze aaracteriz@, dlnfut
nmaliabll. cl. *Da+, +,4tLl*, + r,n4Jr* etc
2.1.Un all iiDde d,ii.o carc'
liotu{; dep'"r' Lr
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RJtiil rnr* ie a.ipl'r
ele DL;a,a rn aoouI ardir. @apo'd c" s -nf rui uele lal, dP
dhG }e.rezmilnd etementulde structuale 2 onunFlui, rel,liile de
a3t lio rh puirLose oc tnrobilie Aeelt 'Lrilre ln'sdisl':n
c rc-u r'? ri d i e r'" lr m Lnlu' ilc/t.m ) iap.
r e l a l i i o i l "- rc. o rd u B
j
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ierya., ln llb{an i,urrmau / vtrbul
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t9tuto\
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$r-(trrele drtr'le
t@r? . deiiolls
+o'@rtaF prin a.5r'
'elan
e6
o',ni.ldk
dintre
d:n; dif*nrelp d"

a nunlului.por
2.3. Rpsliik .rr.lu',1 . .e.a,Jr de o'caiai.
.or(ide !t ceLcd. ae.i';laF "
.;LrLia bi ,na 'rJ) dia lz 'irl af2t' tdeeon tz n 'lenprere
,nr rlns; c" r,ri id{d ere di.r'. e' i@t'r

;nl;";a;,
P
Co_ncid"s ,drl.. or
i nt m ur ns i o''r eI
t.a e r !'ut"
i .* " '
&''. do'J r'4ii de
p. .r d L. .r' s .L F ,''
;;"";;i.
d;ii
- ,+ ;;;;,r
,.
'
l"l.p" .,tm. roMn. ub ep? ur dsa-ltd aporul
i; ;;i;r

drnrd 6fpo dhP t'ep' i /d

onDonenl; I r Inrpe toanru ', r,''l (gu ',' id h(.Dc lurna rotmni
R ,lir d" .eini
pn'n
r ir ,r a'ha {u'r. L p'a r',,
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-stj.lrt'ti
d"n olp3r'oil; c- rcm'3 d \e:r;l'l.
n J i. i" . " ; . t . . ; ; : p
n(e!' c.l" dou' lP. d'rclal: in]erF
t*j
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' - aI' ' .dnunl
dnum. inpon4 r '' an, o' oDe
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c. p l" ful d n t" tu'rii cu ar "ii i-r
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F
ap.le anleao'. i,'!p,e Ik sl i vcanr_
h
o retari"6tru.ru's.:
t,te dlrela lie .u /&dna, lie !u lernh'lj attd
'o,oda' ela , d" lsi trraq nu P'c o-nq rprlflt. o-Fl.lic 5lL'
nt@nnd
L-ru|' l ermiu. d\4at tl^"pc tu|an tMna\,culld
i
$nt tn"u"ciun" dl'ell,It;!"
114@ tudn,] lrcabztq
Anrndour * @d dc r*p, rr,@p? nma.
to m mud tr l;e uh I irtren u lu l{ ,rp P!-r) ip"ts" L, a.d3,i
e d u n l.F e b b r F a h u n - o n u n i c ai 1 ! S p s d i b i v o b m : n / n $ e a
l'le (.f dou""on'
nedisr,
i .o.r".
*_o r',ti
'
s
,
3 mnlrnEr:
nrsn!
nodi'i?
olesn-,,.,
tuF
nu
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Rklp
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ttnk i o'L4ln {nt h
\or sa. \ ifuma r'.- onuaa a u'a r rs.4
b1r{,ul
3Po't truclur'r:
ra Do rd e , d ' r ' l r l e r s 3 r ' P e 1 ea e
a@st tdmd rslitazi
ii,
r'lt?'*
. rehttd drrclurali .u roro:
dlrld
o dane nru.trsl, !i cu cdmponentul
a4"] o ptzM Pp.d"
tnr..un enunrma ix[n. @: nr!4,d.iiu@
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n4"na
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ie. in t(M'^dA dPdd "u atn6 opd
,;oa,-ueo stp, d" *teli,
eqa' D - ret,,ii. ru.i. zl- cr fiec@ d 1
Ale rm . "re h "innl \ Mnu@
@nDonPn
P l r l . r d e v P - . d l a t ce r , b i n t i n 5 ) t n r ' L ' 6 i r e u
a.jt
^ n rMa D" t

Fa ,a d , Fh lrl" dc veirllsle lor nu ru n G d e ll d o u r , o L % 4 :

elariir" !u ru 3r" f ielp,d a
"rei dt,te" t G,ur "tunvejl,ia']r,
',
pJ'ticrp!
fi oult mi bmpn{c. r"elrr compo'dl pll
@nconirsr
ld u nunrr n.i laE lrs tui.*trins d a*ns6
rehli',
2,4 Or$niars
inteni, shuclura unui enunl, 6te detdEinau de
hLe @n p o F n c lF a la P rd , -le
& l,Iil" sL r L ffl
mlllu'e.a nooj. d" pEenldc, oe realiar., dmru u.
de iAuidTnne fMtnF*
nu e rici o di+;4"
"u,tnt r ctha rM,N tam
de oredizae inre'n . Comp'onmtek, aceleai, @li@zj aceleagiftlaiil
stfuctrdle. C. pftzdtaF r'tu2i,prin sucdduea d@sbitt a tsImilor,
eld doni sunlu.i dil*i.
Pelal'rledrh'iLede .ucGiue. ln .rul mr rtu or "L ,.4rri i ru.lura
t a@irri @q ponenli,coa:pund dsorila do-, st rl' rlon"lo'3c
d itsi |": o M Jtr" o di'e d" . ne'up po , e I : t s z rh lri r n t , 1 " i,
a l eu a | tn rcl s unui
m.i lonen o l rmu lic ln ' . I . , 1 o ' "
lzal,, o,n",
u . q i! G B rc o e o 'm e lo '
s i lti " d F,ne de so.4ba "n
poate expritu pftzdia atumitor lipui de'rs
Ela$i nruchrale (cL n|dldl.pel.i.LIestluclural.,oiedrganl/d.i.o opon"ni"h1r!!dlul sulr.
li. q n d. mi n-ltc lipui D[4.rl.h d'nt " zeL lipu'i po li puq In
eviosta cu ajuloru.prceoeuluio. o ni i u r . I ,i,{,'i,r'e ni ?e,.
Aest pro@deu iormal pernile distingerca In sdrul enunlnli runj
|lk nnl u,mtLo{dp Lipri d" .rtsl
h,rcci 3np di c3 e
'und,nq
Flslii de dependsk, d"
@'donde. de echivaljta !: dr ."p.ra .
4,0, D6*bil do fftcvdte ii de inporlanlc ln oqanizarea conunicrrli
sinr datiile_de depondenF, Eatleiizatd pnn laptd ci nicrr ud din

* 41, Fdma de depslent, nar.m, o.ep.eulnt8FLlk d"

depFnd9q_U qu
dppp
bilat.
.ld
'doblisalodr.
enli
Fsn_Eni
amblltd ooi
- Iie A ri B - 'liep preupun
natiy t6tului omisihii.
' Al tip de rchtie dacte.izeezi gupul subiet predlcai,lnh{
@Eblnaltede tipd @ritr! a&arsd,ni.i unul din @i ddi t*ndrl tu poate

++r

!ion-5:o iorcdrdreeiposhb inlorulru unrlt ts rd pdlUv lopllul,

itu, n4, eE
m!t, aieul" El"dt't ptt :
^laq^.
po,le li \ubstltuitc! do (A-Bl
S,ttztr.ed" np- . okoso..a!.y?eLc nu por d jnLolRrrE r
RD@d.ind dBtruclii ln cd" dubisl'lj 6'P ineinht, el eG
de pFdid'. ds , b unen j'urh',
b lo t d eu , ! _ " . u p u s
vorbat d. qubLFtqbirl.rF { lrlu4.
nqprinrt lo:eapa;
Cdads'i bilasal sl Flalci oc i tddep{den,J se earlArc orin
laDrdle lidaR din m doi Ldna, i'pune el niLeptliniari'alid
lr
.liesie cel-ila- ; o'"d.alul * s odl u $biedul, de'j subF'
lmDur Ds..culmr;ti de iumarii proanr, i! p Fd:r, ult{pun. -bFC
ruiu dirrisEi c d. caz nominalivul
pi,
d. inlsdepFndmG repre' la
G.oul ddc.dtrl
Finim oleantrl In jt'.l ui f, P'u.
nu.Iaur sdcijal al qulului'elrFa
,62, toate dlelalie mnPoddle

b r d r u n u l r 6 p u r d cp o , .
o: n s d d i t * d d a i r F l
4?. C
'd
n.gatjv l, t6L oni]f' e l d l,l :rapo'tuls e f srab'lql"
r:v. ifl eUlalt
de subordon,
. .aud" d"p"nd.
rid
t n lF 1 . < . . u'
t
d? tipul . .pd1:tul oa'ad dDaEdvprat::n
undqala. lr/t ' 6. p dafl
torneazi *!p$ile spatlttul d!tthal i alegd fptdt.
--if.l:l?prdlie
tbpqtir .noad. in prinul grup, ti rrred,. i
Unul dinlF {6trmi
prvllnduii cala-tsi:ri de
al doil", DoateIi oqis, @municarea
qunl vxnial
Sp6tiu,notrsd qlio,onuniorecoa oooleF.one
d e c o n p k i a r i ,p R r z o n , d a
D. l5 " , u n Lo i d e ! n e ! d l i l d , ' u a p t j b i l
n rs i. c a F ? r F l N z l d , d l ' a l ' , e .
dr p I
'
.
o
b
i
r
g
s
l
o
r
i
i
'
de vederesl organizirii dhmicdrli.
q.r
.Lorii'j. dd d la'
cats ru pcl. ' ods
8lkru-dalrlerjellle
tditii.cll d. d dargrnizr.odu nra GpF d*.b'E de Sp.a'ul
atwqo.. SpodtuuldrJ4d Fp.d' .' A"J-Mtal'a CA.art SpatLwLlppde.
nu {rntil-I. mMluri 5i nid nu FoFlnt, comuni.lr: din ounctdlde
wde a lidbii romcne)Cej doi lsbsj lht dRj inegalica impollanl;
Ddku oreeizaRa @municilii unul eLe mai inporLn , cel src nu
pdte fi onJs ti 6ts numittermenregeni Gau deternin,t),rer de Bl
doilo, a cilui *u' enF ln @muniesre
ereupuneln nod nR$- p-snlo
t e rmf lu lu , au l , e
un rol sundr d'ir pR
dp Fdee:rts.i,
din puncrur de yedde al orlantrrii shucllrsle a sunlului $ iepHinli
iernenut subordonat, detsminaniul Din punciulde wdcrc d oryanizirii stdclur.le, B pleurude in mod ne6ar pe A, nu $ inv{s (A+B)-

Tqmenul {delernjn.ni,, src

c. un psdant p cel de
i dordninat,i ,re in veddefaptrl .i'nplici
ereoentele
subordomte
i.trotuc.
in omunicarepreciz:npnvind eldhtul iegdi
Ssll urjlat{al al relaliei desubddonare(A+B : B strbordoratlat,
d eA r * n , n i l 6l D 'i nL o L ura
l tq mru l @ allA) no.- " aour r /e
. r , . , "i . i J &". pe .
r;'rsu u {b o rdoi,r ( B) .lr miaalr ...Fcdr ,,
trz np. r ddd': a.lulu a/ta p.nicllarilil: de Cen.numrrn.B.
(d e t e r n i n a fl*'u a co rd i cu r e e rl ul)Io B,;,n Spba.t"l- tu|,
cazul dativ ,l ternenului subordonai,ltror 6ia

veiia sonori astfeloblinutz prstrlndu.ti qiactsul de d!nt, d pdticllaiilate ca, pe chd h caTxlunuiz dinrrd tem4ii subo.donaii (C)
nuImplicinlcio Ghi.iiri ondud la nnno! aunl organiat
onisiunea
(A cunpald lAj .dttt \B), onltda cellllalt ( , lui B) DrKFane snbslitui- -a obl.gabli"cu 4ro a ldns-lri C
i
erupa@\C \A tuatpud p.
l'gd er.r4 ncn,indeplinindond'lis unui cnunlrepeBl: onidum"
I A onduc ed. ar 0 m ! l a o E4par dA'qn" i : l nl r c ,ots
ter nen.r
nu setuliz.tzi d reraliestruckrati)(cdrli pelinsd nizte) ti.ercnn rp^re

43, O uiianti . relaheide deDsdhl, o ofttitui ea de r4t /d.M? er aaendentat

d^i'k. n6or'.cdnilidr. in cme un LeriFn$le
sbordoML.l oBn-i. rele sbordonajlll talSdeA, rf ri 'sl; dpB.
Daci lnlr.o ecvmt, de hi tsm6i ABC. C estesubstitutblld zdq
dar nci n, nici a nu pot liofli* ln predla lui c, plln spuno
ci
p amla u C pF.upl.e ln nodrssar atlt pe 4, cit I p" B.
Can\ntclz Lrao tltdl\fA. alba. otsi o jluctrde pq tu ss'
'p
d"
alb'l D@len oon, onunisrea pi.klndu!i uraderul de
!.'bo-dNl (drbd)
'clalie.
enut
de,itsl (r,aear{qt, J, orusk'srm
DuDune
D ' e/4 l d e o ' 1 1 d o .o mo ol4f,' r or unl"r ll..do' 3
;e
s-bo,do ,s lu n:mal Iala de ve,b douc .d o'
"ulddois.a
erunice
dirsirE: Luna ttfiltE$e atb. Dei'mdflla nunai lat, de
lM
LM akd strdrtN6te. nodili., de asnmi onuicaE, Omic:i,lt nci
teFa (e'nenuluituno lA) deo aniaazi on'ni@'cs:
'u .l.old .e
o1 l4Ta BiL
un omponenltopab % iTpr"a forn, drb,,

derolalr2d. subordonredubli di$ut,1i ra4,3.,ln carec

sprdeoaeb;e
sle suborddnrtatit lati deA, cit $ ta{i deB, calitaleadelerEs dlbiu
depdd{t nanjlsllndu.s prin ac.rd fi piin aqeuie,h a6t a1doils
fo dc . r u.iur ic u l r c i ( ar s i r u s nc tr InJ r r l tl i i l l { dbl tr d" un
$pdr dr. m do rp s lui C Els deB. lermenuiCd,tele,td. B pnn
hu?polde
or .'..l i r e( 6r r i ,,ndos .u el der oor ddar e.
Analoglad oordonfta Doat.ri psi ln 4idenF g prir posibililatei
de a lnleui elementll rdallonal pe llnEd pnn ,i : A cMpdla! Ldrli 9i
d;rls, ln urna lnlocririi e modttlci dsul mndJ cirii { mlaliile sin.
t,ctice, dar $ obline lotu9i un eiuit ftpeht. 0n szul unui enunt c:
L@ dttlqeSe dlbd,s\ A odzu!{ @rU.. rclatja dedubli subordftE
!d p@ldti lnlocuitdprin oordoMe I o onstruclie e A ldzl.o tt e/d,
pidezi aeast shucluri relatrionalt,.u d@bnm c, e adaug, o
relaliesrpllndtard dedependentiln1rerr .dverbialti adjecti!.)
Prtem ftni ac6t tip dedependenlA
deqnienldenpbrn, Vnlnd*ana
de laptul c, roaltda &laiiei de suboldonare
a iernenului C latl de A
preupune,o o onditie obllgrtorl,prentraln enunl a uri ai lrils
iamen, B, deDdddt de a*mdi lali de A (a cirui curflli ln enuicft nu c@ insl pieala tur q.
Relafne de depmddii .e pr6!p!n oblis.iorju @umia a t ! e
temeni stut proprltsttuctudlqdrtvate (veziPftdlcdittl supli.
'
rtu"ju ti Alte petti iirladih ,,,, lt- 14,)

is o g_Lp,e c. rrl; lrr.lu3

Onisiunea
@nponstuluiB ste ondilidal dei de dftitder 1uiC,

','
llM,16,.g\Lpae,a'endB"d"obei

In e,n onstr(liei cjlate, dependmla

lui c rati de A rd ersette
.xpreiaIn.dd. iardepddslal8ld de B * naniI6(5prinstezdp
{dovadihplul d ddiqp, ACB- trM rlri st'dl-ql, -,1 Itr de
ABc, @r6pundeuei shinbirj de *nnifi@lie),
Rerllzaea lelaiiel dedepoddl i dnhli inplici dei o strture dehel
tdmdl (dractdl*azi o "structuri tdnari", .i. Eletu'te d2tunLi.4 p. 50

4{. O variru r acej Elatii, sre pAuph. lor d organia. di

ko tsmmi,rpleinlt lloc'uril" de lipul A lrapd,dr (A), ad.l, (B),
te n@d aitle K\, \n @-p dond.oaDonq{e (B !i c) slnl .ubordorole
iar, (iesela:, ftin.n (A,.Atlt B, "ri rr C pol Ii si,bll rile cu z1,s(

t.

5.0. O alti catgoe de rclltji repleintr, ln cadrul mutulul, ele ln

.arc o rlcare dintre@nponenii
poateli suhtillit cu do tl pecaie
lFdr putead4hna c" relaiii detuir'.rar?aid.

papdlurdecerdonarepoat.l'dp LciLtp-in:nrbduy'rz unuiekF.ll

de Adlt-. va,We l\l @p',tt \B) ri/iene G) InasFtrdil:i,
D.n11 , ob{ineun enunlrcFr . subd:luljr . r 'do t ebuies, incl oa ti ele
nenttt de ret^l e lvotb4e @ptitat, nu.Vath4t? bpit t su.
A-a ti prt' crdLh r eiDli.l orli rru's (tensrutl' oe
-e s l' " r t ) E j ( i o d s l p - d p u c , I n d d d t u a r , p - e d r d
in
mdm.cre a doudonponste lo a.alpla drtuplr tl , Jhea t.i)
inlre ole se siabilEte.elaliar*D{Uvi

AnLonimul
rift* al . n"nurui4'o?d'rl:n a\e ndernatnq '"re
lip (a o-icd_ -el,lu D.
nean dh5ruit, lN, % deiu06l'
d cu
(sa obduetr, 4 ta nd rennk, pr rri dmu nhPa
''l.lL @4
na! pufl ob4t-il
c,,adarhiica rd r' mml.le, lordr
s .t. O Tla ll. d e ac' l:p r.l,b,lq.elnr F t d d s ii B iiCic in d p t le
L,'r;ar. (A\ @pt:'at 13) tt@kt t(:\ oticarc ? n
dn onslru !i' de
'ormt
E
pdri l ub ltu'r
4o G's J " rni,i-4
neri
*u
Cr
di doi
lB
'u
ta'ba" lA\ cco,:tt (E\. vm4e tat ttutta ( | t1
dwssn.la
di{ulh
relarG!u A ri65 r d' cd oo: klmm
' dar,a rl B citE' ic. f t l. u b o rd o n s lj
' rF
n o d ln .'u
eicnDlultr
i; c" h v'ru s ;.leitui poib lli 6mb'asr'r , ui ,4 d'ltllal
doisi. dl pllin iir ud" ' t-,i o In e L lur d' rai
J.
4-'t
"it,i
anbii |" n'n ubo'dm4i crnl l'
I
klei
de otud(I.:
!s. 0riir
'de
B t c t B C/ o p u ' ' n d s e ma t
d a rivl R er
lt de.oo'dondre
.aD de A , e Fla l. cd e -" D. t a ! e a ri
d a ro - ir ed "r Ur d ,iid"pflie

Si mboFdo Jtu de ure.iuc a rsnd'lo I inptkd trodfr" "a

p d it ie i m e , ' i r I i . ! z F : T r . p r R e d an. u t r r l o' " u i " d : no n p o . e F Vub!* ht'tlot \i . pnri.. Va'b^F m;iht.tii
iele tzpdrtlli.
,b, $t
ooat". 0lr fu' ulul. o In cxcholu d s
1?-8.el,.lis-ds&qqd.
.ral,eu 3ccem.optiu1s: ymw. ' tuptbt 2b od'litt eubdtinit t
Tna@ a dor., r."paqrutconetiv6..obtrgrto'i. \rmairepfl.'a
o rulsi \._pod" e.pr, d, 0'ir sjnp r' la rruie. :' pruo pr;@da'd

R6driade@odo s F ooar. grup. { rai nur de doi .ermcrulB lC

.6..: lnl.
ial epi,rd \E).t,natto'ct. an)lw tDt,bd14'/-,a,elaiie
hnd te.relini,ert . drea-io
Dlu n " nbr,,nunsr'Frncnilo!
c

s.3. Relriia de coordome s reduce,de obi@i, la ddi t6me.l ln @zul

unor conelire ca dar, rr GrDiesie a apui:lidl, d4a atanar

; al ; |d . . r l " i D. n e d i l i *o ,d d ecl ,r'd., @aun' in' i t er ila

iriile o;s l-npi de scar 'el.)Ori.s" d'ltr. @nPodtde lntR s
p o a Gl l o n i!,AiiLi intsl,r icuor nat
; re a b ; . a r e l ,l 'a d . F p e ra a
dintF ele.
poateIi nodllicati:
Ordina termenilorincl!$ ln rehtia decooldonare
votbde (A) @pii16lB), tiMilo| \q,anu\itt (D) str vubEtz l l dilt'
,,rr (D),rintl,r (C),dp,i,or (B).,dedenplr
clnd rel,.:, apcoodonacnu cuDflmedeli dol ts dfli,'ub"Ulu tu
p-i 4 o a L n u i sd .U c e ' n n p r't...ku cl us cnMl. r i pr indi.Danla
a@1eirtr.iii: structuraA-B+C (vqwe M npiii, cuti@iqsftlJe.
odnonftiun@iui c, la A+8, pin onisilfu luj B, la ArC. (Onlt!@ lui A
ar dBninla enmtul ca atare: Cupafta cL @piii, tu tinuii N PMte
cjnd relatia lnglobeazinai nulli temoi, orutsr lnuia satr-nai
n t ra aae lndt se rddint c1pnti! dd tn relalie de cood@t) nu
nodlli.i struclu, enudluhl, @ie. realizatprin aeleaii liprd dereidlii,
cu dllddla ci relaiiadeoordonare pternlt o realiFe n:i prtin anpli.

e d",lr I p qF,nk
& J4. O
e-r.deljl@lad,
rctat:ei. cde
-orir " d.'drr
G ,lo " r;
Lje B C,6k! {eD,iDil de 6m'.iune ldu.rn
drri d" tip I I tuapdd ( ) r @@ \BJ, La Vwuai ta,., ort?n
3.bqtiltrcuerc l.tn o.'jB:r', A. unpara!h il.dpkni., ne dqeiutC:
(trw 12)- s.
\2\A ruaodrotun rma.-, "d? doudaur{ujobtiruh
I t e a ri, , p q j> r u c l u r r .a l L B ,! l n C ' a , a a
A ur rrD oe ubo-r
' rn tDq^.
donsT In rilushileln @reenunirlEt"to t E 6BC\A,tdpdd
L o M" d rh n i. )d. - p a d " n p e r n d u l u c L t " o " A
lqepeoldulsldo.s,
ptsdonha rz tund re.srk @ edira mF ,u B: e.u, lur'sh organur
dei p.in reraffirdk) de subordonrre
- A?B: a cunp.tut un
aJ@
. (b ) d . e . h ' v , l e n l a
B-c:n
aw, La tiqlttpni
si (-) de intsder.nde' l, ( tp'd,
- D-A: \EL n." npitat I

Telhenjirelalieldeechivalmjdslnt
nu nunaisuseplibilideomkiune,
de substilul ci e! z do, daf ti de i nter v er ti r e- :
puteos pune/i
.taptual @ ntun, IA Med.tzrn.s t A cuntbot Ld M&aLni. w,wn.
ln crnrin.ro relarieide d i@en,i oo"r lJ.'Fn' un eenur oe
cr 0licG' ea rer al i c i adi a. \tA Buai r .
'nr .'etol oi l j ,.ubi i -

d'ekrml l @ne'iv
ln a'r er dir: p_&Fddr
ruLia!u x'o e aDltca,
lr ov- n' a
r; ; F i u l u in o -,,,4 t,'L l l ,, a d l d l o n /kllidldl
@n
p
o
n
a,
i; ; 3 ; : . i n u s r *r" " .. r;.a
r ' op - - 1.oiFalh.Fu
e @nc.hvele(adld ek ) " "
' i;bth de
idR dstz drve'i ln Fni ri e u'ltl't d" o
..
K\'
"ii.olenr"
narat td lwet
J" r,a*- \a' ti
.r''."tii-.
'Bt dr la
d eechivzr
" "r "rB ).k.' o
@4 d"111'
"' r ' bdr ein
i; ;; ; ; ; a i ;
unxr - r r "
l e 'm.n l B ti C
'r
e'
"dr
illr
r
per.lia
r.tivim
m're Fivi
d"
,r
I
e.:
.rr-

a;'';7 iii;i:.d C,.

h' m.iul o De n de' t dinlr o'eldtie de d.p.tdslo r3'-r *enp Pr

t: sr\tdu t t u n @o ' t k t a o t dz u o
rc'"",t,"c"
" " -d
i"..n
e Frl'zsa, d' Rl" n,i rulte o: l l'{n
Rekl'd oe io.v'l"rl'
crii ai aoi r" ,+i, o m *"mptla or susdr4ldt", dqi, rft deo*.
ii" d. relah'|" de d"psd.rt:, nu rp dF t o crrLrc b d': reporui
de ehi\st"1ra oo, p , rprinde o

iJ.. ili"il,i ii"l t *- ;."*

id;ofllia

r,

Btt?r' |^- B-c D\:

'.p,kk.1n
naatz
aridhtLtui. n fP'-t, a pbaa4

atdtLtLt @atanto

(A- B-C:D:E)
x,s;,tdl
a""l;,r;
ebLieide.cli'al"nta p'6roune,lr '"le 1a iile o'u ''
o c._;n;;;;l ela;r'a.depsoenrd ;@ aLi' ? p ' e mi d rl{ u ' l' o ' o d
pm.ipi a d" oreaFii" a @nL rt
prin odj.u a. rlik \o *drzl" p'u trum F si d de P. r,d d1, nu *

a:"iiiitlazaie rta'ia ae"ooraonoiDs*orTd'u $ D@i"@li.sd""t

nF- tal, k'n.niiIngob4 ir F'8ld dc.echiv,rul;
;;i;;;ltfM.!d
TI".1a
lntrLl serpu ra: s'ida'ut Metn Pr'na
i,iJ,ii" i"
"si
lrlmi k 3elrsi'co4! ra ae!)r FF
lt
tuta
P'.1'
tu
itdul
a h nr).
tt
e a n aD m o o r r 'i ,r1 vd ra '.l r'ul l o ,ti b d 'iair e r dotr otr m ' ' - a' '
doudr,dii di d'fle de-rdmli e t
, . i"
i"r;"-.#";,,*
"*."
(ti
tu
owgh,
tt
lor
\n \aLLt Yotbesr
Prq
uptt A^ntoi! tu hoQhtu | trniul
t
d"
c,.nrrN,;" dbi@ig
'
Lt! urc * un[e34 "o1{ru-Iu prG
mr".. h.r". d.! el*dlul
din_

,enanariFil deo*b["
di nna.*,e o'ploate.zs
"?d,i"
de
nondePsddlt
rclatii
ire@ledi,uibouride

ii

ldenlrars de ,4sdl !p4'fir! rersl'.ide ehirslerlr' l:Ptul .t un

6intu elsd ftbltrpueah elalk d' {inter)dt"ndq1tiliP ordts
;;;;J
I" ;"; .."'. -"1"*a F alieldecq v;lars! 'roliL' de c'

Pura
iii;;i; i;;ii. i'";;l;,$"r i;n; (ararei' steobrrcai.'ru
ii.,liiiiiriii ii a"ifiJ.'f , v.a"g? hdetii\Bttdt c.teu Kt eL ,
Vdb.$e l ) ru lruteL lB) tdu. @hc1llc) tda

aj-

6.r. (Lhu srrrt

hile "u
ilki' -dublt.tpiimMol

il".'

sLFn mturru
ea eioe"s!-sle:'Fo
Dl"Tdhnn: ,4 ldzultA\.atB\ p"

m sio'r nuiob'a'
, *, o, dard.e rnptroers'ur

Da
m'c d. rcrginre
-^i 6 *pund in slrul u', aul{ulur dol'd"n
conrrL.riik ru d bld erp.imre a orpr.m.nlrlrL 1. adnit ln gs.'al
ft odruluip' r L' rc sU\ i, i r.n-trile JIuatii,sulrLiu:.
ero.
pe.r,
r; fl"i.,ics
k o u e !o ib[: dd t n eal unuirdinterneni'A Dr?rd
r u r eD az i nl@
nn'u'bi o c t. pr t'. I m ba
E"- ' CM Ea o
rin , in a . I n J lu t r"bapud.
, i 1 E I r d s @ A d F r o i , e p o s i b l lo: d i r n i t d l u l d
dinr cei dd Lfl tr d: ti tt 4e"opto. ab ti dg@ild p la4. AeL pdlt.
\utanrrri ind,cr o nodi16? , r:po'i-li d:nhe lernenii carepslicipS
la dubla *ttifl8,e : unui dnic tet$st.
F , Dr-' c l la o ' i s i i Pc s r b a d e u r p o ' i d " e L l w l e l i . t . l . d d t
de o'L' en',1' p. c.ie Il ,re rdeo i rru a, maltl6 cYd " insHl:
de o ac@nilde 6peioli a cerui de d aa|].a ldtun: fe.d bunat pt li:,E.
lr @tulrL.r. oe ipul td n 1ppti4.9ey liq.tl p.4ptli ldl.,lqn{)l
rl d.ll"s te. tlry | p' npiii tai ht.. lal) de.n, o valoale expliqriei (lm5
rpsid analog u ed d'n Vdl, ru tt .ap'it tdj, a 4: a.depldll' . uLt'
r;Do lul de Rluval.nll nre vo/ !i grulul u'T|o' a! mi, doF nic)

I1ODALITATI DE MAN1FESTARE
A P F L A I |L OR l \',Oi \4lJ\lCAI.E
struclurainhmn
1.0. Ptzenia divdslor relatll deknin, otgdnizarca,
pu
t,'oa
de
irtorrol:e.,5"q$
o'Emzare
sle
r comriairii A@:t"
"
.le- cJledsiv. din oanaiDrs unorlqrcn' lrrrumiletipud"
in anumiFpoi!, +'uDriDLne' 'u ilo' e{"a e,p bprii diFF'o'FlslF,
"od_
bonnr
rle cod-n(li::. I nd ftlu" lnLr.oir'orndl; Fobsi; r.t
Situctra internt . comuricirii se relev, ln ed l sevenlei lonic.
Be Dzinu conunisre o-inij o erie de D,-Liula"t8il.orr@linbS
otDM; de divs* FpcF" ie' I'r a : i.a rodul d..rs.ni?,,c 3 unel
miunicrri.l"liilo@di:veii,dtiiod, In T, u'i i*iabil{d"Idorinbl
l' ,1, k ruids tn Nde'iLi a akuc'uriii' tm. a onuFi'a ii
Ll. unul dintrc rpm il reDrsinti topi, a9.6ea @mponontdd,
situareaunui @noonenll.ti de alt'I.
u ! e i_
Too
se fl 't' d" oronra-", eFUnlL
!nddF
-ld e ir, d in ' e la lt lF 0 e
ur,
.dul.lunlanaliab,l (rj ticturar,, colsida3t. {b apa
Anurib
tLlFl.vdtel lordinoucluld'red'clodanDir:i!or-r.rr:i
l_
lnr
t
riorllomur
.uld:tri'
u
droonen
do'
dr
LoDicr,
de
i'ua.
Dr
rla I lonali, 0 o ' t . a t s p lu l . d , o
; t.,. o o r sv: a i ndicl'
@npddt $tisla@ o .nusitd psitie in organiarea ielarhicl a enunl'ljtll,
modali, indichd o
cese o anuelti tuncliesj.laclici,saud indici
tqarhieafectlvi sau emlalici a tEndildr: un @opondt d o poalje 6
cundard ln sttuctra enuntntri poste o6titsi, lni! ft snunit .onte'1, in
.runile ondllii de rslizare 3 ohnnic{di eledenlll nd sau imPdtant
al iniornail.i pftate deconunice, calitaie plst ln e1'ldsli prin p]asdft,
lul lnh u dnnit lunct sl smvdtej qre rcp@lnta suntul De olriler,
i npolt,nta mui ttrnd 6te plti ln evidsntt pdn plasarealui la ln epnl.
Topiq ale ln vedde sitlda in @h$isre a lnitdlild rnhe cat s
dependehtlelt de cl .eedr'
sl.bile$ relatii dircct r sitlara tdnsuhi
r$uareo diverdlor detqniiantl, suhordonalidcduiaii resol otc

| 2. C',daLcile dhri4 szule d" loPjc;l:btrd i d. topki 'i{:. P, n

roptcatibfla \. d? ?nnpa,; pc;b:'lalea de a noditic" porl:a
wnq
Lsndild cuD'N inlr o rrlre Dr, o lninbaaa doinii .a d'.'u*
Fodilrcarit orpinia'r, r'E-tid a gtupu,u. ln @nbin,,i oe ioul
'
rbun tl.lduM \. t dnai,br.@.,
CMitwr..^rS@xtth.,
de m edepfld.nli lri p* Faz lisa.e ,o ,
ei doi Frmeni ,i
'eldllel
jndit4nl de .ruaF.
O ilddlc a rlo8i repdl ltt (un) pa4 &F,{d,
pd.
dd4LIlal. In adbel. *np1. :ndjlFnl dlol
oorul,
tak@
1,4)
.orpdidtelor, CBp, 6le o.E3liai tlink.h rrpoll de depm'ooie
dent,. rn carc adi{riw roprenn$ irnenul suborddal.
t.9. In eq"al,lib' s qo.bphd i unu tip d. onstni lir 6 e rurLj,
mr ltq mi. A-l;1. dc prerplu. poril's:ubnonlivlr: tatr de vso
ete ner"vtuti ddL; ,elo Fle:n.an;liv E n *enohl" d. nai rs
Plae ", uui srbsLnr.v d u p, un vob l"r / iv Dotre6rdLf rd o
consfu lip adbiSur .db rp. ul oanzd
'z,a de Lupul du,'n
cse $bsrrtivul Falira,i o reJsl" d- i lad"pprdenle .u vabd,
Nrnd ln mon elidenr pozilie de subiect, h 3!6iaturea ,lda tuprt,
ollarzarea derineo noield.subqrfhrul pu ird .-p "f' b, plin ponfia
ti to-mslui. ubic'ul (sp.inlnd vrloam d" "aAst", ru obierur,codplenaclul dJ ql {qp inlnd va'@re dc
Ech'vor' 6le ln
"p.ttu').
,a,.Lcrurut nereleranl
at topici:,rt "omp8.ib"rr{ii
Fotliei ldtvdbale, cind vdbul sle lranzitiq cu ocurdta ftor mmsru
f.li. lnddalii ditsih.u rabul,dai Jal Lntpeti.ure-ititimorldroei^e
omooinia,aserl; lr 'h{i, d (,br'ddtrale -omenea*., linre non
rr 'a rnt, dp erenplu, subrsLl| i pub vea ddd r{p6 eu
I4rd h tu.lip dp -ehlia pe cr. o rell/a,u vsbut. OrBdniraret
ilteoa s construcliilo! ln care apt lup6 sn lupM <opptenat
trD6 ri aDDuad lnpn. oe *,nb Lr 6r. dr iJdicaa iin ro;d'
Nu o.ie rmlrruli. lrob t'a.li,+$btan
ir" gdstu
z*o m"s
.Dbigli{lli d. dgrni/arc. Con.l u li, 3u mia nu rork fi
'nrer!tsrst",
ln @ndilii obilnriter, docit ca reallzlnd o relalie de intsdeDenddii,
@ $\noo]o b.a(apq .zr Btu aataata.. Ba opo aok I ip.a de z66ierrz-e
f, dr lo Eh rapo-luluioinlts stuj.
lu. ,lc sl" celoidoi odpondl :
d ,sa inplici @nsunare a @va I i c h I d, ldr e'ir, indichd .u animl",
a dAha, d,qtuir
ir dd /4di
an-.

d.vin :nrQ..

d;oide B4

,0, Fq " r- srt e on p,libil ' b4 'u

iji"i"""ii,i",ni"ini*;, .";"4k oer' ariur" 'rn hdb il
:nmDinsii" !,@ r",/. rnrnir
'ub l,nti{ului
!01 D /ari r!'"r
!-brr 4 de
f.r;
dc
:;
ih.,'Ft.-'
;
:;i;'".
eia.s ilna'a'n dda /upalITo a5l'.1o4aFi "ta n1" n' 0 g4puLu
r
DM:dE oano " dtr, $ponrl_ rr a t:' dint'e ek dor' o oponen
til de b
i,b ,a Lvu. .! ,,psid
Ddtt nd bitsb a
-.rind
4t'a. ttuta"!.
;;;l:.;;;lia"
;;;;.
mdR!
jnr.rtMrbisu,
'?s
e
te
d'*,t
Atce
ih"
;;;;,: ;; a;;*;";;,
;e
i..rLG
Lomnlor 0@t. anuE d'. "rcrul orofltuei ' nron'b;;;;;;;
oD na jva a ,r .v 3ialcil-Ldulu! d.levd ' J lo p o i a s g u ro d d c a r
nL onDa.ioi .! ond'rdlld

n5ap dia-" stru'runi

Fo,, " frw
id:'
"ai'.
su
b
ldn'
Pr ELpr "
i' j l "' i
m o er.'o ' a a l re tu t'v
' leaol'
Mqrd
d t o oaIL!
"
E
@:ryeaai
iir*".ii
iil'in-ii"iiii
.
r.r
alunoo n . n i m i r l a tu ve rmo 'o l o ri -o e dri ru J Tr a( ter tLanbigu
3:
cl"tren'e
grupsh
*
on\Lru.tii-r rcrbe m."nniiu,
i{"re
*ar--"na
po'le
rop''nr'
l
irdro
ec
m un"
^n ^*an
'a
at"t" r- q c(tad iio / iind! sn ttu!-e iatu \
il,iri
.i r,iriiil"i,'
d. ei"mp-' I1 rebi
;:;
;;: :;; ; ;aA;;"d*|, (Er u'l oria,
!
tn
ltk etn errtc
s@?
Nad.a
lrL tn?'.:i,;.
'nDre
ioirs.r "ut.. oe {bF ''1d
!
:,i;i;
'oa
"-l;,;:;;;.;.:'i;
epr zh' ;om r r u( lien.d^e
*p ,dc
* i "a , t . , *
!rlFun ap0!10" daDso"_p
llueazt
tr 6: or 't -'ri l u
etu l*-c.l 6l
'n
'o
cse verbul rcprernti lcrnmd eCdt
sr .a an b 's;'l:rii ln,, Lrde- p.ior o " n d ' b o ' o n f ilrh 1 r r:
nla dinh. substonh!!l ! ,,adsb'al!l'r'e,a, :id et

1.4 D nDoLri\3I a pari d" ro tu &arca

ralc'a

'opiii dr'

i p-'ui ;, ,"s re.i o .Lr u m i- t a n " " e r - ' $ . +

ddl'

: rclsfr n' dcP'

""
i '*;.ii
bru'
a dra'Ffl relolicit 4ul
ariu'r
pi.c-D-n"
r norrid dorejc 'vro
LFre
t.i,iiii- *u.i"
.d;
vr',nt a oenonqrallxrui /o'dr
i.,",*;rtn
;;
;;;;
rp6$N}.:
de,e,a!i rctitu,t s,i cfloir.Ler{brknr\
dh,
o r .ali"
'i;;i;i.
_ Ln d r ! 0 @ t rrl
t
in
e
ssru
o
t u a M a d 'a ,d8and
tua
' i s "tllr d - d n m n ' ' 1 u
od r n iia

, i ne d -s
ii!
'-r .'"a-*it
i l ; u i "ti ,,' + * ral \'
ioo .;t;
"

L ' s ' ' t iv r u d a L ! p M v i

L{ Loldeau$DclDu.alreirr@3/.. d'erenPr, /nu:dr'@{'irrari

r'

dirtrc.rbdetl.
r,s lt ldtk" pdnth. lapa n dc depcndenld
r
lopici (deierainanlul
dat-ru ororooinal eCc @npslb "'.idti
orcro n.n,. preed, r. bdl|a. .. . tdaM dtp: llb 'dqti\ul
.b+drti\ : 'egsr
5ucci.
i au tuw:a-di. lNt patL'i itui r'tual lrke qb,
pdldlld.
rcpwinti
o
lr.zd
6e; 'Idu lt)ni
.eptrati ponh! lidba
Construcllile /ui ia pdldri... ri .Iar p/irtian'., @nditjile sinlacli@
!i tniordatra senducd pistrind!-s nalterttc, se desebe$ stilistic:
ae dintii aDa4ineadbirii trdte actuale, ea do a dou a.e un @acte.
ardfldc, arhalc ti poetic.
din p'nc rl de red@ J dgmizrrii rtr'/e,
Ddebr'|. nereleLsnle
de ntnt; silis\6 \|we dbd - @)a.is - | otbd aue - Del\. t,
. oMUd (/.dia !tm:
eu dp
lwi", @pr(rt ,n M.
"d!Mnodr,.m,'oorcii
'a'ur;
tJd.ut 1r n all"
apllt)
idr
wMl4tJ
"i/d
lS, Tapttu lkn prcsuqure o otdine obligatorte a tfddnld
hglobati
In .ele nai nulld i;ltralii, tocnai dio oricjna ordinii unie de suGirne
pe cae o ihplicr, toplca tlri 6te ndlldvant6 sub 6petd dgantzdrii
In llnba rcntni ca?ulile de torici Ilxi rini detul de nuneroas.
In cadlul relatiei de deDe"ddtt avlnd !n $bstdth ca @nku sln!
prorodinai: ,i12, or,
oblieao.iu sllipuri o 5qie de der6n:u
'li
ets tun. dl!\ aa. ai.: a on.
n4 nulli
deLer
r.lEr wti
'ina(ti
rl dd iai regsL I pF6,l.. adje.
Inoinrz e.o
-1d re,ep'onomimledru
Iilll deisminanli orl(. bh rodrr, dcueop r, .su rcr Ld"rbl pd
elc.) o dd'nc Frt de sue*lt'" w,,'- 4,4 F,ombinoliilede detc'.
n : n a n lio d je lj v a l j D r o r m i d r , o r l a a t d d , d . . r o B p l u , L - 4 l , @ d o a
rgdptuJle.,lnd u en ru qbalva|ta(
d.t r d tuiilo-.u lopis
till *te dal harc. Delerminantii cu loDict lil, sini ftr'tdtati
Diin;
(tta\t6.?
p4 r f) i'on,nde alore,porlla o fiino
n.. m:.t:,M
ondil:omti d" ro Fa (trod, 'inpj .a ce spareverou lPe.nL.
\ obJ 6h p,e.edrt
d p z d . " b e l "o u m c E e ( r d 0 6 , , m i l ? , r ,
on.hix&, Ft ) J de deierhlnanHlproror i a I jto i (iri,p4d, tr4dp,
o dd2d. |rl Mirl4. ru ry\e0tia rLualrlor n dr r-bul 6G: ra, h
onjunltiv 3ar afi itiv.llnd anbele.aceorii d. o.rtrblri I' ru oDica
oblicaloijee intdld.,a hiF "d, ar rdic.lJ vsba sL,i{sanu,iud.
!jnat It M.
anzt ti @n .'o.ti p" . sat l,.Ld. d n od@,
^^!tu:.
d[ldhq

& @npr,htr! ! rcnrd,rn] r3t! & pq;ia

& l,i 6t6: r br b p' +1ompr" or drion a . : s ' o u ld " iP ' d o / ' in l: '
nir '; in d ad \ed ' ,u oE dI vgbul {n u a t q r' n u a d ? ru mn
r i' r,ii
trobir i rsd
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ae

cr n' d
r tr
t d t ' i q u r r- ii in p ' ,tiva
v pa
Luor' rrar

dvabele D'i.di \',bul rmai r'414d dm tfu,idd m.r

nunelet. ; r s/d r@i,do, sp,n,idJ i ad4 r" irr La.npddN negsr

. di"" f .} Dfted: \sbur 'nu.,/ I nur adr'" )

""
ajnd seluisi vqb i * ubddon%j m rc!,rl enuFr' o'r ru " cF
;;:i;'i;ft.;;;*"
o,.updn,opi3 nia * 01ra.doo'dL4'
a!or' +ordo."'l n' o ,rr
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et li l d14 d'e!!ot
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s . rie darl{ul Dred; oru:Lvu Lnr'l
i;{' ;"d; ;;rii

; i; . ; '; f ili; t i ; ; * " u * r , p o s < p u s ' ! r '

p lr o r ' r b a d \c' b /e

3
b ,' r'e u ;d d i rr dd{ ea r tr ' :@\:si4r 'c@
; "; ; r t ' ; ; i ' "r b
'M t ntltt,A. nu Fdl p@ ui," dc) najJre' "
'F$n erupzr
p;,: ( ir g,plrire d. ad!6be
i, p,o une
;;; ;t,;;ii:
'
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plot
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'n!1li-r!
e inl.rcireu n!f"s. !iradizl .u Ij n 'dur mrrurcutuu Bonulll
naid.or h.onnn' rrh a !o dil:onclpflr*r.o ' Pusv" o tr (gcrrnnu
gruFlr iu R lnu
dN.d i dlk minonr'ru bpi.3 11, F
'.pmli43,
u h lP 0 t s @d c rr" 1 4 1 "
hi
f,. l de rqul'1. eiu'laLelnF'4r
q:
; L o , lo' T, vqud qu I n t " @npotsn elc 'r nul' H' m?ra'
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mii & a nemid:irinu
n'
d{
n; ;;i,r"r.". .
" ', - " -"i

nai a @nt (ln loc ded Mi @rd),mal o si riz,i etc Acste schih'us:
br oeloD ; cor_pud,0ed"o pel" b dlnt'l d', rpd d' e' .e'c ooua
,r i.qo' i' ,r d- " n'nr n, . pdl " obl i Br l or .r dd\r i br ,i Pr onum e
a o
iAlo Io.
, i,' pe de sltapdrte
'po
nelorrdbol 0 afir mobil
l i r ! es tel nl i nbatonani r el eranl i
r .z Siilati i l len c ar et D i c a
DentluoEaniaressiitr(k; nnl pulin numeroase
' Ro d6ar i. r " , d. * " npl u, D or l '3. b'3 'nPo' l a,doe s ,I'
LD:lintivl.
con5 tiioe _p. Ilat.a \1, /e'i., T !i"ft& /3', unde
d" iI{od?ppd"n1t,ra' !ub Gt ri.
!, Dr@da\c'bul tsalt",zi o
'cl,lc
I de ubodo a " Izlr de 3!\i a tnl.'
lll Dl6r' dupl verbo/e I mpo
rstirs pozil.i 4.o' do.3 ub rrnt\P alrts dz: ,h" ha'ea
lf cu larhul: ln Urcttr,lelahtiti @ind., *bilanlirul lnel&k'el,lLltr
ste in
relaiie dd interdependent,d vdbul, ift ndtrdd esie $bdrdotut llti
dev6b. conshuctiiledezc6L felsint Duiinfrevente ln roran5. Ad6@ii,
rohl distinctivrl lopicilesteanulatdeemratica ternmlld : ln consttuctll
d Atut,irqte o tu.. iadiliot?a Doi\iei.tb atn.;a lA tu|".ilerr
ourrr nu mtenead *himbarearaooltur:lo!celordo!, $belaniive
trtd de \e b. TopH dr. vrloarerek!,nli "in ,. ic nuoai n ril .aliil.
olsindOrem'{
rncsrp ub '" rti\eleaurnlinul.emnair Ioa{eaDropis(.
eeard"
e conb ,aF " n s .i i .i .u r - bul D " ,l I" ,' b, r oner i d..our "
;da Jte niilo.@qre lifli ela oluld. d r" enlkloriinta.ri. al loinc
potud @ l, qun.L v4i1o ltuti o
n@' a dr4
rjtl
substantivclo!,iid ca mportuile lor si"n'ttd.,
se nodiiicq dacdreurgem la
omlruiia pulin drlenit , U,er,/, lelarlirri ,r4,:M., h caft .omplenentn
stedubluexDrinsl,ralizra Dronomlnali.
c! forri soecilicd
dc rufuv- ai-5"; po ir.r re ii i Flor dou, {blltt \;,
.d prir
'ndi"l
1.3. Relevantt 6le idpi.a tsnoilor 6e rerlizeri relalta de echi
valdtS. In conshucliica: CtE!, Enil Bara, ottdul. . ! P/i'q!t unttut\
!, ,a&lirl.. primul tdmen la@ parte dink.o ielalie dedeDddenl, (de
interdependent,
ln prinul caz,desubordonare
1nceldeal doilea)9l dintr-o
pl,tie tle ehiv,lenti, Declnd ternenul uroAtor (e! terndii arnitdi,
cici plalh deehiElslt sepoatestabititi lntre mainuli dedoi lerneni)
pa idpt nunaila lelaiiadeeciilalent,,A@asl,d@bne dDlic, lap'
hl ci prinul tsnen irclus lntr-o relalie dee.hirrlenE prtnti, de cele
rai nulte or', particdaiiliii de construclieihprF d Elslia de (intd)
depddmtr, pe chd Is sl doileatdrna, palticularitrlile de:erpresiiTe

, $iti': rtl;"tl:r*":'r1\"tri""'i,1ltrr!tii"ltl':,r,lt
"i
rdl-loi ei du." li conslLrlij nc,dptjLe dr rolra' rr0r RspsLvF
r_
don' d'
e 5 h cr eielil".ats
i . r l ' r ' " *,u d cti d ..ra '
"
pra$a
1'm'diora
rr
"
.oroilon
;a 'oro"r: durii

",iJ
i. . i""a"i*ii;ini.
" i, . ; it ' , t; ; , ; ' , t a -

I ' n . e d """m - m ' r d r !" " tu r /r ' r

ii, Gm ru * i,.t o,i aa,t.Ir "t lizpazdMrep* lrl; d' Io nd' 61'
en!r8lih

looft

di r{ 4oir t4

@mr i{

rL lelr:nr Inlimbs-omlna " l'"tlr. rcnp. ..a al!4d Mo2..d"cd

M., da r i , n d pul'n ob'' ut. s a al,ad Mi' a : , . o b c ' irb , 4 a it s
qui , dt ,i 4 alua to v?el:d
a.ayt tui!:i.
Ia v.Ntq oq
'a
a
.odhictrii
e shinbl in
cuvintelo.
ln
organiar@
inlene
Rolul
tip t t t . x rt ' ) j p s lt t n e l . a I uncla d e o o zir:alorjincon,-u.l't
ul tik&l N,ln
cla t doirs 1".n.. ste Inlo d@un,depcF
tX
^kt
To o i$ ,.a !i FlziIe d. .s.Frla e a cdo_p u L r d . / a ' e d F p ro irll.
ontibui" torli hmdal ls Dune'eslr eLid_1. r dru"lu iidarhio b
21 . L a or csnidea or,rrr
tdrhcip a . d e s . n . ' i p lu a
idtMDere,. ar oL de d.fr ,'e , rlrtului $no' .d " 'p an$ omuF
e'ea, ,n, de,dourcaF prin vorb-p - ri inlonalll Lro mPlodi.i
r
idri, Ezullrt sl !3 Lr' c, inlilinc 5i inLetuLare
oroDlierri.or,
ieienhr .onj*, d d.rsitelo!
orin pauze,ar" llu\ului
Ac6t! comoonenieale comlnicrtii calactqizezi srenia lonici care
ftrEinta enrintnl, dlr nu s lddtilic, cu ea. Inlre ele stabilelte un
raDor.de irtod.D".d.rl, ci coeuqlsr Ja mhl tspein.d o !e.
var i lo li.up irs Iirre oare )i ca'3\lP a . a Gp r: ' h -u 1 ' o n '
1!0.
na.iona.Ij tona a !r p, u dll h Epo't de d"pdderl) (5erpIe): 'o-i,
1
.
n'.
D,i - d 'n o L ? o mi,n. a ' a& La ;z a'i. ie i 1 " o d r" , o .
'
r
llnl,
a.lodi'3
3
ird nu odcevr-isl" s .n o al'el, rr o @ nodukll"
un- ad-nl p'supur p:.a. Ata, d. eremplu PUFe'., :r Priddli a
rnui .trvhL. a ,n : elenenral onunicarii. D " rtli.ao utPi rltb.
'
a enilu.
C.n . ul ,rtonal:dnal
oto".in" r"*.
At : A n n uni!',tu6t.tzi.t ut ;t A, : a w nr t dtat.la" t.' d lP'n dir' 2!.s
situdrii d6*bite a sjlabej proeninente (a slltbei care s adculqzt nai
inl4s sl De m td nai lidiot d@lt alelalle silabe).DoEbnea de@nlu
inLF.tdal nu p_'Lerh tua o sar.Tft, an aclica
a su$lui mmlnen&h,abara. p-arl8'.Labei pr n'lmt"
'bod-.'
enfaz.. Prin detatlrea utui crvlnl cu ,jutorul unci acMtuiri nai intd3e se r@lizazi m elet de insislold, de $bltnide a inportant i ltri
dln plnctll de vedde al lorbitoiului Gau &1realtali pe cate o ftPrezinli ln cotunide), modiliarea intonalio iiild sintactic nerele{antr.

il

In rare cazud. tntdalia c$3cldizat, pdnh.o anuni pozilie a silabei

Do e rird le D o r h i n d i , r ' a l i t r i ( r o d d e . i r c l u r P ' n l e r ni d a o m u .
;.arn. Ac&rr si uslh " G iludra i d" otir"i p-i r' 'a l .u o c.
re! noninsl d. 'ipll ldo. papo,Jr 1 'ondill hlorulonale obilnui'r,
ftlal; dP 1i"!
t .ubdan"var 6F ..1 &. 6ll,.t;
iriFu omDonc'
qbu.
D,c, lu el d. al do l.a subd tlv e r" ."e1_
;eDddfl r, cu
r',. ?n.t i \Jdae popdrrt.t.d poaLeFpRenrolsnenulit(ddepend4L
.mfati , t'ind e h v,hnli @ elsl .. nodit'cdeo
o, verhu
"cnluds
de obi.i. uul d Fm'dot
tao.cittn Papodtr latd., popa'./
"P'v.lld.
l;ne'l ai reoortuluide interdenddeni;)
h cdnsirrcili de tipul celej discutate, nicj Ildiunea cazuali (aiit 5ubis{ut .a !i n lJe p'rdirtlr \'du la nom,nauv).niudordulrorimc
o I rr do-d ub,'a{v. ar inpune ve-buruip'rn scordrceleo}rpx i.
cnlalitiii - de pmoana a iII-a sjngul!4 nu indict cu clsritate oleani
zarua intsnt- h deducerearelsiiilor sinlactift, uni.ele indicii sint celc
de
! d- a " . r r ' A . a , h 1
" " m d n . u n o ' l l sdu" JbtreE t u l u l
o i
' l "1l, p . t r , r v r s
v o ''boid
,o ; " x . n p r u , o ? p ' e o p e' "Ip' '' e ,i 1
, u in e \ d br u , h ' r u n 4 u r l ' b D i n r c . e l n d i r u l e t
d6pts
"!
d. r plasasubiectulftaintea vdbului,
obllgalja
I m o nte
2.2. PuA a - nulcple rclun rn orcniuF" \onuner
drlinik su1{nil" t
L i
f u n c lrile rD D o t a n . a " , . * 3 d e s
'3d'ul
tdt (e nnri act de @manlar) de mai raft anplode. Delinitia ri ciractedarea snnlului irdici lcl. Ehantul,2.1.\ rdnke oar1i.nldllitfle
Iundancniale p rc&a de . repreenla {ecvenk sonore cupdn$ intre
Psua - tsal:rar; ln i nu nur !i lnt. su'lu'i, ci por'e aprrea :i
1r n'c,
rn lA'iorulunui enu l, p..eF l epmrn'.B/s n
- le,l" enunlr,.
su' nai cxlinf, r! rp iep yi l: d" obr onpoF
"aenmic,
o ' e r d ' ep
. ru.a on litrh ln ,ynh.6 jidall Jd
rs u o u ' id " ee n f l h
anui emnl. Un
repar h deoFdlrca l.giturilor dinke onlondlele
aut $* Aft un@pildg k nikte + poatli sDussub loma n.ui flu
$nor conhnuusu ooaleIilntr@01 DrinDau?e
ln dilerileDun(re:r,4E
,n tubti+ @a ta ;i dk | $r + A ; c : M @tit aae ta n m;. sat r AR .
M @,it . oiPt ta nilP , In and.r m' 1 3r? : L
. k n
menulrn;lor.nio dgzs k
^ine,
^d,.mnhiblie ld
pakdd
ca6
In alaE Fdr*lor "graratidle", a
t!n@a
pdte fi inhdupli din
evlddli
a
organiztii
conrnicdrii,
acsta
in
divers 6ur:
Oenlru reglarca flfldd rspllator (pauale pe cft le
fdcemrdbind dupn an aicai o 3ri, de exemplu,sa! drpi an

pe,t'L z glsl le trFUl el

ale_ca. . n. pau4 lirio'oeiJ dp
r 3r o o kin l, dinl_o le ilt e dP'6p-ar.d.
B. ,n .u su4 l- oloc-F, p ili e "1 .. n.'.|"\dnte pmlr !ftni|.'"d
i or m ,l i ei ie l"? ob" ul o Lfl"ldi. F . p o l rv t u . . ; , c e l p rl' n
heori, elete ne$tivq dininuind claritateaonmi.rril
nne u r. l i(d iiu n r lip . s n i,
D ei, d " o b lel. psu.d nu
lip a psukilrl u s r n i' p u . i . l c o ml.
i r ual"l" i .m " pFzmla.au'"p'-.rrt,
1 in l' n u l,
n : c a,rp m tp orc p-dd" unc:orsrnizt d'Ie" e G id ^ ' . i
ulm (A) d,
uneiI ro tralii d:te b 45,, de ere-p u, n c upa "3
'apor'" I
e@\ (B) Ia'drtabr (.) u tinul @mpor"r'. Io
-id,ni',
p
p3'l.uk'irl
sl"grs T , t is l r' * ' 3
l-.'spor
t ll
n d lr ved"F
r,z
!
1
1
d
d
p
a
1.
L
p
li
J
r
r.
s er d ,. n r i 'a 146 D,. Ciups,.3
Jo'4i
dac! itui,bl- e E " n t a t , n d o . d l a \ "
d zr r sr e.Jbd d o' t In.[r
'
u1. I n dt
inore odn inLodu @a Laq Drr " tu n,. d" ldlidrttl.
.(t.
(i,
.
pie/Tl"
pru."
ptin ircri
roGti
@lddidnb,t
"a
dd et:ml p t. i'ual .a dp." ruFa i
t6ud d? ,^4, ktldabilJ,
d hi D,"n. Organiarea ieraihica are lorna A+B<-, tn !dn!l caz,
A(c.

iF d

dpal do' e.. i tl i riprvile pauza.ln rodu(ereaorLkj aF

tjpul Cd.
s efect o modilicare in $nfll onnnicirii i Ja conshuctii
'le
ttu) baL@ d.lna., a crrot lanslotna l^ Capitut.h.tnu, d2tna, bcea
adjcctitul (6orne) st hcete de a nai arca vsloare dctdninativn.
l s o o gd za re dicri., ondule pre-q , 3 u p { p 3 re ' n e n u ru i
dp'd na Ma,a otztA u, Lipe ps ai n I'r p' rl"l" doui roapo'" ie
ind"; o dalie de inlerderend{lt de p;F% lo pdn p,r: (u/d t
plrud d,.) poale si $ind* enunld ln dora nnittti ncdependenle !n
vo.atlv j m inperativ (Reprsdtlnd un vocativ,ln aest ,l doilea
enunt, $cventa lonic, Meid poate li plonuiau cu o inlonatie dileritt
de @ac! careaparein primul enant.)Inportanla pauzei.ste,in asts
m d4 .iwl . o ou | 1. z onon.niild tcio n a re .a t a p lu lu ! ro s
tinl 6te ldentic c! nominaiivul, ci lorma de pereoani a II r inp+
.ativ .ste idmtici .u cca de pd$ana a III.a a indicativuluiprezenl.
+ tdbtaei., pata din,fe
s Urul atalionezd'dti,eddb
In ffi1reli
pq:tia
xnn
lei)
lnui
elemdt
cdnstitxent nl onuc.ldlak si tabloui
prtea
li reluat 9i src
nicirii n@xprjrot - verbnl @laio@r, cte ar
e pi6dpB de snsul omunicirii, Ace.$ silualieilustrazi pmportllle
dilt,ce d. lip',I Pdynul Luir spiul Etluti,

ds'oLlnd .divtrsele"i
2.3, Pou4le Bts *g denesa onun'rc,
de
rdngrnr
dien-e: -q ga4
elalii
Jl
tnumi'P
ld:clFd
mDoonel - 5i
paur
mai
runsj
d4ir d' irF
;;i 1fl'ee *'nlu'"i snL nudlc de
pau4hr
.nunldt
rs
d'
tngtnP
a
DiLAF
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inredll in irrd:d
q
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o.i
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void
3
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in
d'
lt
p-."
a
aE
; ;' {i""Ei"""
po Ir'
de ntmul vdbr'i fi(t Lja. deto dlrre @muntcoa' pauac 'un'lr
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Paud 6 " ptscd"r.. dcob
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un'' t_
d"eendenl
onlurul
lelodi
lnseF,l
d;;;mdn,a!ii
Too
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1t'.enunl.
Lin'3
tini-iut
ie-nit"toni "
'nata tr 0r0 0n t 0e(enor m r:
,ve, un dd.lq

nonoli, c+:rlsi?f,r priF 0ici \s itlii d! oJa'. aL{e{anLd 'ikb+

ro aeiiu" e 1 ro en urc PF/'11. o oborrte a ln,llirii lY '
h nrrtea rn,i; 6 sMlrlu
*."nr'oile
in t f l. it a " d u n e i p d , " , r l r . @ 0 p o n e n e ' e& p l i
un"i
onsl
u sroa"
pdn
i
rbdrcdea
{
t;ral'.ra'
.";:'iit;nrrrr
'
panzi
:
aea+i
de
ln.inte

irit t z t l
Dsur n,F
cr'e dodr enunlunrl, $l\ diF) cs ors' mc inlar[':
chea?"I' F, rp* d.pdo'ql'-d nre,leid 5 Glul cn lurul
htaliz a ua
O wn rire a L d n e l m r - : s n
^1srd 6ra^onluFz

td", mt*d

"ihtrh,lh'"

od'u

& &dan

O a@ntlare mal i.tens, (Donuidq

a
sjlabei s@ntuale) sractriazi
in gmod
PreBnll acto. tolDe tae ca ljnia nelodj.i

; ;;t;;; ]
tndittrm{ dd bodifldrile depaui g acentue intbdGe ial, de1t),
toa'. ch prtr- Iiniii.lonrllonJ" dia|3l".u o sractdsi.ca@muni:
psDa sre narcheaz,sftrgpredla onturulli terninal descendnl.
preedati
tll unui enuni ste
de celetul nnlte si deo oborire a liriej
Pauzeledin interiorulenunluluisinl pftcedaledeo ridi.de a tonului,
cl. exenplel.(2)3i (41,
PreznF utul mnllr terhinal asendert nodilici eotirl ssrl enuniulli (Ilrb ca struclrn sa t.Grnt s, lie alterali):

u n , ur ir UDdedunr ,r ' ! Jyd.v

C o a / x r u l l fl T .
'a lrg de
dsuntaie.
.rl o D u rr.drui, I' e oroi'r:o6drurl rriinal
enunluldl.- .aia^t
dec ddr ump. de np'rlet6) r (lrJ..on iul in.erocr(.vee.oen
\^a ttnzuzi ,lttaCa!lu?1"tataF.Pt'toiltlF :d.neqi@ putiat? \aie
pl'Ndei?, C:ndptard M@id2)au o lo'31i. t" niFslads.adara.
I n m a j d "s l.s.a -u !1 0 !,.rq i ruul n u is u! L" qr ca,pdntr .- '
ontlr lqmimr dten'lo(, 0e-'nd prurcledrni.telo'Llcnunlilli dtr
p'edsledi o ma'e,liniei klodr(e. Di,q*le rntrdupai,detinilotst
qunlurlor ri a 6aso"11plodc qrnl,.l' I dilerenl:,re
-,i ounr rlin
Irlgld4 pauzelor.
nai gd d. dl.rls. ddit pnn l,p ul c, i nt prie.
date de o ridiere s! oborire a tonului. Variaiia de lnilline 6te rat
Ilor de pereput delt dilerdla delunglhe a par@lor
Det8lareadileriteld pr(i ale cdnurlcrrii - 3 eunlurilor, a pr4ildf
deenunl - e realiEaz, dei plinJartlolarliiii depazd ti tilondt .
24. Tdtrl sdis eptod!@, cu mijloae propriii rdbire,. Pauz.le$i
dileiiele tipurl dd inionatie sint .edate pdn &nuele de luncturlic.

ParrG ligi p_e"ds " d. n.onrur Lernirald.@ d"-t .lnl ao'ate

pdn r u .(, emn d.d(labtF. *tu deiLebsp
lncarull{F oearlvlor piriiole -, mt' rar, pnn F!i.t l srElla'
M@la tko.d ei.
Msio plet n ai!
Clnd ohtud MtLl?
Contrrul tddinat .smdd1 esto nmat Drln snn de intr.bae :
Mdia ,lMA d?
Pleciai2
P,nzele din inleriorul nunlului, pre@datede ridicaM tonuluii dnt
noLst de obei p'h s'guld ,u, n rc-dilijspejale,prir lifoepaur:
Ma to, pked di t
No'pko, nlna, a lod tw.
A d.d6 cdtll.
tabL.
Alud - kMa i lttt.
de obdirea toflirn. .rE intwine ln lnt*
Pauu eufli. D.ecdrta ^d.,
d Dlin punrt ii\:rgularu prin ooui puncle:
r@ uruiflul.shnola
8ie: td s14 gtd'ari 3d auat eao eri, ril \odo\ea
'u).
au! !tu,n dh: e Mti d. {rn
A ada d a pdsfl : .d4i, tdt72, 2iE2 |
Seonele de Dunctuaiie ru noleaz., declt c! lotul sDroximali! vadaIiih d. :n.ona e t lauzele.ln gcnsal d,t nzi ,ls reOateprin pm"tuatie p6ulelerj inLonslisrclevanlesub aspe.lEgnatlql
Purrualb &r lBa 6'.e!1, p'op-ii carerr 6n"ords cr nooul de
orrrr. {J, d" sr"nDlu, Il1vorbney rse rtripJ I
[au
'. '.rDrimFa
o pa-/;
lihe grupul .ubie"lul'n d grup'i p?dis ului, nai al6 dsa
,lnt rcpre/{r,ie p'in onbinrl: d, "orplue:
ln nn\ul Lopitul
aEu la dj,le tnwld utn . e p*ibil' ti .dceo I !" elta.a o paur lna'.tp
'
de ppdlo' (tMld), s@6lt pruzi n! cde niloda/"
nolal. renlru .d
m din rcgllih .at"go're dc pulc'ualie .pur..d ix $ pun; vhst.
inke subirl $ pFdlct. DLnpot'1a. t Le -eenuqi prdpd.Fs ,uila
e punedeob ei v:rg. J, chia drci rl\e etenu * tdc pdtLt 14 tiqa,

--Ti

puncrual:aurnlre9k in tra.e prucurarjLi, e dc DdDd r r [0.

mti",re Lorbi i ola e, dai cuprd.j un nunei deleault.o rv.rtJo.
d. - 'iabile de la o ..mb, la :lG' , s'.
'spelj, n.r, tdh

-,
r poia

rr a "*
o Fqra-

drir{q

a q,

t6 n r,r\N4.4uai

t4r-4t

r4aL

alttr v.Gi3 6;d|dbh

rd srido
edrcddm!'|81:n'a@d'l'

a"i
Dtucio i- deir'5-ii n.pu'llo' anLac ii@ d e ml_ ' :
'
c
ls
lit
Px
e
n
p
lu
)
,
'
o
u
h
o
r
p
.'
de
tr L ;
soiq'
Lre.r,i!
i.d,,l
rfl ,;rp" (dinhc ee6n': J ,ad,r; d"
rij. .smmr
'eklro f.r d".pdlili,1 irL 2 , 3 d d o ' i,
D i l daDo
) r qem%
' ' p {f t r.
. r l; .
k'gi.
i ud'ul.aora apa ' e UP U n a l p -{ rr.
e r u p !- :r ii
ml 1po1.rt in organizre .omu
2,t D$ n o
,: rrutu 3
",i, pulilp,
3 do-c3rc 3p,_
@li.er' d'r l,ga vmieldLP
ni.d" n ma -n.le
I n l or b r " - 'l Fhva.k'ub 6palul d'u.l u ii' { s n P Crl" a L " ' " ' i'
d . o b o" s ls
a nl e- '1 'o d ia rnlarica,par" f rolosi., , d e * ' rs rs
deLn di , r at eoir.l- su d" ro bitscl.., Dru6 p jholoEicr,pbvo.al;
i dafslu'ft 6 C ndiii Pl"
o" d.ade .*neiu.L! 3d(rs , d" o a
'uni
rii
.,
.t
.u
Loare
de,ntomarje
re.eri
odp t": l, $-oraT r\h.
.iode. i;!r.ui lel. comunicirn:la onditiib de rallzare t onunicrrii,
la dl carelorbqte eic. Vsidlde de acsl iel slnt mnsiderateca deprsind
domeniutlinsiitic omprlu-ts 6i slnt shib'ite "pamllmbajului".
3.0. ln limtilc cu sistem iexions bogat, o pondqe dosebiii aE, Jn
rir.ac.ie, I'dlund AnLrire p3r"uk";l'
dF
e\rr.mo,"s
e r ;si e,,o d e'.rdt"l0
k,nui radii. I adr.l u n u i c o n h ii ! u u n a ll n ' i
.a.l .Dol.nokap F1l" -.' r. la lii h -r-'
a i r5ir u
" a lh t lp t l
v.
j.ri5ul
r
t3
u"
rb".,
r..
i'1.\i1."
6
r"por
ireala@
5i
e'
-!i'o
tormo: addul ,i recliunee.
'lo!i
.1 pe"rid a@'
I-3.1. A(ordul d tunrle,s* d h.i tslelii oLl
rs
|f
l R" rd r. "
' i o a iii;:iti i
6amuca" ls znbri sne '
'
.F carad"irzd l;lalt .onponmL
D' ,L .1 rsnm a ino'mlF
poDulu
;tl
indeolinbleiunctia de hdi@ 31 rela{lei
ln
,cordu !L sl,-da olin oPdi, L 'ieirc dit tect'r h 1 ld aeleasi rnitali de
ms-- ';d..-'ur,
RLt,e: a rnor aiirp f
4.6l hp dc amd erprima depetdenF
@]t nr . ir scelebi -o'hne.-ioraF
sti^v'
N ItuM
dn F un sub$anriv)i " .dtdri\ @ |uMdcare dractdizezi
ldierlidl reia ralorlle de nrmrr, oz, gen impuse
ca exprsie, s h
de lorna snbstantivului. Alqcle tot sd Iie idsiic
rodolll or@d.r. 3u lor a\er Fal'zi'r dl'dit. ad mre, N ru't
A ord- i di,a o'desr'd rdaliJ dir"' abslrntiv )i djq5t ) b
orJond.s arfu'a ln pls, In unelec4wi. airdu- p
e\ikrea unorantidufair: "trd r adjsilv Bt ola.al dL0i o ! .rriLr.
de dor" iu m, r ,rri sub lrn' ivi, io tr, ad ednu r pot" i, dio
d e o .nd "lla .Li rot! de u r r' drnre $b. lrn r: v P l. d rn * a e G -u Dii

d.r iN"l .1 ,i "1,4)| d" ngt( al al bda( rt.i \2ttuBtA) r LdoEi tB)
i i ."., r a- ....: I'tr r B$Les !b.
,r tar ,,( C) di l qt:ul c .pec l ul or eani
deB, o.t qd i , ( /r s tt. B c r C J nl
d.onst u. A , i r r C deD i nde
' tr . h" ub.
d3- r i ..a,nLi c : l ^( l \r al aea4a.i zt, al ba
o' oondt.lu :A
\A
rol,
p,i
,lbsJru-,!u duno,"" e oo i
e vo.bdoeo ,
etc ln aiLa
"lr?.
cat$:).ear pata4d. sal. otb d'rerm,ad. dcanaats.inbdlT
u,n.
' .LtL'
' "' .r zi o d .ov bi ,,.r z m r ; o| o de n4i . dr pe'dnl aaor e'i
,arr' d" lubs'd
dr'n /. u ioid eae
ah'voc*pi.md.s de
'lrdl
ad
ar
.v
'nl
:
for r .
r otaotbr iC ) pdt,a4tu
" t^\\,n' ' ' l tt aohold"
'r,
privetle nri nnlt o jerarhizaiez iditilitor
drld arrd, deosebirea
in
piirul 2, calitatearlb se 2ttlhrle,direct rdld,xl,ij h@tdeal
doil$, aeastn sracttristici i * ahibuic ,jndirecl : dedrem cn "paliN,le alb, ci c i e de .,s tolal
d bl .
pou, aor d''r /" , deatr bi g.d gr Lpaai uo dpel ul
'elap'E
" l ul o! ta( iie Ii r l onl 'n .l ul ui -l 3i l l { ; i nd l s r ub..anr i r '.,"
cedi adjetivul nu dife!5sub asDeclul
aactoisticilorgramalicale,
cl,
\c6d(A) da.&enidn(B)@dft(c),onsttuclioamtigudatitsinbcnqc
1
,E
t
au oe,,o
$ ca' nldnai i erev or bade,,oc as r l ehedec i r i ni(tlA5,s
ss, (evenlualnour) onstruili dln crrrnidi @.t " (A+B{),
din
cAuzicd amtdc substantivesint Ia singnl leninin, la a.elali caz(ad.
z.tiv)saulacazuri
omonine noninalivil {!utir. Ambiguitate,
poais
li $ rezullatd unor pmli.llditili Ildlonft d ldjectivrhi, cf. on l,
idrt @.fi (@.tupoalefi phral, { in aest oz elementdregent.sts il,i,
sausingllar mscllin, ti in ac6t cr * snbordoneazi
substanti lli ou),
zitud d. Mtd gi ladjecliy.dlituariabil gri p@te fi inierpretat ca de
podenl de oricm di! .eh douesubsi{tive).
lnporlada aordllli h expriiarca Elaliilor shu.luml 6te dei
Iinitrll de sincretism.lenai restdnsesau mai exliN ale sistedului
Pqhu 2 evttazhbiguilitiledea6t lel e idnandi ca aiuncichd
usubstantiv are maidulii deterninanii adjstivali ii substrnlivali ,
(i) si lid plaeti in,iDteaelui (@ior)snhcel (ei) adlectiv!l
stantival(i): ordinea.ai Mh ds .d/drir'd eviti anbiguilatea(iopl@
D@teinleryeni ca elenentc1alilicatorln sitaatiile ln care flextunq nu
exprini d evidont, lernenii ftlatiei de dependenti),

c.2 , 4 e a 9 : i p de acordcala.r{iara s djc

ir u ' i
lu lr lru n
tuodrrdedubk dcp4d.nl3(vc, p,/ati, s! 3.wn ): tttblim ot44' nt
d,r@. cu d&f,biF. ' a, r .{.%L sltDir.. G. n. .r d.D.ndent, !
reia tntormlt8 de c a z a regmluld, delernimntll tiind in nohinattu,
inditsdt de cazd substantidui 3a! al plonunehi u sre s acordr:
Eo o @^il u*\d., S-a lntarc or.edSL.,An ECdtUa a.teati,, An &zrro
Chd ln smni ft hlie sp,n rn sn b s t a n t i r, mlncldenla de run or r ism d",l el" n'mrd ium d. d.ndr a t e irc f n . n lu lu : , 1 , n u n ' t
mmuii.r,
ra .le drd et o | nli.
rea. l poJi | rtliffitzt
'n aceleai eracterh$ci molrologie A'a,
pdn didse slbslrntive ar4nd
d- .\erdu, Mdi, in4 tddr.og, a&ild, ?tu\ p'a4wd, d.dN,A
aah i "li,erl
.k., se .ncad-,/6 I r'eso", l"niniFclo' r po
Mtui,,'ta,
s.a htN d&ktilL.
caracterjzat s "perwnd de su letPfe':
Flia lui ztdn prolmd. Cdz doui dne inplicate intr.o attel de r.lati pot li insi $ de son diferir: Ea (Mtk!) no lnta fti^Nru. crirci
dmfa de gen $ de num:r ru cdnslltuie ?nofftrucliile de ac.sl lel rsultd1!l ldonmuhi de .o!d
O silrarielnaloe.,- nur4c DFd"s/i\ .s e. oD' T, Diu sdF L!.
3. . o r d , cu ute.rur : Lodtua ,ee wt.. fda ,"!; r*ta Dsu eitn"l
'
. DU. DDbl.n". oiF"ldellz d. r/ dii I e nu oel" D'.
lneen.i
nur,
dic;uv n sub.ea ioat. rr pB" pe eaoa *ord.hi su a rtul.i,rl'
Eioddal D':n iublanliv, numelepredicaLjveoale orea camclelis.
Fd d" r,olw,
df,
dd eian, ..;l.d'foilede!.c!uo'slului,coEp.
4 Mula ede nini*u., Popuul e4. p&qea,. Murc .Tn stu fvla untucA
Spr d4$b.re de sub-', tvrl
raDorlde d"bla deperd"rl;.ld
'l lotdeia .edti.ulat.: Fda
nnt oredicativsuDlindld. ar. sle
-d
Jdm dk(hre
tir Xrtrq.. .-bddrivul nuhe prcd:catirpoaF prE
Fi{l
Isd!]
pol@ruI(raerrr..
,rla aek,i varo': dp detcrn;narc
.r,
dar si lqkl (rr) ar, pDt!.or (td ru,r. Grncidpnl,dinke 5uoiecrinumele
nmdic,tlv ob asDe.lulv,lo,ii de detonnam ene deLcrnimt, de 1,.
tori strehi lsohedui
de 6cord.

F9.3.Coln.ldenra
de inlornsl.eelada|cal! sle corodtlblld,
ihai.,el" doudsub$anlznad" e"ivdle;I, ln ta vs npitnui, u
rtu h rarolt de @hival*td pr@lntd.ela$ .dtdctdistici de gen. m'
nrr ii car (flascdrn,sing d. datlv). Dd .l in ac*li situtie nu aven
l,c! cn $ Idond deadd. dovddi rosibilitatea @leddi subslan'
'

1
{

rift st aib, Derlicllariidli gdmllole dislit!:\et A M udin tutltElet,

/!, .s].Ie r.irbslar.liwh d tdt e 3s), / @ .nb cad.ut tut tnet,
dd.id r@.c.le doud uhllartivedilsi cs sF'riirpl,, rdllql,,ii
tu h la4el,t'tui"', tut Motei (su6h'Uv.li ir rrpod d. ahlrtldl,
driTa d numd). 4 k,&d inyauiae @i: halt, tdtll,lahlaut,
da ttdLp sb{.nrtva" drfoa tub tsDetll cazului,iJr oitiddla
unna ad sauGi, numr esteInlldplrioale),
'n nai oulte o i
deecn'valqla!. Jsbr'arelnle suoD. @1"
n,ntve L a!..6. iunar''pd.rl
5i Fn. coincjdqlsde .u r ,"- ?a/6 aai
alescrnd teroenul al doil al Elalio de4t1laldg ete m d@d prc
): l-a eb lht^ sa tui loael .lnd dmd. pbpdu r.prtrnl; p'
'n-i
'
I.a tq4 lul IM.I, fiul(url
d o m" e ncidaatade u 1ue
',
'hlqatolie
sdr. ond Elalia d dhivalenii s ftaliaazi Irtre substantiveonue,
cr.ul dlldr, deobi..l, in limbaactuald.Au anw @ onqgiucolegululht,
44, C.ituiddta deaz, 3lriinS ienomenuluideacord,ap3e $ ln relajia de ftpete (@rdon rc): A rMptuo! cdtli, Mkie.un uei.n - ro^t
substarliv6lesint in acuzatil IdeniiLtea de ez e .laiore , h ase
nsq silmlll, ldenlitSlii derelalii sintacllce,podtrlih en(l a strbstan
1,6.probleneipsosl" rid"d "r
I. ded:.d, qu,
n,l biF7i" , s .o'o. p" D c al r r c s tb.r ul ..l .r , n c ad.'n!dl hi
de ldlerdependdi. srbt*tn inpm pftdiatului dacte.isticjle sale
de runir i de p{ea.n : Cdp&L stale. copiii M.
Formade plural a @bdri * ftalitazi cind subietd 6te la pluralca in exenplul precedqt, dai ti ln situaliile 1n ca Ebd redize.r,
relatla de inlerdepsdqti cd oai nllte flbstanliw b nnllar (subiect
ffilliq1t): MM, fili.a. Npoota we. Aordn prediinri Fdrle dis,
tinCasrilructiile c! subiectmdtipl! do ele h cft tubiebi reliaazl
un r.pon deehivalent, cu,n alt slb6idnv: ln mmiul sdito/z?, pc
tul. darL arlwa., fdoa de singuld a vdbutui indict taptul c, cele
ilou! substanlivslnt in raport do echilenli $ hin Ia acelaii ielernt, Dinpoiriv:, l, Sqitf@u! pd:tul dMi! ndua' verbd la plual
presupuneu subieci hnltlplr, dai incltiters anbeldr subsiannveln
raporlulde in sdependenld.

3.7. O 3ilu3le spFro'a,u s.b 3 p.rul "@'dtru'. 4/ )i r'/. pbnur dp

ndiind4e drnier, c4F (a) po' I'lo u un r'bslon'n, conpoll nd*e
oej ca p0 unP: ,41 d& ot4tb. N td\ tc"t ottutr\ r\tu d'6Lp'd.
(rdrful '@4
saurb) lol dolreoh n uil', unu' s up nonln3l,,Julnd
pitt,d
.ubrlaltiv,
ricitrndr
ta
dr
t".
r{h4
$.
3
lita.ulut,
tt
po,7r,
f
d.
onJ'u
a ia
l:i'icde ip IbI .-b\zt n:ild"l-l'aw.
'
gtuplld
gen
al
delernlnt
lornele
de
reetrt
atantiwl
li nunir,re terme-

P'obre'r " o df r: .n p
ro a n c se Duned'fdr h run.th dr ca.i.
"' : lo'Tcle'le
lsts no'ro ogict o :ubF.tulul
Dftatu s tll a ae re,u
l l i { r l b0 p 8 L b'lecr o l, C. 3saoe )uoi e r. p rd ru n " -F r(, t . & r. ,
( i r ]ti,".. sb kn tv E l.rtrl.rb, rnlnir i\ 4 a ' d e lri! & , d i
ln rdr d" p onunee 0;e J, bai ctp.a." .iruri de , o.E, . r-os L anti v,p r o r u n " denor. B r v, neg:l'v
\ s o , n u imp , . " o in , o r
-c, nu ,u ileri .. d.flnm..,
n elic FlsitorF k .lleeolir osea .i, c"o
d eJc 5 1 ,ot. d".,A @rdul Inp..oa a . + Dm. ind d . c io e t u a re
'
de i{ornrlF /"1. I r del( h .r- subF. i u p
@klal{e {t-rlii p'ar lo lelalei d. rF d.pqdenta 6t. i ld'.ra oe
o4ssl,
dlr ubh oaleaF ri phodld r lll.a a .e.bulu. Po.oans I ri r II-a ."
ru
i d . orqlut e obnunP Ds.
'qlia,zd
'. Dd$61r r jia ll.a o
!on,l Fu Ad.r/., rud&!,.
folmee dp
-rl admir
t:e :ubiecLiinplu : \oi ddaz.. t:c a bir. rulidu
tu $ ctar.aaii,
Subictll drlliDll ooJ re in.lude, :n a6. csz, nuoa: prcLu,E
pellngdprcnune,!i qub4r'iLe Fr N dlaii rt (r'n rjd
-r,
Crd ,ubie..ul .b un e-onumeD;r$Dl D. r ,co dul !L iubier,l
l o 'no ver b "lar ei,
rfoin,,ra da prea; p u ' ra t sd e F n u n . b ,
e r rr iFslt nu pri ti\"'l"xiona!e, ci prI io is lo d ie rh ;
-a J a . :
guia de nun6r, de altk).
Forma de g{ a adjdtivului nume rredlcaltv, in cazul subiectutui
D'orunc perenl: ttr di Inrlr (rJ, de d.np.u, .d.e o nlornorie
$ pljn e r !r , o intordd{ia,a'. liDae Dr c n u b . lu si u b . -. ird re rn l
r3i: de sreori, de cei tdr csrepr6uDus,de reidnr).

.t

r.6. P obLmarel lii hei ,nJo

,crii
ls -. t.nc l a o
'st!!dp a imD..nsru
' I ralm
b all'n r pue i ln caruldrb cl e\p'imari
Li
:
a tu4oad o.,latta d" erirn 6 p o' une ui 6 jo..stoi ?r, dr ge ul
substdthdrl, ltitiare Dr.nurehi de Desoam a IIt-a k oarore$e
apartmenlei substarlivulul la dessi cla; de dishibutie d bron! te
Pddnd da pssoanaa lII.a
T' rL.al'i; ln crelelsi."a li o,srirf," e -stiFazi Drink.un{b.tdt,v
i . r p'onunq pa r:cipld ra la,i,dderie, .nlrc ore nu erkd
o ' e ;r r i .in r e cb.i diRt), 3"o duf indQ: d p n r. rF a d e F n , rh t
<ubt rI w'. I ponu nelu : rl (aDitd.e,a \ |d"e un dtav, @ bra
dd/t., colncidenlade cd s nJma dr r erll 5i @uia , all .r subsLnl:v-l ubh ): pMu o.lF rFplel en, indnRr - <e rertrr lr LD
de raporl
! d@e.5ipn@ni, ,nLtsr. ru tr c,,.e,a irr ni.i u
-l
,inla.tk,
dul_nu slats lr a@r rsr ca Dn.c de rea.Lde
a rdej
"rco
relaiii sinlactice,

rcprekl: dddr'',tia. d. sp-r

,
{.r*X$liuC" kar
nreorrno d n'edF r u
rdand drntrrdour (uv'3'tu0
{ud) cnctdislicj i m p u s e de@l5l.lt, 6e de sl deregdt.
ldone n de Etiure * manifeti ln grupurile alcttrile dln verb
! { b5dll\ ( pM uoe) .v er buli tr pui d qbs l a.Lv i r ( pm 'Los l ul )
dee:. VerbulreeentDoate
ert:
,nudile cturcLeri!tici
A ldzn nue., A td2u!-oactzalianl:
A ru@tu @leguttl.,
I-a ftulfunn.
d.tivul:
CopnUohtgd., El al2agd.
n.nln^tir!1.
El edeptulNt' Cnpilltl tslt.1e.
Acuzatiul ti dativul indici lotdeaun. o relatie de subordonareln
@rerudele plnrtor al acBlor orri Epeint, eleddt sn8odomt.
(proruoel'i) n q."
NoajMtivulqle tntu. de .sb .ub" a
'lnului
r* tsarr.relsliedeinerdepcndcnli
'ii c!$rekrordr), dari rurFdna de noninaliv s nunelui DredtcstivDoateli mldtrau m lenonm de ,,cord al nunelli pedic,iiv cu si'bietul sa! de reltune t
vsbului, Accasi, ultime sohiie are avaniaiul de a oferi o modalitaie
Di puln oT u'soilade dslrnc,ielnlre reibleoredi"arire
i ch rNoninalivul'subiel are o pozilie speial, lnhe udle dd rclhne!
prin lap'ulci'npurq k lrdul
rsbului 4 catr @tiral: ielal:d
"iu,
deinLerdep.ndentt
anunitepa!tioladilli
Gt. 3.5.1.
tdc

@ndd tutu4

ta EuL*
fd \.

1s63,p. et s2

(.44&
@ ti{e@
,6?:D 14
L!r' Donsr o. hp't ut uh&nwido

2n
l@eu

'cna4

Inchddea noDi.atirului+ublat ln @liune d{ivd din dtuiddarq

!e!bulu,' ca clemsl DrinciDrlIn odrul sG a
!i ll nunr ao .
dr vs bu u Lu ,ubFilu il,l eviddt {tin ouu'rl.lil
a DFAEi l. .Dbii lemdnia adlorai sncrqisti.i dennnir ftl Ddsa.i) a ticut cadepfldenla
3!biet!l!l ., no fie ft ti rem relnosuttr
DintF c6zdi. Chtiv'i iu.prF niciodalE
c, Rg'm al b'lju;.
C.!.crssUcile de Rtiue olsa un crih'iu dp lLarfisrc a vs.
b clo r : @bele lran/: Live sln ' e lc c o . p o l c s e rc u a L iv u l,
n d i l vr, ct" rF nd po eF3F. , c a l: v e , b e t " ! s re io p u ru l
&nhaitv-flbiect Dotil mnit. vdbe !ersonalo.
tn orodlie
cd cele inDerionalq
s nn (iuzszi relail, dpilmati
Drin aet w: verbele 6e s doui nominalive ln sdrul unel
,,nruclur: p!; rde- rpreint, dd ve'beld c o p u I a I r v e .au
r r p ed :ca lir c,,nopdiliecu el. s r q u p o mp u n e
u n 6 l d o ile a
o m il 'i\ )i pc teFanaricile Lcnu n q ld b a p
c o I i\ e
'
'.d
De.biei, ael.d ldh poatere.liz., conomitst, rclatiicu mj multe
.ub.tenlivc(oronumr)iDounnd di@* cazuri,DRrinli dEi mai nulte
,_ei
valenlecombina
ive cl.tl le cd6le @t6.. undeveaul
(@o ,
re l,l i i io o u n r ndlrci cazr di.erirenommi, u l(F 0 , (u a iw'eeli4ra
j d,'ivLl (r)
$ N ot't rttlnin (da), ort J ti ruIluru*.' udr vo hul
pdtlcip: lr !r'. dou,
"la{h.u Funel".iBpnrrd nomlDtidl . dula
tivul in prldrl.r.dpld. romlra rul rl ddtlldl, in d de al doilea.
drl vd b.l" 6. p@inti o sinaurivaknl) codb!
Oultntrffih
^,tci El Ltl@..T. Dkud,.
naldie.
42, ln wul sunilor
vqbe lsliarea unei relalii .dacterlzale
p ii .""1tur po,tc fiohl'Calo'?,p ea l, !- bulLl
lrt'o co
,idra ltlnd to'dsuru coo'u'aia !u un dctertu:nr
'tupsllv
' di u. arudil'lo.
Ocrdla verbdtn ha.zttlv , ,lt d dre d neddtate !ftmta
ntul
deleirimt
ln atuati:
El tl ,lll@le,
de cxonpl!; nu spunemniciodrti 'rr idlratr (spr Fn i Ei r/ o,/d,.. dEr . ./l 6L $ el s vso
ka.nliv). Tol a\tlel, d ldaia ri o@tes0,le. cingurqu run&i tr u'
nonim iv subiecl: ' El (@aCd)l?*@idnu repRinlE un erunl n4(l
sl liqhii romsne; cnun,ul rrebu'e onpre.,
Et t@ea) laaqd
v .se, t 3 l: l ! ra rr s / . ] h
' r .r . v. cu l!

Ronaiq ad .i|, r !9-10 ,

ar.. deererD r S" d"izxa6 slielo chse a a-betor" qeqdl@,|

o b : ga'. r ii. das.lo p"Lprindevso.oii @ ootig ortu 0ts7dt;
Gr*rs.jligadn
0o' .es i unii de.so,Ent. bFpontronr.i.
Atr. de pild5,verbele
a /,r'd iidlda er d ro nG,
m oe.sttBn rn din (cM tutaa2 d din pl"d6 dd.,, a usav,6.-!nln tr od qsb-, L d"lqr'n.nlculn(dh\: rn
-aaddii!"lAa/
{.3. Fdod{ul d.reib
btrp'opnunumr\obuui. $ Doarevo.br
s i d i u n rn s ' a d j e c l i v . t o ,
,i a adverbetdr.
cJzll
p.n p,opt-.et: kutit,a
lnbs dd(6rp pi4ldc rclbirP.\+ dz'f
NBk., de .xenplu. u.em,
sdie(lklor si
Inrabil utii
'6pffi b" o .aF inpu d.'o D Tnrutui tdr drt,n eic d.qr. derehh,;
advs
$Man , ptopnu, ptopiB, tdu@entu elcl'
Mr de adjat'wl 9i .dv-bl .tnr dcl4h q3 " Drintuoa'i lordaLe
drn.lrooo:il'e ti nudc. rehr sd4tiv re8.n. ldh:l|nd o'vse pF
patrt Du rc cua, o4r t. tnttu. ,,r DmrturF, ,r lonlr 1et etu
U.eJp adiq I F .drdp'i nunsi dete-ii j1U i r'od ti pr.h d, r.L
prepoinl: d!,. dre\ATpu. e or\ttute1'p, ! tatdEt Lldtd?)
Adjrt:velc (d
h d,liv adr il de obicj !. o,. ninan DreDo.
t lttdti, @np '-C1f,
v-rtu lM'obttt rttxltL: i vntu lauatahh wrItr
4 . { . DrF g i n * p o r h ! o b i r i n c , z u . c r t o r v a r ' q j e . , i i . m i , r . r @ ! o
&rinr larro m!rr), tda itrpu' e ,cuza.ivutl/ar,lt). Atb rn.die(._
adnt d.rr'nnuli pteodtltotuti: Pdtd a. vil .zu oicpo.liotr t
in dzlir (Vai d2 rci, Vat tuut,.
4 , 5 .5 i p t sD o / I l c i n p u n u '
u n i r s z s u b . ' d . U w . u ! , po n u n e t u i ,
pe c8rc Il preGd;. Gzurile edtd de pren@itiistnt:

- d., la, pe,cu,.. (d. ttft, pen6derc.l,

- 6tdtd, thpahiu .., (inpdtiu entd.nbi) ti
- ddtada,rullunnd.., (ddtottdtt, tutlMitd
ln limh, rcm6n:tntotdeuD un sinurcaz.Rcernul
4.6,Fl".iL s reprr:rL . lmporran.oito. de ouFre i atdenl"
.5hdur ii.r L , l tr u! R el al irdedependert,"
t: " oe.n.tr d.p" ndenta

,6r. I

in(qv.nca rlr ' , o d " il t ln r\ liu r"

ra liilo rd e in lo d e p e n d e n lS .
F -le iir n e s!;or'rnuin ervin.d-lln,d,
cd noninali este rekwnte pdtru orgsniafta inlent a unei largi .,te'
E0 R.oereinpo! snh ir.oingu a "s orge.,lrii in ?rr a ol .i r'ii
' " pvir .i ,
e lcirnirt. derelall.: p P po-i[ ile o F , u rl . , o ' o r' o " e
o m
:ov..hec reh \?. cddcleriri s bnu5 a a\sto' plFo
'
'lf
p
ri,
o
b
llg
a
t
o
rl.
o
r "'{a
in
lor
ln.o''6.
; l L d h .aDr { i !ftsra
a in(a ei Du.n do: i'rnq i a e oor ri repreandli D i' ' trh "r
i.r . p @r !taif,.s\inetn "d..a.ore'!ti, t d d ^ d " p . id A . lrt a n : v e lu j
d e p rc p o .
DFDo r h ..a do re-ne,iz ca o. relalieq r p , . : n { d rl"
pd
(
vo'b'
e
f
da
d'ttu,t,nedeo
de
;irie Doi ,@'r:de diq*lo
l'
tado;\r@,iine d' depde,u uL d2 .@o,etd" dit. ph| d.|'l.bnn
i d
d . D 6Dr ffilsp'epo, tl" B -nA es .o o t li. n u . u d o i e rme n-v
. arasedala GJ p . . a c p r* d r' G )n ' -e
d r 'Ea. de se dplu-,4
'l
oieLt
e nu *inremldad oe ddddi'aniadF tiva:rirumelui
'4
ro d e lmn
a i,
aF @.L.
, un
I .i
, 'i vettu tute- ,
u
L
3
r
.
a
d
rbrrrr'iupan'o
ib ir
ilaf ini
o
d l:
nu se pote 3p'1lirr. pdoes(ll
:D'soTihe;51b.?d'r {pmnun.J , rl I 'ie.rru'inpoaPn'1, pa
'bl r
s"jnaisa rosu I edrs o n om.rL r D crd.nu 5 Sld tn q.la'5r,
ad. ln ariimo ,rr. ! a'DulDrpo-il.odr ii rermenl ns" I po ibil:so ?t a'4u,
r4." @ i"io."li. {dr ronnela-d. i.. rtd eincu'^
.t s14u tn N
.t . g ru p u lp e^a
p e lo n ' l p d h ' i
d .@t, Si' tu n
(d ' ru t t t t . ' a e c d .
rr duor.sncr.
Dla sl r r ,t"
"cdt. I ^ a d
bnbinzl r .L o pFieitie 'cu 3 14 n"nuLurdepcrd"lr o noic libtr'
CruDL'lleD'.Don,io.a.e,0n o cld.a los e 3,s, de L n"1i regPnli
orlp id td d" ioroire.,u errptL p epril lq r 3 co rltrcliilor, p@re
pnn" u crup prepozilio mlD" o b . P , { v in ' e c a p a
l . o e d'ii,r ;
dc,ea.
Lintndo .dflor Dar.id\rc'br.lirt .u{eoiibite d" , a(ceDL
pftp.^\ii
v
iv
d
e
a
a
d
.
v
ia
".tr t
lr
o
d
u
i
J
di.e-
ionri
oiin
Mia., vA? aa
, v:ry D. doua tni , l iz' dln o aJ v_P pEhu
; ' n Du d tut.,l 4"e t,ra op:: .lc Tn Duline\ . / J . u . u v ln a u o ' o '
.l .itF nu odnil d(ll dd.' n nd,i rn
pr:1 anumre P'"Portii
'odui

tttryi, tu tiqdr4a ci&a., te.a.p. n

tal

atuCc ete Pedi' I'ar d" Dr

{,ucr-ir ' rn 0J i\ ce d'-ana\l
" I @d a ls -pr r i i d " o t r
"liir-

'ilrj,rli B;'tlilf;-',

'

'

d} au d' tdt. llua a lod

*"onporl,
lioral", ub ! ilur {pronu^P'4
' un ver
.are deprndede

v.ou'e mdik.,s
e eren"n
Json,

"r", ln "1 lll h tMM puinln oL ad^

ptporif
reil,T
djn
'ba t ta nok ii ib 'h.nut., )asb .ub.r,.i\rr"
Fzri.e.; Fr.t df d"p"r.
d;,, rji inl.'d.p.rdenl,' 'x \c b'l U o a tsal]. el,ir po,t. ti
u o lin d t t r- t . d 7 s u p r r r ' { c t u p J , " p d p o l l o n a z . u a v r m c t
i b a o d r $ , 1 a r r r i l e c o n d r l i i .l n i r e
e c ir, re n , ! e s . 3 b i h r l " h
@nstflcli! c! dativul ri colsttuclia d ut,cdnp.: llc)aftoqrftitrltrn.
t \Ir-at 4utldi t' 6li. nt inlie a(untiv lomplenenl direc) t: lon
itrid,t o p?, @mp ,4 d/,5 copllul.ti (1.)a drlr pe @pll.
r, 2 . t F rd e p d " i 4 t r g , . p d l " n ' l , , . o n l u n 4 l e l , u u ' , 3 , , i a
u r i l o !p e s r c l c t P i n d . ' t ! i
n a ip u lr ' no e - " t i t r b
' p . c l uildmLD
4 tri i.
L ;ol ri l a _ l n r ' e . a P " . .
d in p u ' . ru lde v " d a " ,
'dngul
U'-" oF u !., 0-1 ln evidenlapre.en,d'elslirlo' d. ddo1ffc
'"a a?n: p +
desub
o,doridpIn qtu.Lra enunrulu .a, dan, d?,i ,.8. ' l a . e l , l i i l o r
.ub Lp.aul.kuc u"i ur
prin lon
o'
'n rclol:; irdica{e
. tu. 'nrL!
,pa il .nunluri (u un .ineur vob
run'lii, d l:nse^ ro-jult 'r"l
A r{il ti
* t L mri m u l . ev e ' b ?: ) i , d ? . . . ( 4 o d u sr r . l , i , a , L ,
a oLat., A .tus qn b mu!1e,dtu F,edr., A venlt, d4 re saai).,conjunclii
a i; . o r c d o . u e n l ap . u p u ' " o b s , t ! t . r r ' 4 u o r c , n i z , ' .r i F p ' 4 f l l ,
a cel ouln dou .l?- r".6^le tu, da4,I lndtil etc (A !!ue cd /ol,l
irdi.a orin n--ml, lo dmr-n
;J, prcnumderi
"d\dbele,rl.lhe
cr . ru ua inle.n;
ncLzind c.l ruun douanu.ke ve b E I d ,es1
nivel pronuncle (adjelircle) ri advobele reralive *mndldaze praola
rel,liilor de depddenlS sau inl*dependenlr.
Sme doebnede cdn'-nd:. si de oieDo:irir.cle !e liDdcr dat.t d.
, o n : d ru d l; n
ua ura A:nj u1'rtip s .,o' ist+ I dul
o Drn in evidslr. Pbnuflele (adjetilele) d adverbrl rclative Innclird. srdm4

nqtdoaid, sG7, p. 4

,s.

onszr l. doun niveledilelitealeshucludiinternca quntului ln

ore apa!: la !n .ivel supsior,c!. structudnai snplexi, repieinli
ii m p l i , n d czi i 'rl i l p i d " d .p cn d 1" ',,,ti l d Bl n.vclpal.ipl in.r "td' .
dc mn-t,luenlal Lneadlntr,1dcturile
in(luseIn ,Lruclura
iniLiali..f

ll4e!!!41 l!!P!!!l

@!l l!::!!'11

nivelimDuleanuniteo,rti'
Calitale.de@nstillen!la a@slal
'loil6 o anlnlti cdnrltucild pre.
.ularitili de otrtructie (qzui prc.lmelll.
lozitionalr) ln lunclie de lolaliiln ln cre $ incadreazirelalivul.
inlerni a enun6.0, La punerealn evido$ a dilerenlolordeorganizare
luitoi contribuie,nr sitlatil piecls, 9i rlle elemente.
6.1.Un rol d*l!l de iroonant in difersliereoshuctudlorsintaclice loaci ln linba ron6ni dontenDdani
lrtiotul. c,rc, cs ndlem de
determinare,priveEteflexiune, dar r cirui utilizarc ca indtcede rel?tie
sinlaclicdnu se poatelncadmni.i ln tmomdnulde acord,nicl in ..1 dc
ln litlalli slrict dcterninato.in shrctud detiDul '\ubslantiv+vsb+
' substrrtv , p edla ,r lips ,rlicoluluindchea'5pari!jpaE"unui
substannvb o relatie de interdependsli sau de depqdenli. lnir-nn
r ului .ub
eMlu
U "4t"l a b ,.dr4 r'4 , [p $ a u \ouu' nr 3.u p'
lrll

d. tp bi
rrn[v, p-ent 4 imlului l, c] d. sl d.lrFa e '.6nij
pe 'r l l .e r e n.n.uho do'.1, pe
dP d d o ils I rre la l" d " . 1 P .
aDadmb
.ond,l-e a.l.Lllii' aobelor srond.ive
L,*ra.
'ln- raFoitrilc se inverwl,
cl. 1. 7.)
la6tud n1a;ru;
ln @ns{tucliido lipd (a) s,a,nr, prcl$at.$i (b) s-abtarc pt lmtut,.
artlcolulare de asnsi lunclie relevantipenlru shuctus enunlului:
a iculara subst2ntivului ln (b) indi.i Jnedarer I'lj inko rtlalic de
l' F ) ' a . n s u b rz r' .
' r Ed "o d d e n l. !u v{oul lip,:'r(o
!r-l "a el.ren p,, i. pl d , o mL{'' dd dub, ruboido'tF (' p'{i
lnl' o o
lh
" 0 p ' ro F l4 F J ' 1 . , .
pafd "d
L ({-B-').
Enunlu bl e. e
oeoendsro rarA !d 141d.B'r'.
usanizsl num, pnn relaliade nisdeDmdenl;
PorliciDdea srbstanti lui la o rclatie de dubu sau sinrli dersndenit
. ". dida h d.iol In (on.ruclir c tat I o'bce?o dapud. ,'
b,Vu b e sr tMJlpaaJ.1 taR. \az,.rudurr re a4 s (ilo -o o u ! p n u F l i
. $. r D r e4 n lai, olinro rclafp de in dd c p . d . l{ 5 ! i o rJ lrd '
a t u p d d t u , ).
i l;td d d F ( mu.d6 p.in pla.lt" I a): t t \ Mn e t "
letl d. d.brd d-Drnhrls d re.r
alpsr , l,o ului ln k' p'o ra " t,
"

rh Dec $ , d o r , . d . r ? a 6 . h , a n n u l . i a p F , ? n l r d ' o l u l u i J l u q z ,
iLo"i,nLvul (s d.0enn',t '-f,a:ro1i de verb .rliqlEl reppinii :rcu
. l in d 4 3 rd r * e n L P o d, r o l g m
.ubi. I'v "dhPn h,aoc ,PcoL'1.F.
;' , ll' j a e Drou l p s "
p
'
o
p
' . d . e x a a o | "r s l L t a t b 4 k t o I t v .
\
u
r.
!
b
i
l
,
n
;.a::
t u lc a n b r c - i , d - r . n u m e l ep r o 0 , I i l d d . l o i z r . s u l F c l u l
".onr:r
rr. , rialului ubsLrnli o' d.lctr ru e (ibplict Ln .nun
rtrn'),
s
l
u
a
r
e
a
n
L
m
e
u
r
mn
a
t
a
a
J r' c t u ra
I'i.t,'i i,
" n u n l u j u .I ' A u p u n p
srbodoral raiverbalui)
nuIpd.o
i u l i i d i s ( u 1 .u n J c i ' r ' r e r c l
C. " (p t a L l ' i
l n e J e hh ' r ' . i r L o l ' l
d i, L inri! n @ n d i l " d " l o p i ) n o '
'
;
"
,
lnor conluri can
Llravin
structsliisinkcli@
!
in
intervine rrtdzarea
'n l , l l d r ! ' a
p
o
/
i
l
r
t
.
l
o
'
r
'
a
\
o
n
p
o
n
.
re o r o r , c ; o q e - o e
"
"
vtrr'rui,
a ; u b ia . lt ru l u i . n r a p o ' d " n o d " p 4 d . 1 G ' ' i n d
. " n u $ G.
arn b^ert ltutl, nq\ltr., '\l ' 5,1'roa!'ofdo'!l ' arnTlrll
6.?. penlru cl:nlirdrea abbieuilSlilorde orgsniziPcJn'
d ' n I a Dt u l. st o p i d o b i s n u i l r n u a l e t n l i n b a r o m t n ; c : r a c l t ' l t
* ulilizear 6 orc(edeu ,dubki aprintri a trnorlo?llll
ii ondil le de topic,llbeB prnpn'llmbil romane)i d. arllll

stantiaror, fluilul un p,r (ir ,nl.kE? lB) luo lct le! dn

tnlzl4plBl lrfa(Cll.r .ompzlibilc! doui nod,litili de rl
doir int{ pr il l dr rd,t* ,i e ( r ) A' B- C s u ( 2) A- B.r
omd.nentlr! . Potulll ,412&s?
lto , Paztuto kkleEeI
I! nbatii de ac.st fel, reluareaconplerentrlrl *
Iunctional.Drbla repetarennde lGi sesegdeializee nr
.1. Q)an ldzut p. dpit, o e{eptie lo) ftptuinld atudd I

Proedeul dlbh *prinari Gmcineizi d rodpledl

tLq nutlundt tuLuror.,

\ Le)dutlm4e ld tati.Expt)nar

,lon pole h utill, In .@ul 6istru(lie' (u /, (aie n'1

pulru zesil poziliesnt,.Li., Lt. L, n ttnal. 10

6de l, reia pe la loji, ,u ii pe la s/r@e),
ln ozll ompkndiului ln delir, xpihaiea i prill
Mal aton nai 61e ulili $ h ondliiile de invenae a
in .ate ftuli,
alrtmM. poateti ambiguuh diftt
zata u dati! sar unvocativ(.eFraenlindvocstivul,esr

I
I
I
I
I
I

t
I
I
I
I
T

I
I

o a ., d .ver b D il psu.si n ro tr,la?. F a/ j, t lPrJ / d rq , a h ' \ o . -l

v /',
oduerei unoip rrd . p " . u b r: n
; " ".1 .. L i, d .,.
'nt
smblglrGli).
ffi-devine
!!ua
!nei
noi
/e
rut
lilor,
3.3. ln dssn ois!i7d., relel,Jo' r l" t(' r (ad rl grupulu,.o
(t . J 1 . \ . t
p -d " b d . p t d' t d
n a t n "{
!or oluree*m::Fd,p4d?t
dl ,por s7i rn'rvl
r deFndmt
dl wi, q i orma d" nls
'. :n N Jj pd'A eo t^h? pta:nla rl
r8G a. rrla?, r' ru ik dr
rb lrnl.vulj ,@ o qk Iui !.1 tii d
e .dborldes?a ,djAl \ . ^a:
mndilionardde oo.urenla hli slbslanii! d e t e. n' in, t
7. In maiorilateadzurilor. structurasinlacticia dunillli, rodll h
o
il
onoonen.e
. ar c dr o ,;.
+ c vr r oir r '.rr .umrl de cl"mdftd.\'lld , I ' au, e4..
.,
la' ubq. .a. ri.
-t u |
arlicolul mnvel! ln siturei snbnanb lni dz$e ca
tooica, Jl;lifts,
idmen al rdlaliei de inlerdeoendenlr; in Ea il 4d2., lopi.a ti flexiunea
stlroazi clar cele doli pronumc in relaliile lor cu rbul i in Pdd&ralrg
alet dalnutui,tosic slqnaf\cxidnar, a adjetivului i sublrdoner2n
Cunulul redundanlal modalilililotde a punelnevidenii relatiilecsc
are rohl de a eita, lnh un numir clt mr maE
struciuesza e.unl
de cazai, @nslrnctlile arbigle.

ORGANIZAQEAENUNTIJRII,OR

s rcalinbz5 ln ennnl
r. Dildilele tpui de telalii strucrurale
,.ut,iral
h te s.L,ci
O re a n i-. s - p , j r r . , u D d r n , " p s ,
r o 'i ",,,n, uppo',. ."", I l ' c p a d "
,
f
'
.
d
o
f
l
e
d
d
i
n
i
l
a
u n : rria n . e r, ;
l"
si cd;cldizati Drint un snunil contur intonatlonal, si aft - daiortti
!n rru,"o onh,.,"tr.Ei!'/rrS/.1.).
; p mk imL t ' ej r e r e F l k. L
n," d n! " ta o da.l.n ti"r d.,, n, tor.Q ,
eluniului. vorbnea oferind numma* exenple de enuniuri 6e nn admit
of ompunder In @r pordL tt .ntnt-i,a. vdt 1, 41aLA":!, Frp'de'
d (. r. . e . F ez l " l o i , n o p a . t" . ; i t ' l . d " d - b i l d . i t r o o r t a n ( J.,a F
r6drae.t.orrDl
dacioru,ic{e }sr
I a r. d " a k rc l u ! t
p r : 1 r ' u ' { n g u r ' u \ l n l . d P G l 'l"cscrlioT'
F u n s i p ri, u i l 4 . . p . * n o h
D3- roruni t:c rp'F
de n,i in.h'e, Folmea ,ojrr a! t: uticen i l m
lunenc slakd . ,
re
o
o
'
r
'
g
r
u
D
,
r
i
d
e
l
u
v
n
e
.
c
R
a
!
"
d
zn
dl
s t t d c e Di, c o q p u t l d u r 6 r u , i l o i ! d r s r l s n c , p 3 { i r r d u ' u i
d.
dr'l
t
dois
lip
L.
de oqtFizaR a limb'i (.nu.
"r "
'irel
r dmt
sevenla loni.n R.p?d"/
CN'nrirl poate constitti
ieD@inti un cuvlnt$i,in acel4l iirp,6lem diunt sa! poatep a r I i.
. ! p a . d Da n ei o o p o ? 1 r 4 a l z lt r d r a l l . . , \ i . l c . l , q t r l c u . a u 1 .
enrinl cr Y',o zpEd?o11M/,de semplu
|, n b , o le. r a i d c r r . n p i d " \ i l - d l i i e r . l o e eA . L e l u n o b o p o , l r
Ii rcprezd 01,i pnn' o
li'o' ma di na q . l" miL:li ton.tric. dmpoaLe
n' flra unilzt. da a." I hl: lr (!!anul &1, rrnu
/ i, o erupae d. unirrli ronemrce@l dea. doils. ,, r 'dua la o
slnuraLi{al. ronenic;.-ol al3. ru(nlul pote Ir slct'uir d;n' .o g'u.
oaF dlca In cazullui !@, de etenplu) zu pozh
'ip'a.rla
(d. i,rr, 4'4, ltigit er. ).
un mo en'onem
ior
o
orgr
LJ
.elal:oneli
de Jk md mul."o",
FFUnl. DrBuDUne,
re ' a r' . d l, c p g l l i k u n p l " , a i , d r p n r t e t z d . v o . p n n p m r i
culadtiii d @rstruclie spRifi.e.
pre-nh ,csiorpa icdariitli de onsiruclle indiclndrelaliiledintre
combonslele unei comuniceri Dermilercctilicdrile de delinit,rc a en!._
trilbr ln situalillc in cdE pduele sl .ontliul intonalional nu @nstilde

{:'Pgc, Jicfl L de d: e pq ru $snen r.,

o p iu z dn s e.o d uuienudli o p8uz,d4 t o a n , rd d e c rrn e g r. rs n r.
lira i u d s r
.d F..0i'r1c.dcClndtre-pol
D. u , t e . d e
!.p,ra ad:
en_rtu i .n cadrj onuicirii
Gnetii exr"nq{.dte

o sgnmrr i in F !rt!r,

de, pdn pu r. ru a lb o . 4 e o r l rle DUl

q; fe p'trcsl undi .a pulr d. ptsai
a

Paua po:le iulilja.tr{ h i& vo. ca r'jio. JF d".iorei d. p.r 1

'r cyFa: a .nd 4e0mF bla de djlp., proedrul a,nd drl,, de
c rr( J-! hltupae
* Iat" lnlre elemprL.tcg"h plinfttrt oed.D"d.

t01'u ternlnsl d*d4l

troink de /ri einoizd t.itu' h douauni
h ! r on i"
d & Lsisli"rdepnurl.cea F rc s e i. r rc ' . . r@ o , , o o .
-- r
nda ur I mr
.drrud:et, .b.16@ inpo,bntei pc 6rr wb.kiJ
h cadnx ,"s trii pe crF o J,!e, a irto,narte
({e o fmn:Le. PF.{la retald de d"pend".l: tnrle ele doua 0e
0jLi
d e ton u _;' i , pr"dl, sre r"isiy!r rrpre . , : r " e n F ru t d " re t a e
l
.,.'. mpun. .Ea._;npdidd psuzea
(r!hd o emtati.t, a%t 4), on-

2.r . G sdu lo, dnplexitrteJ o'edjariie r rlu . o , d e p ird e G r ml

pol.nteltr ro-ii de tpn{e d.
exhE ne }i.;,rL'e.o
-po
'a "o '
'd3tii
c oleJniz%s. purp @ns,d*! s ,rda
'
@r !n lu t,ejo-sdclura
np.icAo t u ls t p o e in b d , p p n o e n l; .
fl@,] {A1 tdmld {B). Relrlia d" Ln,sd.pqderl: d
B, .s; coar.u b r i a ffi ..F4: h s I t, uno' el4ii d e o . De " -o at d . f a d iA '
l @ag tB\ 6 tt l.\: \, B -C.flertrA )i-& l . t h \ a l. B \ . A -B
In ructi. dp rc.diil- s'"

qu lj\ Elallld-rco.doru,"i ehivahlla _ J. t/ad,Ar

rC'ri ufr,rDr: A'-

\d. Ehree e ee4

;rutu LA,6i@

rD.!kuttat. knatD). t&ild t

p. n, & .x.nPh.

irn. ic):

(B) ,tiP (c)e ,{e (E).

Etftlt (A), /oPr (n),
a.D-B-<,
l.
dlhl:
A - D-B -C - l l n 3 B r t p d . 4 u 'rmlt
Gr d',clc-Lict)
e5Lcres!.d oe llddpodd.dl;, In mrsrm ir crrc .old I'o1.,, real:.
area celorlalle lipri de tehiii.
Acelui 1ip i * subordon@zi$ enuniui ca I vitrol Crletal, in care.dl
de al doila terne! ,l relaiici de inttrdependenF nu aie explinat, d.r
poatell cat3lDlt (v!dr t44.
lb) Enunturi a carcr oreaniare *te detsninau n!ftal de preata
Lnil,l",'l;): (l)rv xuF. (urs,.elal:i de iubordon4e(dedependenlr
.B- c).
dd \At !@ \B') IA-B),.?t^t'atutB\di4u4ot,(n'(4
(2) th? rAl /itri 1 IBr : rA Br. I/,i rAl /o,a IBI /A . B) Enrnd,r rr
, e d c a rA t , i p t s
rL'.ti" d" !en IuI
tu
s ' p a 7 ; i n d o u ;a r o i t
. ' . . f' l p p c
di gupul l)
o t u mc l' ! e i,r e p o a l a i s u b . l , n l i v
grupul
(9).
e
r
b
cr.
exemplele
din
C!
ac6t
altln
tip de e.un
sa!
v
rlulh. pu|'
tuli pot I a tr:la "pc ba,nsloe-! a de mhu4.$i.
n u n o o i+ , i n c r e . p n l r L ls l e F p r { c n l a l p r i n l r . o i r t e r l e l F - V a l d ,
."p doue sresmi d. p LldL dqdrlat. pi |el8lij de dependenlr
p re z ino I n po '
d6 eb''.In o, l.rurlu io drl pul(l) Fpollm6
"rl"
e realiEazi nubai n n lntdndile slruC.ra,
la redltale a mestulli
T.nldrL e redue,. nod obi$u".joto
a relal::dc d.pe d"1{; a a o'
'dd
kr I'
lall, .omponqli tsls d. n
trolio pe careo poa.t; erun.
(u l " . rp r e o b s . r . 1 M U n 'u
t T n t i . r : ; ! i v r 1 , 8 - u re r u r t u . r o r d p
rip (2 ). , s lk i " . ' u n , l a ' e t .
rli,h, tpotaez a sliL,e, hi ea$te
ilxpreEia in dntlrul intonalional, dar si, nal al6, ln folm verbalS:
p n n p F . f lld v e r b u l u i . m ci ' p l i c , h n D u ( t d o I u r . n ' o , 1 , 1 i 3 p p , $ .
o rmu n ic ip o a r e t ! . i u a r i I n I ' r p , i , r o n r c r e d l a a f e ( t \ a a , o o L . . " a ,
61". ln,slesunlu.i, L"u Lsl vd (@nD,Ntnaeda,al.ti Nttu. d?pi1dffDirik or i"l.insl ". ois.r p'!; $rr-.p de pin.u;lie di.6ile,
6cpmd
lipsd. ftspoctlv' pftdlei
elenenlului aiectiv). OlEaniae
3lructlrali a dmluriLr de a6t tp poat cupi.de nai nulte relalii
de suboldorare arlnd tsnd regdl Iie nnrat enl&l verlal, lie rilt
cm(rul \6brl, cfl ei un sli ermen,.arcorrtici!; drl I' doudsL n,i
r'il.Flslii dedep.rdola .a rsmendepfldenlsicr lsod irl,, .
Ntis? tA\ p.4e sdLt tB) onu4 ta u Iutci\D) Mt lF),ad.Mla lt).:

,8.-{

Ai.,.E

o b&8tc pF
o de/vol,r s 'u.lL
d
o'b],"(1.
ra., p@h
(A) ii g|.a'vrrd
(B)zi (c)l : A+B-.c. "ehl

rdl'a d" J.p" dml" L a'e

d"
: L ra
"oo 'lodd?. "

C) Enunlri ftprezdialepinlr.an sideuicuvint: Da,,4nl, llrl.

Plud elc., care * opm enunirrilor orgmiz.te. Ele
Liniget, fMldl,
$ camct*iaazi Drinlipsarelaiiildr inteme (si dei orjn Darticul.ritats
den! a ti 3useptibiledesgnentlie). Si ln acst cazputemdhtinedo!,
(cLta., Anl)deli prinh.o
dtegdii: (l) celecarenu pol Iicdmpletale
reraltede echivarmliparatactict
lDa..ine.,Aht i'Lddwet)$ @te.arc
adhil o dezvollareconduclndla lranslormarealo! ln cnuntu o,ni.
A\e c6np. Lin$e t i E tiL!9e!, Atenlie!$ Atenlieta natiai!, Fnde! i
rn4. cdti@!, Pkld. ti PhuA lin4ttt,
h nod m.i nultstr mipulindirdit,
Critoiul"slrtrcturt
.
esteaDUcal
ln clasificarea
'nlel6
unorunitrtistntacti@
diveae,
A s t l e la, vh d h ve d e ep ro p o zi liile
Gl nu nnntul) ,
i4. A v . a n, b articorurCapra,iretz c@ifieu.a prcpdiliittr dupd
dr!.lr,i (aptullln,t{legarede sludii.Lirt, Litsstui Meis
dict", Blde|ti.196?, p,23 31)ri c'mri.a (19631
Il, p. & 73,
's. d l1l.e
8l'rb c
"
Mbah.,inph

ti
1Fpopo
amatrhtb.,t\d"
I
"Maln'ih\
Minatr t,
etupJ ' Di4aio i mnotun6',
Cjte4o. E p4patil," Dirynh.a z ape.i o
, d'ml!d?

pane din clasadlnitrilor de lin lal, i* ca uaneil;ib nrna.

tunnr,:e supraluie parlial celeia sunlurilor ^delip (b); catesoria
proporiiiildr nrMaliz.tt corespunde
tipulli (c) de mai sus.Pdtru
acee4i .at.gorie d. mtuttuclii S. Slali
lEbrnle dt arnltzd,
p. 23) prdpunerdnsii ,,!r, neptutv4kra! sa! peutnptupeilie.
2.2, Enunlul organjzatemtorti ad@ri skucturi nai cooplexe,
denvate din cele tundanentale,fzultale din enbinars a.slora, din
inglobrea Ior o prrli mhponentelnh.o oranizaresuperioarn,de obicei, pin i.ieidddill elehenielor
de relatie:
\a) and *k cduM tte.
(b) vke. pkr.d ( s tuas@.
lcl A Mil is. anicd*a XnlM.
Endnld (a) poateti oBiderat ca o concatenare
a structuriloun/l
pda
eonectivulai- Relalia dinke sltucturile
Si. i ue@tttu ft4lizali
onsin alo 6te o &latie de dpsdmti.

Enuntul comolcx(b) redeste prin rektii de coordonareslfuclnrile

pt,@pttut
td dtr t .ttte. I.l " L...\ pttud,r l " l \...J " i ,atu.r R apotL'
l | Lr }!n:.r I.l
tr - ! t .
d p, , ,- !i r a r dm
d- "!- pt.il' {
'1"
sle un rapo de ehivalentt.
derivate
lneldberz,
rnitdlicu eracter
Deceldnai mulleorienunlurile
Conpoddtele sunlurilor deli
sirucinrai ca in exenplelepre@denie.
i l r L'.s ,p
\a.ppoLli r c p'r - n s i " i r pi
!ohpol .oor c n.fF
jn!, .d In e trllLl Inplp

a- id,

lnl .up n+

!n cdnporent nstructu.at (atqta) fi unul structurat, ca !i ln enunlul

ln r z!ri, drnht prezjnli o shucturi conrlexi, rsznltstAdin
conutenare, rudai a unor lnitili ftslruciurate la aivel sinrsdic i
I r .r { unl ec onp* . put dr 'd' i ab * r R .u ( .r 1. r
pa.r F l " 'l
|,r "dm cr r . l "
AL," , po. r .D tr r 'd' u" oiat,
'.l udlA)ctr d s!;e taapi tu lB)),srtrcr;
(?drrld/da
shtacricestructlrate
sai.
u.Lak l al al A\ du,v tBt. n uc ur al eLD ar g,f 4,{
' at"iine
dr
' B' ,Dr ( A j r r u LB,er c ." .( ., l r ,k 'hLoc pu..r - ..- i b'd. r J ..
dcnlelor,
enLnlurile
d al t.l np .: obl,g,loi o o'eanid. 1r E
'
Potdifoi, deasneni,din puncluldeyedere
a1iipuril.r
de relatii
caft $ sbbilesclnhe onDonentelerprzdtaie irjn stuctud ludildn" tztA."1 ,11ul ol oer poa" ti ond.tui t D nn.r 31!!dp ddpdd.nl .
tu upr Br '. d" .m m 1, e | tr ',,\,i i ,i n" i Bf, dea.i v a.c nl ,
(Lleuo
' t,",{ r . tAt Mn4.rie tBn oe oep"no.rl;r de,oo do F" (l ? iA,
cirn lire lB) ti crndph@d\a)), d. depfldenlr li echivalent;(.trii (A) .d
tuuetui \B) ddi.d $ie (cJ\ err. ctmDlexitats enhllrilor depindeevi,
denti de n! mirnl unitAlilortundanentale
pe camle tirgtobezd,
3,0.l. ele hai nuLtecazui,
.!nlurilecomDlere
cuorindin siructura
lor lniltli siniactls oqanizateln lml unui nucledvedal Unititile
sintacttce
deac*t tip sintle mailrc.vdie, indiltrst delaplulci apar
ca en!nt des i ne.s ti l i tffs u l n c r l i tatede c ohponent al
unuienunl
omplex.(Frecvsta!llmpo rnt, structurilor
cun!.lo! vdrbal
dplict laptulct o anrlizi3i.taclidpqupune,leobiceicaprnci deple.
crreopdaliade despsne ! v{belo! la modp*$dal.)
Struciurile
deriwtecu componenti
nslruclfali slnt intcrpret,iep.in
analoeiecu calecirora li e subordoneazimnponcnti shucruraii, mlogie lacilitali de prernla acelorEislenenteconetive: ohp. E itqrl
Gtk) .1tnin. ,i FiEte .A Enin, Daigut c, tld. 11Dzneu cd @nin,

3,t. UniGtilesinilclicqtn ere eslecuDlinsun verb * oEani,

ersF o onm" h { Ea"rn :ar
d " d l b r i l ; I o u r.,o h i rkt d si " %u n;di.,". oc vir b, pr u
principalsI
ldrilatecaE iae c. ve6r1 sI fie o$lddat cotuponentrl
strucludlorsintactie in car. apareL.ln enmllrile cohpl*dpor ;Dsrea
nai nulte entre verbaie,lieaE reprezstlnd,la rindnlstu, cenhul
unei sruclui in1rnqc,e tunctionazirn carir!tu ,le conponmi sl
stocinrll conDlaxq ddl sehsdr@zi h scesti slrucluri ca tdmd al
lnd anunit 1i; deielatle: demrdome, desubdd@areelc
CindslruluF mbtului @nohx pr..-plr. (r r.lal d" deppom,a,
d:. s v l " u i l 5 l i .u co ru \d b a e o e a n .Fa; nh.o 4d /e,s p,ar i
y 5ilu4z, cs depqdcnleii,a regente
@mpon"ni"
unelehle d. r'i""
t B poar'fi pul lik dpC.de- ubn'oonal-i !. Un
A p,i 'o
p o a et u e n ra da ,e n .J" oul dr ' "lalii cale@nslir uh
. in F U o r 'porfl
sidclra duntului derllat dftit cd tdrd
rogeni: a6t.onpoiar omii@a
nonl reprcinu pivotul dganizirii sintaclice, obtul!|
ld, substitrira lui cu z@, pbvoac, deorganizara intrdl stdctrri,
ct. Siit l ) otlia lB) clndue ntu& (c). (A+B+c), dde c est. depqdent de B. B estercsenilald deC !i deDendeni
iat, de A : omitereatui
A deoleqniaazeGi d4riinteazr) @nni.tr.4 acd aih dtd ue Atui..
nu repreinti !n mlnt tpEt 3l liqbii &nire,
P& tcirea unol structbt fundahentalcca tormendcpeldentlnh.o
ftlalle 6te indistr, de.biei, pri" Drdsb rn @mponenla
el a afli
c o n e c t i v d e ti o su b o rd o n a to .,
c:tuareaon.onnelo-unuiflunlotrdd $ eleialt dpal ele !et.r.
Ia rll nivel,cu d c pcibili(61i,dgrniarca enunlLrilor
Iundanenlrle.
3.2. Relaliile (de dependenii, de odrdonde, de echhrldlr) .dE
@ntiureeza
shuclnil lntm. conplexe pot hglobaca,,i.lala"
unilili oftogene
sauGi)dlldlre u strlctsr, odp.:
fll A+B
G) vln. (A) !l plecr G).
(b),4,r'd csrll(A)d rea ml slsrt{B),
(2) A B
(a) Llcrorl (A), .dld cohoune(Bl
{bJ,4 add lu$arrl. (A), (ad'.r)e a m'i dms (B).

d!

iu.l&l

MoDdilr.l:

md sood(tr
,.to!rc qdid.
olinrc) & @dmr. .r.
'r!s

(a1,44dp,i/dr carta (A) pe *

a aler (B).
(b) Cop,tirep.t! (A) c! aud (B).
lL) Et .d. tatdend re.pttv l l ta .e e.c m! (Bi.
Relatiilede @rdonare!i deehivalst, sesl.bils lntre uitdti odo
r l nl - 4unl l al in@ noc m e- s enpl el e'brI
c
ser " e{ em pc l 'at4emcer. rz),e" do ; " erar.""'ri "p y4kl" plin,rrucru,i.inrJcs es t,b .i r a r I'c M .uv i .l
r i@' r ' d,ddt,h: .a ei er pl el .( b) .r .l ,116
slnt8cll..
luniL:lenestrd(iuruU)
ri o gruDarcorsaniaft
Relatiilede depeldenlt &alizate h niveld rtr&t6ilo @mplde ere.
i -, " ganl ul
spun ld- nq !neoT oqF
$l e r epEr nr atpr l ntr - f .r v .n,
je "r r n,^d" p.F dr I p" r ' ouni " {c .j n'ec 'c Sor er ni z Lr .!Ler " T pr l "
Aete caracls.lici al<td d.lo' .rrr conunprclalieid" dependmt,
urilalerall,e ri relaliode i ledppdddli, rr rulobeu o uli3F
dntactictshucturstniiunvsb : Vin.ldMdlcin.pon tte,, deciemplu.
4.0. I
d" or ogF e o Lermenitor
cuDrt.! t. ret,t b de deDen.
'pr cl ;
'1,
ddl;, %pld
l n @ [ dedc o dooF n unejr uuar ur i
'eEar
ulru
,pre3
1'n"
gr"d
3intr.tio d. ,cel4l
s e otuliluie terddul aep.rdd p
ln evidmltp os i bi l i tate.,.dl i t'.u',c l .c e di r r r i ," s : D ,- .c i D'ea'
o. eeasi - el 4h,. { ndF Gr 3l ' di l f'n" nul r ec enr
r eu l nr ed+.!
\t) A edsill J tuout lB) (.drna|.
a sdsttlA) @a cddd lB).
se ti! lA) E ea lnttnptdt (B\.
lernenutdeDenderl(l) s, cd rrp-deDfl&.112,sh rcoreanr'
p' ;nl_L Udnl ,u or i r l r o L i l tr 5h- !Ll al r . d j *
u \.m 'ul
m ato rind pifcctan6loct
ConthululCiob.lal sunFrilor *le loarteaproeht| "snsoile,
sint'clr sint ,eleag, dit{dtete de@nlinul r,pnizinti conk tnta
deosebiriloisemanticedinhe elemdtele caie .irnnitlie rerftdul
4.I Slructuraenuniului, Ia !n nivel supaior deabstractizare.
! asDE,
td aioi retelmaisinpleen oai dnplidate de relalii, in ro rerm:eiii

d ' r e {lo r Fl i {'i pol

ruli.rt' D'in uni ati L g ri rc 6 d . r. . t e . A A e d

',
(a) unitrti I e xi c a 1e diledte,apalintnd acelcia;iclae de.llintel
A dads nttu6,
e d.e't l.ra,
(b) anil4i lexhateapartintn'ludor ctasc diisire:
,4 dAri,1!8.

(c) unilrti difsiLesub sspectut

o rg a n I znr i i sjniactcs
, desdr3reattt.td.
,4da& lr@avizut,
ln toate a@stedbluri,
dile6ere onpanznre: tu1utd. lt!,o, ru"tat d, E o!4 1se silndzt lale de d.ksir tn,etasi dod. si auftca
l"rn
d r p " de n.
o s r ir
; ; md n u i
",
a@lorilo., sca5iDozite jndcft z.
r "u r {u lo 'e ,r i rr po"F I on.epu..do o t ilrh h Do , . I .
' , , j, e
p o l !i ali.r 8( u ( "01rr1 al::roi\'ib'to.,
rv e t . in rrr, r
p o L,0 a 1 .'e, ,n anun'r. ,' ib. b pat' dp \ o rb ie d id . re r v ii "p,'eiF
g - u.D .r Ir s
brgrqun3it
rrn., , o. $ n rF s il, s ! (ic : p o p
".
Ac$regtup;n nfi sustrptbitcderetatiide
delendents:
(1) A dauis l ) hotud din @a s tB).
rbrn.
B'ep '"-in.J o o'gsntjR de t? E | |, A o u 4 \ a )d r t a tI o l
r d ( .'. i ,r D or de ubo.do3 "
r,.d !e. , k t ! - < .
12) A dei6 (a) na1utui amul lB.).
l L c r m "nu3t " "o-p_r o. oo rermcri dra is , )im. I \ 1 , , . t s a l "
(3) r da{is (Al @alal
rrsooui@i& {. i v.ds! rdrr &

?r (Bl.

(ternenul_Besle rpreentat pinlr o shuctu.Sconplexi inplicind o

rekliededepfldenti 1n\teala) $adzltlb)
$ioioj,tie'rejntdddpen
ddt, - lntre {b)$ termenul(c)! B ap decistructurar+b+c).
T*nerur reeent A (a ders) din emnlul de bazi $ incadreazi inlr-ln
dr dcp- d.nl, rA- 81. d. r " r' o reta'. d"
.
(rp
'rpor
! 3 ld o l" d 1 4 E ( c r p o d e f ' + , p r r r I e , _ ' t . A ' .'nt"rdependcrt.
o.iirs-u(il.a
ido 't d
r 4u d a .o-r,.sr rro.-rrtr ro.E.ur r!o.
a -4 -B .
oldonal B ln slniul (3).
Id enlnJuile (l) !i 12),ternerul B Doatell redusla o u.itat indivinb l, lorin o.ritats, h' nonilo- . oordmar 3u loo-oout, tL' kt : ob!..
\4) A de .t tu1uta.
oa-l.culiritupa gr pu,ui d,," /rr r&a e, dp d ovea actus:
Do -ill ln c r J r l L , ' t i , .
u din,otrpo.-,ete.a:rs,,t.ituq;
ca expansiune
rcf stuM,.
5a.3r, /ri (a)
j.p
I n p rt ll' -' c , e
b d onr\iur6, toTcnulra) d, luTai
I n p t s u 't " o n a .i v u l /
o b l " l n d u . e n u n l u(l , r ' , 4 d . f , 5 o / , / , l n
munLll rll, I ;. omDoren| i3i 1u poare1 00'.. oni.sd q dF6,s&
ntin'r faL rs'cmirr r) r.lr,l'caruntut ,4 da,n /r4 |d. u.0or'a
rcprczeniaunemnt,lnsi, c! att sns
ln.nunlul {3),in carelernerul B aEo shuclu, ideirici cu slructura,
' . Do io 4 r, ra r . t r p 1 i l c e n u n ! d , n r a . m . p d h , o j * , s F d , e o u
s . p " 0 n i\ j ' r . u c , " o o . i b i t j :p o . h r e d . i , . " , d e . o i q i , I . u n
dunl in crelffhdul B nu ste e.pf mit
13) (Suiitatut) a d4^

Aine) d. nut!.

I c,rc, ca in acst exenplu,poatenssita onDletii: aven a lae c!

ul enunl :r cd.- Jp8 " un v4b . d"lqmnanL obl4ro"u ..t l4edi
t a -li. . t 3 ). I n t r { n e n ! n t c u o r e a n D a r e L d e n L r ; c a
Ettut lq o turat lA) e d ptd.ut (8.).
onisiunealui B e naiputin supiritore I
ttaut a llt.d (h:e, duL).
{ , ), F d p t L l. " d i r e - , r e . e u n n q
4n
'
+
u Int!o
u1. i dp'orna l''-A_B

..irF;a

j1,rt.,i

noo kt;

de A prniie se h consddln ca bstituindu-* ua alteia din puct

derdde sintactic: ele reDrorintr. de.i. l3 nivel sintftlh. o "clasi de
slbdltrtlel
Cld e zi nr a I pontb\' nir
"p qnti dr. o'L z d' *Mnuli2,
cuplinrndiitrli ird.vrbili la nlv.l dnta.ti.,cun' te rpailinlndunor
pe$ deydbire difedt., su (Si)grupr.i dilerite structrr, cae lepft.
zinti loatre a I i rA ! i lle aceteiDoziiiisintactice
4,3. Dar, daci a@a$ pozitie poaie li lelizalI piin dlw* oditdti
s : 1 l i n t , d 4 4 i L .l rl p o o rte .d l sJd .pd
r tr eDd lir s nr - lce.A.J&i
.anronen\.ntdul a -inid ln n@nat,deexenpfu,
<.ilu.a.d dirsir rr:
A dltdt \Al nn6
a ftintd ln ntndl tB\.
s.d .lLd.( l nd tdut a rennd h nottut lB).
Ir 'tu,tu s 4lnlutui
tfl'.nu B q la o ' e . ra irk . o , 4 rF
d. drp-du(! L,a de A r4-B', oe .ird h er-rtu 2i, B e tr ftLi'"
de iiterdepdddla 0 A (A-B)
Ismsul B dLl mutul rl, rerl:,*r dceaii po il'F jnra r I ca i:
tdnsul a din ef,unluile(3) $ (a)

0)
l2l

- - n e n ii B d.n (1,,(3)$ (4, * hodftia ll a ! p p 3 s ' a e d . )u b .

3t tul o, rupinh ,ReK poalie sintactc:.
Cotrm dt- B dl 6', ta )i bnponi 1ut B oin r_ lul .t).
"rt'id" ) b.l:ude
nn t {fo ilib il6 ' d p u a d c Do il. . i B d , l
- rrc
',u,Lv
enurldl /2, d:lslti
l. e, dlr /.1Ji."prvirk
;'n.nitLnei retal..
d .i .l!r dAo"n d.nLdti
I drdrpcn d e n ,u rili' r. rt 4 c s in . ).

s.a eltal ined.

conpdentul B din qunlul (4) nu *1e itui conp,iibil c! poztia B
din (l). Enhlln:
)\ a o|',aa
nu arec.ractd deenmt Eperat ln Iimbaromana.
Cla*lede{b{itlt"
f,."vela d{ic I
@ i n . L u da.b l u rid ? re l a r e c i t i .. p. t' L por ti, r iir r ct:"dpc

dc o ftpftzint, o cl8s,de subsitulie,FireallzSri

ne s p.ci ftce: tn
caul exenphlor pfteddtq re.tia.a -o din cle de slbstitutte @rc
Ep@jnti lorlla sint cti.i B dtn st.uctfa A+B aB sractd speillc:
nu r lnod.@j in nici o slt4 cta., d. qrb.i
Fp,ehlnd alL
pujt intrri@ , u e comoalbr'j,dee,empu,'ulie
.u pdiik B in qdiur
ldrl o d. intddepsdqta A-Br, dtr fj realrai nespe.,, ice codu.
derrdous (*r ooi bultr' claf d. ,ublLilulierf.coTpondht,ai /4d
d atq@ t4
4n a djn exedptetep!eed4te).
^tdtl $
6i0,P.rli.ipe" , un aNtr rp deret4r 9rlsu pe care @ r,r
dr i
r .p,e 1a c ar'a!t.nr i o i opol ant. J . toz'll l ,ei
'
ela{
i
e
sntactid.
r,r. Relalia de intddpenddli prsupune d o I tqmdi, esali tn6-un
Iel.oinpor ari5.imjrlrndu-rirco-ocdunll.parLjcutrit ! de*pr;
dr. fiesre din ace9U
t rm"ni r.p@jnr. o pditie. nra,lica,o c.aelde
n2, Tn c:d'ul Rlaliei,d.depmdenta
u,tq.r;,
tetr mut Feoi
pM. munrtssrcbi, icj de @njrulh eleoqruluidepodena ro.
Ac*re
lunciiede catiGha oo.tojogic,, rt.nntului

*"9pru.i hp@ rore dr,@uv pi dl F

l:r
yTr,tlr
' l.:e " $u,*blr&lieu,
'14
":
ddur
ru ,. i,rnilwu
ldt, ctrldr,

crd
ba.Con(.,uclr.
re:ri, de {btuMre
d.pude de..lit8.s ledmtului . e gc 1 I
r de
olturs ]emmtuiuid e p. n de n t.

5,3, Trndd regentste .epMnrat totdealna plintr-o ldtate lnstrtstaliv: 6a drd,

pronuq. : a@i. drr4
- adjetiy j dohlc d, prob,
- dverb: d.padcr', @d,
interjelie: vat eud.

Uniulile consideratede obtcetro aoa.iinnd drFi nunealutd ar &

stllut sintacttc Gi noiloLglc), 6peul, Unel dintre el poi aplrea ca :
. e g e n | : cL o suti lnr4a o3utal, l|, atilal@ d. h' merdcpddmr s adt{Lvului din primuldonplu " k Du., h "ndenra o'in o(jdo.
a flb t t'vululrt, din el d. ar d{nha,p-ii D-eenla6ra liu ui d.r):
d td d m
d"pi'{e n r:
d o u d a rF p ,d , . i
dou, @Gub.larlll'"genl,drrsi
ed @ i DDU
r. g.nul I ,Tsatu.u: d.pP.d"lri,
oJd to sle nun4rldePe d.nl, nu rrticol. tl lor'o In dou u,r.
dnita dia ptom4i2, .l lr.ila dh dl^E , dd rl r &\^ t@tM. I
'l
- Tne i e l6n.ni dF o- n dFn li
, ru rd rd d , d \ e * ia t e n u t tlpilsuve: .i?ne de dout ori, /L@rr tnhett,
ln umh !itusl.{ ere ereu d" ptsd,ar drc, nudtr.tdt Fp'.nl' hF
ner ul re8ut su fo nqul d.p.rdpdt: h E;flpxu eleltn. il'.a, riraft
r6a'. aL tu;l .rtrtaua duo r tu
)i ani.
wi At@, au wnn rbltue ln Lbw ; tu Mditu, o. 36, i o;stl
derd sle onsidsrl in aea+a eruDarettJmnu lgi)
O sr ur lte nelad.ro'C,nils- inraclld a - r g r ro a c d e t it u t e io
np d' .la i" tnde e, d4,.1?ut obtigaroriu
I r&irrad; nu' m, e 3cd-dd
cr .$ttontal
pm-nai d. p'epditia @. Co-i'uclia e'e
'la. et .).tfui.
afutoc;.. ut doi t{Itui
rup!'i tr carcatll4i c t 5t u,,< a,_.
'
+genle.
o mmii tr":D*t?lo nsil;aliel,crFspa
ca
@mpo,lrnduse
pronomrmrin Etupaica rl./a,tLt.^t tlj lsz piud|l),al d4atri, t?l
d. at d.iko (^' [ua4ioa412a),et bM !.M .duta1)
"t.
Sp-edeo.ebied".elelJlP pronuoe el nu porF sprea
I arj lernmul
.
depend{l
osp. dcdta dp oi, aw , @l 1@.ni a @att i d.4.
,441, au!i.cel a @nnj ad nu aolezinL, o con.Lruil. mos.!r.
Chd lipsq+e ermpnuldrp. ds , * fo oi.,Ere@/a
o v,ti! tAeIdposl.,piu riru del4njtu' I h con kuclii calr ^@lz
imlLcd $dinis*
. o a 6 e t rd lo lo d it n
e rl ar ls s !'onune.Li .sladpali
md

d,n d.{r'd), ,l sn'c 'r m l.\t. (e adrit duoJt

dt.ada, l.]dtd
f.r6tftle @}
,eedte,ubslanlive (rr sl ur, Glonul p!!.le@',
'l- erun"n rai l,le de I'pul/m{-I"
pre6la lliarf)
'o,.lt@i,
s q l lo l d e @ i u - l r . a l 4 u i r l o d E l e , A r e ' , l u b n s n l i v u l , ' r u n ' o l
dr s llloi t .el p' .* i rdri fornPleolora sl. P'onune'LiPe otul
In Gzu d-Llei qpnmrr' e onphr{ ului) Ir eupr'i .-.mfiu q-b_
d n iL s i, d e d d " l o t r c l u l u n u o a o r g z r ' . ; r i i r n t a . t c a r a r e o
"siluatte oareum difoili, comport- pdhe
nal curlnd ca m adjetiv d*
penadl, ct. p@na d. lenn ca Mhe. .
6,{. Do,it"l- dnu.rie r.Drffirind lerneril dopsdal rn rdrul
ret.lie d" sbordoDre s Do grcoa d" ., ir Iu' 1F d" !6Ltrt.a dfo.
lo a jc !r re d tr l d , I n d e G _ - i r s n l i , i . b s l u ' i \ L I . p ' o ' u n e l r . v 6 gupttit
ditslll
Calitaiea norrologici a rogenlulti @titrle
pndbr 6tru' deF d- pmpo lle rn d ,rlr,, da*mirrnl. ai.ub.lan
iiLqo' r pronuoeld, r omppn.d,, detern.nd,i ai verbului.sl
rd,edi,Ll-I. ,i sdvobll-i i. ai intd ectieir.cL 6/1wlta (,960.
r1, o. ts D;*ta.ln Ektui. dr o\d:.] \p. IaiJ i p'4iEsa i:
,,Prlnq\ul or, uelinterjelii eapropiederEbp,dp
. u b 4 ilu i . . . ! j , u u n d c o r i r , l t j p i m b a ( o n p L^eall..pot
eF".l l..um.
iL a n t iald c i o c . . . "
Accl ".'t" i , tul" i 3: L' 6 r*lirt It hloare, d tor inride
'
(p rrd lendLt, d"sdindl:.d
eu unelepa-U.,',"]ili
'ob
de onsttuclie), dd ce laceD6lbile lormulrri de Jelul | ,,Conple@tn drdmtanlial de relalteDoatedeternira: al un vdb ..., b) un
adjetv, cl un substantivcu prep@ilje... (C.4,,zte (ls6A),Ir,
0 l4 t ) i 6 o i L j \ u o b i e d i v .
{anti\ oe orisinev"rbol cu "T vqba ru f;r(ld ptL. dinlr-o
( t z a np 3 7 , a . , , c i ' I ' d ' d o r s . r b . L r t i v e l e
ld u riu p ! a 6 , k . . .
I n $ lih d r u n u n s l s l d s r r . . . S . p o a t .! p D c . " , t a a n dr b " t r i c { i .
de meltele granaticale (a.ii.ol, prepozitle, corjunctie) nu exisrt
p s r. d a r o r b i t r ' o p F u n a d . a r e - n u p o a ' a . p a r e a u . o n p e o d t
dt"-n'lan[^l'
lLtv'ld ratand .od edror& d D, 643) lq'd " "1i0le
de acst lel seexplict d prin caract@l senanli.isl al definiliilor dtle

.a+ sdmr h ,..a , \, it e

Drd.,l apr !.
In cortrr.l
lrf pronuoc..rr t '!.nl
.Lb5antiv. (bnp. H din dlmpto, ,Mrt
din

,{ ode
rd od6

r,, rsr 5run.

095J),
(sa );I, i rF

nl'otr?:r a iP! "&\ct'"h&ldlra

'

ld r6ni

hqaq

ln ar4dl3 rest[q

iri lupds! i rpdlire

ti eilu.tiil.

E
(!

i puride@mp
cnenl,r., de*.m p t u :
m! t e h j. p , rr
@ttnjri r'-anunFdup! (ru e" Co
dp:ind ".c tlla de
roup.
.i.ctut
,
n cadrur
conptehql c. unarAc
0rjroa.e. dberpr na-q dup; partjh dp rorbi,. tot6.,.s: duDaIaut
m @nsrucrreaa+ br ptu d. prcpo lje .., dd aditeetndr
n! m-1rurc^drsdp nei.ld JlrL6,:pr.oriu,,, r@azzl@
LtqbJ),
b.u r F P dnt
ifirrf hr
rn Dn n_. -ind,
oup.rdn,, I ab.aduptd.ss i dup;
're rcnLinlt ndru. 7?,.
i
dilerita, sileriito @ndu6 h oarrtiiekropfne a eldr
.I-arhizar4
douogruDunde p.4i de proDoziile.
'i
r eld
o6'ns

ln rurrrr de-s,,{.r temsuru FgFnt..tae d. !uN !lul.e i re

,-55.
Rprernrs
pq.tr"..drucl r le'noulu dcpend.nt\sriri \aext_ndeR.
as,-0e,*ipru,
porfs !in1a.t+r cd6DU.4baF unui .egc,t inrer
um_ale a -e6t Ll r6b D e_a d"
un aa1lr reg4r t 1u c, ,jrut subJ,ol,vdl s,,j pbnuo.e tn !emi,
nusptu dtrn h dr*k de s_b:titulie.ar,epreztnrt tr@utoe;ndenr
tai reP?n,6le u $b3lnl v sau trn
prcnuDe:r 1- Incompabbie
s dtuhuciiih tr c.rc ftgolutet. un !erb,
un
un d\qb *Lo inlslslre (tr ia..h de luatiLur:e nDrez s r'dqrv.
fd sm su r d.pends!3l unutrcgurv s o , a d F (t i\ , , d rs b , . . o . : {
tivd sou prcnunir |n ePadv nu
de,.r ,r eruDd.ip+po.ttro.se
'psFt^Dd\M eptdntti.
fn 6. prep4ilir io puneorl : a uplti
d" 4enpti,.
D * r i.r a un ei Dmit sintachce
.".casa
d
*
,
sabt
Dr6.pu . e
d p {b r b lu lie q re o rppannL ri i p. a, h : z a r. e c o n Do n e n h t o
I nlmclie d. +eilicjtata
5.0. Arxolle I.n li-i .nLs{i. ri In o/ut ihsetor d"
r Le
! n !esla L ,i l * FLl-jdeechli:lF l:f de6o-d o n a r. Ca-ubsrituli, , I a . e , h rn e
nnuj ere Ddticipl con@mitdt ta o relatie dc echivaldti (@uooroa,
9l hftlalra de (intd)depdddJi d pozilja lui tn.cest, ulliftnrebtie
ihob enunite ekh,iiclFei de \ub.rituti..arc D.ainlr cda, r (ei67 Irudnr Inrlr mul, un tsmd Dostppsrl.ipa t, o
-qgui,
leraliecdLermq reeenlsu (nlerdeoendenl,cotrp vrE <A,lutturc
\Bl
AHB, aTde (A) dlr
G): A+B) saula e,t mutte retriii oncoaitenre

rcsllvi.^tAtposa&\Btaiqdw. \at:
- caslengi ntedeoddenlt
| reenlj depe.d6t lcLtdc t \\ lia ut \q d! ui \q :
A- 3-J). e eiemen
A-B-cl, ca dcprFde' rj .oo'donsl(CG? tAl z@, /8, t. /ery" lcr:
Un ierrd poateparticipr, de asen@i,ca reg$1 ln mai ou1le &ia1ii
dedepdd4laqcomitenle citel.\A)hdeulB)opiltttilc) paqtitDl:
\p . In aemmoai situalii, diiqlii tsheni depsdmti Eprcznt, dive- s e D or l ..nntdi le, ds pdr u c aac l 6i ?air" di .r @ er e
indi,a_s ipuui d" 'eal,.la aF part,cipi.,
ui pp dre x et ln
ae$, ,tsali".s rsl,rilii eleoenlulu:
reeen.L'o,$l. .uJk,6u, a@,te
n'ticul,rititi liind ldonli.e.
6,1. ln cadrul lnui etunl orgdiat, la nirelul stru.turild fnndahdbk. ont- t,D.q r@npdml) orrflclpgcel puti' ls o cat,e de depmb,ld_eJdru uri'a.sia Tdrdmuiuio
dc,ll
d" deDenddla
'.au' .mdonsFltu
.. poa le rnodrat r' L o6lk rctale-de o.Dad.nt',dd. ehivalsl, RedlTeea
dc dcFndsta ondil.on.izl \u Lr
'?latiilor
lel ru ,llur
ea rclor,rlle
i'pd d.
Locul/tj rorr) on.:mdrul orl.nizirii intdre a 'eldt,r,
rui lernd ln'E)ia
muniului estedet*ninat It
prlnul rind prjn Dd.li",psr.,'u. i! o retatiedr (inc4d"p.ndsls, rle
poaieIi { Is c ul l a I i L) ,ootl T l r :' c ! l l sl el ar i ,
de a- .hd,i p !,u
C" ,d.ra di re'nen dep.nddt {qu ,na'd"prFd?n"6.e o\i pri.
mo.dlal;.Cunuk'"e la,ul.ativ, a al'or rolln, !dr.rDrRa .aret;rtri
deehiralsll, d" "oo'doro{, iau chia!ii de oeDerid.rr.
i' !rirsle i.
r egd' sle, In naj o','al csar " l o r ,.onoi l i onol!ias c . u o d z ' ;,
ln niluq' r c al el r s d,s
n a,hr e,pl ol i is, upl i m enl al q u.r !,2, ndditiciri polindte alc corotroclii: sh!.trd enunlului'u
s a6plr
ti.i, s coEpilci arbore*dt, dar .inine, nl liriil. ele ihdarentde
Evmluala or*ntd s relallel de mrdonale nt nodliicl structat
enuntlhi sre aprlnd o iinsfti relalie de interdep{dentdi hiruclt
le.nenii mordo.ail rpraint! rall@a Delltt, bultilli a aeleiag
pnnqn|!n

<'. Da d a4, r4d I lded., h.N.

po?il'i .r rd'L urel

d. /i' flnppflds,,
Pptlz.Fa retrl ?'
'eldi
pd4'rpa d d r-s
. - n 'nb lt
uDue
dA
rc.al',
d n . * h -h
o .e
o relalie de (ints)depddlnjr.
6.2, ln n.jodtalea @vii$toare a c.zlrilor, inlreaga stlctra
a qun.
_elaliade inlerdependml;.re tl' rcdpoqert'
.
lor
M?s?,
p"
lu
. o n r 'l ,d el4 i d"deprd"rl;..@ r'lwrcer. , d jRle q u
d . d la t s u
t" Ter , i .dpo.l d"
Din ,aa l" qua, c'uDul de h'.
'ni.,drpendpal"
t u r ' l1 r cl al+da 1te
d.lddenid arr @r.'do ! r n u c le u l c o mi. .
ciril. al e ritului de tiD firndana.tal
]smo. (trprint In iel.l.a d" intP d"perddl;
relalii de d.p"ndq l, ln (adrul arla4
ru.Lrri r'tral ra t.'r"ni
(ExceptieJac hodurile vsbale neDer$naleord, onhac.
regenti.
J n d o tslsll" d" nt-pFdsd"n,..u un >u b je . , * . i. u s 7 ,
.o.Le a
'uFm d.pmd.nr . n hAnd \At ptooit \U@pi,i\c, aL pkd\Dt:
A@.t, tarlic-lrrilat. c.p c" detqa e, t.'
o rup'rnri n -elati,
'n d.r{L . Fsmalic.e
d. inl{delsdsla de lolr ".iL li ,oq ponirl a'
dislibg ln gen*al prllile !rincipale
de proportle Grbiatul $i
p r e di sr ul)de nE rtile se(undare
tl. prop o T llk .
P64ll. priripale ale pbpdilie pot ti detinik tornrl pnd Fp8 Li
c i p a:a r tsr d 5ubordo zt Ir nici un, d in re la t jilei. o . p . q .
zdv. mulul. Pd ru p,4ih ldnd,F
dr p oporitF er.e detinilori"
c a l l ta tead " tdb d
depe' de.l r' ." p u l. r u n , d in -e ra lit e in
ec 6tc lnElobat ln sLoclra @n!!icirii. Itr Rtdtr,i ,rifl7@ Dllra d,
n-4tnltt..plta rcprei1lA o patr *rndud d rnui lulu' pe b36 !.1i.
t:hi d" lsns d"p"nd"rt 'rld de p'iui.,. d"6: pa'lflp!. ra.oniLpnl,
rncrliraLedek-nfl recm..riho zir, rekk r'- ti! p|:Atq li Stbd:u^
f l o r l l e) ia r in d ? & .pellru"iLuatsabopond t iu t ld ir. d rp ! , r' c ip s l,
rdaliz sludtDiJt'\t r ttne , deDeldst, drr si la Glali, d. 60 dolr c .
de' I
llrit"
ri o4irut tp,prepondetqt 6tecaLlatcadeldrd,lep"
4a o"in3
dinrnd'caie. Ra care Il r:luzi cd o.,le *-m
{ t r ; d.pm r o .' "'elatiih
P :,1Fldl..cdddependp nra
lae re DA r. irip i
J
r . rod.. -.
{'sl"
/
in rin ib v ,c u Din' ne
.
{cuu
" o t m c;'i i . { to durle''p"

D.!Un"l, r sd'l'oTL, m"e pa-ljleprini!rl. ti srndr. dr

propo.Jtr.
.e blze , pe msrogr ,u judpcaa {osicl) "r., d.
e $ r p l r . l F :e d .cra n l i o {1 9 5 4 ).Lp l .Pbpdr ila6F
o o(eeorieg$ n"rh,r; ci .is ri po,! jic
le.punde, din Duml dc
vpdere
Iocico jud@lr. Fopflll. rup
dodaparli pnncipa.e:

s u b r e. r u l, 6e ln Dri''jDiu oBpmd. subh(tului:udqilii,

d . m ' 6 p n o e I . a p ' i n c i p i up F d i s l ' n u
s D' . dr c a l u . ,
d
,1"
n
d
d
e
p
r
le (p.6"):,Pirlile
ic L q a , i i
e c u ' ru ar ",1m'
otu"j,iei * p uperz t rm prllilor princiF" e;
o
"IP
'taApd p.i^te pa4tk
iuaAa$ lflb . n@ii;I. Pd llre s Md/. J.
Droodil e... onoline* lnielesulDtrtilo' prtn'i@1e".
' 1i GtMka
ll9*), ll, di5 i lis abddoneat lundamenlde
l@i. z d'n edil,ap-@dm', (rzi citlt le d. nai"u), rubsli utnoLr
s iid iu l i m p d ra i l e i ,s l r o . | . I h o m u l c , F
,Pdlile p'i1
c i D a I e sfnt .rle care mnsiitule nini mul ne6a. penhu .xistdla
u6 Fopo,jlii ... k p opdnlfe oe.o lslc p3 l e prln.lpzl.
rm_si' l3 n..zul oroDorl.ei,dLriiei d dE,n?,F lr jrrul.tora
p g t u p d r l e l a l l ep r l - \ p 7 4 , : . r . d : , , p d r t i l e q e c u n d a t e
il" ptuootlei * grupeaza
lnjurul pttilo- pdnciprq le.o mP li
adrus, dtlqile inldnalii'
Inlele'ul
n ";.
hrbl
'Dai.;1,
I rd is i' a * a a r r i a r o o d i n 6 ' l n l e l e e l " . o l s l i ' u h i , ' : o
bodri. los,.{e a Da-lild dr pmporil.. oretrli.
remtni*qld
Inn u1 f.' pnn preialo "uNidhra Pa Dl"!fudde dc olo0o,lie
s ln l q u r d d . d : n D u n c (d " \ e d " ! g " T a U a
.Lm'ddate atlorJ-,prejrar., m" ,l; s: pF\.dI anbjErlilile ca-"
pol d6\a dir jnpl'carpo. irrirl"i .jbpdtrnlei" ln conln'eq
r . u d a d d e D r c o o l d eo o o l e . v s r i " I ' o 6 8 m i '
'are
c f . . Ot oinpo
a r r e tdl. bt ntF delt pallih erin.iFe,
'bid'r)
Par.sira clrrt. o logro.trele explicirlo'nuLt, pl afi'mlla:
p'r
p,l"
.Dirin.da nts olrl. e de DioD@iiic
! cel. etude
e r. . o d. r l n " [ . i r . l u s i v e i a i n a l ; s ' a l 3 u b l .r o a s l r : , 1 $n u
e rtfd, la inpoltanla onoeti p
dinke orrlile eropoziliei
Lz U 5e -h s : < @ pd, tu tdbadt:hh, onan", BEur.L)
, q 6 4 ,p . 4 2 ,d e r i D ' e sp r t i l o p . t r . p d l ed e p ' o p @ i l hf f , , " p o ' a q d
de a iudea s r,P opontr e.p <rlr. lear:'dc jud.sb A$a
ere obrerul El'di'ii, is' p ed..arul
.ud tnir o iud-sl
'i0,4n
.o! reldltor
Ir subiet,lot asif.l ln propozilleMbrell
6telendl
pp p@
.l a'i|i, tt b'4etul
arelap.sfo ul a.liuii
p rp a i r l l - F a d u . L r"ru
c a r b i e l u l u ' ) , k r c o o m l i n de t . o e u l
po'nEl. d. la tulrunca
op'., * ld.lEz ,Cind
sdta'tii
's
-au otudluie elemenr ruo4dt
al rudeili:, clrimlr.
e/d,/ ..dre
.
rou,
daDF cre e'Dun"c"v3. s rio ul .hqr td{ului
o v r c u n ad i /tlirdrl
p e il u d j u o e a r a n uD o a u , r ' r l m
' L g',roi..
r.p;'r,
. Plin ttaloeic,ti
elr sinl cotuido,.r prli p" ripzF

z. .m il aet doucp;D,te plopojL je- s u b , . c t u l 3 : Dr s

d i. i I u I - p'imipotp. (r- sdaLe)itu,: ,,tn uete F,;ado *
sDune4 (t I ptncjpale.!ot.L ti r:'!a elc T .c r.E td,ou.a o
p opozle.
pol defl ., U0.ed:..r C.nsidse F;c.@ic. ir". De
pmpoztr". ,@dr b prti d. p,opout.. (ahibu,u.t onD.narete,
d. prcpo4tE rie prj cjprle,fie*.u daj.

Dp .sa

DEFINIREA FORi{ALA
A CO,TPONENTELO!ENUNTULU]

ltnt rdr,r;

L-fl a.. cu cdai re; tui s(a.uo. phtt i, nrt,lp dr qivcK

gade, rtuLtea/r. de obtcet.
tq n:nologi.ac%6La
dhrinct..oin ,e
psr "p.rrdpdetr + urdaF de prcDlzitiq.etcdou sto.i f.ino
r, a $ soti , aj *,ut deftrbi'it \s. da
er r p lu . )r_ P opes...
cu12e. . .d , Na \ n Rla a ^ L u . u
404@.e tu4abge 3i .atDd. BucurEIt,tqb3,p !93: ,,Ddl,." d.
prooontrcsm e dour klD.
,,..
_ prnt prtnctpat..wd,I
M,,,
- pdl, qudro:
dibdut si akbhndut
\
Po/riite.sin acriR .e aa+'i@z,
d"d p,in ,ani:,psaa t. o
,6r
F,Lr. dp rrsdap6d{16 au & d"p.nd6ta, h ru -dr"
de r,.tru
-o
c@rd()fu. nu cond\lo."ra o pozile sinracricldi.'in.ra I k>ur.
t " T.r un r o v, ul (cJ.P erati,{. l.,s..r, s -q in t a , e t Du t h la n . n t u l
plo00rl d, ealizda multipl,a ,rleai po. nl. u,.. reriral. Din pa L , i.
'
l a r car ,o .0 ti eder nto)depodc.{;.Laniv e t u t . . a ? ,t imit , : d , d r. . rr
ru, @ oldo Fp priF p8'l.cipda L4 i3 din a .e Mi ta. relrt,r ite o,
p.lento u..su bil.lerrr n4 et? nbn$taiQ
\-t. Da,i ru.,I id@s
p',no,i r@ rpd.. d. d.qDlu. sar \? intlTw&d.
du ,t.s,lMil.
a

l, l, . Un 4 u L o ' s s n i o l i o p r i . : u n n u r r d e @ m p o r d r . , " p , e f l t ln d d v F , - po z i l i rs b . r i c . D r t n i l s f o ' r , t s ;

ae,u u nuu.
,oo 0on; gti.ea Lnor dondit,l: dc dmt.t'srd 5i d. di,ostir< a o@_.
h iro r s in G lr i c ee ' p . i n r i n v o c F m l n u ' u t . a b o d a , r e t o r ; a l
nu neag, qlmla
unei vao p'oo-ii u-d po.lii \irb.lre rt.r nu o
d'r,
hs;_d fodlaha d. a o sirpnnd. r p!tuird-"
I q, ,u
'rl]@le
.rnL popnr, Lrrtaretu bi nodatirai.a-e$ nu aoetF* , s.A,
.u rcndii, de a ,i (ri.r
po uritizaL derj ru poz,.
..1.2
"pR:,ic."
I'ror rnE.ue: parfopsde retal,e jnra(lc!.
' a ,ra F , re g 4 , L l u t .u n e l ep a r r r . a , r a l : d . . o ; 3 t r u . i i q D . e . n , r o
Fd[7d Jricr 'pdtheir ctor de sb"titutie Ir uetc c!,l.t, ;unfta
dinke dou: poil,. .in...ld pBuDU;" utjtiLFo urd procenemr .onplere d{'t ob$.valD o 6fa de.i, .-abiti.
rs depsddletor 5i a Jealtzdritor
5Deifice.
D.lnnE lo mli Jeprelni;. mi-i, .Ln mq rcdea, 6u.dr.Jea
P x p n d r;a u io ' p a t i .
.rDoqripn..', d!<m .n
',,ltli p" |tr de rapr"
!F',
pa',hutadt'li pe,F
d"IinilijF .emrntie raditj.rirl.,.are.
d" rrer nu ,{psd detl pa'F8l li,ualiit" aL.hu,reu." Dalti de DmDo.
n a e )h r. v e, z i , c . l n c a , r l r o n p c D e ' h J u l d , R C , d . e i e n i i t u r i t . ; , l
dd.dru tddrlr."pam
es:dtf@i.en trr:aa deo*brt a.@ntirut.
d_"cd. 1r ed bnrtsnli@ vorbttor aj unejtitrdt, os. careiu lor Ii cti
.rffbr. dirinF ir td ns ir defiriililo rsdit:onate.tr"srerFLipane*

In deljnkea
n clasiliora oid,lordepropdriie (@!epft.lpee o
Llelinke
a sblpeiilorln odful uel specii: clairlcareaonDlehon
terorin direct.indiht elc, imDuc.,de ri ni rea @mDl;entdur
diftcl, indiret etc) lnteNin ciiteii Ioarle dileriie, critarii lornale

ei uitdii *manlice, DoDddea(e li * amrde variind de la !n caz

la altrn. A@rti sllMtie 6t onui
trtffir graratlcllor ddte,
id OonaliM \1963), lI, p. n 73, subliniaz, expllcit dractsll
qildi'lor'r.rpitorl
PAtLk ptap.lltL Nollun,C'a..
"teroga ol
,dk. unde.lnlrc altelc * arali cA 1nckr'tio-a aTibuLeld* m
tu le'lde ft prioul !d ,,lorma" fi abia dlpe ,c@ ,,snlinutul ,
js n u n "
pF r 'd ..oF pler F l" r
" l"d 1 . z d u p . o n l: n u l.
dlFi cea ce *!dne ob faii de lerndul detsf,lnat ; a$ se dde
be slaiile pdncipaledeshllendte
: diret, indiret, deagent . . ,
$ tot al. se d6kb&, nai depdle, unele subdivtjlni ale acslor
inprnarle /d. .xatrplu. subdjv iurile @trphbd u -. . rruh.
rv. mr{.u
ranlil de nod de nod p_op-iu/- o-p,,
\1
l
c
r
4lr
ls
.
d
, e \ D' imd e'L. n I
) ,r \a o
colDlQnQnld! n4
umdrite in dst lu si ln cuul mmplamdielor,
a*!te elenente
"dd (op. rr., p. 73).
na .otulituie ditdlile nnci clBlli.iri propriu-zhe
Lipsa de NvenE
in tralara al.ibrtnlui $ odplenedlului,
.ele ddt nari categorii de "Dirii scundale de prop@ilie', a losl
di l^t 1n etiolul Da e d6t[iw& pat&w sudte
d2 ptapn\r /( Iq , 196.r,-.I,p.25 J5),u d. F . e E L io
e ' , , riz F ,
oa'5'
iir e liilo - , unicapq ruR.pooueB lec d r d F d a t d ii' a L
z,r ln care !lorm&., 4*presia4 si tre&ci pe pnm pla., complemsiele Iitnd suprse,h primul rind, ud clailict i oe bazacditdiii
hodoLdc a cuvintuld prln caresldt *lrinale, dei @nplemdte
etc.-cofroleftdtesubstantivalelnacua"substantivaleadvdbiale
tlv- 1ndanv. urnlnd de.i scheda de lratarc a atributului, Desli{q
9i c.a.'r i or,.ub rpp.'ur corli'uuu' : n 3 1 e 3 . ' s
d " " , .l"g
i po le d dc ludu, c.rc v@ln \edsp nL d a rji. d . " ,' ." p e lmlio
etaF scundari, a
de$icrii sintscticq sint Grule ca.epEdtind
Elen@t!tui $nadtic acdrdin&.j.se rolul plimordial ln delinirea (ti
ftclnodltda)
ftnplendtelor,
6te de aqteptat q abordarea lormali
a Doziliild 3inbctie s! intiodrc, @letive n,i innortante ln crdrul
aceslei crtegdii de delsainanli,
2, Pdziliilesinbcn@ oincjd ln linii gensalecu c@aca Cr,Eaticile
curerlenum4. pr(i deprcpoziiie".
Ap oprss d^i' "
prin .ublinise analogiilo!dinie propozilidi I3r, d i'p pi4ll"
-aLt
de p'opori,h ri p'oportiile bo'donsle.L:" po,liia.lnr,1id r.p'."
dir.rltrc ttu"rri..dr'lnL,
zinlao.k'"desub.Liluhe@re'n(rudeLnllll
goplri de cuvinL, ptupozitii. Gddddle llmbli roftane, in speial ea

d. a ll.a edilie OMucii lin ii ro'dtr a Acadmlei R.S.Rom9nid

' .bbih( inqrm
bqote ti .Jp rutM'e dF on
rBu.u *ri, lg,J,
pa oilirrl..e de e,p"i,F a diveseld p:'l' de propG
itrl"
p-1ic i \u'icidl allt pml
? { r|\ e n a ? o l d a d ' a a t s : d
-i- A 'lB!r'rd
pei5_, ii ca dtr'" dritu '
oB'dcli"
,denrif.,F, doodLulrlo- dp
tor.r,p"n.ru du oi " po?iliisnta.tie, !ll .; p" rru .lsbili'ea6Dponc ltei
clae6r de $bstitul'a propf diferirelorpozilii sinhcl'ce
3 . t , E x s ris F s p o r b i r : r l l o ,d " e x p ' i m a ' F a d ' , a ' l . r op " . l i d e p - o p o .
grrdni. o1du." la roGr:(rtsB r.p.trrii a.dra):
rl'F in\el'ci"r.rl
L , t o z l " p , i l i t e d e D o r c 7 . r r ec,c o u l i ' ,
n p -id o o ' ' ru ,I i , d d ,
dinlre eL pnn"e Do ibitiri.ire de erDrnaF .L
c d s rr! , lo a ie g m s a l n u n i l i d " e . e n p r u ,a b J r I v u l ( s u p ' o ' u .
rd l o a a la o - R d , d e p ' e p v ' l ' e ,a d t u b . , b ' n " 1 " . " b a . r c o t r .
! o ' d l" g t r-r i u l . l n p ' j n u l ' * d - e l c l n u n e l - . / u . . l p " o f i l ' r i " a ?
jl p'.p".il..lof
po.le nonifesL,sbrs ld ivclul iirlilor l*rrh
",u
clnjuncliilor,de exenpu mnsider&te
nu ca clBi, ci cr aitale indivi'
Jn detiniiea tornali a poziliiloi sinlaciie poi interveni tlei qilerii cu
gnde dildiie de gens.litate. Ca $ ln alle cazuri- in definir$.ontextuali
a p&lilor de vorbile, deexemplu, 6te depreferatdeiinirea la nivel cate
crnde po ibil; .ele {r. F J,E- a m' t"\Le oncrp NL
eb al,
'lrnci
elemenlelor !i prmedelor iorrare
3.2. Vaietalo ti odpluitatea
utiliabile in delinirs poziliiloi sinlactic vadaz, de la linbt la limbi
ln fnn.iie de nodul proDriu de organizarea tieiiei limbi. Unrol inpmtant
rei . flc{urii ns, 3p. h ordif'le ur s Go {o'loogl. onpkr
(l
'' ! o lino, cu si "a llex'onmnai tsdu, treiF n o'stn/atsa
la li r J . n u r l u ' : o . n " s & l o . s g d i i r i t e l o r p o r : l i i , ' L a , . e g r e d u l
d.,rl.ranli rl a'o' TodslilrLrd" "xDrimarco lelatilor sinlrCir al
loDicii,de exemplu(cL Ch. C. Fries, An tnfidulian to lhe CoE
3huclional E@lkh Se.nenB, Loa&4 1957),
, 1 . 0G
. ^ l . a n d d : l l t . t d e d e l l n k e .l a ' t ' ' n , o r ? h d r . " p
ro"
, ebliilor ln c&lftl unli dnnt organiat, fldihu,
msi a16 ea mnl
nali, joaci !d rdl d*ebit de inportant. Voibind de lleximo nohinali
aven in ftdere in gens.l llexiunea subtanlivuhi i a adjectivuhi,
redtnal Ei a proftmelui (letate unod eparat din ofta mor pa.ti
dilsmliat ale destul de imDoltante). Elemdtele omrne in
clhntiI
lleximea acstor hei pi(i de yorbile slnt reprezmtate pdn preanla

olegoli,lor d. nunrr r de ez D+rerFh r os o \i car@o,ei ooter

oi;'ii,_ p'oprii lubs1a.Un ui, graoelord..ooparrl.e csts ca?crena aam F's,.d h gdiadrn'r$3
i.c,t*h a J n f " s lit p a a d . g r, , ru .
fl d pbnbm. rp65on3tireJtdi!, pos5ia, de hi{!iR,.
4.r, Fbxiune, adjetiluluii rzlltat al !cordtr1ni.
puhe in
eliddl5 depsdentr adjetivrlui lati de !n tutsia,tiv sa! u! p,o! u trjc;
fdma de gen, mn:J $l .e d idjdliului
reia, repeti tntolnalia grdm,
',s1, a cjebe ului Fg.I j h dlcd .di'atb- oe dPpodsta a;tler,
vulur. dali falS de cale drnlre .ubstdntirp" rproriri.L) &urer.e n
c0ruica'e estesubordorutsdieLtivul.
42, Crtegdriile .otune

floxlunn substanlilltli

pronumelrj stnt

Nundrul
intervineln rslizaea lenomenulride acdd, substanLifll qu ponunele jmpunho anrm.F .d a-"'rci
h sdjFd,vutui
depddent. tl rfbului lr sdrul relali.i de intsdpenden(A.
5-0, O impoltdl, dd.b'ta 1 o gb @
in(ni a enuntutui.re
coleeo-iade ca7, drni+ tard r- lo rtc lubirrnlivr'.' i' ,re pG
c.dl zdjectialni, cum srunan lnainte, e retultatll aqdului si zE.
sinkctic. rceati *trhi1cal'e d v gFLl {u numdfll. 8.s,,s d*iune
Fd u n d a n t ,
3 sdFr tvulu ilondu4Ir o d!r:qd.
a d e p " n d 4 le i
sh: -n!E.a indjcjlo!de subodode pl .pa:ria uror {ru, u, tn
cd nr !e ratr a@d'lj tn oz ldr lioll.e2.ndqh ruui, d e.l I t d I d I a
d'.alunEuluuidM
),fie.renle h limbr acrrr;, nu imoieroz; d-it
lnsitualLexcolldt.anpr,.
r''alii diralipi BNrtu u' di5ubordonac
Ganoticile linbii rcrene ltrdsheazi cincl valdi eaale: bnina:
hru', ge',hwl. dariwt, acuarivuli rcu.iwt. e:an:na@ uL /riitn,
a corre\lalo o sF >lnl co noatibilesi . rrldtuild carek slabtl*c
tn1re flbstantivele (ponumele)la divs& qzud, ondle ta @!sa'aEa
unor inooltanle deGblri.
5.1. o situtl. d toili specbl, are vocatlvrl,
c;re, raFollat
I5 onuriere. poate Fpredls, Jng!, u munr: /l'ff/ (un inDnt
nc,la.lu, ) lau poalefre pr,F dinl'.un qunt cu mJj dutte.onpo.
n{ ? : laM., utno uped. l (cdu Vitu qed", t @ ! -ar CM ld, l tu?,
.n Mtoii tlttd.ouna.?). de denpl!. Apanqmta vocalivului Ia erun-

td: d. rdt fel ele sk..l lon c:. da"b { poale ipue N, caci
t'utu.ui, nu s,,a.U
i,o,:Lvul ETn" h 3ki. orgeiaii:dtm
'
A..aU Lps, qpelf,d deprticipare a vorBl.vuri ld rslst,ile!ale
orrrn.*azi o rcd Mis* d f;rur chiar$ Iiedreku
cd t, . dp
f,6? a vo.au\ului, in.ludftr li !, vslo,r" a rreerie d? caz,
srdrurj de nomidsriv,3c@riv elc.
Vqaliv-l ele lolc. {aDrdbil .u,nun:le liDuri de reial.Liu oMLe
p'rlcipa la o relaliedeehiialmt; otaeiubiraiN$tt
sdnd.t;0do.
ntrc - cot ei ti prict( : t, p@ " ti d" a..mernr.ntu1uui &telnirad,
ct Pta.ni .trapi t, Capit ot dnda l
Vocativul nu apa nicjodati lnsa ca 6nen deoenddt inh.o relati
de sboldonale, iic e oa.tlcipdt ! e,lis de inrsdepdddtd. ;
b rdrur
de.oordouF e tutr bin: illoi cu voarive: ,ltMa,
d4 hali 'cl8liei
$ stqi L TMd.i st ld ?rAil @lrlld d coqdolre dintE
vra{rc 6le de a.el4 lip ru es c,? * -l'bilpr."
ur tu caDds,
'n.
_6r
voutivur a
in erprcL,li., pll"ipa.l la
de inlsde.
pdddt;. 4lg, dr pildi, ,{ zdredRh.s
a 'elstis
\in" ca \oo iLu.
Li ri irpsal:v caual _'.' trju
t,, .au
'nd'cabv cu .vrda . tl. , oDd"l r , ,l, ln katuld ru wdibut
rlp l9bb.nr.6,p 55-59) fl Er"rtraiN,rrxn.'- l5C' tgb0,T.'r,
p . 7 9 7 3 0 1 ) .a . e a ! p @ , t i ps d o r ' , s . c i z , i , h d @ m s t e a z a
lFl2M" d?ualb), p. laq ^ieno.t. A*Lua, raliht t, rht t tid rs
uvrrp... cde{ioorcd.rri...4' vqbul
" Re la
a d i r l F . t l .le/
d o r r docr\r.
c"F
lo lirubdd.iv
.ub aaotivulcre de la verb
',' bu e,'" la pd"iy .. /tl
dod4r f mperaivl i ntuJl
tcind
bitu.ntntoti , dlogi p,t14i \"
5.2. CenHvuI
sesiiuei l, sistend de catri prln apa senla
r, Crupulnodinel: .ub{dr'rul ssu prorunee ln cqitii, n- ioarc ddrt
@ ismen deDodental une Flrlli de .-bo donsR al calei otu
efle
1otnn nnne - un subslantiv sr u prdrnc: .,rtu @l.gului, deexemplu.
5.3, Utlllzdressubstmtlvll,nh dativ
tn poziiiade tsnd deFdddr taii de e cnlr! nonlndl (cl. V.dird O& A...repol dt &fi lal
piflUli) ftpElnli
p cal.4oie speiftcd llnbii vehi g popdde lolcit,
(cr,4zdnr (F63), II, p, 124). ln
rar in linba lilehri mtenlddi"

foate siiurtiile de ac6t lel linba 4tuali urge ta Cenili Dalivtrl pono,
ninal adjun"l al unui nune 6te o oteoric m, blni p,.Lali :1 Ljdb,
Billa i. " urrr"a/i de trl J. null' r' r brlul poqi, l\l. Aaa L dna.n
p dt
a ti dur',
A P filippide
Uo b le ln B a h ln ,
- li
Bu.rql.,
E.P.L, 19b,,p. 9'. dar 1eflepb( de null i;
prolic.Uc;
u ]ti',n d.sp.. Qatrd'k 14t4n., ,J4! t 1969,
\Ld t tndnr ?t wb4'
l n l oa tea csh sitJal,:. obaj. s% d8rd' a u rg " h s s ' i, " u p N5 i, :
penttutoda et, p?'JtuJaF6Bt,E U d.DIa@a p'o
rl" s'o ,r dsl'v
'Lr
'
inaintea v*bului: Tr-at /&1.6'tirr, de denpl, (in ld de ,4i rr'r.driilr-ti),
.ea c ,re a unare, adeeori, o nodificare a structtril, datiyll gftl'l!emr(cl c,,!r,r,e \196 1 ),
lr, rr. , r p o a reri4 n r
' i ' d!r "qh u
.d"41L.b. rM.' e.) cu un attibuL, , deti ln gcrtral 6te omplelst
Un dz sDeial d subodmare a dalirlui Islt de un substantiv .onrrilu'e trhlcl:ik.
drc1'r \ I'nbz E'rdz. dp nptlJ@due d. atu
tat rs{ltnllot s,as|td., .n.^." in:d r*ad t8e !u un
d- depr-',pd'
dald nai comDlical dovad, offidia
oblisatori. a datiwldi.r
de
t " 'r i@n'u lp r e pci{ionrl.In a6t Lp d" g u p
! u b + ll. if t a
nsold lio' JE cu .so r "DlL; nunai odod.dtulli' o n ln
ldrl,dauv !dd,a dp diuor c o consl{ciiepG:Di.r , oinponerlul p.epo/iiondlnd
.{,is/rdt,a p il6 a i q , CirlE . lru n
luti) prin trptul., drli!d6t. rnlo.ut prin cnitiv
In ombiraliile in u - rt Ll erle Lr L" b, g..il,vul 1- 8p3.ederl'
D *der de o Dreoottie,.drc "tr. zet et tlLdM tnDakiw inat*
iiudliii,, oe a{eirplu), nearrrd d l,e ., r;imul !ab'u. L ae
lr,t m dilij, di ul de un eleme.l pr.porl'drl. gd.ti.ul aprp ti
in gtuprl nonirol (ct, lrtla ,rpdtitv .eldn' i d las! doidl.
6.4. Noninativul
Dalticio, la ftlatii de intedeDmddti si de
d.pmder13.oo oi' hdu.- ;u vsbu. la troa odu,'
IMul rd;,a,
I'onll Mirsld
mql.
runepeMnol -/r&dodor.iii4r,jqr^prroJ,.
In alda relaliih d vdbul, noninalivul apme g ln sdrul relaliei de
ehiraldln:
PMad, tn 3da de Shrh6wz, a dnn ruft ws.
6, Dalivul, aclzaliul $1noninatirul au p, icularilalea .oduni de
a t'onpatibil", Lodtet d, ruoob:nra ruF bu ; hnumeros*c3?uri,
1|t',l{'^!lrn'owbfud

afui6ddakfub'idLFabnzd.efu.

vqb.ln edrul aeleiaticonunicrd.

palucip!la L rel4l' d.
,crr$ ra
l'rie
ls 'orflu- dpp"de | 6re noTa' pdn releh.j catui cI,
de pilde, Unie6itdea (nominativ)aco.d{ btitv (aqzarie) stld.nlild
Datidl !i aclatiaul pol li depdddte !i Ial, dd o intdjectie-cl.
Ga nai largt disponibililatecombiraldrieo nanilsti dativul,car
poaie&nllacta o Flalte de depsdntd qi e un adjetiv (e,.d,li,fe'
,oub NtLt. de d?nrllt an c! n ad\e.b \o a4iaa't lMabtt naL,A)
i .u un subnaniiv(ve, 531
D,erur.p op'iuFlslie,d. d-p.' d"rlr u1,t.31, qu d".ubordqsF,
one pals
ln i F mp'.dtd lrFrldl .Lbo-dt'rt, sdr t" d"o !z
de rcrbire _opatlli de a pftdta
!d mhponent'e8ml
dedne4ldtdlor

Atualivul 6te conpatibil cu pdilta de tsdd depdddl lal, de

vab ti L1, de interje!Lieia( dusla nonrmtivuluiimpli.i o rclaliede
de {hiv,lenlt o un .ubrl1riv
0nts)d.psdal, o vsbul eu
'cl"ljs
7.0. cztrl ln lni.riorul erupului ver6al. Vabul poale talka div4e
Elrtll d substantivlt $ pnnnnele, impt.indule un atunit mz (noml
nabv, d.u4[v qu drlr ).
7'1. Dativ!l
ticile linbii ffirne

6te ne.tdat ln tnvedtdelepe 6e le oldi ramaln dou, sittrati, in dou, iipuri de stulrrclii:

lt) Mrtutuin pnrrtctettttt (Le ruqudtn).

S. @dn hqs sfldalllor.

(b) sd ataru drufrulul,
D,iiLul p,le alr'buil pr4ji de lrop@iiie onphnml indkel In silu.
sliile de lip (o), la' rn @nslrucl" celedin (b) ete inlent3rirl Drlnhe po
dc e:p-ins-p s @nplenmlului dc ( (ci. de eren'bJr,hh (1963),II, p l7l)
plu, C.mdim
Colc doli tipui de conslructii cu dltiwl au ln 1io!a rcnani conlen'
pdradi 311!d1iinet dilerile.
72.
lo.ativ" nu dpm decrl rnh,ln nnnir limilaf de @n,
"Dattfll odaknDa4 k u!"i 4 p,iorj
(dsn sla din cq p' ee.
4td.\1.'nF
'ml,i
po.
d e Ul. a a o d m d l r r u l u i
r
d
,I1'111.
"'6inl"xlehru'a,nrt

Drp,(,RFAFopd,A.pj$lprErElor

luld l)i alhotc).au oreluahdeltLsaluracullt ostru evds a5a'

h..Li;l s mi r6;nLs sLe,rtra hdo',|a,.iirs'o trivirl, d r dd

rpu{uru'

di4'i'gr.?F9rF,q,$rrEFrlid p,rqdi#'*rbkl . s.cec

c. si ci

,!$rf f ,9! )r_fl LAj{ r e lcellqr opq4lle,ilhrFca,,&ceia?

",r,c,o,,rr:iLe.
'r

Araitikd (19d3\,lt, D-l7l, carccalific, Dro@dellexprlmirlt prtn

dUu d^un aniialuluidelocca ..rd ri ,n!(hil". nottui doui
e\.tqt": 4t Ii ait i ptcP,dt po^i 4 p\qk (iM lotulul.
(P. hpiKu), F,g rdri d4l dr iraid,: ri vlnluhi s4v,n. ('i, En.
nsu) I anlnd.ue denplele sint prcluatedin6/drd?d (1054),lI,
Toateau caractd ddonbllaui tlxatq in cadrul cdroa rlsiiile inldne
:inra('i@$ Ftranticerr drl slit clr'e. Ci actdl n$d, np'"1ril
r expts.iilor
de acl [el q nmifesl, :mDc:b:,tals d" u sb.tiln
' Ckizr'tn d e d@ tlrtuului
onponent le lo! prin alle uitili l.xictle(cd tual ,,rle" dints construcJiilee.lnsate, prin irevsl. sal .! e
D6ibili It ocdis slbslutlvulul dr@lrxi nici m5@r prinir-un alt
3!&lante 'a e d@ F.ideulri kndl*ului. talii Ft\ |
inpo.
'la
$b:h h rinb8,cru,r: Grnd.pune6aq duF ta lli) ptrie (kt4f$tt
ia Fald. rr.) Cu ,lll nai puline p6ibilJ,ln acmsea ffitr.ctll, :n.
pr.ums \i.t o cBnsl,cSnu ,tuegi.(d;
pdrbi|uter c.Drlror 'mnpre' srulu .1r ilr antk. de loc p;in pb.

&0, In dsisd
dondi'trdo de coa. ucttea divedtd drFni.
mnli ai lerbllui. @n Eru/&ltr
ese hr.gir'r.t it. grasEjici
ici, det.nplu,6r4udlrm ilg$), rDl+rtrrdtgdele alpui de @n-struclii
:

lnmdoie la.daplemalul iilat

O qaninare mat indsD@aDeouneln

d n[ snhildtiveledin'ioniiruchil.de

7 3 . D T p o- i ve .o n 5ul cti i ld. eIp k| F p!ein.,otr bituI. lloF,q

:i caF mdpodt.h
loarlelarei put.d .ph.:
Mu4dih pdrtcipnlitt @ntsiLt, nuda4ilq. ptufMikL padntitat).
o{lldt|ll teumdlui, Frn, unn*skEii etL).
Matl!61fr lMitttin, @dnn .. .) pa/ncipdtikt . . .
r r b ; l o -)i .u b i a n ti ve l o rca re Oo.snr ofla
aBr t' pd.' e.otr e
-rr,
ffclm.ai
0' n oe4nla daliwlui nu eslelimital, dil de .dsc
terlsticileshtignaiie r1dverbelor$ deconFtibilitttile efrantie dinlre
Tsnmd depsdst in dativ poaleli reprse.tar $ pnnh-u plonume:
Mu|Mtn tlrltot ld.a|atu,
atuui -..).
D i . , m t L .i i jc o " ri p (b ,rp 'e ,h L .oob dtlilsF,' s,r \r tn
\irl.o. dEuC" t; ln desniarer intdnl a litrbii a(t,aje.o d.pc dal
r! urui adb, ddtul nu apared41t lntr-o lnici
poritie ii puted

ti la otopletr{tele,cj@'{s1rntiale

.privsc, ln prlm,l.nnd, peibililtllle lkrion,re

h "d stru.Filecirumrentlrle v6rieralf,a

llqion,.! tsts martimirau
5i ill*) dn n o .itujflh k alhl
.

(h \ L@@d tmt lo i@d" tunil, nzi trr i iuat,

. Dadrd. t ppq,. Dapq'

.shr,f.slusqcalp$potl'le.d.r.i9ut
ldi!!)
q'rqal$c
^

ln shimb, intr.o ombinalre PUN d4th $ntuadt. Gdt cdrlit aoa

Enmrdi), slbstdtiwl poateaDirs CiIt pl$al: PUM cd4tb gt|'ia:
(N ti EtEMile, nt$. stdtet er.,).
C.Ntr-cliile(.(r6r1.1ttuleon.liluie o r eCdjenotrogsl ti ,ub
Jp{iu detdtri lor pc @rele a@p 5 subsiantivul
: ln onslruclii.
detip (b ), aesta aeeD$ detedineri, nai al cu sns cantitativ, exp.inate prin adje$ve sau nuneralei
Lweed iund 1'/!. 8i.
Al@al 9a&t iini
dar d delelnifin substahiivalcprcpozltrionale:
A lwat ani tu zl]L.
In oturrucln'eoerip \b sub,anliwlnu rcpra dRI' unon o{s',
ninanli. Puien spune,.venrual
A qa4d d4ib gnMi dq6n6at!,
dar nu pulen uliliza un deidmint l1n DM

@l@,\'Dautu @lb

3,2, lroba 3ubsutniidc! prcnhde lacent clari ded*biE ouue

substanliveledin consllucliiledisutate.
PGibilit.tea lnl@uirii substantivuhi prin pbnnnele pdsonal ln
a-uuiiv lncaTulomplererlu
d' dnql Orll"l?. k'nlttcldr .dla.)
l0 .oEtr"liil. .d.idmlarlidl.
ti tmpdibilitsle.aetei subslilulii
r,
nu
sht
re06ale$unlBile
luh.a2d
lpdtt J Lwtud l^tnt.),ri.' 4
uLnM .. carliletpencuA uud .titttr t{n aJ ,^t .lr dotutu
(penhu D@u olac.)-*parn nel onplenenlul dlret de .irc!nstantiale(pe c.re ie situe.zl e o otegorie dai mitar, dsit aprrea
din pqspeciivaenpatibjlittiilor llexidaE). AcestedeGebirisubaspetul
posibiliUlilor dedbsti ldie jutillci indlbi tabil .otuiddars ln a . n , ativ r substetivului orpl.nent ditut, dd fac duhto6: cacterizareancuati! a3lb6taltvolor
dinLuve@dlfrL.D@tM 6te..r.,
Floxlmea {bstantilali $t ,djelivde se calactEieaze pdn qtine
on@inn cazule plneE ln wjdenli a valorilor disiincide nohlnatir
ti acuzativ,pe d. o pa e, eEiiiv i dativ, pe de olti pane, e badaza
p. lld rnia pi@um.luiperonal.calepreinrj lo!m. dl"dnck palru
IIeft caz.Nusal lnlocuile lnfFo poziiie dalt . lnel tornlesubsian

unu !'a
u!/-e, sineue, prinL o ldma puo'nlmlr speilkr' Ptopi' vn
un.3u
4
repreenrhd
nb'rrnhviu
;;;i;;o6io{e
'rrur
su acuz3tI,de eQbprur'
inoEinsiLv
(
m
pr
unum
e
nu ,dm i l s bJ " l i api
sr bsbr r \eh.r " ,d.14,,.
ptn
advdbe
edp.;
pot ir insi inl4llte
'

iml
L@d
Daattu @ac

cl'd L@twdl
(^n d.dtu1

Erjidls !itddrii.o' I I !te subsrsnlvrr u admlt" deil ubslilul'a

I b n b a ' a q d n dI P ' i u i a
f l! rd r(D. ! l o l + n ' s l a d d . S . P | \ c s ' i n , '
ho;"i:.
rcud duar
!.Lala. Bu"u,p!L:,1940,p. la , pNim. \
XL 1960,p 4961,"rrluild oDu'
hdao
;sidualaiin
'orAdd,'CL
@n.!drt c, lr !iiu,llle in dre nu
i.Rr subJ,n!w'ui prir
Dronume,
declt substantivtl, alen 3 face cu un @ diz.t ,iare sl, dee"
'o'rc
J o i. , @di i | d o . r o d i n a l i v t 3 . z l \ r s o u n i l , t . 6 n u i $
1r prt'cipl ld op@i.
s;raDu$. un I. d" tormi Ao.au n"trhd, ff
t \9 Ldtc ri 4otult t4N c
. o. Diaco' r.
t id ' ir d
ijit stt^toitiuLt nnaw, Bv. "rt, tS 0, p. to3r con.idsa e rn
co;slilciiile de aet lel apd xtorne) noritule
partlcipl la oporira dinlre qzuri ,
A c s re o a .I c 'l a r i k l ' d e : v l n d d ' _ p o s i h i l i l l f i . d . L b s l . l u l i e l e r ' u a ? ;
, :dzuil. apropil(d-lPca!de,dv" be
hk.ur rbd s0e.j6ll,l:r d"{
'er
6.d'a
r lobJj, i l, p, l ?4. I rs !t.au r. ca douanodalirelidLtr4e
de sprldare a circunsL'nlatului de linp, constroc{iil:
\^) lM@abn:i ...ou dal Ma or.. /il. { luni t zgr.
tdorci* ut l.tttuitt dropki.
'rfti zni d. d thnd idk ,tmiatu.
lh) An atte4at ro n t pe Eninm.
Dtntni.tL blzitdu ta rhandh 6rotr-(lia crrcum.lanF,E^enplec df crLpuiG, r"l l'
cu/.liv
t; r: o!eDo:ilie",
I u lu id e ln p p i '
, , u b J , L v e l n a'pc'Jrtte
i,r cled,n slp. (b), ls r\pnmre dFst". l:r de circunJm|d pm
a d v e. b e, d specilicarta.i:'Pnnhe adldbele de iimD .are lndepli.
dp - uq.'a tt d. lirp 'ieure.t ri .ubJonurelcru
ne( hrcl
? l l . l e o o a r l e az . . esj u a n oi m p u - i l el r r d ,
ro ld " s o d b'T"
c" . . o m u n ,4, r@4"
la u'e f edeuEar3, to.:
In ,c4a{ (a-sorle. rr; r unelesb.lzn ive (u plulalul elrlcuhl ca:
|L"ik, iak, tui1', naptb t..cbruideRntele p4Fu cs e el" dll priBt

B'stiE F';ftIth.ddnre la
!a prtnaubltn[F, rdr.ererfin
'gi'Dur tb) ra ;{xprldfd lnn"*dilm
adEthi" rra1t, eidu.dF rst ndtaFl
I a fl .urrldlialul dedod (op&, ll, D.: 32r' * f}cdnre;lr.U.Ts;
'hAhi,dFrin@ Oftr ,ail5{h1t'vq4DpdDdnlleo.vrtorreldlirbi.la.
(,{tao,'d. s ,i/d tlntd ld .r,. de..reailuJ;
T@Leaete ob*.v,l|, -ublnnrr' piirlis excn.ric.,Ials de 5i:tedul
tur a tcnnLelds bnallivrk inerMl'F ns pFpoz:iid).deaptr is
3.J.Das q @nsctiih cfcuqsr,nr'aledi{ulaL. & outemvorbi
de acuafir, n {ioi.lnis liind ahld pd',rcr oi.&ii de luojantiv a
'dAftentAbrlI dlTul,e,a(utrl.Vu'
poaleh diniihs- ca &finr
p
llrlac
lia
c
o
n
t.
b e n r ili re iL.'n.m{uM
.riir'Jljorku
!o/ll.
'ln alfe subluntiitl
sr'oTnlDlh ln rtunli eDeinlr o cdst r(l'e
6rt fdd tAliru dasft pdr(tu
'V, 0 . ' TdnC d il l e ro p u dve
i i b a i1, o trrrraIr vu. * itu.g!t!sr r i
$!;'liirud'de djnltdttii L.
Mdu iN,\ !ht.
lr&:a INJ .r. pDf&dd (N!)
Muiia (N) ui@ litefi
tN).
cdBirrfid sjnlactjc
ubiFlllui (\) m detuirE{IcArl}rNds:eleh6n(uloi oredloth 3uplimenlar
r\J | - ot OMi,e,al96r. li
Ex.minarca
r6L' oBn.ra
d eh rej uti.irri at" noMa
'rts. pro@deleta care rn i.dx h
tt$lui nu pot fi dllsentiate lolosind
iadzlrl,cbhatlutlr16rad'daiind sd rduzaltrtrl.
T oaeRle rFiatuzil. noninativ pr r dpj t, o @bhalk t i b . r d
d.d ! 1 n t e ' d u b rl rrti vd & u p l o n l mb l .ln160i' ,i'tli
v pa!r r eazJ
nerrt*.1carodsisticile
flexlon,rcJi sinlacli
(a) Pot fl la sineularsdu plfal:
copilut (NJ o!*gd,
'c<i\11 ittwid.
',4.sra.de.elev1N!).
,'Atlg\a:&t11"tl&|
1d,.drr ,td$ [rt'fa.rr 0,t ].
I tb.
\i'Itb ndu lntarc.FtIn*rirt
diirtiiid i.r.
Jyf,',fiji{'i:*'

rd iiiilii

h dd! :pa. ndriili:tlv(l

ils
:l

mBNd

Foidd

a co4ryNsNrob' suqru

(b)jpqqa@,m@ rei.oed.bninrt

in limirelepropriiposih,liatilo

Vol@ul zc4l4 d. rqflrt a'wt

T,atnt zt udrl d @n b.*@ld.

wB

EJete ar 4e Wn
ce .]nt|.I egaa n tatk dsalt#1+

/ra $a ,'daa peJ6a. .b. n|ien}.!!cf

L-tu @Nidsat s4l4l d.t {.tLt
(c) ln toale a6te tel situalii, nooinaiivul p@le fi rp]*nl:l

pdn

El
l4lal
?u '.a
d,t r!.
Azi nL nd slnt e! lx6Mi\
Dir Isplul ci nrnele in ndrinativ lti pistresd nqltddte h lorre
(rololos'e d @nretlil" 'r cm apstsp.dic-lrrild,ilegEnaH@1.
(gL
iJinabrllrsoeificedu,oe ca.5ored@*bi'odr so/al|r!l d5,tiv,
d"f
i'4,
rti
,inkcde
notr'Erlv tu D@h ri u,ilial tn
0dili:
E nevoiedei s, Dunem
ln "vidrrld slh ca a.krkl.i.tFablle !, diled
9.1,Dtnrree- t- Dd lii siiucue ln oa tprP nomiaaJld,u@
re.[@ad c! vsb!] o rhli de
@ qxe leDre4nte
sablectuli
pe
t 3u b o F
c i ndtel el aldoun
te $nt tn r aporde
inier dependenl d,
Tipll der e l,a t i e la re Partiqipi nooirraiivul olltE a,6ilrltrat'n ,_
liwl ssbiet Nil namhaiJwl,ridrn alelallp (oui otutoclli cfiaqtsruL
drel}l1odedaro<hnlt htlateiat d'nLe $bl4r!i *rh \i gisSteexpP:
sia ln ilptd ci flbi*trl inpue allnlle par{idlr,ttnli de nMnr F
Desld!. rrtulix, cde ,,e .4rddqc!.loelesnllecl; dQendsla $bl.q
il]!i lal!-d. @h * naiiftsa laoal Itr rorn' 4ec a z ananelul (,{e$JlJi

ln @lk1tepozitii (N3,N,), rcdnativul & inrludi*i

rsrpra ldhei

Ei sid (p1.,por.rul (sg)

r-4, ar6 (peE, lIa pl) depltatGE.).
Pradla Gau absnt4 s@rduluivsbului cu un tune in nomilativ
o.stitrie ln aete ondlilt, o ca.rcleisticn suficientt pdh! a d@sbi
Don U a s u b : a l d .@l e l a l " d o u :p oa,ll i ?i lcalin( ' uneir r r oq'r r iv,
Sub i e c l u l o rsmri d ; d e j d erM p F :r ,l pditii.dtr Dr e.upun
l n Mo n i n a tl v:'
re la t i cau l e r h u D
s(or d, ln.
lni D!tu pezia.
lnl olnc Miitb.
Int btdolL @i.,
rcnjry')v? p@h, @itta, @i repretnrl pol. a rbii(,. (4i rp bul
pr:n nonitut v o opun,i x oileren.
9.?. Celelaltdou: pozl"
'",liare
prin
de"rtntsl
raDrul
ra
influenka,
rorda!db i r il' !,ru,liih
1ia,
'i psf,iulari ),i d" nurr
ln caree on.ti$ acelear'
! o4oam rnke
wbul resflr !i a"6t nu;? ia ominariv \. e. \.
i,en a tae d
o@inclddta,dotoliG rap'ul. rz' nuoele n dni.l,e'cd ar !1 vederc
a e s St s'i l sLc @ )i.uLF,tu, Do' 3s sel )i . a md " d . li. g ' rn 3 .
ficsle c3 numel. s!6iet, vej Madrtildli. , \3.2.)
Penbu a dNti lnire ele aele dolt pozitii realikte fiin nume ln
tuninatlv e neeard punsea ln didente ir uno! particulaiilrli duden6'azd'r a 11963'r !ludiile ulterioaiFdtut.,h "ehmenluluip ed i,.
tlv qup' bentd"nvos pcnku a di.t iC" drdla palte oe propdzil. dr
R d; i dn " p p d 'carivverbul d."a. a. p id , c o n : id d i rl
Jo
aspet.r grrdr', d" "abYlactiarc" rtunr;a loJ de "aulononip
. 6sului". A.lLl, o.turtd (lgbjr. ll, o. /6. D..j/sai
'DdQbnd
o r o l i l nve r b .l e
talpc llig, r r; e r" n u me h p le d ic t
l.rb
'@
poDrivi.
(rdb.
.iv
mpul,live n6l dulL i,u dr ; d'i tiD":!ede s\
lexicai) 9' elemdlul or"di,' v .uDl:n.rkr rlr pemzl rar!< cu rs
lerjcal deplin)".D.{i'i1B dn re cle doul cleeor. dc rsue r 6.e
on0c. i.
s u o & D4 r5 e maic
n.
! n , a clsr d .@cin urepF,nLdulericare
Intr. djlsji]e vsb. s rl.b La difeRntede lrJd. Ir j@,t; d cu verbele
cop
5e p@ie,
{.'. o'. ql, L p. 99) c, a rlh d" d Ij
-wbu'
'rrtiE
op'lj,lr.el
ma: abslB"t El. dr s@a, lel n.i CBnar,.rlial mai
pot

ca a
DdLcir la d", nep editaL'nlnoninali 3l F vdb' : ,,Unele
h{
slronorue
3u
;.aa, d * /M
ononu
d,dnodie m m4". un@i. onltnurur br r*fd aeDalEre
ns3ri Ddhu, rl vsbc rcpdabief at0ndwbere reDetrvemra In
cu *nnn .,,P&
F: tu re i/dldeaat?
!;E;;i, iabelo' prcdjcal
w.
.;se' dm,' ao r opi ,l
ts ub noatbl de ar v aoer d@ PBEi
pRdr@
ul
:
dl"
*
ntrl.
sinerr
o,
;; .orugierci.nl pdlru a alca
!i
- \op ,u, n p t00l Pruiarilnlrog" e ra' lr l"g,tur,
;;d,"!Asi,i'.
nrgr oF.apnre
.u elrnenlu' predi,tlv .uDljmmrt ,vsod" PA
vab' d q! Frml
elend.ul prediei! {Dudenrz !hr. h gereBr'
.ulor cn..:.Ad 'i ,atul ,aet,| atue o l i puttu. a l r tuAd* ul a o
t;6 erc,V6oir. u sm.exic nai slabs p aff; la t i : a J>ubl
;o,.kal d rue sbet. carePot ri rEl'-llr d ul elemsr pledicarN
,Lolir ";r;r ri \-Me @pur'nr cr num' DFdi^,tiv 4 /,tu;t? d <d
a;dta,deudta " tap.i t,It p 2l o)
Din ac " peizJri ru+ .d ele dot: ctleorii de vob" rp'" i l:
ifl rondun mltiluua .rrcldiz.i p'il difsle de gBd, dl ,pdP!
ce Dermirddvbncs dhneror: 4,r n a/xd. dFprd4
!n abroeD",
i;k. re li1ri. r'uprinz o',qa @n" rr inleriorulco-hdldi- tiiledrl
smnJistdt !i disotablle.
Retdrs t,oli..r6 $dantic:'s rdbelo!cucac r i'iirr.porluri in.
po' tli slnh"tlceln di*ulh
b.iice nu ste su.i.dro Denku, diqrinse
Dllcdtals d. a delimild6le d.ud p@itrtldtiel deft prin duntte
Daricildilar ale vqbulul ddue L ,brndonars di'tin.t4
l,n'E ele i. D. D!a,ove. n ! tn .tn6t D6e'P "12tu.1
tu 2,D.235urmlp'oDur"o
at.drtdoeeti!*n|t lln cl- 1967,
idarhiarea .rtroelorprediotive'lnirei c.teodi
de emdulI: ad? |
de ;iad'n rl. d.,iE lfloas,
dedadl r l l l : br
I
dodae..d'cterul {]B'nd al la'o hxiale a vo bdordijlocjoae
an oordt @ nu sfr{@d addul adjeclrw". nu ars4"
cusubiectul...'
fiDorttrl dein*nla h 6e a@ts dln rfl5 s gAs.9te
dc num" p P
n'nro!
ca'egdij
ddebkea
ma'
onaidi,
tn a(6te
dioute poatefi redca la d'brll,
ht@@aavt@lqLabptdidnv,p! cro p'optr. P Drsi ores
pt"drcalttui naqindt'
@'bat :a M?aryalo
at l?dt"! .Eedutut

ln sG, II. p. ll2

ll3).

{1

sJ{aqllj4,ldl;r4taritt

aintd,-;,adF#hori nqr. do&odir*

'bF tl4*ul e
sd prin .ubordorore!oF. dvtnd.tn
lr{o.rl. h ,crl cikr
redde drnplel.'Jlric.ddor&R
a I'm $in! dd cd\bte*
d . 6 u b le " t s u d . . o d o . rr n . n I d i r e c t , l u q e l u i I a ! t u e s
Boorl.r?,, elenstul predlLaniv.ilollbd&ri bnc qra decj de rhue
difsjti a el0r ddtr.illnlLfi.
luru"slntactici"

#Jp,$h#irfittffiffmtrtrS"ffi#
Abord;eafd sdrdh !6p!niv" p.sibjhrdr'to'
ttcsubsLilurk
nu con
dFdld^f lrtF n,i clare9rh:rtufrru DonuheFpsiiniiJ.a,rci,ndr.
dFirr, prliumer'rnd-crnd
s.d\, .ai NhiInkidft.u debaate iile.
rd6v:- prdudF sL rdEbf
n, s davedeLe
rihvtillt Ddrir
d'ren4uFo cet.! d.irb !on,ti. c,ci rr betesjri,jii nirnek o;,."
rirod'ljt nd piih 4, liF rh .!dt ddrrrD.
'1 :
'j

rnpufiiut da ..wntLl;:

Edtdntreo$$dl'l.l!.
et!l&'

c li$irftf,

Rehlisde sbdri.LliPru p'onumetc

su cfid!66u1 ret;i v oJF I
"
d.laairul, nai al6 decrl'tdl?amllotoi"t
@ ddlejn,a
'
'umeui
dr'. p., lu: te rnrdtu.esri
sublr!'uvete.iar /d sdiertueF (Cnen,
..pc:bili 1rlo.r ?sqa$beteetebanliti tudcafiv" it, /,adii.(hr..
rillug srJtllbtivr, pdrle li \ubstituil fie piln @,Jieprir.@,1
fdituse. de r dl.itngr'qFrt dbu, IMtr inuadc F i; rbh,hq
dhorr,ijoiltna d. r.n tu 'i'it ese n4rart d,eorvsste .hdn !ft .,u
dc pt dgplo0lemb
elananitu irri.tiv "upUlorjr ch{d ndinee
lK;n 3'" 3a ptl, ln litlriqrir rfilneso,
ombr.osar{eul o6u.
ldir'..:ullr du
sedeDon{re. !l lslea.r dF pq e dp omDoire
d ; s r j n c u d . r $-"t
o n l a n e n tcrr,i .F i d u te scu sL. , D. 12,:t29i
N!. c . r . g o ' F - .u , S C :J,0 .IA :S . ttIItr Lpitos8,n- .A,p.er .9s,,
$ $briniur i arocr,eremenrutui
tn di .irs! tnumitnumppFd(a.,i
clr.n.hnL'a,,hibu1r .umtnual,plqd'r cjrrumhta )s nLnele
pEdistlvr s pnne!i A/ndi$ shtualAi\tt .ftntqiloi; cft ca'1jyraa
@trpo ri o flntuT..ru
lddud pRdca@ ri ispo/ dd .rlure"z
a
.\ a'u3l i d. iuloidmrd cd'dr'tu {t 963),I I, d. tlo- 2 | L"oqdon
fa
, dat; ab-}rv4ie r lehr dl itto' : .rl6alirnd{ d Fredtnjtreund
d ild a+ni'iirtnli 4emffijld inedton! $pnndir. c; Drediemt unei
prcpoiiliicodrdMbif aju lubdldddtn: \.n t i,a botnbbdi.rh&d paz!
n n klesc, sa tud, ;l ?io htied tt pthix.4 i.t a,r u;tir.o drkntu d
thclnd tnxan.i .M ad,Lt.n {a bok^o $ dla(4 . Fc\na'i-M .:u

' - iiic,prii"i*a*r. uri*,i+v,+narr

ll rL{.d midd

c. rr;nddt'lvrlai cu ur dplu d" p'oporiiirl.csre

(a,I doplt dtdd:

0{l+\iri:

Copli,r6,irodii&! (Ni-Fdl+Adt
drq .rre re'.11,Dnnt'.on.fcse comoorlnd:
ooirers I'j N,,
a'vgbului.l tia cqn4t+. .' m do"sld r, ordJ'or
1e@ otrDUd.
iului ndJrIn detdd;rli ur V. rrrsbLrh{ri:oF pHpun oindtlr,
N,=NJ,
Pditu !n dunl de t'til,:
16)Fda y it(fueabnttt (Nnm+v+Adi),
nunl rr.Fot (lnciu.t iniac'icic. si lr). u $ poaleporl fiu de
lv) rake pRIe
ti
Ea .d. dd4'nila
o'qdqj!I prin orddrre aEas p/61@5i a a e adqtu!6'. ct . prcpad|{ fs l.F atci ''i 6c opl ul 6uunonti aut" oi L'ad,c Ior i u,
c !r e
pMl. fi oolind pdncontragrre
LinsL rt s
dinlr.mcuptud"oropo.
:ilil in mpo r'bJ
tde s u bor do n s r e de fi oul :
Ed (jttal .de alotntd.

rj lezqlqln urnaJqlonlleriilulN,.,l-i d ii j slui"a i 0) r leoll ui

Adj de vt, opAfallec,l! Deirilne n,no6=N@n
ReullAdei,, BDorka dur-rud.c.lPddr t'.diclri! luDltIM
ur la siupjri de piopdzilii tr rapdit & subordoFir.Fitda fi inDtra
1 rumai & ulmiie porliculalil'i sl9 .h!.1iii irtmr 3 .nunlulur.
dar rl de unel. parhculairtrfi
dd conuint.

pDpozilii in relatiedesbordona s porterzi

tEdc{ed,o.
nmdN deo.l@n I l9b3),I l, p. 209,u rezsveca fimd ,,untip 6p.ial
ds offtrucle FlFriL.l Drin'io mtruclre omple\8. in 'are t
dbMh eemdruluivdbal iburi, dpd numoidFlerrun,h
'r'6itd.
Din r.eri s-darl expunft rei* ca pMha "elemdt Dreiiol:v
$ p U n e n k r "6 k p b p ri eu n o rd tn i u ri d er i va t.
03. ln simb. raporas la o lrupar d" pbpdilx h relaljede
{mddmre:aud.srboldonF dnd qunlu i d numepldrouv e:
'
la) Id da to@(bl Pardo d. ftatuaaa

nn n a $ . t n i e- IM a a , P @j od e - sk semnI' . $per llu:

rn caf arlbuiRi uneic.rltli Ltl obiat pGUPU' . x ic_
;;njue
tent, obietulul,crre nu mdl trebuied.d tlirntLi

Cuptuine:
b\

P@td t6..

Pa.ziaed,etufloosn
nu rint eru o at ical asPplabilqbul d Jr refiibdomPstlbll
d,clenei
,4deat in@opr$bililot

un mrnt de liPul:

qittut dtuE ti nFuut.d2 nM

nuer. pclbil di4 dicim ',poruluierh,diclortulinlre r lr J a &ana

io grima par {bddonm nu ete Dosibilidin
la@ll co.{rucliild .r nt ft prcdirliv av.m3 lre d"d cd @tu_. _
s.4 Dm*bkead' nr uDelep("diut v (NJ sl dendld prediotiv
' dou5p@iliiljlt dk.Fali4t.pri4 no r:da_
{Dl. derld (\'j, di F..le
iie @.ar im D un.a.or du. F r b'nd, c dts gl n pdti c i pal s@ l ei
dint:i lr o shj.tdl primrl, lundzMtalr. a (el.i de t out la o

.EN 'U N l U LU I

'sU!IECTUL
Xnndi
1,0,poziild stntactici.{5feel idelililA pti4 t.ttia@ w'
^dt!
md'! wb&l .!tu?:nld tn dtli. d2inld.Lviaf\
^@pra
'npnhn
loli,
iri ltter.ilztd ln rf.ra cuei defi
TMLeonnrmLil e sueoEMle d. a flbs{fll reu ne a fi $bslihtle
rrnftr )unnme rit@-ai!4r ffidflL tulil.6rj
LEinte{Gfi'u'e
_dl , sa Ue sir'&! i i l u t l r 'lropliec6ki Dottirintertie,
t,r.?nn uifupol,rs consiloan'ol snlie.l nmele'ln rcturttv
."rt*,fli' turmiitdeinterdeDdddltiu o foH,,wbrU lrr'atird.d hcrB3slr
'I' i l . "6D rrpml !4.ed'lol t" "M;r + trM:.
derql /" a e6?dd!i. | 1 ,c4u dr,riie sinl :Dn reiul safislliv . .r
ti odduile mpfdale - ){'[oiti
'1t|, mi bl) r6tr!6q, & .'opl!
tu ro ...) parrfu 4ii ro 6t. I'o,.. uttglttc ufin ttut, atl!fialll . t n,o
r timo @erfibll cu noxi!reain p.cor E J ruoirt,ce Ndhn lotdi
'6@D A boild tu pee,.drii. . . ;i si htui{rl r! rEdleidnl . . .l. 4re
i,slii:jLaa laportul:dr iisdeprdenfi E"rhd tu .{idtnlr: id.ttilals
der.lau.dt@onuG \db (TlaOd4iejndhluitai, devdbln itt{6io
rul sc.d;idalii, h crld-ddi .fttru.lji) $rdoEdrrlc, u umre. par'
. Effita .@dolD,odltre .au subnm[veln rcdBuv ],4es de.ub.]i_
, 1.2..ftohlere speiale ridiot rapoduldo i^tsdepoddli cre hclude
.{ nqbls Idp or a Ii v , m odpppl i u{or dt[dl r ete c {ac tdi at.fal 5
oc.'lel,lr. {ddwi.p"srrL, F:ntr'o'mci sie Lo4pdall.redut I'
.dolo fo'tre de'pe.mu d IL, dil|gde $'plural. Cjje doui,Idne
lliihd, la ioale rabele: net,dtlEqiitte,,:uli4trul. vqbului: &r hpllativ
lttl,'llrd cdetoindiuti5dshivededeind4a{6baElln@leo
rD?rl8ilc! o djb6'iilizft I stbi.btul ieft dlnddltl a.elaeiinintjod'li

d& r-i

dr b13 d*#in

Fr t

lsreo !!ru!ilo!. n6!p,lrol Spud. d. objei. Vitat t@olt l nn

yi$ ttrl, tr.'/r vol (d$n6v@cr.) , .r.. rrod at .drMi.
lips;hvut
.\Drla, un o-din, o rug:nin,e, u $t, o inviktie, DoEi,uoea erc.
rprri d sde@i ln mhrlii
cu smcle rntsmatjv. In tr,.tuije oe
a"*l rel y .nllbuinl.a ns,s, si vd.st,n, - ca1 a rdlur.:
dirccl., al Ini.pplirii. cr u'Ta-, voo.ivul ! I'p{arivul 3in de o4rc
stal, (dii) bdietcI
adpli, Naltoli cu alentit.
D " 6b ice i.id del6inml. rp,r dr un subh, r n a v o c a riv . r, . , , p rolv. ae lcrcnpo.-lLe preirta dte{i @ra.ldiei o".unar
In a se m a d "o rlacl,i,vaalivul po"lP. is i6 F ro t ra d s t o u n ila . e
sin acti.i n e d p p. n d en r r,alz dF vuoil ta i6D{"rj\. )olutiesorijrnirr, Intle alt F, dr pNbr.il.r.a d. . onik od.ire dimc !e doul
@nponote aled rlu ! rorp. stdi. l Mit Laik t 1i id ! \ Mai 1aa. D,
t @ e a.r l r .5 .mpeatinl ii vo.at.!rr,dq io n o iL b . t . . n x . e , , B r-u u
rse Mods
. u aRa teo.jea cazui n drc
".ip'oc. A(e4U iatop
*Ddi qativul, ., md,liste rotui aa "r'cioa!, or@i,;',. y .,u.
.,|e, mnuniLini, dFelel,fe ca/r', Jn d-srpsleDEdrrd.r0
r0lrl ilo! sre * slrbll* lnLe .or0oynlt enunlutu:hf. dp q+p -!,u,
c,arudiu (t96t),1, a. 7st.
Coi d.rl, dc nundoi r'".nD6a.:v si \rariy, o :idercL o drni.
f 61.Faa 6 r d u lui,a_ondLitu,ritrnldDie rr6 L o , d iv u t L i. a " , b ie c t
al imodrtr'L".
(fn Unr'L .I; onen;as, ted \oquvutui ab,6t
a l0\r rornuirft de It zd| ? ehe", ln l,Edta .u @ek Lt, | 1 | p,
1916.rr. 6. p. 55 - 59 si ,tn s. S r t i. Ekwnp d" anotbo, e tAq.
InlclpFtr., .o ,liwlui .a .ub.e. at impoat \ I a.e inpor.arle
(r) vtr,ivutd o ' 0 io re t a . ie
i n le in lc d d lolosi(.
u @a c
rlelalte catuL I (bJ$b\.dnnal
Dswei
cu doi
nenbri ln opMllc pss. , IL 'sm6e.ir.!o,d
pdi , IIi a,nonv(arivf
j.totLtoin m,ht tio;h,toilionu!
rcr P. Di,.o
cscu, <"dun 'cstjv,.
r,rdry{, Bu"F,t', 1970,!. .9/ 931.\itoda !;dd.utur u .ubiet
sl rmperarjvu
ui peupune h.rdjres a@lui07..el DLl nrn unelemn. l 'u .i i i .ln r e h f emiqne.e Iorgmt",,aL (. LV . 7 d '
"nghea, f6k
tucotitulu ttu,1n KI l9@.ir.3.o ?97-731r.
tnvocale a"o d'iui ln a irda E e,,isi :inra(tie d qu. v(Uv 5i
iopF.si-v are nFdjutuulde, nu d ? *oma de amib,ul recutitord;
iio imds , lterdependhlei:qub(tot Dlonubeod@t rm/uR \
b u u i"n m l.
D}lrulalilrti dp nuriri Dr6 lp u n d , n u m, , ep a F

pr BU puTur b
tdir ir ali d" p.' s oa 11. i " I s ubi el uls ub,r anh!
dr c i .3.b4r tl v - .n
a l l l .a.l n
la' dn, d- p4s dana
'ondi l i i'ons l e p'.dlc'ld pd30m
u (wb)
1@ i. .Lbisl a lrebui$ secombineo
(Aceasta
dlftclltale dkpare daci
r IIl a ! n! la Dersana a II a.
3c@ptir- cl. P. Diaconcscu, &a al. -c5 walidl tepiezint
un substartivlr Dsem s II-a.)
O alti Daltioladtat cares oDffe interoretiril v@atiwlut ca subiet
@nst'lud D6ibiltlats de a coiipleta totdsm outul cu Dredicalla
inoe..tiv pintr-un pronunepdm6l de pNanr a tl-a:
Mdtit, oLN \ni atcil
Inttdli (vot), bdi4i,
lndi lredla porumelut subtet esteleNri, c, Lal, preenla
Bdie , pontli rot trtti, tu tu dllqdtt pe na|.
Nt spnen Bdt4t pqntli xtd?t,nu nealeptdli pe tut.
De alffel oincidenla ln numrr a votiwld li irperativuhi n! 6te
INE, 8e$ali n ti p. nitul
la o61ruc1ii de acl Iel, o.i p!$ necvqte, dd o@te, vostivtlj
/@!on5 i uh o'lLqeelare,
ie! ine@tivul Fp'ai rE otugienld (!du
a atrageln nod tP*lal,
uno-din)aiupr!!areittnrsre.ars:'F
'olulde
alcniisino ;sesne ia @lii inldDel,teDrinvmadv).
Cr;o vealivul ete @curdl
un dunr d tll moddecl lo per'
tn1 lrt. capii, oi^etdt I. l8tc 'nlr
e! d @t; niia. eic,),idotttdtai de
nune dlnLevocaii,>
6re ror4r t1'6rlltoaF. (f. de*edplu,
'al
purd
r
rm.,
nnn" I pu?n'nii' i tafu..lt pttts @n rn@?.
'i ntarp"rj mtiET |a.re. t nuta@nt nLireA.
lM. am
I' z 6;od i l
ai * D s F m ,i D ou \'i !i nu ounem
D ee,m aaor du.
lu rd..' s
d" hleidepende;kr@tu'driddentma di,.rcvr*
' i! l: \sb.'elslcr
fl !a o ap,oj r p ,
ul c dhodv dti .ubi " tul i npr atr
!dlui ,u, declcn,l nulle ori,:.elztl
rclerent.
" ,p
r.s. O extrapolareda alu nai!.d intdvine ln aidbuneaclaseisubicl
din cdtuhucliidc tiptl:
nohinativelor
ElhuSldtitdtui.
in car. norinatiwl 6te incluslnir'o rclalidd o inldjdclie : cotuldddfta
dGteid ca predicatserealirazi onslat\c(d. Ptedia u|,

rFal! de'irlaiedi. pRlsr,rfIrude.su

subtunnut.jn-Fohl@!r
inu posrer.pttdt.,rn..jdrcl ;dsrd analotit,4*fi.@iti, ehj*L
2. cr:s de$bs{itutielubieLdprrdd.u sitbaFlr ddadii,po }ile.
/(r).s!b sf6n tiv h nomhattv:
s@1, hetul.
ltt rt.. e *.d6q!a
.-6lr.l pdatFIt,{rrlira'. prd suo$a1.ive
popriu,is.,:L pru
-,P-otlia
E . r e n L e k s.b sa n ti u F ,p o rs.." m(Ei.li"itp ca* moltde
Ti.ial o.lo!.lt* t ln cdato'
ottl ,t ea Wtnl.
s-bilantiLorileaeidstrle,
tn 6oui.r
!u carads nelau@u_r-r,u
eF rrjtij' caqurieJ 3r.:c' Joool
'n allteld. rx' lui ln cturcLvtnlul
'rogssuc.p.r ?FFea{efhsnl e&F.Irrri,ale.FuU.drhi.
Bln EdealnTb da 4od,
Peapu. ln @&tu41aMplznerttld aJfl.t.
ronh,Srwtupgt ct,
pelrla rd. intedep@dPnrs
tn caee/ tta suhet ej rSe;-ta p+n
sub.lmu!.,plinde6alddle rtr4d, rl Gbia pmoe!..tll-rireu.
la!5i plm. Ceuren,a .1,Io,nbe.depaNand,Iqia tt{ dagrs. cr'e
ertlFr, D' .u peFoar, l,t a il.alplm 6LFconoitior:Ldc p ecnl,
.unui.uuat .nultipl!.cuph zlJd ie Lhs. srbst,nliv.eim prcnuf; d.
p6$.na I eE,arll.. di#tr ,4u,ph{sl,comp
:!.\ si:rlbrl^.!eni!, !111i4r,
:$ol f,,"l4atlr, r!/dr,. at@.
Tr t, Mrir,E iiii,8tttu.
vol ti MNia @ni hdL'v.
ln no!4iraliv:
{b) Pronrne
Va14i vot i1?trd.rEne

ld tunctlede I o r n a tsnerului bal al relalieideinlerdepdddF,

prorunelesubiect$ grupeazd
ln do!, cale{odtdlstincte:
- polurd csreap8i :1 oo,ei,e (Ebsle) 6 dpatioite
ri .u rstiz,E prin sub5ranriv
a ooztikisubecr'

4rt
prdune ocu!nteln onrelld (vqbaG)
EL
a @1e.l\ Ele dl
Tu ^r
.l Eisit a ha.td,
Nol mde.m la nute
Vot v, lntjaql cutlnd,
A@ U , dor, .rlegdre .uDnrd" p-onuEete
pd$n3le de pdsaD I
s,r. rr'a s0Eura'l_o rar, careDrin, 6ld patio a lb,e * sep a de
eir4E pionume.blu( \ de lronudeF per$mL dc pdrm
a III-d,
cn'qr " vsbaF @hrn", @npal'bilecu o
c oonua.6'cLluorrm'
liF "1'1 tormele
rerbale.dnatie lub a.pe tutp.-aoane:.
rl.djunctiw-

Co4rs'elevrbt. spsrf'@pmn_d"o- 0senrte d" Der$m . s a

rr{ pru'Blanmil!: subd} uw. de 1 nd a @ndr!.,ocirenteip, pb?irr. slordr ! a unu pbdrnr peMnatdr p6eT I su s tl.a r@ zai
Pr or uoilc " r m .i ndep. denr . \d, ftr )r eeti z s zD, onna
{bi e- r
inpunrndb'nui peFom z III a
(fade rqurUe du 6i! btino.t At tda
(Aa ftkdt tulte p itui.t AhdtlrdE
Ai tui tu aendl@uaqtlipw).
(Dinte rdtbwih .,p@)
lut
're @ dtk dt d ot a
lDe obiet aUiN t cole b@),
f6t Mptinat\4.

p o a tercp re sta p o zitiasubiecl@mportindnrefie

Numer.lul
(a ),ri e c,u n l ro n u ne,r
c&re
n caa pEupuneprelmc a d n s u b s t a d L i v,cl
ft lntormaliei
unui ,ubsbntiv
(An cdecirci p@ii,) nufuj t.i
'
(c)verb Ia modneperenal
i
A umbla E tos.da sirtt6,
E p6it a. atna' u pLn ul.
Ss a,?e ciniindR c a l i - k r l r. sh ,l p ,l c D ri l e i ..b ra l - l' t po.ib' lpln' u um a!
i' deqsd"nta!e
Ig F '.d 'i r, Fr ztidi
lim i l r .d e @n le xl el a. r
stabileslec! rdilexiftl pdsiv.Reallzarcapnn intinitlv sausrptd a pozi'
lieijubiqr pr6ro nq dr obrel, D.d6t o eap# a ir1, d v. r b ptscdrt dr o
Ll crenpl"c d. n l 6ft. f{uML qrplnll neubstmttvdt,
'r
r
pL
orr.1a
Llui
ad,ab,'oap.
D.Mp.i6.6in
!rep@ilf,
p.rltu Ein d?.4 M.^ut pE16 E bun pddrr rdaitde.)
ln dtdtele pedl@tive ln carc apa! r@lizdrileverbaleale Dozitiei
obiat slnt odibile ii Elizirile prin sbsian$v, srs Deupu lnsi
inlodrlr advsbului Dnn rdjetiv, @np.: A umblapr ,'d .da drtror,
d A4lr@ dr a Mrra p, /6 ddasInIro!.L
Substituirs realizirilor vsbale de suhielultri Drin
anumitersttctii. Prcnumele4d4, @6!d,reutlal".
lnlocuidtvssle lorne verbaletn D@iiiasnblet,
A unbla (pe 16) , brd.

ti

p ir i.d.

eleEenteGrbstdtive, prcnuneMusubstantire$

Sr olXiui enu, potumb.

Vol ri R.du r! od srar4i,
E\ \ .i Mgn l4 M.

Relali,de @odora?dirba tflnrni 6 ? Tdd. @p.tinl(fa"- raliv.)

'l oul Lr ui 'r r l , i d C r uD J r :l e
.
, uneir 4ur F pdtl :i s i nl s c bc nIn'r
l,
n 8ddal. ircgj'lra@ r o
reklrc
a-ssli
bla - oe
ii lldlll
ralizara de llp speial ln clae de3ubstlluliea pozilieisintactte 6pai F r a,t." s ubR r .Ini . r eal i 4r ep nc r upa'i d" 3c t
lr c?tpo n,i ei
popnideri!d, e* e o .j ad B 116rpG
folinplhr paruo'a
'lil
(e) c ru p irl al.Iirile din conerirl oiro $ !n ilriniHv (d evm/f!

ara dne vfli.

.ine n&n1aE ogmde

A-rz .E Jnis" a oy'liei ubip. 1u e*. ponb, d.(il clrd elalalt
lsdd rl relaliadejnrsdependnt!
6t vebul a @,.
In enuiurile dc a6t tel a a@ 6te *nmtic ah'v,lent cu a l,-,
.dnp. Nu ue cineetn Gdti^d). 4 NL edt civ rnaind,.
,' l p r opoz i I i e i n r c du p'/" ona i ! on.r '.l i onals s u- 3 i v
Nu M

Nu e |it dtcr,ituctn? ndEd" P nutlult!.

Seu oatnld (tnil l@p l@ntLle.
Elendtele onjunctionde conpatibile cu relizora ptopozltionali a
0oziiieisubieclslnl .d, et (4- , .sd)9i &"1 (d.) :
E bi tudaM nSedieddMt
tti.dttu.
tti.
E tnt'iutu darAan ui eu nli@.
Grupars d. . .ld EpErnti o vadanid pozitionaEa lui ,i : realiars
rd preupune veiniiaies directi a predic,illti - E biht 36 lE tdul
p/.gdd. (lredic.iul subietiv.l, !d ft e plei ln rndi,td leln5t.te
a predidtrld d carea@sii 6ubleriu realizszt Elali2 detnredePd_
denld)i ldl,nta a,,.s, eslecondilional,de dislo@.dpdn drvse
lniercrliri d dceldrdo!, componeiL - E bine6ldul & fie ptqdttt.,
E birc a ftU@ tdlul .i, llt pregdl 4L

Valoda onjanclioMla r Iui ld fiind dimiruati e urdare a

. u m u l r r :i
tu n ch edlFB a ,3 a @n u r.ivulu.i htub:vo' bir aleur F
adsod la a sd !l r {r.3url4 h cde nornetcLnb. hr.'a'e @r
E binea seli! tatal pr.Edrt., Ae exenp!.
Ddd $id, sht h nport devdiatie liberi, d. Iiind caracleisticaspetu,
Rali?a-ilepropo,tidrL ale pozifei5ubier{n. ompst.bilF.uo'i.
caredintreone(tivelerelathe:
se ttk 6l@.
Ctreoin tu tui pletud.
E depalt !nd. MEr.
Nu e tot uM M ptuced2ed.
s,a dtat u\d. hcuiege.
Otle f@ li i.s bin .
3.0. Enum{area omrohentdor claei de substilutiesubje.' a oes
innai. sie deob$rvatiiore p,n in {identt anuniterestriciti
privind mlalia dintre diwisele rallziri ale ,cstei poziJiisinhctice9i
atunitepartlmldttti,le preditlld.
Exrm:Lra detaik s ve'helo-,ub
aoelul p6b.litlnlo. de-e Dsr
a relaliejde ilterd.p.rd" l. @ duccla dmosir"a !ro' dsro i
sletive. A6te diledte in slecllo.area lqmenului intsdependent
pol @6tilui criteriul ur clasificiriz @helor-.l..Cratrl srai cap.I I
( b,r"u, .u trJ dmbi'i oereullr.eh
Ieiprns din a6( paragraf
3,1. O piFi dtgoie o @nstitrie vsb.le dre
s incadruzd h
re l a f l l d e l . td" " p e n d e n l " ."
."x e ,".r "gme
" 'au p o a ve as ub:4rDi.a
lzr p^rt ltbe u a ptou, a aire",oari, In anurit L:p-.I aemL' u.tii
id Adeqli c' rnuh:te+Bni''c.liit,1 t'e \etoeca.. @a' tli tud. d"
Cdhu..). a pdel Nu.t,pedj ntai .t,o * Ln l t x !.tte d. tdrq ptoapt.
Vqbeledin a doua*rie e deGbs d- elel,rh p iF rspl'llr ircoopJtitilihtea cu E1aliadeintedondedli este@elai, adas@riu ur uru.
mlt rlp d. @bl'url e (ln denD..leo. na' !u": un DmnLTcDe'rnal
.: d, rL i,,, Dlca
su retleuvin &Lv I o cooprinitrpreportio?;
pdtru !nel. vdb. ca d pde at tip de onslilctle 6td 6idl posibil,
\4 srdd

dvtd.eicr, p.2a6

od nuneoae - 6inl po.'b'1"ri onlLuc1'rln s'"

ve-bule cotrpalbil (u un . 'bat /aF d4i aE.ts d" \db pdMal'l
- tt Ei td a. nudid ., de eildt.
ln si'nMnarsfatnali^otnip. 77),e.unlurilederordr (,4r, pr,!d. slni
oDsiderateca dpaiinind struclurii de supn|. li 9i rezulllnd dint!.o
Gfcv (p-CICG\4, @n,1nnodd de
de
sidclui deadincjme
dt.
der - - Delat l ,n s dopr
'o.m pdt.'l k d1.p6 " p" dt'l do.l u..
De aLci,in rrra
lu'e .arui -!zl5 pirrtr.rq rapot d. intad.p"nd"n1:.
u e trefo tr;i h onisiuneo lui CN,e obi.F ir lru(luh dc "upra.
Ial{ enuntrllhenlionat Cu alte c!!inte, dint.-o structu.t detipul Prd@
,ro,a. (cN'cvJ * ajunsela Pro&t
G, dea douessi dr vsh. rm .nb" t ta p@, a ud. ll ) z lo.l
ptt In e\'d"ntt h CtupLiurbol,cp.
e u lur{e .d.e zL ." "d
'1. dinir.o ltrlltl,i
nd 3R!l \abe I rd
del,ate
de adln.
d plrr4 d ntuge,antoareaadopu itu: o $lltie
.joe P+GV. (Pcnttu-or.,ldeaie.a
,seminitoarec! c din SlrlM taa.lm4ktuL^ |Ieiztnd cn e vtb.
de vdbe onpatibile c! un subiecl eiilat lns, din ndlive sefta.Lie.)
Tratareadilsoliati a @lor dolii srii devqbe ld de enunlfi) ni
paredlscuiabiltI ii,rocm, nnei slructri prolude de lipul Pl@i, plodl
sft justificae h Disura ln Gre sinpliti.i dssia.a, I6.hd Ddibik
la o shfttnri lnlci: p-;Gl\i^Gv. D;ci
ftducs iuiuof.N'trilor
acceplio o a dora slmclur! lundanenbld p+GV, pntem@Nidsa $
nnnturi de lipnl Plo!'t. cs rdiztul ale aclels$ sirctlri. (F,pt!l .! se
pot rntrlni enunlrl deiilal Plmia ploLd.,Twtrltu4L elc.N .ffii:fuie
un co.1l&r$nent, cicl reprezlnti comlnictl loarie *re, de obi..i
sontind electesnhtce realizateprlnk-o
elinoldgici" cl. ti
gBpiril. ru mnp Fn.' t o tatbta.d64 "Ilgri
o Ctulgtud.k.\.
3,2, O slt!.lie analogi reprzinti ofttrucliile rell*ive cu lqbe
inkanzitivedelipul : S, plaad.,Secdulo*e (eten l),, S. lrJtd (peu.ta
Ca ti rdbdle dlsdtate in paragrafll anteli.r, gluprrile deaet lel d
,dmit !n dune in .dmltutlv: 'Odzl (rl) & tdld. ru constituieunsunj
ftpdat in linba brrni. lnsr, spredsebte de d rrng., a pde etc,, ln
1 rt. srdqp

n@Jda3tu P te

ozul ,,Eilexiwlui impuenal", vedul 61e tnsolil de s, iaf a.esi s

.ontexti dal D@teli inloctrit
p n sdbsl,niiwsaupionrme
EI

A@ii ps,'iculalita
e aplopi..lea.nrulrde p olur0elen.detkse .dL4/'4t n oi:p.dJt4ede nnte.h:varri!.4 rnrordBl.e.s
fi ldsLce grad- dgeneratira
e at @rotr_.tiiro. s p,R rri .iF,
rn
cu wbc nr,,nnlivq s sle In onrnd e$,valdu_
']ftrtuiire
pdlet
al rr- e, dl gdh. ,a (de ere e ds3ebEle iroi din punct de
v e d . F e ' r m o lo g i " l .Gl p ,lve -b .L L a ri .ve,sa.calkpor ilp;n|u.r
a dd i t i o M Al l , u ro .,b /a n i l r"ru D lo.un.II el,l: delnLdoe.
ptndntn d vsbul, relille pus, ln evidenlsDdn a6rd-conp_:
S. enoada rdltrtul. si Sr.md ullll.lL
Cramtica transfdnaljonali atribde aeste corctrucljj slructurii
desrpmtain$ le dsivt din cmtruclii activecuenplehenl dnet
cdrcrali se aplici ,,kan.formar de pasiviAregsi tiansforru@.
de ,,ellml.area snbietului .., nedelinil4(ct. Srrlcd lrdsfff@,
3.3. An!f,ite rehlcttl privind realiztrd iehlisi de interdepmdenia
atr h ftdo (n)@rprttbililalea verbrlul cu ponnne pqenate depes, I
rr a II-a, Aslfel, ve$e ca a adra,d dhuri, a Lfinli, a bdtdL,a (*) cacti
etc nu adnll ca rslizare a Dozilieisubiect declt $bstanlive sau
pontne a@pllid contextullforh, wrb,li de Dftoana a l1l a", Form u L . r ' pF l s i b a R .a ro kkr.,r tF vadpa.tr .r or , eipr inatsa
dorndn, nehei,tonc6,Intrebuinled ,igura6 nelatda enduc ao*oir
la rbollr rdstdcliilor $ecili6: vertul a dra,, de pilde,conpallbtt td
un rudir [nitai de ontexte - Soerl, apd. de *enptu , fotoslt
nelaforic, poaleinka ln ondnluri ct ?r dpui, tiwrl cttu nsi., de
'
pildr, rld. elal'odeinrerdeprrdst:,
!e s.rb rrl,.u
rn pronunapd$nJ depd$tu a II-a. /Oby'v3l:aeh vrrold prnl,r roa.)dk(ute

Af? verbrzdni lr eAJanasri subs(anliv.rJ ptoruoe od{ral. de

D;.. I ei s t1-. a abMu. adba$,oabel'ro aMiMe(N.t abaa'c.nd'a
M,ida id4., Adrwm au abd,A.
b l,-., or4die repm,lnli vsbeh odDatibile.u djvE$ Faliz;li
ei ad
@ntad
&re D@iio {bie-l - "1. T! odei rul M'u
rum s pon0l elc
innitui .4 | di alttar, rod@zn . in. vitu.. co,ta,
I
Uneoridi rs*|. sl|z;n a P po,llei .ubie i np r. drFrdlF h {mal
'
de kL'da
rha Ebului. E c:zui lui a Fi'i, dd 4e6olu, or ll
'elath
i
.am-h
p
c8in"r,
blf
.r ronrn
Lrt
ir
lr;s5ruB
mndsrd cu un u, e
',i d e lno I onat o^LtEz , Ft p.iett? , cdptiwo p' i44') d^ 2
"bns
dits and pozlii.ubhcr " r.rlirar, pr nuleu a(rerdt.Drin rtud_
e'Td! $t pr:1 propo/il.'(ch.t-e\tP 1e Diu$, Ma P iaqt?dut od
Drstat p6it. ?(.i Div" cle ebuli pcup i nu 1rtrai Falizlri dilerile
;k Dozidelqubiecl-ci i da*biri dP otrtruclie onp : P.r$/e c'a.
citu ltq p'i@* ) \t ilo pl6Lr rtu :e t Ma inb@1ze
ft: ri
po
vlnd")
rine.ine
nldri
!' l'rl"i.
n
3.4, Retrnlii r o6Blt si ir .elFr.ra obUvelo'
prii
6te
rqliati
orc ooltiasub&t
orop@F
Altet. d ,e k. a dturye nL id{:. del' .outirul m iun lioD .d
tRa)tta.A nu d..tt ), a v,ad|o, a !.be
, d Pda rp 1 oni$.fa eh
.uN
ddw4.s'oslrlis'u
d
\tdd?.,j!43'
nr
s
i S.
'n!tnQ.t,
c, ti"., li olrigP-rasr'r o qil, ". iruLu'q''ru.d
;t N d tl t olune"
s! at.d (ca\t.L d ct 4 led MM'd., Lndmd @ o tG anu@
'
4:0. Dellnks subiecidui prin realiata ,tutu In nmttu|kr (ifrpuninn
obli85Ir eraninzrs uFo
@bului ,ddP'tdri d. n-nnr r:p@)"
connructlj prep@il'oalealribuile unsd $biertului
4.r. Un Bz op sub,. r aDa-sl pFporllon,l @ drruF cotkucliilF
.u lz dn flunr-.|. d. obicei*clanstl* d. rioul. ,4x @1ld@r/1
ln !dDir:.e de a.sr tel, ore l, p'rFd; -q "ublLdtl\'a plurtl (o n
'n subslanlv asinsurar,impu(rd ai"emal'c
ere_nolul
oFcde tr *u un
(S
d srru /u l@., d. e{enp'),14 rl-, pisdul alikles
i oulliiie
ij,eDozjr:ond!, d d.Fnil u d.h'q Mt sn ilaLv de (:0.oeial, ti'nd
in ;c6t @nlexl .chivaGnr s.mmtlc al adjectivutui u!4.
Schinbafta litrlii flolioloeic. r lni ld 6f dowditi de pGibilitales
d e a t i s t rbs t i t u i t
e l i n r i u ! : A o e n i lta l u t u l A M i t n n l l d l m
ri.la! odiii

ldn. wbar, d! poemr r nl d.

(D@liea posibilt dintre cele dout co.sltuclji prillte @rorarm

.letlvr: .otulrelia cu ld ds caEcler erclahativ, cerl3tti poate ti
qclanativt sar nu.) In sjtualiileln sE /a lti pdsh,zdcalitata pppozilionali, o asndea i.locuire n! 6te ponbil, (coftD.S/d la ,Ai. g rs{t
nurt{ aaJd.). In acela$$ns lrebuie lnlcrpretat, 9i iosibjljtaer de a
substituipe/z prin ero, deal onit .
A @& 1t lM t, cft g A @nit
^t\l
lm. IepHinla surluli repdriei dsebnea
onsltnd in pEnt. sa
lips ufti apre.iericanlitative (Omisiunprsp@iliilr, tnctNr a pF
pdiliei ld, ru est8in g@al pdsibiu- @np. Srdp. 26d., Srdh ,bt.
Avema Jacedei cu u subsianlivflbleci Ir nohinafiy, tNiit dd un
det6dinanr cannhtlv fld).
. , m d t d 4 9 6 ), IL p .9 l .d mu n e \ieetemen
u.ta p r . p o / i t..,
In ee'" onltrrrii- ,,p'rpoz:],a:" vatoaft
aLe-riv;erprid ld ldes dr cd I t'1"- cttuidi, rl9t4).i. o. 61
alirra c,
slnl ln .z!l nominatlv".iar ra;E e;loar;
dr 1'Tsar'snbsbntirle
neholt,t
.I Td o (rir diq decdnlitatr,.
"rtp-indd
pa.Ma,p. 549"derita p n, , ir prcDMle
tn l.inbat 4a4darlzn
ir dr!ruti3,.-Lei ort u iii, * he , i.,i.d, .; oqri ;od s
rj 4Iun(Fu- d. lubieclti'z.4.i.cn'mb" 3 rqru oifra, \i'oc ndi
,a,.u a@a)Jorne.IndeDti'
.nc. duDatnue
j u r i ' i . , n dtu " [u e u n u jo 0 i d d i ' ( r { tr ' sr u:a;u;t.\...d
peaceaa unui3ubiet(rns?ulnomnarivt
G . u D d "s,u l a cd rt:ru ro . e xpt,ar 4oeAt.
C a r ( 4 n,z,
td pr!Z., BL. Vrr, flgJo,.p. 31_ t34rpnn Fo !sraa1,e,c . F
u(no av r e buncrde prdzF o otutr.4ie o ldl d. d,(uo'rdLiardc oc: , nt$ol la p'uv (,ln te .\ rt prune, d ,!
riuncp a $tur"a nlncalptur tu unibh nire- triii ard -l
h
.q"^ p 4 A ditd ta Dt4e phn.4 er!,dr., ,n scl u|l, , r?
,n
,sp
re
L
l
ld,,w.iind
s @ti ra F . pr iljei r np.r pnr d.r at
!trsrd. F br8 unurpmdin {i. unbo rcra4had?dpotuna.
ro(.4r.).9tupatr3.u
r4crlJrativa puturtiuiia a ri tr F\p,:mar;
42. O sjiualie ,ndog, ieprazinti bnstrtcliz ce & awt o, wni! t.
arcee lo'd,r@ sE.ter aJsu,v !. bded. introou ac@ai,pre.
.lde caniltalilt - @np, C, d. @ni au @nit! g Ce@i
tu tEtit I

I t u lt imu len u nrlb l a l u l m n p d l i o o p R i d e l d r , r n ) ) . E l e n q t r , d e

, a ? 1 r id l c o n d l s l i t r F p ? o r i h o m l , . i ' r ' r a d e ( t v l t 4 i
regdt relalianu 6le r:i'insra prin prepujtli.
sub5rsitivuL
uratuin ltos4t .. r.j dddd C psi! pd.!,ion
u. nunBd.
."ro'i l'. 6r,/,1lia\k (le6r) nu di.olr
ae4 a 6nsm, ti,
4.3, Din i dhlft pat ap d d. zseneniln realizaea poriliei sl.taclice
Au Mit

dtn(Eq patlactpfuti.

sin &L'] t3 ..hn4 er.d,nj dnli. pot iont.: Au w p@uryanti.,

c"e e nu.oa.o'da tu Blil,ree de pr.ie1". :ub 3p", r ;!nFnilutri:
ffikuclia cu /', (d dz, ontin" o iro %l'e ca"u'aLi\,. zoFnr! h @a
oaln tth|c'a\,-t.p

66,"rd Et. 3"6h crupa.. .bns,ru,1,,cu

.i c @!der, ""o Flrucr,,eiDjc." d:n cdF
:p e"h . b, anli\ul.su p o oele rqcnl r, noninariv, lni
'
d:n(*) pd: ipux.I^
1od slni inkio,eLsr
ln a;@rd
(1963),L p. oo, c'lDarile
^.da
ro aaF d n
D'aedateoe Dre-D-onlie
ooTilir&. ultr ,i de rd_eti,ul p,alailndl
dd.; d" ta D"itdp
db 4b i6pnd nni a hncda.. $i :. IinLn,anA'r ajr,npoard
lp sg)\ strpttil" "z d2 a.4!ir. d-ar& ,', ..1' @tu:d6a k dir.
Ii
. rDie ld,r (@', d,,|f,,,, dPerenptui.
Aenma corotuclii ihstredzi ca.a.tefll de sGtem dimnjc.t lihbii,
re0re/rl qd 6-- h rrc !. produ.ro eolEanir'eBr' i iu-ii, udr dp,
h s rualj. datir
"u lnlelal d. d n,l ,fp *nb ,,or.Do.tii". ia!,n crdl
luididatl pE6ul
nu esle
Incheiit.
'no
4 . { . O p d il i . d i t e s s u o n . . l u c t i i h d o p u t l r o 4 t r , d / o r , n c m e
e r. p 3 . -, . 4 ro r r , s t @ d e ' a L a u n o d . a t r p % t r n d . L b i o . . D p , a o t {bF.rL prclriurn ni .dr "rprinol
pu,?T @mr.etashllt
\r
t d n a : F t t u wt t . r t a l t t . . 4 I 1 L
d r e L i : a r e ap o . ' l ' . i . . o i e t , : s . , r o x : i
reptsbl
o @nplinile ci'.uru's1Irlo. Pdiib :atea de a u ua,tle
I o rn F F b rl" r n F u n l
Ar,"anlMM,tutotiis @ e \ i d e nd
lips asdului /dei ti o relaheid. i' -ooepdd;nl;r drire verb
ii.artt,.
ln bnLa.@tua tupoono
+. A3r, d"tu.ha s@ aprioti
printr.ul fdld. .ubiRt trult'plu,ai.b tatu,?ttutotii - camtu
/dl, /M don) - :upu. el,os,i: .\udiaol .d;vs r a DJ, ta

i n @p l ra. d o uL i , a ).:d ," l o l L u .ioplu ad"@nenil.t p@r

de..rFbujc .te inlel4giprin@i Culinpul.p!s416adsoulur
a lost .:nl" d ... il l de inpora' lt. lnrll subhcrulprcr'riu'i. a
delmit s , oulutdevenide Dri5os'
6. Printrecotulrlctiil e mslionale caex@ptliln eipri mara sublatului
$ n u m d aj F h .r {b i e cu l i n g a ' i 'r\.
DsDre@ilv * vo'bq "'r ca,u . u lL ilo' :r m po.tiadequb:el
d/ d.Lard t. prirlr.un
ele reprs.ral, prinp'dunde r.m-ld.p?nd.FL
poi!,4r.r&n,rr'i.
ptr&'!..
o
Ai
ncthi
1:pa6..tc At tind
@iiiv 5au
I r ron,r alv, tur gtnl'Lul L nd o'nbu' I wu, "r.n " fa." (u Fa.umea
definilori. a oozil'i $blel.
aprreh 0.l@
Rauo:j. , Lpt'iu r" a _p.din., subie(Lu
l,1o{ 96), ll. p.90. ln or" tl' uI .Ir rearu.oc1fl.lh! 3,r.
(sau
ln nominaliv
mtul dL in no'ntutlv.lie lo.!1!tu1substrntiv
al lnd flbstrtrl al lui) pecarell dottrnini Mtivul , . . Aslfel s
redo ci adwistulslbtdt dl pmpdiliei este$ aici la noninattv /aF? e surDrindein &EAtn ldrflla.e esle ci subieiul 6ie m
i*,,line lodl lnui substanliv',caraclestict care
srttcol
@ntravindelini$eidtlolulli, dar orspund psl4t protunelua)
6. prlnlre ozrile ,b@ntc de subiat s lnreCistre.d $ ,,sabietd
ln d s t i v", ruliat pdn potune dttiv tn enunlu ca Dae ql er.
In asmde, Mstruciii. lelatifll tuJ 61e s ub ilcl ul subdrdonatei
ri 6te ln dativ- EDliotia o donstltriednbla dependsl{ sinlactic, a
Ehtlwhl cde pdticipt la orqizfta anbelor@npondte tropozitionslc ale enululd, rslizlnd tuse pozllil sintaclie dilerite ln ele dout
$hene relalionale: conoledsi inditul ldli deda4 subiel lal, dear..
Gle doudpozitii fiind taliate plin ,celdil crvlnt, cft t! potle alea
decit o unict fqn:, l apar cu una din tornelepHupe deele do!6
ii@llll, ln szul ercnpldri de nai sG datv'n 6rc6Pmde pdlliel de
conpl.ndl indireci',Inh u! enmt caDe elui @ a'e,, ti@ dintre
ele doli Ddilii sintacli@,leliale prin t!, h enunlul de nai fminte,
oprl5 o dpdbare proprie,eea @permlh o @Gtracliea&cvati penhu
4b1 tt-^ 16 tutus t

n@- port.e sinrrclicS dallvul ft/,r ftprui'r.i 0o,.tL .onotemenl

lndrnl lr "Lrud asl,i- cn u 6ie dr,. rr ' ominatilur@. Firti?era
pozill. de subectin relati: d i4lerdependenl:
cu @r.
A p d n e" r l d I , d o r i o ' s r i , , ' s i r l a c b e d . t t r o r l n l r i o p . r i t i . # . o e t u .
tr 'n c.tttr" (4d,Iv d" p" to @ tut k tup.)rs i a4r"y cu.r
(lLrinit p tuetdninn mdi ftpede.) - ct ormzdtu (r 963),I r, p. s0- 91,

zopa i c ul al i i alde
e c ons huc m
l i el i i l i e dubIa ex q!Im ar e
lozitiei subtct.
Fenonen 6te dstul deDuiinirsvnt, circln$rb la cJlevasitualit
Lrr J. i "o .t'Lic ". b elul rxprindr 0.in D'orunp r" snrt .i suoj3.tlv, an ndour
r l m am l \ s i pl r r .. i /;anaa.ed.r dta:,/r p.t
latat. f. .n4utqre et drlo@ @!s1 Co$trucuIe de aest tel au un
p6nunl.L om c ter a'{t]\..'p',
j nv i @ s P.D s anta.
rc'sic {vci C,drd,'?I 951, ll, o 9l'. feiom" L e orophdina:aks
Dubla expdntre a subietrlri, de a@ast,dat, Drin substdtive. Dro
numclpsenale dar i .lt. pmnrm, n nonidt I * Dork .n:ti' j
cird lFF. cei doj qb{i ri
de ioLsdeD*dotd e:n.d..lPr;
'.hlo bpltt r4 w n8 n?dlJedtr tun
erupui de cuvine ru olooorfii,:
dui reia (p) &t:rho to tilu sp " d"s.bi!e oe.dh"l.ic
dha.,F
pr li1o a: i' ai nb.tn a* nm @ er r dl r d.bts * o- i or " 3el or c tar i Iicator (dEi,lnnneleozuri,nn et exclusib arun nuanlale
arec.

,;,i.j:,?rli-i.r-"

*d'" u,-"srrlctiiu ft.raner nftq er, bd,lrp'

Sprcdedsb:Fr. du0l3"ioinsF s "o, pLnene.ord.6t r( br 5:

hd'rer (9 s.), u.d" alonenuL
* sodiu a ?sd, rii.d q aliuiiie
@ndi:iidbligrtdL. s \l ,l'cF dr.r ir on5,-u-lo .ubi{rJu'. o ota
apu r es l r j c ti i l ior r . e." ,c i odr Lg'z ns ti j l
nqe$ri Pulin fewrts @F,pua" i Cu-. unui.orr rr z."4iv

PREDICATUL

r.0, Psku poll'u nns.ro pril(al. oelllrDric At.

"i
printrv sb Lak d wmali o ce lormn vrbal, lereonali
'4h/a
constituieun !redicat
$ ru poalestisf&celici o di, tozijiesintacticr.
In alte pmilii sintactl 3ln! onDaublle num,i formelcvqb.le
p" snsr" 4rc ri.su pierdulvaioatea
rahaa (ut dLt?u;ia, din
f .a u d" p uio ieini\*at.,
sa!cu'd"b, a. ii r-on FiLtdtn
l4oduik ncossnal.. d6 cel DLrinrne" dune ele-...-n.u,rrrini ivl. dali,a,i delaiEiI pr:' n'elst, u r, Emuil" poa.sre,
inc'.nvrelelirdeilldd.prdrt: L,r.(cb,4, t.r.), r'Ju (li !e rn(,.
dia r t l n ) a ' e ! @ i ti i.i rL .l F . . i " : i ' d 'l zt.,lo' d" oodundep- q
de.r e n u a p r h q u n l d e i t co rco n i tent
cu !n v$b la ftod
o.Fou'. llodu' c nee@rale,DulrndtsDr@F cdkul udor rel4ii
. io k . r i G r c np s" . p i L i ci p s.
-r; r',red " .dnendetso"nrtr r .aliide
paanlal plinl- un lsb .au prinl!un
, uner "r p3n!!nt
'u b n a n t i !a, p a rto td stm c l o ma .c" u F d,"
Psalelisnul dinheconstrucliilea!1ndcacdln m nod nepeen l
t ' p r o p o ni u i k:u b o rd mtep,rd n tI tr pr ul"I lor pai' i"' paL o
'-,Fc dc lddclendenl;dr da{sn,mt pc mii s.lild.
(cJ.\.
C a ru E i u - Ma ! i o I e a n u, Mada,tpMNNtutr, ir sCL, t962,
n . t . p . 2 o 4 2 3 .o n 5 'd"" T o otri rp l"psent..!{ i' iuvr gsur rl c u n o _g ru p t-'.u\ar allq d" pr opo.il' c,
. i t u l n d u - ldr e cli n ',,1 ', .r,. 1 ,! Dl, ,u nodr . ir . d".
Juslilic.r@ Drincipzlia acetel solliii-o @6tilde @mDdlblhtltoa
Dodulilor repd$ndle d relalh de i n 1e r d e p e n d e n 1 i.
soluiir dsiva din tu1end tradilloml de denniie 6bp., de
orenph i ,,Orje propo,iiiedprinde dou, prrli plincipale: sar,d,r
tt r/rdr1d,l, Vorba care nme9te liinla er ludl d$pre src $
sprne va ln prop@iiies zi@ sar.J; vorba prin cae sespune

n ospre subiel r ie ,'dnd" llik in. AtMLa tLnb,iandae,

Budet0, ie45.p 152)t -stbrbl'lj i pFdicalulslnl ltl p'r'.
r t'l e p'.n. pr .c r l ni c el ; c a.e
eah { a.pp'opt'l i " i J ...Pi
cob iruieall rulnelar p6lludistdta idpDpo.il:l 16@.
/lim , 06]1,IL p. 7| Pdr l i l c or i nc i par e depr c pdi ,i e.e
d.'ide ura prin arl,, avlndl+ h vedere
ffiDr,
ul uneialala
*n pflh! d"prop@ilied6Dre
'o !ae y eu r
d.cekl i .Lbei
ceva"u sjulo', prd.,utrlu ....,3' prdislul qte paiL {te p o
pd,t. crfutibuie "ubierirluio a(l' r", o !l4p sauo rr<u9r.._
rid.n., p 751.lnoGl rt"n Jrd. inlUisub*lulirpica predi.dt.
iar subieclul $ predicatul conslituie nudeut psDottii.

Con iderre. nodu lro q.p" orl. cd pRdiore ar Ins nesju 5ul
r n u l as
! ; p r6 u p
necondil,04ri
'T
le, cel ouiir inca/r
r'l DTdktufuL,
nod npodsrr".
' rsta rl. i prcoirr. "pi.ditalulur
Srb Lp6 i r p',clic, .l desin,
@qd'lio1s' d. 60
r al irr'iri, r@.lt slulie 6le n@nodici,pF,t . \. relalir !e r"r.
'. de
dependsli la cere parlicipe o ldm, vdbali nepdsnali 6tc d6tul
rar psrFpnli I dgal 4'.a 4un1.' i : rn puli E dm. cuu. rul .au
i I d e a l l a b u l t r D : n c l D l l( D F d is I
in h n ' t i\ u l L r . u b i " . ' d ' t e
ri
nat.
De
cle
mai
mite
od, subiaiul vsbului Ia tud;eDde
exp
si
nal esie ad.lali c! al predicauri ti, iedundant fiindi nu nai *te exorlhal
d., Copiltt lepu a plwe elc.)
lct. Vine aldgind., Dte-hand,uyain
3a! !n subiet nedetdninat (ca ln t 4rl d si, e^ui. . .). Ne*Drimara
subie.Lului
uu' gsuntu er inliniLivDr.-p r ldslilts
ru:ubie'ul
v s b u lu ' p F d c l -d e s c m n o r m p l " l i t e r J Fc e r d o r ' r s
.uhjedulu:
formelorirepersn,leclnd e6t subiel dileri
ddsuhtatnl p ncipal.
f. acsle ondilli, modurlle nepesonale, de5i c&!!bile de a DarliciDa
la o relalle dd lntddeDedde.li (c! D mnne subiet). !e sitlazi ca ria
Itjri al" uor po,lii rirla.LF !F pcupun o relaliede d.loddta
(u n : lJ . e rlr, d n u a l . p o , i t : esl i n t r " l . r p i e d . c s r ,
Den.rudrcd.;i.
nilalie e te rediarca ldtu @bala doalinlnn
dw.e dodt .
. ! a . e { a k . mo d u r i a c r F r p r e z e n l ; , n o n u r l 6 " n u'duit
pBUptrlposrcnlo
a ll? ' o ' n e v e r h , l a . . s " n u p ! r d t a d e i r i n . r ' i k r . d . t e r n u r e c e n t
h Froti' dc depaontar4e&16 pa!.i(uhrikF p.ima% r' l'
e,
':rs
pdlei predicatl, mod!il psen,le)
.en ul u'ui "nunl
r. r, O lo o" t o ' b s l s p - $ ' s r i p o a r et r ( j r r
d F q in . . . t r' db ' .I r o a o l E t r a r o v i r ) io a l e a c a r u r i o r .p f t d ' r t . ' p d
t 4. skdw

wldid

p.2a .

b" od k o rel4h rlp lerdcperdsk. Fpr*rrtod csrul unui .or 4

s t ru ' u ' a t
Gtu p u l.n u b i e l p ftd i i ," 6t" @nlideEl $r pul"
lr s uati! vsDetd iad nu por
qolia de inrerdelendmli
'etd
o plau. o dne., aU ard?e e \iei slrridd,
( ajLr, D'"dnarul o$[ rui.
c0000 d ulprin'ipalai uu: su! oErrut prinrekia deoepmosLa
,nttldatt (Nkea ri l,tsi ntitr .au at uiu sul Fmromr@;il
i "nunruri.os'uire.u vAb" di' a.s.G ca,eoriej
avtnorn
v.ddF
c-mburlUl"pulinob&rulhd" tJprl: PLMaplae .opad'
| 1E".,Crunt!le I ls6n).I L p. 95,\o' b+e o" un :ub.Rl in.qn"
pnr dtie .r -mrplebenlul"s. -ob.elur '1rs' 1 siad
LoLsfo4qh'ab\p. n i@nljdqa.l rc b" d. un,ubiarrn a.od.
" tn nod .e6a*mMU. u \ erbeli Apeclivqi mohGh ! rucruE
dpad Tjme D:n p.' .i'rt devedi. al rinbl lbndsd rnunturiq
Phaia pban, a! Araclq .ttiliciN entatic. rttrd. de obiei etecre
lor munr 'i oEaJ..re plin e,r, de qsd.nia un akruJ,aqnd
td cdlr, pFdicalultspd 1lj )i 6i td,1\.4 N, i sd. deztuna..\"-ll
p4d d2nlwn. d Lri prt @bol I l t, u i I biv pn, ln cm;.ubit.ut nd
aptre |n ird un lel decMditii
t Clasade substittrlid
d pozilieisintacdcepredjcat ste toarte
redsr. la op nde:
(.) vdhe la nod ptrsal:
Capltll ulrc repedt_
Atqd Drr A,
Vtd e4ecotd
Nunai h ntualii limitaiq tn surJu.i cu .ara.ter speidl lepezenitrd
indislli 6au odlne torhulate r.tr-un slil oticjo\ pcdiqllt poate ti
repre4rar ptn intlnltiv (ehivarnd a inperfltul), ca h:
At

lq1dz cdUEa.

!6 ta l e :
O ) r o du l l trn l
Eiht h^ t@d.taatdtuw
MM rc edJ@mlntx de @pildrie.

DL ! rr'a d,n F o l4ul'uFPnsbsllr r o EaprF iber, de cu\in'r

,o;d iue r" bala)Fp-:iira um dFt " Drctkb].mul( di{llle
ui. nu na 3r 'b rni rd rdrrl'l
in
'jiii*
uor , ti'r: . effia. valso'l"r
'6 onslnlhF eh dou,
'ltbJe
.tt.td
delo-uliunje3enelndolebjc
a.
;iiirii. N,l , i dec
"s.
"Fri a c-onoi
4ii lib4 d. cuunLc-ln@tr llt u
i, a! crup!l orenpiein
.
r
d
l
,
r
e
4r enuql ndr un It;etu.o( In
i
h
I
er
;is.;nir uc|'
njci- nadr nr l .doutol ec s n D m tr uc aho!i @ r i nb;,ptut'up'0@
gtuprnd0tuqnF,trb* D org-ne,
Porqpda !1.''34
dituoi. onlinuu.
D r ur c aonpo'
tu..pr
ey
pul
a0M
r
L
r q r ixipold"c r i l oc ubL
t din prodsd indqendenlofulu "r dif''i (a grr'dei
n6Lpldr'dorr4
., modalii,. denaniJ"Jd. delaoilutie a,rta o rom, de hanile
o lepternla
;;a flduni @ s ptuducInlrectrn d. rnpolrh
dl6Glorr' InkoCrupde r
nodfi@'e, sL.Llulu inlo.oi. rr "n'8cU
a r td? d, o',cldl deleuliuP e 'c radls'dire.laril,tcaolgan'.irii
di nquz a
.:j"in' "i.. nupuF d di {i r em l ul . r 'U .d c odPor m tel or
i r l o.uior i .@ dnb.'? od' odpotnl i p- i n3- 1"
'dii.F
dposlo0illri
d' cube.pqt oortologi..a rd, ti /t pislRar"@'a..
sauolirrdo.
v*bului14r,# .on,pA qr Fne\iwluj Go- ':n,zi
LsidcileDraDrl'
@ nrmk !i ia$,L),3l 'rclle,cdoporsl /d iu * mai@npo"t ltut
nu \,ri./i rt
csL {bJs;tlv odrtiliplndk o "-uniU rlalie {inLacsc;:
posF
pbn"t
bat.
sl(nu
rici'iibotcl&ti,n:.ci'4i
[,-u.u
num,r,nu
rd'rl, asacumspunrdep'ld:. ,t' tal4pllut. Ei bole.opni
S\ o olbe an\t rcpt dn$ o t@liunq In ai @a oganidea :h_
lacticd r eruprlui $te necl{i dl. piicinaomponmtului mtnt , se nu
esteBpdtat devorhito!la nici o unitateloricau indepfldenti (mrile n!
loaE dert rmpreun,cu a ad!@).,lat L a idst lnsii l. olieineo grupare
prepozjJjonali,d ,rtild, dailnd dln pdidadaln de prepozitiaa indi@
locul dn.cild. lilnd etiv.lfli o l4 L. Prepottta, nenajfiind de la un
!, $r plillrat id anmite otutrnclii
momentdal lol6it, cu valda 10@16
prpril.ii , ds l, ooa.ials
hd qu" tnt.rbnritate:nere.un@{ktra
shrctnrll iniemea etuansiuniiv.lbale si b asd ei.
ufli D@* ,nal@ de tuziune a
Advdbrl d@i .ste elttatd
.', n'r .a.a- (cI 4
@nponslelo! glupul.r p'po.: dal a-d
'
pild:,
dMit,a
a/Iaaod,).
a/6r ad, d
tuj cu Ydoar rodd4 d dro@ I rid,irh

aiddclrr0 nlnqr

bd liln il.vsbdlc.d
l.n dr -g!rr'n ve ! o , rrc d p : ! r, s , a r! . c
telisLiilersbale, ri un.lt omDonert,d. nle raj nulle .ri ! u bs, an
ri v. , i6 uj tonporsre cBnat:et; d"\jdqri Indica,de obi@j,frp u
. i"en d r r f 6 nponrn,eaulu:ionrltierup d o a s p , , a t u lc a ra c t F it ir
ln dLlt.ca,u.i. dEi o' Cmizrea.inrac ir, a gnpu d slc nsllsarr,
5ub4etiva Ddrc @15.itui
eonenrului
indildul sudurii. In d dd ld, srhsla;tivu1 fc s situearl sinlactlc u reat!
. s,p s u m i p o ?lii\om0lerml dksl d" nu rc o mp a t it ilc u v a ri4 . d p
r - t !u d" dderninolelpeifi@ subddt.v. ui fd ddl4!" eL .ad,
/o rr i4r etuptl mppoale ln Ldbd turd d @ntdnpo'rna,sohdrj
lnr, ada 6ir, drpprc
aR tl *nt.
A.ti bale16, ddne d!*neprqtnti un sidiu de llziune nai ard'saL oe
clr o dr fd, toatelreionst tuelGdexenpleckre deloculiuni.
Ino l ccd u li.a@a{gruDarepoaresif aIl e u ld 4 Ra s lo . . t ' u n e s a u
tu dziil,te de conbinalie \bti
d dd *ne, a da detns lu$@e
.e,.3 tn,l.e. ln Ada Asptet tu nu @pta mitiik.
4u\ d?a
s ub h,l
. ,v,n ( ep,s4 indh, taplulcz p, o p o , ila { Do ' d o n s r,u f 4
bF d.rn Ditu zal ub)laniv rct.s A da,, a,pai&J bun t. I . rhinh,
e nedcldnjtu., d4 .: p'op@ihs!d /!,id nu l. oerdnidl rd,. " aht.
p'opo?i.
butivllall de uosartv- rarxa,;nu pJe ron iosaa.*k
lp nio @aplerili tali d. bur a ld,..a asla de dreolorplair en
d i? ci p"r d sp r a,car-nare,pdpo/lla6n,1 I o 3 : ' r' p o a ' p . ii! rid <
r au decli .d rl ad {hqdomLl trl, d. C I L p u a d, ,6pru ce, .
Fa p r d r cdgr p;n a,
o omponenta
id e nie o b t n . ' t . rp F a re o r. .
(.ndjaT'cdlimoii
ri1. h siiualiid:ter,te,& dBlorie dalcruluide
B t- i do llle .eDod"e
lm', rol J.e5uL @e r$ rh d D. f , o , d e rc e
Iuncalp,D. a1i rezul.Alabililas grmr di' T {rdo i\i !
be'
'qrup
d?,n\.t"" (.. r.tk,:
p. q7).pd t" i3 rLaLeobiet:vrcr.tp.
a
-aada.
di e a ,. o, t lrr;durnla
lingvnl'jor. r. "r nr o preo a
u lu r'
erio
dd dunmsreres lDdiiuiilor" (irldzn).
Exenplele dGcutalo ilustreazi citeva dinlre tipnil de situatii sus
e I b'le d e a tinapFh'reloru,iuni,dlrnu Do la c d o " , lo z h d p d . a . u
de @n,Lruclii(u drru"r uf ocF de cla,, nu ru, J. . &. ir 6i -oc a
p " r . c$d cnli :noo,L t''ndr"irlor E I a ma I ic a I e I , d { ' n g e e o
De r Lonaimuhedr:, r ap'".ieru u o r6 u d . . J v in & rii, u
lvom un.ritd u oi'ivino*nrl. ; atild, cr ekddkd
nuri
6np@qte al.loculiunii iti piord sasui prcpriu!a$ incil

inl-.g!l g-upak pu'U[orulunulsmunl(d udh'.,4s."-

poai"

ct- o dt !?4e,a o.di, a da [@: a ar.od! etc, Phedeul 6te de la

inepul grf.. pplhd cE.I Cmd, el. d. pBupu. ci lormra
ur loculiuni-5"pud" $el'rlrl di s ruFl, d. a d$.ma ev4
un on@pt, o id@,pentrucrE linba tu dlspmedou cuvtnt patn
c) C r uD v er b,l :
r\ n DollJ.
vetq *idnn.
SeMte dn@rcM ld biblidtdd.
2) Tt.DlL s{ ol@ Mp&dl.
T:!rla{ 3[ YlrI & rllt
Ptr ti" !inlaclicipredisradnileo tsaliarcungrupartllld/n dou;
rabe d:nile* el deal doilea
c a inlini'\ .ouIa onlu rtlu, la p"
l,l prinE.u sll Leb (, pulo a r.rlr, o on.
0 onpone I e
'rp'a
'i
a unll u .i ir{tF ln'runlel.i@ledoul
ditieu
Tod'id" oisanl?ee
pdrtie,c.lolalle@m0orenie
elendlcldbalerelikd o anici
ordG
ir dL.r ' nlEr ul l or .Si l nac 6r i .,tl 4F ,c tti '@ ul l oc - hunr l or ,av en
d l3e (u o :on, i n s a b i I 5, diveFele
oGtru4ll ia cd"'psr &pna
v6he Dutlndawa un stltut diledt,
ln ozul lln d pdd in$llt d. infinitlv. m indiciual laptului c! intrbaga
grloai.
rd,z pdzii.rpFds .l "p*'n a lopra ironuneuipse'.d
n,.ial
h ltp,r,@dd, oialm, p'oi, ' du {,0lm r s lui
a pd@,'dlexiv.bi|
de9i6te delcnimntul lui ,rdrd,$ dplici prln
llptul ct ele doun
verbeslcrluieeo unitatesintactic,,cind d prtd e asjat cu u djunctjv. celedoui mhpone.te
p:+Fsl, . gFd na mi^ dedcp.ndslo.* puredoro.ddd ra
rerlizindo hh; po/Ii" p*di.ar p h analoeie
ru on.ltu.liih d
llB punhomD.$ lorm!liil"cuconiun(ivuls
intin:Livu(5i
'ntghd tnferior de fuime, @np. s @ d@
a.sctqi@z.t prjntr-ln
ln caznltui d l,rr6!i onstiiuirca lnlr.un grupftalizldd pdifa nniactice
tlediet ele reultatul unui ploe nai cofpl* d nai hrlto erape.
Aldhri dElPdrl a daiia) tQbuiecd4t. apat Tabub ti pfui. lnAe sd
pl@i,@ 4 oa!7i,redrib zt p@ili! su h i e ci. ln cazulrn care a.sti
rd. n cuttr, sd0ir@

d!,0d,

po r li"e t'.3 lr a sp'hnuneenunlulpoa h t , a n p . n c , i p ' r t h d u " "

r+,
r 6 0plo" i iqdi,ec {verbut,r"ru , * lA rr 0 3 . . b : t
" u . rp . a
pozitld sintactici): putem spunc Inl rr6lt ,&rt,. In .otultuctllte
h
ore oonla 6rbi{t 6tr "a zla Di n coniunlriv.d rztr, nu nd .k
smpd ribild u .oF oline Indn$t
lnilaauie ra pb^ . tu t.pteinlt
un enuni ront in linba rdft6it. l'tai mnlt deit atlt. ln cadt acetei bnbin a liise p o duco reo.ganizare,E poriu rilo rs in la c t ic e { in lo c u l
qdinii Tebaie sd pleci tu- GN Tterlt l! &t p&ii. sueesiuneaobisnuiti.
mrmali 6le Tu tarlie rd ,1n!.. Dsnunele subl@t fiind olasathaintea
grupverbl. A@asteddhe des& inned li neiired$t
IntreguIui
dr 'i 1 u
s 'iaTf u \ub:Fr .lrn irri\ u l' i @p la ir: )u b h i u l
'e J" trupe"da,ln ondilii.irL.cricend nal..prtdcrl'n r.CFE.
dbordo-d'i
lnFrpft rars u .Lor.,' g-uputuie e 6tin .: i di ro n.d FFt'k'rr
(unel.r6r r dd d, t u rGl lubiel rr bebdllu sl rtu.. de d.nplu.
ln amd
siitati, intqprelarq onjunclivului carallrare r poriiei
slbiet 6te dclai. Gnihctivul nn Dmte li inlsiFl,t
ini, ihi ci rsli.
,sft a conplenenlnlli itlr4i $! i;direci, retii;d D6ibil, flbstituirea
nici cu acuzatiwl tTt 6 (n) hebuir.-, t<i cr da$\\n -.fuXi lftbule
(!i rjci cr un alt ndninariv - .?t trebui. tr,J, Tuli lft,uht lcr a lft'ut
verb per$nal) ste o construclleposlblld,anabgnrnsdc! l, ,,i4k4 .d4i
In u_ulsj ual : or d. a"sr lel lr .r.

. vo'brh de proroh

celc @i multe dinlre @.etirile s.sadai. &c6tor @Fhuclii3

siu E l a@ nlu.ia.i tnunasu,nrDb rp e t o rh s t la l' ih ln ' r. 3 p d
6.dlF b..h,u
llui de(criDu: idr d" trod sl, n!cq,l:.,1
ld 'e p a rop:slslu-rdevqoul.ainlin iriv s u (t ilo n lm! , ia e { p ' .
d1!E pftdcsruru {or pbl 6.@ndu (1963)re od"'d) (II.p. $).
iB), ,F: a "LAn ln !c e @n\lruclii lun(jun .. n tic.l z 'ipcrrui, din el.toFnt,re
mTpon"n!ptsdisr I mopl"om
/tudpkLild) dre{1,) tn }/u. R.or -rerb
m.i iiulte, ,,verbpFil4r
+ sublet GlbietivS) rn cazll hi a tsbat . . . (Cm am vrznt dai
ss, inte{fttars e sdbiectivi a @njuncliwluj dependentdea,zrd
lidtc, lBt Droblene deldc nglijebildl

d & d red_un& Foenft q & d prd rdr!&r pdilr! ubreL

t r , r p s 6 6 sr
: H 3 rr,1 cL rs6 q

c Is i o !1 3 tr!.h A U r' j c .3 !p ' k| | $

o $lu I'e elob,lapsbu !dL. vdo" . " modsleia- (hi'r m asi

dr"eRle DUridemturrr!lii driLlste
rD;,1;i.rui'rrc.r'""brc'
p!
L *re pGibili !5!i 'orurul
L
;,i nainle , dre
Dl rrPtli)
nici.lar'
*le
nici
skbil,
in4stenullirhiid
lor
.rrom n" am oP' t r4le
ati\u' d" o pL "a ei d ltphq.
'".p,a
.,
esorh
di4ulah,
{emi)suvlaeld dc rod,lira'e d srnl
'
j.
ea
rru % daie rodslar untr a @n' d Jio
dD-n+ ti, rr
a , , 3 a s e \ d b e r e , d s e - d , d c ( * @ ) 3 0 u r m d . a s p e { , s s r !
qon'
@rtec.\zt.t d tup', a p'i4dr el ArEune'lil'irlooteInd
*
aiac6lorvso".h_nii,$deo'd1
. i' ,
sq!
'
.
,
1
,
1
"
:
.
_
b
i
q
i
,
n
d
u
.
e
v
e
r
b
c
.
p
p
.
d
i
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u
o
ides..,Ft" dobt
md n- i . .
dF
ordin
\eos
d
m3i
ar
dp
milero d'n Duntrul
"o linuru.ui,
qramatical,
dE 461 srsufenle (ve, di$uli, d*p d
wtud S1a lrcbuE t tebni sa Pnftb
Us sirl !

Ea.rtu | cuialuia dcPdetc.

l.ldJ 9i peatulo.
Yti d2 tuit
prdr_
rea.vdes po lhi DFd1,l p"n inlerj(F"
Ulana 5ilur..
j"
prcdi,l
3vPd,
rae.
Il
cdul'n'"
Ddnea ell,roolarc snsloed
lie
ore
J.eb mr rul.eori,tu m?qrlii onortopee r*t/ atr'rrd)
3u&4.a o d.liu'e ".2 L (me p@l. i 4.0!ial 4onorur redarprrn
on;tra oDe In eri.dsot da'oDo.a"'ubsliiuie rerbul'll a?dpnn.
pdn +rucluraenrilului
a(i!i8 fL 6eELe
'ndhat
8
lTlutia|elitustd
Ea 'tu!
a otuNdt ldinid N f{%ttd
liDurid. .la{i d .elelaile
4ll,.tud a.clFa!i
hn' t \i a aed
d
a
.
@
ri r hefa rlru.lurdi
*
I
n
l
s
o
'
f
u
o mDo d m. a k . 1 - 1 r L - . ,
Inrdielii.or nu,joa.doei'e b s"o dld o!4'ennla s (ld prcdicsl
p e b d a a na . o E . ' ( h c r u r . L Fr u d r l u r i l e a \ I d o i r u v o b a l
t-,

ldnl.
i Cabd-l
Vai de hoi. i VqbEle d' noi,
Gnstr!.lia detdElnanldui tiind idfltic!, a@drn eld dout elemenie
centru calil.tea de r.elizi.i ale aceleafipoziF sinlaclic

3, Slnt erctk din puitld slntaclici pftdical nodrite nepdsorul.

r @1dji! 5peial. @i i.2 . a ilr'nrrivuluir.Di&dillle
(cuexc.ePl|a.
lnu sl.tt -pmpo,Ili .uboldorate' redizird ,e,"tt poil:rr qi rura
pronumele
le flbstBnUvle,adlEtlv.lesi
4. O c,B.ts st,.s , pmifei r,1tsr,i c ..pr"dh5r4,
r,co d.o*bEt. d.
lo .l e ce le h lle,
onsiildi.lapiul c: ,rl'a p o -il' . u . e p F t , b il: :
aee$ stlucturt lundanmtali nn addite docil un 'dnur' predlcat.

NL]i1ELEPREDICATIV

"veb la nod peM ,r'

LO. Ddirirer proi(allL' pl r
'.ali.area
}i di:ruk'E num?luipted(a'
{cl. Prd'.dr'r. $ 1.0) in pfi 6lddera@
ilvca oo/ir,esinlaclicSdFdna(lj'arora n pu eil d rolur,rf 'Iml
d*t'n.li,, eesola ft gdmr"ciP clFte, d tr. oredir'ul v"rb,i i
u' a'"
' 1 ; L , Mtt"t"t),ll, p ./. e praiz"aa ca P 'd:ca
pFdicol
L'
br
rcni
d?
e\pnnaF
h
0,p,
f,
oacee
liol
ckr
Dredis'
fl
'
p" I'Fde vorbtaprin d.. dtrihel-p ed'caI'n
;;l rc.,j D:96.:DuD,
are,;oul si rominatJ, ar oednili,hold doui .,ri4gli de prdidt tu
o ra c l. ' d e i r i p r v , , P , P d . . a l u l v q b s l p d l e " d p l i n ! l p _ i n l ' u r s b
o locniune.dosl" q oinrPrjnl'e" Ur'96),'Prenir'ul notrLnal6te dcn'
Luirdiirh.u ursL na, nunp'nuin.pi.dic.tiv"ri d rb La !db@pulaliv"
..a lnsr verbu |
h oobelcdcftJnl (dei nu rp?
' ),b.a d\|n'1!a p'rdcalv6bal'p-edr_
;'o.99r
n ra i, n e . d e n . d i r s q d a o .'uryine
{ L u l rs r u p s e st e - b " l o - h f u n ( t i . d c a l i a c d I 0 r
e , n o mln rr o i o
;-;;'i,".
d" d*l
de -6:btr-rla "" a v;iului, ln oou, rar' alae'
. d b e le p , " d c r t i v e . . c c . . p , p r l d l r d o o c l i u n cP, o t f o n a r i n E u r e ,
adi,atnta^t"ltdi"
! ndsrnrli ur nod o6enr, un prdi)6.\dbat
rcl@dia rl9!3r, L o, 20bJj v4b4e n e p re d !, t i v. cmenupol
io!!. o.dierur urei p oporli: det ru sju'oln hu' nunc p"drunv.
ali
idb opuraLv ini " db:.cl5i pledi'sl
a,rnd ioa! rudiusn.
a dan, o ou|s?, a * lo d.." lar' ot ) D.fini ria vdbclor ' 'pcdl( t live
lre detectul de a na Dteiza dc e ,fl pol fdo! piediBlul den cu aj!_ iorul lnui rune predlcati!'
fi de r avd u calacis .ircrldt' lntl !t Iel'
6 t e e 4 l i @ l p r l n v e r b u lc o p u d a t I ijn dc nr d h r l n e D ! d i c a t l r
l a t i r, onceDle s i n o n i n e Giterill pmpnu'zjs sl dklinciiet' rept4nt.l Drin dnrnite Da.liculsritili de sms, esteindicat prin precj@:
d J' ,,,;! p4t'opd cn mlifttul s,u nolion.l li lorMfta
'v;nrl
prcdi.,tdri , , , C.lelalte lqbe d Imcltm opllanvi \i pistrtazi el
pqinlnpdte{ sensul {subl.noahdl lor kncal" (4, cir)
Veibe pftdicdtire sint, in a@astt pqspecnvr, @le cu "lnleles deplin",

n u n . p re d l a l l v$ dtin$h t r ' n Do"b' ]dr "g

l , r , Pd . i l i a; n t'i ,
n ,n p L u h .l ,q 'i v' b.liul Jjubsl.nr \- r ,
d e a [ l e s r k l . p 'n i '
ndje.tulrnnohi I dti4mnonituttvu, n! iapu ne vdbul0i(spr
do*bire denohinativll subieciludcte*tki d2MA
Pleonta 3a! lipsa acordului r.prdinti his;trra dcosebiloare
poritianune predicaliv,
ambele
conpalibile
dintr pdzitiasubiect
c!
. . il r , F a p r . . nrmcl nSimn i r3 l .\, rr d . !j J n !. di' en d"
pe
' 4.tii
! rts v s b u l l e c oI n l ra d e 4 tru ce e d o u tnune
vohul
bielulr
( a. v.e{ .aa
l, o r d e , "d e I n " ' d cp e rd a n l , p e ( nd"r
nuner
e a.t.dD""
o?d
o F L t i e o e o "p rn d rn l
.- me.p4.i*v
" " 5 u b kcl u r.@3cd{ sdin" ln.el. m di
ar e h w d e r "m L
'1 eudof
'e F cancteistici
nlllecazud,pEdta
comune
cusubietrl
Er&naticale
6e ir. .: . vo'b4." d ..B"o'd 1utreluiptsdi.
r1o1dllali,(o.1.',
'a
Poriia siniactici {numepredicaliv)pr*uplnep.canl. ln omuni
@e a mni terbsus@ptibil
dea cere in Limiieleuneishuclui
tundamentdlq dodi noninative(rn verbcaracteriatprin doul valonteconbinalive
plinnuneln nominalivl.Caracleriardverbului.a_
slislrdte, ambele,
rcprediotiv (su @pulativ)* fac, ln aeast, lecpelivr, h telmsi
ln cazllilc ln sE unrerb nui opunedecltun nominativcar_.: ,4lddatA
lh cinpir 'rt6irtunriem o rue. (undea/a ru cered{lt !n nonin,iiv o
e4, ac6l uic noritutiv tpElnu deobiceio @liare a porlisi snbiei, parliclpi la o e151iede inledepeldenli,
ln tdndil cl6ili..rrii cumte a Dredicrtelor.
erareorezintiln aserene
Sp'r d-o*b.p d. , bt"iir.ti,p.d"p.ld".ire,

., rrlc k 6mb da(orh.p*i'icl ri'i" up t.l" (i Cikre tu|,.r,o

rcnla vsbelor copulatjveprGupunereallaia obligzloriea pozitiei sinta.tie ca orsplnde valedeispe.iltc (,,nonimtlvul nonsubiect").
pozitiei
Delinitarea
sinhclicenunepredicaliv
laji depoziliasidlactic,
(sre
predidtiv slplindtar
adniie de .smeni reatirareapdnh.ln
numelatuninativtinut mpune
vsbuluipmiicularitilideacord)
$ bada
zipcdtslitrciiadinireenunlulplinarri
@ldsivat: peclndpozitlaeleEent
plediativslplinentarpresupuneoshuctlr,
derivati,
redtsttdin
td. st@vo r'tctaad, D t34.

tspts- L
.nntrraqea s dou, erunl ri plinac, po/il,
'umepFdicariv
p
'
r
v
4
i
n
a
r
;
d
i
.
t
l
i
.
d
e
13 D,l.
l
r
r
o
.
t
r
u
c
l
u
r
,
@ip
o
F
P
n
r
un
d.itda,,Il.nda,,d
e ln I nomint,v.
lnd,n'Li krf,aiar,,ql.
ptdr.35.
up
rm
a
;
i mul
r
o
Falide
liei
6re
Pmh ti
PD.
.
r
F
u
n
f
n
;
,
p
c
8
h
s
d
o
u
i
i
p
inr.:
d t u d s d rs r . o l u l u r e j m b t o
t'E te.
t) retuia
q rm,io esleh!tutdtd.
o 0 p a | | b I I " (non.ort'adLldll) t 6)
.re'c) .xDiTd ontinut'
d e ( el dr''.tn.' t.
c n n lii rs d im 6 n u n i , / @ i d n ( 1 , F i
'
(
2
)
,
d
v
'
tn,Jak (u aFlo$
pur
ttt.bd
d
.
adlec
rivul
twi'
li 4)nrnt t6'
rr'l r.a!!r"lica In (s,, a z"a/, potlia de nune prediuLiv deoaFe
id or e d r dgan:/d, drui erunLDrinar, nul Dulen or .ideraca
raullr.d dlik.o hndofm:resplcatt unor4unlur q
(3) Fetuidpoft.
(4) Fetuid .de ldttidd.
(4',
d o d (e n , 6l e e i J a u i z " o i l i , l q r ' @ F d o r q u l ' ( )
'
.
o
e
n
r
i
a
6
D
n
s
l
r
'
u
r
n r rn L . o d oa r i b i l e, - o
ltnd
":cor.phF-, tL
ri'a Ddr:" e pk'uo rD'alrrel enun,u ('J nu 6h g saa': al d"+pta'
\il dper^{eln b"TmFa o,lelle ob'grlo 0 ul t dollParor inal ! \
2. Daidire! I I rel.i pFdical\ B pe lh {ntr.li(, de lipul conpk.
n e o rld c . c . ,d e d . l a t a I o d e p - d r ' . i r 1 ; d . . o t s r i m , n Pd e p e t
o b a t ; , F z d l v , c o n r r a d i l l idai n i ' r
d 1 rr, d a r l n 3 r a r n r i . I n g
deflniLa breo'csldr itluliv a ored'slului roi inal, deci J 3 ruFr' I
Dr.dicariv,@npon. lz a ale e vrL.tdli de prcdic!(]!T :e Izcc D' 1
ia Do r. a re . a . L o i ,5( ti l a D l o p o z . ,_- p o b l en . . i n ' e " u r " o p F d a ,
ie daDenduledc rorde iqb,e
\l 6"nd a (196), I',
';!d$ntle
p
r
e di c a 1d
2),
deicare
nu
Epratntr
dbssvalla
F.99,
J , P o rt r" . b " U c d - n - m c p ' " d , " z\l- . r e o ' e , n ' . o . U d r $ b d i t u l . e
carecupinde udtoaRle re:liztrl
(e) Numd in nonina{ivi

$b$annv: ?rru tui d f^r ddctor

EI ptue9.qrrift.t Mia]i.i,

dL\Pe.ae s axtbit
Prcntne. Ea e *d
prurula!,da
latinedd^1r^.
Cai&t

adiectiv: Y/rM rsretrtrfto$[.

lon .dr cl nai nmltoi
arn r^1: Mtid d lastn"z L7Dirirti.
Et eneal h.lla di,lre ntuQnli.
D ntre 0ronun" F- ezl, Ta d6 porrtienumr p'"d'r iv pror.'Je
dcno' . ,vc sJ pdinale: A! p .t e.t.. Er' ,r !t4 to.. 7 u ryi iu
',
Crndid a6rdu1!i r. distingcreaetor dolA pozilij sjnta.tie re.tiaie
0.i ' ..o e n
drv r i ejrcifl i r q ri" liit e ir 6 e n u ! e t r J n l
'oniMi'!
(u!:n. zp"4illr d ,cdo r4 o d l d c wrb ie n a . " e
prin
- p r e r scle
...)im lffi Licsratrad? e.I-" a prcpo,illea4luo?!. poeor.,a,i z d.i tF.".d d 5 $b.L,nrive6F.o oi,ari0 il4re , t j, a F " Do rriit " ,. _ j. c r
rr 3*nerd . ru'lr d'h e lie@ + Dosreb.c u_.I
l op .c.: d. obh-. abadul ate pk j r ' n , n re d . . - D, 5 s u
p' i n( o n a l:.,
e%epF$p
o h . rd r , r, u -'
sr6ie\t Iotu etlPpapotul.,de pildz
. lu lu i I L rd ir, l/ ! ! . c a d .
Tol to,'l i . ln.ucci-rslln"r;afl
.r u r i !ld o .4 porum rotrs, rL o e n o n -rrj. r a n u n c p re o k d .
liv I. rd ak zefial krl, 16r. ud. Gl" dourp onunedi,e. a po.otu,
fo 'q " le b - l i i' dl"i pnn L plonure (a . u b P . , o
n T " E ii p ' o )
/sa prlin rncllde l ";lc s .dirll os .d r dlsrl'F" cslizdlilee dr ooua
pcilii,n r n i'rut,ii d. tipur \oi;rrm ta p a t 4 t .t ' . p u " n . p n r' b a
pttt zcs mi i tni tuirbl
e p.'patuLl.
^.ttoi
a
r
s
umil
In,'.
.u,"aqd orin ar: d . , rn . rrd . u t iin o . u , r, rr. .
'
dsbirecz Doli sd" & rp.sl.o q@., to,Ta lsbutui indic" tdr @mbor sl ul a t do e dl i,po'r"ui dein.sd"ppid d t : . o n . (ru . t iam' 6 ' s L , p
Da,n dr d2L1 .tnr a * n tct. a4tdlca sfrJ. . p l 12' stnt .n.e .ii
on.truclii ln cale"a@ d- p' in ,laqie- dp r ..pa, ;! nordr spb"r.
de prtda,totdqtaa: Adh I abpp w s awb,t) .tit ?u I i nJ.Ak,tu"pPr i n' cl a /rll.p'ononin.l";. Ltre.' Da o id . iv f t b u t n \ a o ! . ! e t
ilfttiu.tii . cF. i, 3e . a Ddit:c,,pa pionunete
"+n:.ndod d"n'e.;
'n
p,oJ@ttat, & pildE.I s-laeacmtruill
aoa.a etado.dr
D@u
^
nle 'emiindependdt"
z fiind ln noninaliv (tar substantivut in idjtiv
lllnd deleroinanlul, alrlhntul, aceshia), nn $ aal pune problena
"depllllor" ln carenlnele pftdicativ $n l' senitiv.
O interpreb! .naLgi p$upun !i ffilrlctllle
de tjpul Cd.le lt@ra
e,12n |ui., N Cateqrada.d.
a M, (vd $ s,rirxrar, s 2.),

Itr o/eizrl@ (1963),II, !. 102,s lse preiaE ci altcolul ete

L ca.ul nomilaliv,alirmaliec.re, explic ati, rNamn ce numele
p'.dlcdLiv6F fp|.a l3'. h oenmca ciludlri,prinl.u13 rrcl 5r
nonlndtl\ t. h srb Ln'i l' m.tiv eu r nunel" ored..zt.\*re
exprimalprjntr-$ arUdl. L.rrull. p ,ip lir dacaaccp a
'
consLu4iiF r posjv (^ela d@da d, { m., d'
rrp 'bile din
't no"ologic,!,
pri.in, porliej ddblr., Dodwlu' ln.adrul$.lrhulu
de o rlt; inLsotslaie. a ,m ! et"TDlul ore.edenloo.te I int Drcl,t
e id re o lia - s d c . r i v o l dr n u f ,' . l d p ' ; d i c a L va \ . n d r ; l e d e r cd ; d o . g
nriante - @np.:fua diWa@dnaaru,annta
,
PreznF goptrilor . al + Dosiv, i in .laselodosrbstilntie ale subiec' u ru i il o d p e o P ' t u l u d i m l , . 3 - ei u . u r o r d d ' s - r F a p ' o 1 o n ! m1A,niciddali realizareaadjetivsle cr. A tdale htt. bud., N ti,To este
zdi ,!rd) Jacepreldrbili pim inrerprelare
lorftl.ti:
d(r) mne
predtcativ, delelninat de un pos6iv.
r,Dul..ara
A rb is u e5 u bo r p R l u li n k r o - L n ' . i , l .
o
d e ri rc. $de(i'rda, @ "r!p 3r'a46., t^ ,sk po,.iia nu f,e p, ' r c l i i l epo,le
"di.r'l!
r l. :l d
dls pir
tanon.urfv
D r o n u n .s r a d .
u
n
' . t i Ma a@fi.
' - t ra r .ri d" d.trsr,i@r.ln +h,hi. i1
" M.o ,!a' N
rcr.
d |l, n o ar . u l , f t , r F ' o ' m D d o o i n i a d d F c l i v u lo r' s o r a . o r m
ct a'1tr d4n $nd M). atlariw, ruaodsri'Ad a/p 4e;.lisilul e
pld.-azt ln bvomq inlspretirii dedo.stralivelor, et.., h aeasie
Pozitta dune predlcaliv 6te rqlizali tot printr.n. Dbnune *'iriinde
pende.t" d in orotrfttii cr:
Pdlturt tud.ce c6 atbd.
C@ Li .de @ d. ltngd wL
D. rl' h l l n a r h { e a _ i . u r l i i , I n l r d . a ( ? 1 ,c , , p @ e a p m a p ' o
nu$le d-monsbstiv@, rmr4 "1..).a/wd /,d, ic, d chior d r
Pdr,tutr M

ed. .c*

(e6sta) dthd.

(b) Grup pportiotul;

MN a$ata.d. de ndal.
O Ma
dnditu td. lmadttiaa rattvli.
El.do dtntJea@1^(tu tutwd).
,
ln 3 -n e n@ . i t s l i i , i u b : . n l i v u l . a - r m n u ' e J " d r n D u l D r e o o t io Dl p p inl d I d t r ac a a , l a q u . a d e p i . p o z i r ' e ( t u : a t i i , l ; D r : -

-.;i.

stiii-*,d,eu.

p. ts.

sul !i .l trejlea *enplu, goitiv ln cel de d doilea),iar p@ilid sintdctici

6te reoliatdpnn lntreeu l
n r m e r r e d ica ttv
Cru p p r. p o z ilio
n a I si nu prln ,,$bstanliy ln ruu tiv, Ca itv' .td. (ct. C/d.rtd (1963),
iinloc rD 1tr.-rrdletn ausub.
II n l02r.CruoulDreD@.iondLo@le
, l ;i i vh o n 'D'n ri al'uoi+% ntFq.r la s ro e s u o n ih e . -ic e re a .
ca " dpo*birc dc @n.l u4iih pFpo, tiorre dieuL e la ,ube-l
dtel (c f . q 7 ), lt @/ u l n u n " lu '
i c l . 4 .1. ,I4 .' s' rno.nertu
p
plsl@a
valoats.)' 1 po,r1o .
M. I!'
i'.d,.ahveen"Fr,
"po;lio
]Ce
'
a(
drdnidd.
sDune
i[ odem
i\lu inleip'rd pGibirso rc0Rr' l" rlldrra
s"6ror 66rd4.,
al. rm! elidd: ptoponfuM@os,zdad.d'lm.poal"
aliind "-ur
"F
(a) n6t d? ktu.,
i,
o 6draedrc'di trm @eo
n inlelordsk
unde ,Gn ft reD@nta numole ptdicalir. Cind^(alli subietul, cft $i
mnDonmtul moulu D'eDul'o':1. redtriF a nunelui predir iv,
J . n . rt u l p n . a _ e q ^ s i, '
s rrr 'p or u n " orn.r;e;dtuur
au ii adst enut ,p,4im lot cla*i pr.nunelor : E/ tlamul d.tts @a
lc) Frtu \ e\bate tupdetuttl
{pln : Ztl2b e|ba dtu dr ns''stit
E
46fi 31!ind ta linp
p.ntu d.
irJitnLJ.\: A ded. i lro kLe lwd.lnda
pftcedat
prediotit
6te
loldeauna
realide
a
nune
SuDinul@
Ddiliei
ln.iii , . l. a@Lre J u8l" d" u oeil pr@d.l de preponlk. .3
rn Ddatidb ao @ a hptt pt^alo trp,/.. ri ll tELe&ri'daiut d"
fiind Dretdate. in nod wident. otutrlciiile cu @njunctjvul {Daln? ''.lor
ao v tunbBa ptnaQ crpd) F" ; pmpo,lip,parelnfinir.u' nurrpFdi
rr'
sltutle:rca rc t is u b ' { lu le t F P F
c af!Ir '.d b d r .lulan.iar*'
a ttptd
At Dnnt-un infinillv, a ln exmphl A t Ae Xtntu ni@ lMnd
Dp iu e ln.re,sLr I,urtttllm.reDreD4ilica.nt.n,lfllulnL oepFdj! rl v,s.eu nprcrd"ulI\.r rl" (.Lo@ d@ (l9 o r, rr. p r0 1 .o b . . .
Dinke modm,anDdetue. lermriul ,r loa " c, _6,"t.,
p@i r iv. iirr 0 ii[ea$. eiilalh numsiCirrnrl"
"dpiv
tind: El estabrn sqqiti.
E qt a wie Msti
De qdicd ru e eFL
Blie cd a plondt
td dnd.
Mai e
sd at lt llete !
lnpFibll'ostfil
kobabll at Sa

nrmelui
o "rt

Realizdoa .drerb a p.ziliei nume pdlcativ e dndiliotutt de realizaa !trbal, ! poziti srbieti ole poate li: (a) o rdmi aedau nepsinlinitiv sau supin - sau (b) o propdilie (al c.rrei refeftnr 6G
enali
vezidehpleld ieDdqial ln ele nai null cuuri deo sir!alie
sj nJ o" o p.Foan. $u un ob,.i'. A(61! pdiculariLalelo@6 r- r.h
p ' . d i! 3 1
r.t fi- motur1 r p oporli ubqb\c rn.un.lonal .
I lilt d . e r 'nd .1p! ' p F d ' r L . ! : d . e b ( t l a . , d J . I ' v , h , c s l e s i r u a t ' i
re D@ J a o f o d , d p ' a o r d " d e t i o s o e L r l .d t - ' a v 4 b 8 k , r b h d u ' u i
realiztriiedvsbialea nunelui pdiotiv
tnipuneel(tr@
ca explri se por meniiona enunl$i a. ct ai ldcut phn tuM e
dn nu?e ppdka'iv adldbirl corepud. rrr ..b.El'!.
o r4 , L
prii prcnuneFkljv Dzt C? al.urAtuol na ra (tu) 6t1.
inlrcd.e ' la
(N hitu). c. apotiE cdpitdti.i estt bm t irure. elc,
\rmelc p'Fd'c.l,v,dJ-b poztr '' @ Bk' ti o ul slbie raial prin
t "r rrl i p i' p'olrn" peuonar):
Arta e hinc, G ? bine? d! tJi! e, m' bine,Nlmir rr s bine
pdLicrar'l,r.r dp d "
A c a h p 6r r r .
r. ld o lu!{ie,
L f d o me ! . r n p r o"cu5 ( t . C o ' p k N J L l a l d , t ' rcf i) f h l a . l o b l s t s u
pror
ln asl LlUn ra numeleptsdi.aliv {rpon; o re :'"
ce e (nai) bn'l
Asla e (,,i.t) mu!, (!i A@sta(i6h) e ro. nou.)
ptsdir iv 4dmi.
,d I Dorti- n
Aore'b"lr o" Td allpr, q,
.ub'.rulu.
'Tr
r
L
"
ua
,
1
"
r:
"J
sitnlia ,! , drd.
Luoirilc s,nl dliel.
Cla, vremei?
N! tta .,ft d jdr .s]h.
predicaliv 6le conpatibll5 ri cu
. Realzdd advedialt a tufeilj
lipsa srblsldui: gEpar, birr, deerempl!,poaleapiro t in d!n-

\rJ Mta bine.

carnu admitcalslizatapin introdu@re&
lnui subiel,Analoela
cu
p) E biE ('d 1u bdleutftut).
p6niie
ne
sI int{pretim advdbul t r, @ ftalizare a pozitiei sintaclice
nu me nredicaliv nu numai rn (2), dar 5i ln {l ).

In lntrt

.n.10$ei,puiemintsprela a enuturi cu n!fte pftidicaliv

\31Mia eld, (hic, sde,do, etc).

uda a J, . nckt cu un odretiv dr, r, d6. qubstutr,. , s 5 In e

'-

(4) E at1 (ftis, s@t @pre erc,),

.
I dp sflparc, a l' {hJm'iL rdF.,i s ro,' r'.p'e a a ia pF
p. r-0 ru 'rulLT vobrlo
di,ltunjnrl(LdborodntddnwM,
(Fl. Dinitle*u, I&4/u'll. r,6a!. 14 linbd ,aqnM, Btre.li, t9!8,
n, lll| AtMd@ 11963),
ll. D. 100.midda s-bEt elemmtllinnoinjmtitln rthtle d , ii.
Da"; I r modobi@uit .ore pFdic,l,v6lp,5a,l dup" verbu,pred : t C a t s . p r^ ." d 6 1 d " -b :*t). n"a u slalu o r up' opr li"
subiectivi$i nuoe predjcativadv*b, nai Irccventi6te pl@rcd subleti
vei du0n pledi@t$ nuneleDredioliv:
, pa,bt sI llour.
E ,rre cn obIIIr oc6.e..ond't'de.bDir, D idi"a ul,
dc oo.o o',i r l.
'.Dpm'zr
sicat ca a {ul.
Bire cd tall Xnlqs,
Pnbabil di a sd trllnie.
sln obhnuirermaial6.
inl obsm Di'E ln osreae i "
, irr "girea
ln\.o to
e , u n l u ' upi , 1 rrrro d u ? o ap tsd ra tu l u.
r cp,* tst p''ul
a
-o
sbdlur. Ii, Ble p6ibil,,larstru.tuizenunt!l'rl
6le clrd.
F|drra pftdicsluluie mai 1wd.l
d ru,Lrile cale comoor.d
p o z i l i , . i r l a .l h d n u me p rd i ca ti voIn
srozuleloihll"r
.
ipur idesunl.
I1p@ia Dolula,,ln sal'lna (su dew:nq) lile-,', ru 5r hl:cd
! e I n l r l n s (o u n l u r Jxcru ti ,.u p R d icotule.idat,
deldno:
P{iwul U, PMd @kului,,.
&ranz - ptdie, LlnnnNk- dn@,
LnunlurlledeaRf L po l! lalrralelrin in Fduds

-'ii-*irfilia.i.i-p"i.-ii,i,

rn

oredkalului:

d. Ba' ftl * poare

erDhe

p r l nr u o i . . ..d 8 (d d lg n d rl n d"-Lnr
mre dr" pr dlr 6biul,' r ,l r dbelo
@reslni snpalibil. d p.rlia nnre prediattv, car * poi @nshd d

do!6 nominatve h nilotul dunFrilor p.imle De altfel, s elidzi

toidedlna z fi, el mai lntrebuinlat di.tle verbeledin aeasti cla6i,
o or$nizare analogi (ldverb + propozijiecdj,nctiodalr) prrntj
.[in4e cd fit.
Paalecd a ptetddttttuL
sprup. a a@!or enunlri pura !1 avlddt)
Ersa.Lreo na'
p'lni
o
di'ocnl, o p'ein', iroosibililatp,
d.a Inrodu..
!n.hdo*biri
Ln verba /i p endl. \ puten.pur: .E /iz* d s,4 c! atfl bai
'
putin podbll;e nibducsd,6t\ahi, mtutrrcllileo p!d. d,
Acasti pa icularitate a ,wti h red@ de allorll C.@rdr?i,
(r9$) crtrd tac distinctiernlle ,,advdbetepredtcatift", sro ftpre.
zinti Drediate vfbrle (#e onpo a L iel c! predicatelesbale
p4lru ci nu admitpehng, eleun wb @pulrtiv", IJ, p, 97)9lele
c.F .-hr predkap noninrleInhu"it zdnit pe hg, elc pruqlJ
umr krbe copul,uve'(irnzu)
p$podlltle inhodN pdn 4t q.e urmeaz,dnpi a6te adverbe
prdic&le wbale 3lnt interprtale ca
snslddate ca rep'6thd
propoziliisnbietive tl in matncli, cu adlerbelenum pftdi-

' O alli d@sbke qrc mqiti. de 6eneni- si fl; lusu in consldssdeo

@nstituituptulci h @nstrucljileln careadvsbelonuadmit,,6ializj!d"
.dnl !l pdn d f, @njlnclia rd poateli odirr. Putem3pune:
Pode oi t piydd t@t|.
Poalet pimht ttqu!.
' lnke dle don: emnlu nu opar d@sebiride lnlels, ed ce pe.nit.
onsidsare. Crupini pozd'ai wrhnl, Onerr)! sdvsbnlui p@L.
Apariliavarianteipra| rd sepoate*plid pri. ,n,logi cuoBtrocliile
cu advsbdenure predistive detiplt (E) bihe.d . , . lE) sisu ri . . . cIc.
l.t. \. G rl !, Senttkttit b dekba, tu sc, r, p. 66)
Aven a lace cu una dintre sil!4llle i. eie $ nanileti dinlmid
limbii: podr se erupeart u d ii linde s, cotulltuie h unlc eledcnl
advediel, indivizibil, de lipul prda, in&LtuA(<nold. nd ten ed),ci.d
(<z@ ad),In toaie acje szuri aven a lae cu adverlerczul'ne dn

I
mr lo p r "s'in 4 e r', r,i) d un", lormevd b a let ' a u n e lm ju rl: L '
nu \l u Pot.d LM nit un2ut.n o'gsri.ea/i ca o uni.d p'opdilc
ExisLsla lormaliild d. tip.'pa,d oL. olsr, dc a*oo ba?,
', B .
an a lo g icip 4 '_u pd:lia lli p@ r (t. L ! a
le o o o r.
I,
Prcpaile s&ednd, Br.rt1l\, lo7l. p. c3,. (hi,' l,D'ul J d,
Bh
s.o 3' um'iurLra a jnd:c! dig s elogi"d a grLpa-ii,nd(utie.
ad\?.bel' nu F" p "di aiivc * orcl!ui* .Frp rr .L ,, {!ei exemD.et"
mts:mr). a.e4 trjurlh
inrradur pDpo tril" uDodon, e tr,j
d? a st@. d Qtp I o optn (a pre * 6n'tru."!h r!. .J !r: {ee)
pt td /.r ,.i t rl |,
pu" a n4r,4 rr' , r.
"d
" d v 6 b . , u 3 d , . h d . c rl
osrru$ii cu !d : Per, !: d,qi, Sepaotesdokd"Pt@nl. ht rdln poatetd
indici lapiol c, siuparea$a snslliait d!pi
celorna @t s.i advdbialjat. Inrposibilitatea
de a calalizaenuntulln emenq situalii,prjn
inircducos lelbului a l/, nu ne oanlte hsd sd onsiderin adveibul
pod* (ad) tulizale a pozitiei sintacitcn@e preii@tiv.

I
t
.

si Fue*ecAtu ue ninit a. sprs,De sltfel, categorja'rdydbelor propoziiionale"nu @inddedeli p,4kl cu "adv{bele pr.dicalive' inrdstrate
ln 6,ad4lr.a (1063),IIr P. 94.
Abor daedndi i ; a I'ddu- i i l Lar Li Gi m pun",l ,bl l i F 3 une!
distlnctii lnlre eduniri de tiDul Srgatnu ate ni,nc dz ip6' ,?II*nl\nd
o uh, propozilh,5i Stgr.+.! 4/dninic d. sp6. sN SlgutttnLte ninia
d?rpa., caic pot fi considsateca enunluri dpdnrlnd douSpropozilll,
G ) Inte, j ec l i e
Etq v"t (i w) d' tut.
( l) P!opoz i l i i
reiariveprononinale: o li losr,r co ll lGr
laate ai@saorte aM.

OlLil c pe.ii i , e Ci-pa rd lajr, b\E i,p5e.oDu1i11o\@o1da,

.tr r nd a dn +'n,!alari:area(uaI(n ! . 0 -t . t . I I ' , s , r. . . j. d a l
nrcro,i'fta .rinq \ui onjun ltdn (Fn4, o vnn b fu'r
nu reprcrnGun enuntFpqat penllullmbaromini.

I
I

st4 b , tr aa.la-Mth4& td
lct. r,7. !i ( u r. r io -. d s I e r" " d "
@mDonsrobligrtoir j| Ir&. ln r-uclum dc .drr F, arr rril"l"
edvelbe'propotl.oda
r",'r'gd. r@ p,oDon,etc). Tr.h(ruia d.sup'aIalS advsbul prooo,l'onl md'" 'i !slinu
eu oo.!. ni.lin.fta
lui I ad @na1idai, d. "o r:a tu a$tuti,a
SE& r; aretoni. dz
,D6 . P.obobl, a I ht'd.. ..hd@6upi.poalrolal$l; a@
ir1rdOo
7J,
'lur
olonliej
iblr(
dinl-.o
p3u-a'pecalr"
(inleearura
'u
!j
!
'A'ul
.r a
r s r d,Ir mllie F poateob*rvd i: I F rp n " a 'p
e n u n , u rio a u / fau
nJ ddl i, nu rsre obl:ga!or:..dd d. ob'f nu i I8e-mai ,.s dlpa
s,sr mde.)Prinprezml",n .La( tlir deidi', ii ,sdverbdu propo.,iml seexplict ntilia@ dilEitelor hddlri: ..Lael considqdmc, trebirieraporlat nodal vdb,l (ne reiedm exclusiv la modunb Dssnalet lolo$i tn
propoztlie...Prin'nlrod!@ stnbolllui AvP (advdb plopoziiionol)
In
sltuctu de adincine a oricirul enuni, caraclerul ,,real", ,,realiabil su
ln conformltzh cu qrc sinl disti.s i. granatica tladi"
,Jral" d rliuii,
ilml, tuduileenunemte,poateIi curcspiratfingliJtc"(p.72 73).
cdstradlrire pe crft Ie are ln vedqe Siitud tftBldtultotutd
dl$nlind "advtrbele p@p@llionaie"dilqi (ci. demplele citate) de ele
in sre vorbin de advqb p.edicalia: @nD. Slgu, nu te arnlcd. spe

relatird advubiale:
Mlffi\

PtubIetu e unde*A.
Pdnss a ft44 un o *\atu
n re: oblje4ia tu eta s! anmle l. tlmo.
ltup@ia M a fad .A s-N bgtal,
/?)ri,, c! nul. !e ui(.!|
Intteb$.a qa darj m c pr@tlnit

4, Spre do*bift depodli predic;i, p@ifia sinracticinune Dreditiv

61e s!$eptibild repelare-ca
$ p@iiiilesintacti@subiel
'le
@rplenent diEct elc. , lnlre dijeriiele@lizrri stsbilinduie rapdluri
Cdl&aiib dudMi! ni aqlde$ nal ldttlne.
PriDnn ti qa lJilli, dq c!6loat.

5, Veibelecompatibitecu poziliasjniaciici numeprediotiv repisinG

o crie DrUndundoase,caE s oganiaar{ sm.nttc ln nal nnlte grope:
(a) a lr, d @", ,,aIi pin mportla cineva(cwa)",
0) . dN{i, a ai4se, a iqi. a e f@, a e alese,a dn:M p a6\ine
{t)

a tnminc ,,aprstra (o slitale)",

Toat adlp verbep!$upu pdlrl, rune preoir.iv i' "nlnluri ore

nu p o It sle lrte pr liru' spondekaato ia F (u u n 6 ' ! d . d o u
.nrnlui comoatibile
$n:nUc si relereDldl.Eilntdte

nu pot fi raportrhla .up uri deenunluric, :

2. El lni e4eua a.al dritpo.
In cazul.uDldd (a), celedoui flunllri ,u ud dmts la6toloEtc,
q. lul I t coR d Irsprimi -*i"lenra-, rii.d -pG Do,t's-imati.
,ar5 de2: pm"u , p l@ Jnee /m eCa?rp $!e r*!;d ;r ,,ronq,
"p
(b'),
predicati uiar aE u sens
Ir enuntulI dln dpirl
!n lo. apropiatdevdbilo/) clr dilsit deGl cucdredFre
(al Cq81 dake tu.
\b) Iot ajutse d.c1t.

\c) ]q i@ ddt.
ld) Ian * f@ d'dat,
\q Bnidul id nlzs leq.
lrr lan4 6tti4 ftMa!.
n! pot ti corelated grupid de sunld ca

2. Id e*e dttti- .t .
(a
zu
l
p m i r r c 5 .t n
.u p u L . ('r, i o F o o.
er Dr :nauDnF
' odl'
a &pni e ln corlradi.Ue
!u rtuul lui , /' dl
I 2:r Ft" cuilul rb ver
bd predicanval sunlllui 1 aft d totll alt ss dell ver6ul pidicativ
'.
dln r. caee dtulogeneinliedlci saconsider,nc5(.), (d),(a),(1)iopqinti
ln r6a6ti situatesieg enunld:
Et dntt@ un bu ptdtut.

2. El

nu pol Ii obiinuteplin translorlrfta unai clp] deenunluris;

penn c) celedout enunlulinu slnl6trDrUbl. din p_rcimoltEd clFi

ahueaprsl, (d, I s Elil, e F' 2, eu p.nr u q wrbul a@d, apsre
:alrt diigii.in El uold. si Et qda btlntu
Fdlul.i vsb.hdpr'tuc ln Gl, (b\. tr,. rd, DarLdp" r orsanzds
!.d 4ftun prrmae n&d'vad nrlq.6 nunet. tl non'Tliv deDen.
ddte de ele e nu{e predic.tive.
T o rrp b e l " c o a p a ' i br c o o r i l i a n u n . p - 6 , o i v q tr , r . r , n .
Dlde a li. o dN i. o apnqr. a qt, o p@o stit .onuna
t iIi\
rt ru / illv
- e , al t e l ea n t I a . < d n a l e , I : r t r a r d t r e
Drinr$ciaea d
t".jLxi\tt (a e l@, a e dbse) | q edq hsnziliv, in..ld mei multelri,
siio['! cu 4 pd4d. nu mrl aF.'p3ci 31eadc , d\a un @mDhndr
di dl.ln laa uold Uant.,or"di"dlulslc in@mDab.l d un detgin:n:nr
ln rcua'iL i rcmp8-aliaunor nu\nn o t a uda IthN
>i E. NM
lF@i 8@Lt spol. pap 1i e\idlrk d.o*bin deorlal h'e inracuca
y -: I r.e l d e . d o r l q e r e r D r ua d d 4 m n p o r ; b , p o r l i s : i n !, dr
^
t a . U. : o t rp le m d l d k d t f j ? e u ,
.FsEr"t
i n i t i . a o a n' u h t i d , ' q
lre a orimlap :rs tujv, lnlro anutril, dircuc: ln prinut s.rptu
, &dd, intronziriv.de ssul"a sves0arehla.
a Dareal
Dp re din cele di{ut h nt tDin,e c{ odtta
rH:cauv
'unp
Llf, llompaHb ra !u ea de .od pl"Emr oie.ii h \ob
caR
Dlein.t
vrldla .odb rto i4 ore\Dunrnd poztla jintjcl:e "r.F DFdjcarivnu addil.,
uel4i enunt, realidFa pulrci in.drie "cbnptef,enl
diRl (.cte 'npozllil' u.hl niciodrli uth acela$mr1i,
'.nte

deprnd.i'frl; d" u sbsla liv numr Dre

rr4 .3, rrorertur r4d6, o (ntur$r.i
ltu@ udw, o uu br pzrnpus.!bgftr'
iaDortara elementthipredlcalivflplinenldl&snbstmtiy,nnne
Dredlaaliv sau ahibul a tosl lniegktrat! dd V Hodi$ (Eineitl
'
Contrirltii, I, i. LR, 1967,nr. 6 p. ,33).
itudi.dit tupliturlu.
a onr
2. Ca struclui dedvrto, dmlurile cu predicatlv slplinenta
EIe pot rcdta din on{Egdd prin opdalii
stitllo o cla3, omogedi
djw3e a foi struchrt primft e.rganizare intmE dilditr.
O Ia-sd.atee.rad. enurlur:o predicdivsuplinmrr Fprezjn'acel.
r c.rc' Drn o o$l'tr:. ui dplu dc.lrucluri plopo,ilionahIn rapon d.
dica ti!
,ttin!r

PRIDICATI\,'IJL SUPLIMENTAR

!.0. Potlia sinlactic.ttredtdtlv slOllnerta poaie ,i definit, ct

tiind reljzabil, printr-unaanihdti. ,tbatdordt twnt tnno
*tdafA deI io al n1, Paficipata Ia o.ttudu! dedaatidistingepoilta
pEdtcatv suplinstar de puilia rune prediatic Ace.tepozllil s do,
*bes pri! flplul ci nunele prcdjcntv de ir vedd a@lqi ,relent"
o {'i subieiul Gt, S Ll.I De clnd in caznl pftdicadntui suplinenid
r.DolLra la ,pbieiul" indicatde shtdl6te poslblli
(El ,t{.
v*1.), dar nu sle obligalo e (1nIl !d.dv6.1, lnfdhaiia adus{depredicstrul slplimentar are ln vedde ,pbiectul indtcai pdn conple.
nenlul diEt).
Aeastt prticularilste 6te pnsiln .lidqlii deolicej, prin prea
a.r rr d.nni o a d.pendsti onoritale a defimtid predlcativ srplinsiar lalt dev e r b 9ideu. n u ,r e,carepodleii $biect,
cohDlenent direl, ca fi *erplele preddiq conplendi de
alt tlp (ca C'odie (1963),II, p. 207,de.*bFlu : hi m'rdd d;
d dnrri I sdnitd!!.).
ln .itlatii de @t lel, vetbd r.gent 6te de obiei la nod poen.l
p r od i ca t ul propozlllri
i constituie
Verbul leedt poate li lnsi ftpjtdtal
prirlr.ld nod nepdenal:
gerurzi! (vdrnd@lrprdesdNldbn tu unbtte.),srpi n (sardluat
&vditordilr@dJ,tniinitiv(
ffisttbatnd(d)deE tpdau4httul@dzlil) su participiui in r6t u,liu c@, elendtul predicatit
lomdful6ltal,dqi$!nichloFdb
m,lbiB tEnridqt
i, tr. h Edc

ldbtr

@dptn n! Fostur' i rhdc.

t!:L)ti
-

Lano drA@lt

(tutu) ate bbn6 ei .1ud.

pe tu btnnd $i tttd.

)caein h|i l@eto Etd,cmani.l

+capiii t r tgdtulql (zqatn lati @ptii !iL)

ddivatz 6te propriedmtr
of d prdicaltv $DlinenAcste
c ap E d l d t u n v e r bi n t r a n z i t l v s a u f f i b e l r r n z i t i r
t ir c a HU "jslorl
c, @FDlendt diret (retl*iv souneretlexiv):

lz) lFarde ptiryte xnodidn i

Cota).d. zldbuau..ll

=Fda e iu./. la oqlindd zlmbik@e(Fold s p.brl. nablL@? la aglindl)

\'\ Fdd tl ptiltfe i tda) a12 zinbittu .
+ Fdo tl pthetle zihl+lMe.
Nlmm,se ti variate si.t e.unlurlle o predietiv tuplinentar 6rc
ddivi did.-o baz! Eprzenl,ti prin gllptli de structurt prcpozitionrte
ln mp o d e s n b o r d o n , r .
ln 6zpd ert,l (@p. l\,) stnt rnrlistEte umiioaBte siteltt :
{bt tM @de ld u ttnt itciw. I

) Iu nn uedt l^glnet.
Ict Et (t-)au iivdp! p. ti]tuch?l tu laruqre q IB F,p4u6.
Ei ()au 1nat4a1
ft aiwEh4 t6pc.t@.
(d) -Et (t-)au dzenuz! pe tul aa I 16 sdne dk .td. I

';iij""a.*d

p"n^a*i*

q
.drLunle p'inr. pr n ncloboa, uu ronporell .l @lejkl dar ti
@rsdj%re .'ruclu d l, aredrnddFJdd E dalb pr ra 1-u.am Iva'

p.nku @nshuctiide ,c6t Hm tip esteindicati (ct lucr. cit.) ri o

alt, nodalitatede oblinere:
|d'\|!_!!42!4 !! !!4!t I lNe dnedq en. kn.

ut El @ haire noi + 12)Eaituh (e, t t tot.

conpL.m'nlului
rrr * , s 4 l o r n . 1 ' 2 ' n u i u r a i F i r ' r e l o z i l i o n r e d
di;;r, . I' p-in d-,ararea, 'b,,ulu:,d r )''irdr"3 ru' r, rr'e ' "
pftdi.aliwlui suPlnenr
?4al\imoLur I si se Pkd de La

.on$ddatd de aulorre preterabilr, linlnd $ana de lapld c, ptedicatotdeuna

livul flDtiientar 6te reDrmlat ln asemeds mtruclii,
p'a qrbiLn iv, cs e * posLp
iPoqr 'di
n
d@{i
a
dou,
".p\d
i ir tdr ul r pl pm\ T d qh m.o nphnelL direc /pozilh : r'a' ii' ;
carenu port. li mridtd p n adl.dil)
Skuctura deriFti e obilno itui te sle nai conptldti daci pdrnid
d e l a,d'r D 'a'!dn d: ic, drnfticomD o n e n lu lu i: " 1 . r' v , . u 6 { a rL i'
vu.Li;" ri " I achfriri r@e d-do, ri3 \.oLlL'.ri
G)subordon.rs
(/d) r,1" dr verlruldn p- ia
mnpddtului rr md drnilJuc ure
a po illP l o mp le n e n td n e . l5 I Y r
!l uir u ', prooi,io.!r, s -*h4.''pl,r!,
(u" dr,t/o/.) pe porI, P'rdi
dlar
ldl'l
rs0ln*s
omplenenlulu'
.rl v \uolimenra_on'lli du r d ticd - : E, & dsuaol un dnqta\.@
Ei au dM6,l
n dt@td. lan. + Ei t.au damnnl
diftclot de laL
d.td (d) enuntul derivai s obtrne malsinpll : 6i
te Iu dn .!bt. Ptnind
l-tu denaat B lan M IM sn fb dnectu, + Ei t dt dMna! pe taa

'I lHatEl2 t? ue

!:14

atala.

lpenttnd liala a loa didud aezztoi.

e dttldall dr*ad d. /d.bai
-ViaF
dibe
de roareccledlsdtale pln acun prin ,aptul ct:
Sttualia
k)
dd
d
dor
e
'lr-clu-5 p opo,tionar,d:n Srupalsleplanlrnd
rr,
o"zi donsl..rJrcunpledn!''n mtrpoula ciroa nuapmeali,
ftucluri Dtopo?iforoL
r2r Lon.rul nominal,
eia!a,, t.eJizqa potrtt t, Lkeoi:lincte(5uhi.C.
d.j ' s"o1plr
r .r dI
;,Fi' diElr , o$ i r .nur tul ds :v a pr i eLnl .Lpl i tr'tup61v
ls dbal r "u l . " oopl er s l ul dt4l c 'm - i ,l l npl i i F :l uath L)
Aeste dilsste (ti dilidltrti) s sinptlici dei pdnlm diret dela (gJ :
Ndru cdtiitd a l6t didtu n deft,M 1
t{ y!l!:!4!4!4J
+Vinla s.d a?ift na1,d& | Nn d. d2boi.
D,c, "n a 6t utti m .r em ptu
r l j ps ni fl p:k o on\ r uc l j eps ..v r ,
lr .r leljlt a v pdatd.pc ur /j c op ul r l l v .
: d
Sta.r r l"c Lpr s hal N D p'n{td potds i v ati di nba?e!ar .( up
pe d I pr eor c ar r v
FL) Euuedancdtu*i aa.
te MdtM @d.
-Ea
.ndi r @ .ui a/i , I. di LFs l e M l .,po be hor ur s i s pF dnr _
Uwlu i ,uo- :oqr m ". t. abl ni at, de D D . D tator c a r u,
Despre
et ;edut pRAhatueplitutrlt,tacL,1gd?, ft.2,i 24r 212-

ldtu(et) {attnd!.\

@r) tun aM

/vEt/k d?dii ti /Vzli2 hi.i,

lEt u. hdin4 lNe hairesht n@I

ue haitunoi.
oinlebu.tui.
- strocluileprihd.la ea dqivati pBn'
ael car,t@ra d.la
Si h -(El
puic d 11ln
(d'), nu nunai extlndefta,augmenlarea
uneiadin
'ilu4i.

!4ls)

decfindt I I Nfttu td td oid a a*6

in a@sii situtie, preuta lui /e in ohponenla prediolivului srpli.

mdtd este obligEtode,ln ni5sureln ud distlngedunh le diledle
s sis

haile

te ae N.
-EaiL.t
Hdlretete ue. aft acea$ org,nizareinlen, cati ,2 ,&t tl, ,
tEntttut
; cifti varlantt emlalicd6te)

De altlel, in alle ca ri de aest fl, n! 6Le dxchs adjetivll predici. Au da.ruuta pnma p. ,,l{6rd.r oblinerea
catlv suplinenta!
6!i emnl ddivat ln caF a a./agee oEblit cn m adjecliv Oala d
obso Ett.}.,, catatttda i li.i ot ct det pti. eic. - p6lpune un cupl!
prop@itional initial de tipdl Oaia a a!,s4 Bte Mi. etd gia.n.3at uaia
le) lEt *r pffiird

tR

l\

In dplur:Leprop@ilion3l"
d. br/a. a /i rp,4i'" 5lruduri.p opozitie
d,lc.upN onlragg;i ci ti np d dod,a li po,trp "dla aelsr. q' s.re
e:.gTq.sui
linii e prcdns(ul
shucturiipbpozilionalecrF
n , ma
ontruggii - cf, (a) $ (b), de exenDk sanDdtd ri ls alt nod su (ri)
iimp - wi (c) eic, Tipul relatiei subddonatoaredin cuplul pbpozl,
al lnor pftdil i o n edl e b a ri *D l i cl se n su l ci rcrnstantial
siire suDl'nentare cl. {e), (l) , $u chiar @nstruclia,nodul de
rslizare al prdicatidni srplircnid
cl. (e).
O 6tego!i. aparie repreidG mnst@lllle de lipul:
\t) An !d2dt.a pnachn.,
@e pot li rapdtatela gruplri.a:
li) Af, odan cd e pltngM.
li') An d.ut-o ctudplinsd.
I n . n u n l u ' e a 6 ro , ssM.... - le nr e- e.J. e r ens.
p'rdicaii!-uplinenlard.6@l
a (1961rD.*rielite3rF
'oee
!0.&r drobiei de,on.trrcl..,
Toi ostiel,enunlurile
derivate
deupdl:
(k) Msia a hbd rirkd,.

)Mt@ a tn!.a1 si
D.D . Dr aFovc:nu

(or, al, O. 241 242) rodu@,int -d I1,

elendtrl Frcdicth supliment.r
Ia a6t tip de .@huciii: ,,Lanivelul
6enti,elenenld Fliqtiv suplindtrr reoreinti o i.diyduatitate- c
pecarao constituieonstruciia de nodnatiy sar acuzativc, gerunziu,
individuaUtelecare !{mlne aceai J cind dnta e renomsalileazd
onesjlndprediat rbale Exeplie rd vdbul a ii, car, lupus contraeqii, dar n*ubinteles, 1,si dfh
sa producnldonenaliziri mai
nult sau nal prlin abdldlej demnede lut tn seanl (mmele pre
diutiv degradd III), dd qor asimitabileteptelorg.amticate as@i.te
irtr-un lel en dltul cu a lr: nune pledistie obi9nuil, participiu,
o elenentonpondl, lnpremi cu d li al diat ai pasift ,.., san
enplenenle, cind z ti 6te prediativ".

Pd.lelinul dinm sbLttld

.bdld{iv su aruz,rv o 3m1,ju"
ro brd omm.l u. N 4 rr D6rc1v.ru n.pF.
3i @0lrsqlr. @rt au
!re rn otr.iti'n,, paalel'sq.ubniidt.peb@ d!praE,de.auror
nf ir ,G; cuennila@ rl"dm{uluioredieiv suplinmlrr-r n u n e I e
2:ar ,
r nu.. pF di oi i v de C r adull l l .d.di r .,p
;;;di,r ,i'
$ll' ni c, subDacsIn leEJura., dunluri @ Fdil, uiN @riMed
-imli" t olliru.ts rLmele
rdteledd krbuL,li. nu0el" @pel'v
q@
Ltl . Ii K s ] 'e aeept.r i r ,
obi
tr
ui
1l
s
ubl
D;ddi( ,.ir
6unl G r. |/'M a@ro,@r.
;n
'{n
m
Ddi aeeptdn cl 1n toate qzurile avem a tae cu
'@nh.ged",
sudtuli denlate od@redrnke onpmntele adirgate" lnei struchn
prifia Frin ontopir ei cu rll, struciuri prind, (cu @e ralia u
* silueazilnacel!t, iel f!t,
rap{! demrdonaresausuborddare)
dpftdistll din duntul ddvat, atlt @riEd clt ti @1, sinl niite @npondte inseraic
adtugale,lnti-o siflciud primt. Considdate
astlel,:ele
rep@intto p@liesintaciicidi 6 t incla de@nrlen{i, dat
ii dennnek predicativ,p@iliapeq. ^n Nnir-o prcdnib $plitudlu
penku d o,iistidge deelelalt.
Dlvtrele studii sle sru opiil 6upra aestui onDonent al propo liei au prcp6 ditsite ddimi ).dhhntrcura4aalal(I+ Ctl
eo- e s c u. l J r SC L p. l $) , num . pr edi ehvc i r c u6l al ti al
( \,l.Pi dul e:c u,i nSq II, D .125) ,el eddtpr edi c Eti v .u0l i m s l .r .
\r 6,uotL@bal lernenllanbdd cuor. r'll ,nume
e Dredis.
'de Dinilrrcliadinlre
rj!- cn ii ..elerenlullledieLiv 3ullif,enla!'
radeomro, o "aherunl
e b3z4i oe d!li'cbs " buc urd
'lui :.hibuLivulla nivelur
deddlncime/!hucluri
de:uoralala"
"tructudi
deadhrliae@R nundc,h n8i, nuneluipRd,cai,, p""-d,Fi.
butiwl din irru.turadeiupDJr,a.uplinde.
ap'oxirul:v,.lrn"nlul
N-an o;t l , tddul or edr ar !!.D U nm r r , D .nta.; r '
r a oarule. ni ,deqr Jn
tn erd podr"suEi. {prin"o n
ponsnl pzdidiur pmmi. 'risua
1r'
o .l'L.luu p r op o / ll lo
d
l,
( pnn
nala ( dei r p- edi c al ) r i l r bl i ni oz a'or oddr
; dF tcni
!a' I'n srplirrdrJ ts a.lTul d. .o opodt -ddCugrl".11qal"
al,e te' Dortii-int,cln L,n Nlaat.dr ulillit in o'@rd
(r'dup; md.lul :ruis s to,r 'dra_), pdvu ., Eruparea
t1963,
.kry1t p4dt@'irsuplide|lo. . s p: ut rul il di ldEt ! JPsPodr.
^'

derubstitrlie a ac6ti pozilii sint.cllft cdprindeurnitoarls

s u b si a n l i v

str p ro .!n e

inr n pr pdllld ( h nofli-

S.a ldoc docloiitl.

Btbltr!.aouede6tld,
V-M fted:iil .ErL
Sa ued!.1tu|,
( b )Su b sta n ti v s.u p ro n rre
.r ptepdtlijt4dr ept:
L-u lud d,apl dtdeiL
A ta6tttink @et ert
Drel cln. nt i, ?
In nulte cazuriorstructiile 6int h mporl devdiatie Iibdi i
,Serri lo) dlft.toi
lt tiniritn; ta) det axr
( c )s u b sta n ti v su p ro n u n e d !lie pr epdzitil:
vd qed'n tn $antA
L.ou dzul ttut a'tut.,
Ffuite te prefu 1. Ertdtni.
Tt tlifu prttr. pnnnLlli.
sprcdtu.b.rc,lpmtruf ]lefl Feporii" \u,rrteh rbr,seDro\in
din nude pr.d:cal.\.,cel. dr ld l!, pb!1. d'n numep'.drcstrcara.a
ardler)
din onolehdle
, nai lrddi
( d )A d j e cti r Ii r,
p ftp u i i i e:
S'a ,rJds bleMi,
I i a6aua bu1. ooal'vtlt.
Sspri@ nedunelte,
ln m-oieapolulsr* rreei.lrszacor:l Lcl rap@itiona.e
tiolun.i
chd pmdlcsUwl
suplin{ior sle eiplimallrlf, sdletiv
Il rli, (d.) vldon.
(e)Vdb l, smzi!, supineu infinitiv:
Il etu v..lid,
.
Mdltaftdnlld,
.
Sarda d etuilrrd .L nehnhrhl

(apJdG'dtuttu (196"r. tl, p. 2aa)

v,n a idra a' nitd?
^3. e.'e
^tllL Invechili In Lbba ,.ludli, gejuLJ
Rolta@ prin jnJtni'iv
rrrezintl sineurarcali4re vsbalSvie,
5i @lialq pdn seruMu amafe vdanle cu$ lird preporti:
n d6i!1td^ (al t'cind pdttzdi4 colediuuL
nadtu,
Re2lizrreapnn gerlnzlu Dme pbhleha modalitilii de a dtstinge
pftdiotild suplinfltar decircumtantatul de mod.
6.orrt@ (1963),I I, p. 21I, DropMeu dileriu $lmtlc : repe
/in ici(um antialegrunz.le@ci!.4inral.iarr
steftrn,n".e
u \tnnt 44 | tvitu at4gnn). cind ae,di ondilF nr . inda
nrul 6i. in q|reLl o etemdt
prtdicariv
suplimenlar
Clnd subietrl g6lntulul minclderelerenli,lcusnplemmtul {dnel
indiEcl,propdilidal), 8erlntrl roalizeazipoziliapftdlcativ supltmdt{ :
gid loctlid tt ltd.
rJ{dudl .oSlnd.
IsiMitdilde dt6[fu'jn
iaMn.
ln endiliile @inciderieirelerdliale dintrc suhietul prediutului li
subie(ul squnnulu'.o p6b'l'1stededi (inclieopoa'e@6liluiapdlenentsao r a.r u,Epdm , M Udfi w r r F l ntur :
Matr P op,opi?rinhiad,
porteli rdpo at Ia
4v! p ouopi?lti tt^ tinp d) lM azinhli|t.l
ln ehinb, pentru a omidsa slructur! darivau dunln
Mtiltoitu.lqLnd,
m kebu.3il Duten rrodrb la lrdla rln! J alBrgi.. grupa'efma lna
.

Ctntl@thril
11 chad.nm zllt t.
11.f .Ihn
^61n
Psiru dlv(* bodaritSlld..on6t lh a predntlvr'Ll spli.
nqla!. rdi V. llodlr, E @4/ul pt?dudt ruplin no. CadtaO ! / t i,h L n , 1 9 6 9 , n r . 2 ,p . l 3 9 u m .

I
I

Gr PTpdili

in hd&

D lr o a o! c o r I u , I i o h a , oe
".
'

n wde4 tul*e.

Il*i.@mde.
A plqal &n m.

sd l,ze tau M

COMPLEMENTULDIRECT
a los!.

,lo rcR.pud. M.i lsa tn prcc- d" 6n raCse

. Peali:aroorcpoJllo'
Ian @teadel sulde.
Iaa tl oed2cns4*e,
- Ian ad. tuleina,
Presta acsto @Ntrlclii indicdo anunit, succinne a modilicidto.
4, p'"dsl.w
ul)rio.nre sonite o neeir s|| verb. in!@tutc
ld.un. , rke r\.'. ot d vob" u,n,itiw a @o oteE,a puwr!tr)
tMi,q
predi@tiwt0oal. Ii deDerdsltal: de
3 bi-t (ltldi, da b{(uroar:rrd i" &..) su tiE de rn;tenmtul atdr
(Ud,a o apd"brfliotrt.\ U.@' . s In utridut siedDtu,mhul,s
podte!i 3nb:cu:: predicar
!d apliTn a. bm@
;D@re retd.la
onplesst (o), dd i h subisl. Anbigli.ah F da.oqte .ao!uurc;
qbielul i otr plenqlul preintSas e$,pa!t..!rm attdaenti nrmrr,
.ta inclt atrd'i pFdicrliv lui {p
ai cu ortcre it ii eteondrce
'm tt ren h@4.
',,c@adrdni In enunlul .a MMid
Muta teae
trcuroGir staclua sinla4ic,s de4moiqriar* darm, djteen,ejd.
e ' n q u ( s i )d . ' u n a 'd i n l re .u b i d rri 6 'pter s,.lno n LChir efiexive
cs,{,IrsrrlJobd6id,
tEidin !e{nshuet: sunlutui .ub'odin.om0re.
.uoljtrdb - au tn v.d.ie,('afr "obi;f
miul diret ri Dredicalivui
Inlr'd q0; de iapLulu DFdicariwsuotimskr D@uoune
ootida.
{o iu itu.lud d e- iv, e Ezirndpdn@i'racse diireruid de
-ic.
run prcpdrtrmt. reun:leprn div{* upu-ideletatii.F dFGrrDta
ca
o Ice verb!a rp comP8fibiL
cr calitdri!dc recm.a unu ir'tu,c,tv

I.0, Pentrn pdilia sinlactic, conplenent diEt deliritorie ete

ln Mttu, turun d.Nnd.rn Xncoitul hd ftldlll dt
rezli.st.z prin
^M
d2ra @'b.
subo'dodPJala
de0eqdente
a0arcnudeicaeipen.
A(u4.ivrl e nodaliraledeerore.jea
rcp@qralprinrun
run" s uruireesl ve!b. Regmulverbolpoaleli
nodp4em l s uneps 'o1,( r u.x @ pF op,r l i c i pi ur ur ,:I1,r 'u../at@ l a,
Ad!.ttuu.llo w oJ n.,., A I one hw l d.- ..tt
I.l. Avlnd ln vederespeilicitala cor6irucliei,s airibui. aestei poziti i
j lr "l,cerrr b.i el i el e$r p'dur l F i n ,!. z r t,\ d.p$d.,l ed" o
lnlqieclie:
/d,11| ,/ddm !1, da.l '{ |
t,?. O *haD oL.d" tr D .o6i z lD s uD une
l r nbui s aqi fl D o.ul
De,tuahojI
sin,adiF3 d.t;'r,mnr'roauna,' ;jd\.; o ot
l. t"a.Fz
@ttdt deNtu o...,N,,,aN, doua,ptwt o4lni.a"
^op"i.
situ4it, donatopeo sugoeari, p.in iniLrd lnui zgdnot, o rnuditi
aciiune!i caamtre ii atriblin riful vdbului prin de ste dpridati
a@suacliune(rnexenptete
atua,atnhildi adt).
deobtcer
lel o conrtituielaptrl ci detdmi
O pertlcda.itate a cotutrucliilordeact^r*\ote
.punem
r on' .l6tp r c pr es tal num ai pnns ub.Lnti v ( nuti D r i r pr nur
e
tatuld.
plt
d^t rr
n"pu"'Denturtdlthal!).
D"dtdaiih4d 6 tr! "ar 1t
jFl,'loi'.lononolopei@el
pu,inro"-ae de.-o:.iru,:eaomplerpn.Lltri
drdl al vabuluiti e prehlabils; Ie di.tin8em
ti tdmiloloeiqvdbind
de
dilei al uneiinrerjetij ononatopei@"ln acestJel de
'onplerdiul
conplendtul diret al inlerjel'ild ononatopej@dileri $ sub alle
asoetpdeonDledslul dire.lal w bului {s deoi di, nuodoiiedubl,
e\pdmare
acomplenenlului
dirs.- @dp.14.'tap
@*rdl.,ll Il'rdtd@hrul
6i Art / 6lacul-, d* n! ti 3/, /r!t olrcrl I -particllditale carerep@intt,
viddr, o @Mjnli , lfpo:lbilltiill de @nbld. d interjecliei cn
Dronumele
.eNoml ln acua1ft,

rntdjdliadonatopicesdnitrnse
un deternlmicup? tdtp.id
drg:l/,deexeqph,lncaft gtupdeacnp.estelnraDo
devariaiiatibe
rt o @nslruclianeprepozitlotul:(.1.|t4 i?ntr d2si! t).
2. Porita sintaclici conplemmt dned 6tc sleDlibill de diferiie
le.liziri. A.ssti c1as5de substituliecuprind. lrn,raarete onsbuctii:
( a )s n b stsn tl v
r! .cu za tiv
( tir apr epozilie) :
Poa..ri un sb.Unri! prcpiuri. {u un \ub{arl \ p'ovenj
cuvlnt ,p arlinlnd allei 95rii d. vorbft:
, tuaJun dol. (n!ffirl cdrdinll substntivat)
/a @ard ot(I. (interlRlle
sutsbnliv,ri)
/i,rm binek (adrerbsubrlrnlivatt
ek
ln t@te caz&ile,,$bstaniivare.
6te Mln plin predia uno.
lndici norLlogjci proprii shslentivuhi ({ticulara, dedenptu).
Oricedllnt, indilerentde clas nolloloeic, crftts ti apalline, Ooale
Ii tralato substantiv,
in cslit,tede"mmeal drintului,,ti, tn ac*tt
d l u a l h p d t . r .p r*,L ,o ? tl a e sp o zj rie6nphddr otKl:

F.$b.lrluiL" prin,P!.nume
Fo'na dc ruaiiv J lcibilirales d
t tM@ t lts \ta tr'8
ia.enale rn aelall' su (conp t t4uta
s
d
e
'
i
l
D
L
i
i
,
a.lrd
Pmn-ddtr
it d d , ' n
drcrca u
substilulieomprement
I
,
P - @ d r l d . P r . P o z : l i a?
rj 5 ' l b , r , n !
Ca d,@ 9e sntt td eud
v" &4a|/? pl nicj unur.
tlorc.l:zareaclee de ub+'
Cobrrucl'3p'.pril:onslo offFp'al
Lur:eonpcn;nr dimr numa rr .ld4Je ln @rcaeqi po'iLlepoar'ri
rdl,Ar, 5i F n'{n 4mrN (nepfqdil'onct) \n Pu (cur.a) u Md.
nu rcpreint, ur mmphtrdi dileL.
@,
at:ta;"
tu1l| u w
Dmrrute Pr' .m4 ro, d. *enplu, nu Fp'ein|; h enunlleperar
isounen tn.. Co4duroplh raga o . ztstnAd' Ca"n@ Dr caDttLaCdt l
(d) Fome verbrle nepersnale:
1@P. dnrn.
7,u ind' .te cul<
A"d' dnand(e) 6rupnri

dcituile dinlr.unrebliv (pronuhe,adverb)ri u0

(Nu) @ cttu

Adugd @ .lr.
Prtem spure, cl, ln asftdea cazu de ulilt.re oetalingvislicda
lernnilor, ryen s Iae cr otuttullt ellptlc, din .are lips*e subslantivur t@r"! (sau ptep@ilieetc.) sdh teinlut ,et\', de Dil4,.
( b )P r o n rme tn a cu z!ti v ( tr r i pftpotjt.) :
ct$e qie
xr Sc nlrlc
o l i c e p r o n un e 6 r.p 1 i j : n ,a n | d,? i onp6eJ. 5r , @ $
@npuselesle, clndi.dic, peeane - d, S4.) pdl. rllza a@6ti pozilie
sinlactici. Nuneul.le pot aveam rol datog (poi substiiuiludstantive
pof rcprdta relqiri la droiie slbshnttre), siiutndu+ ln strucrfft
dmbin n1caliiaredeonplenenlr diqte;
dfl

unptud

nutk c*lt, de) M.itit

tfti,

sn lru.lil tri' d dra

ls n e n L e . r t 6 . e , e D @ . r l s l ' n , v r m
(' ) p' o p o , i l i i i n m d r p d r c o n e l : v e r e l t ' l " ( p o o n d r h
si advsb ale)9i @njuclionak

,4 aizl clr. ! vmlt,

Srt lnde ai tost
Crcd.ad nlng.,
o poitia
compatibile
conelivehconjunclion,le
di@t slnt .d (Le .d), tA (6 en),dud (dr)
coniulr\t fr 1i tun cn G\*tLd 1i t(44M t6)
a@lea;iMdli adra.ti@ I nletesz
GtA) drdut o lod

i;..ifffi".li,4jJij-'*',urin

rorosite
rnIimb,

r. d" aele2s'eleoenle
Sa si&einrrcduc @nDr.t.v.dile dependPr
@edG. in aelssi@ndrt,; :llaclice Uf i'., un"ialal a alrci. dinl'.
pFdkarulu pop@ l'.' cr" rsl pF
po?illa
eF dalnde de ,io,f"

@mplercnl diret: clnd a@k " pksai ireoL duDao.oDoziria

onr
' tod r " bul reen I + .oro!rrp6? _ ( e? sd vtnm d'itu d? Ai^;dda.
i iaubiB allor corponenlektF eenla/ p,cdi.arlt aboldonalei
..dp--r !d q'ivure... redr. ca" u 414 a und ar dnh..!r (..
\rrPdd. s / i. Lrbbr [sr!r
'o n8tt pta..ra,csts douAcon{dve
I
in rapoit de dinribuh@molenent&i.
.Exprida -d moi purin i dnjj ,, vd ous tami):rra., oopua., e^.ind
unn:4rc6r0r ., ... s pe .sE, ffiari.uluj jd. F^o,qtia o ie0d nL,
spReljaru I'l 3, ca rrc" I on_un.t \uui trl, ar tn ore :odre si
tn prcpotl::Indrpende.h. (, @i/ de o'ldsJ,@d e re { urda e sd.
r hF@r .p o r 1 -ld.rbordonr"I limiladtn lo p , o p o t it . A . s s la n o d ra? m oshbxrF Fe @'apoiDt de o opkmena!:tat. 4 h rntdti
U p're ana'ogmdu@ ti Etupares.mult tr putin I.a \cn a, !a.
"r
rnu drdlu,): A rp6 q, d4a,!
tn o!e. In opo tle wrirlh hFft \ra. dz@ ir d,. * I hbunrs
rcar mdLrrl rnEcllc- (rvr lk a.t ou.nt.',turip.te o@4tt.),as-@,
spF opoebra de &d,
it I penlruI nba pooutd".
-re !air.r"
3.0..O6r' n. ,ubsiir(F mmntetrd di'41cuprind. o ftre vdtr,dr
or re'Llq. \L ,d@aft in!, o anrftrG ponlh.od pr"no. dFr tur.
sEep!0na de a h real:ar; p' n ori.3
c dintts.ooDoneneleacbti
i r &c de su b <lilulcDp bllie oli inrevi, '
ric liii& ln o u n . e e u 6
u m ) d.ub
nodalitrli dc e)pr:TF J'. p @ili. i . o , p h ms r d . e t .
erbul ftgor| fii por r, oiridsah, d
g l[,q o lf Ldd ci ombir.Lo:: eu,ls,/1 . a h ! 4 b u , u , . s j ! Do r
drom sn,rru.li
6. s ttuadi', f$ur recen 4puncm,vr irlu
duddae . ddt nt r.'hu
dta uQ.t.
'n
Ch id p9,rti3snptptrd dier
"a ,z t , , r p re lu Du " o 3 r, rir.
r eln lie hlrd lndil:otu-r dr prezsl
ru ii4 s iwb
, d . , r, .
V" be.etrn.LiF Epptrl" tk ctis cs rai Duncd.", e"a
... dcstuI al pe unit $n8.'icioi B " rE L i. irh s , p mi, . , a
cxba-iue, .orpledmr dits! 6 suoului \erbal \d te ir iDuitd
'tru.'urii df ad.ncime .t . @dti t,Mtattutmata- r. rn
cbtutruct,t'eftff onp!.oq'
dnd at. lqbtd jnks;,ltjve ar
r pr 4 i4 e h d.e>15p6p*livr,.fl.t
riid . rDla ra l, s . , . ? u a
d ni'.o trmro mmed. on,;une , .otrohmotLiluidLe-L

prir
rlo Fslil-! penku pozilj {nrac.
. dPdq ia ? o &
'0dilmu d- ca5ilicaF frbcLego.l
'dlsltili diRl onsliluie un
{ict conpl.od(
s!&d
d p , a v q bP l o rl G l z i ' v . l , J ( j . P a 1 " D ' n d e l e s r i ,
to6lo nG
FAa ktutu Mbrlul futll. d2 abL*lul aiqt ln g.@e
tituti a llabii tututu, in scl, 1970, r 433 +53
Dinr" di\o*le rslizili inclr* in ia!a d. !ub.',lu,ie coopl.derr
dRt. an,'
lja.Lb.'s1li. {u 4i) oMur. L rru,8liv, @nslruclie
delinitolie, st amero,
p.iv6c slectare. unor cls
Lui sn,'ra
13anunilo k

de $lslantive
kl or. "J, ale
cdz laiale orin
o anrdo, a otunaja, a da erpol: numei
"ndoli.lri
!,4dd@
(adadwn un krl,, nu
ir..tuz
o pnrr!'; dr
ei
-o$1aat
.,,s p@iljei !'nlectj.r e0p!trsl
p'dr) I' ca,uj ,ltora.
d'Fl
'tu
ln .At.t,
Rdslald (tu6?)
oroulaiei od?rr; ui tobllu. nu
iun tai\.. \udlnuolontololi!.,
ele.rclu.i dr p'dph. "pq.orllicrtr, adicad.ribul@ 6a.rtr..
i o p l i c j l ,- : J n , t ' , , 6 i u i - u b . . a r . , v .
d . r,
p d $ notegoi
r"a.
d. rAba (a ..ao, a @dbd.j
O "l3'g;
ddbil" cd
^.tntat @cld:ale
r:I.e a rozilk rn'acti. dnD.' .1dire.l eb,hlive
d pln tr 'r(ira ,.arinri" (c?; un on,. clr ti p n fts.lrura
'nm.
In wut verbelr cft elsteazi slhstanlire tDpliclnd tSsitwa ,,ani,
mal". rBhicliile pol avealn redse Dr@la etr lipad lrisiiurii smanti.e
.um"
h onlinutul lexical al substdlifllui:
daci a dlinui, a dn!,
, / / r' ? a c e t L t o @ $ b 4 " n t l v a v i n d h ; { t u d ' r J m , ' _ ( , 4 @ u n m "
,4 lctq o clpriosd-), vabele o rr'@rda, a aliardz {LRleea numai
lubsLanlivecalae si:ALe plin {unzn" (A[abalaM F ct4ii t: pt hA'tat.,
Iupll.),Dc.lnd o adar4 a pd@;!e @mbinacu
da' nu si 'A{arrdd,
iuhJsnlive rro!'sia'e plin "nonunfl : Ad'2a oiL. tn r | 4dapi
oDlli. rDep4ne66c6lor r.l
fipcupL r dr obreio inlenlie ronici
&1, Resiriciijle
.are.ra-iz,'" pr l p *

3 , 2 . F e n r n L ! a p a rr i l n s l R l a l e a @ n q d v i L i o n r u ' . l
on!l
Alriu t de vqbeorc*conbin, ru oride dinlr d.tl,ele coniun.ti
@al. a$pille declas de subsiitrtie omDlddl
dimt ct a 9, (Er r.1b
ci d(, udt, Etlk ijgtAuii(4. Prrrs,dia.:
ltrebunla,s lur s
cu a 9j pre.upuneid4riLsl4 de subiet .ntre .el. ddra D ooozill) -,
alreh nd ,dntJl i, r@lizala Donriei5inracli@conolmmLdied d.cft

propozltiiinlrdus prin d (ri uitru | Alnnn ci, ;-a tthd niii..)., p n

td to a{.p'd, a Ftunit" op.dtt riwaia,,prndda(od,aa,.Mrota:

I a4voeuoM.a *a tnd.t at t n td4 i(otepto,o
ontub: Aeda
a ptet.4
tA d cq t, d ti dda ta oprya, d at .ta . Apa.iAa
'?dd
ne ri.tii * .on)la d ti ir &
jnc l.vetorret.Lve: R^eE !"F
$ kc sza un d6t. ni
u . b D T a r n u z d m. o e d r
'anL.rr.t4't/sl
prooozitr i' I-o'rs '0 a oFnunde i?t, i.
Do/l'3 co4peddt di'ar
tiv,
. a oirrttuh c rbrr f Et .das?ea itn?. it4h.. ! t {!n,
nrD1a.:rl v"df co dlld, , p'iti ,^ .p.! ,r 3."si; p@itie rinb,t .a
o!b!!rll n L.oou* pr. FDr w,La ( re Lud iln ptar, p4r4" un
@ tru@t? t. d{ N ti ptu dnd n! Lnlr I n 4s dtd.lnd aetu . ;taDai
li3 in Ddu_p .
ru Fallrza lori,ia sin d +6 conpt"0s d bI,
'ir'
do sd; poribil:lataa
d" vol dri:d. lulu.prin nmdu..ea .,jsfmenea
J.r , O pa ri,6 a ve bFlo-:u*Drib't. d " , c o rd it b n , . n e n _ . | , p J ,
a@ pfl ;r leiinlacrie dnprenm. d , lrp u n e 9 i, r, c t e ru ; b I i.
g slo r ir
'ru ',.ullal'\
al rott ln ,
e i Do , . Ci! in . a (t . L e
P"
clsr d6nldel4rg, d. lsbe la Malsa." aGad.ni.
d azm, a d.aa,
'bu!
a ptMn.a,
a pntun a \
aqd I s rnk un dMl p,FuD_? rn noo n{e
''. p +.r, uu mnpement
'J
d @t.
Aa,LEann cipltotd?,ar')t.,
ad.td ptiv.ti$a. tar ti ' Adausd., . ad.t6
t
|n ca /u|fo-relbr'a,@pia'dlL,a'o|' 4 a ' a r. )\ a e . ' re a n , ma
p o liL :ej.r4p enenl didt
-le racdkr,v r' , n r o o rio ih , t c n _ rlu , .
de iDlt Mdntn d tfl.L,. r|tua
nlzt6 Lpua. .\ s rM tud rux,
. AF]6ei co rpltu. foni.
d d .4- i e d e rcat u. (k de ptu:b:t!t,,!. o t ro ,k ro . ii ro re Dur. , . , j, u
d ilenle *nanrie a."a li .ilualh pose ri itB1,t, p,i, laduc"l,de
ptro. de p@ | ,!s complenca dne intro rondru.tie I /o2l
4d 4 r r or i./undeats er
.mtupo"a. nI L n t o . , u ri 1 , o d . . L a k
de * r r l "eoninr'l, o,a.tie
I I c r 6 ' d o d ie a b n op s mt a rru ,
0e sr r n a a p ponLroL ru !r !a in.re n p lu t 0 6 e d f 1 l, e .
o.
p a Aop e tua a|E wtM4
-u
11q*oprp aa , u . i o n it t rd , ,
-rn
-!
n
a
rs
d{"- m in a n tjJ La o-tu"hs anbig
f \ a ? @ Dq ; mh e u i.
i nd csliileot*t" d",onle{tu n,ikrc h ri. . . c n u f , tr < p m, , @
nu tub ?. ,tu Nu swrn^d .L1da. olLp w.run' r t"teetarca s, Hn r .
6 L e d ia m in al, p p'emlalui,f'dna. Ct n d . o , t ; rt u r, L " _ { a . a u
nu 61. ..nnrne('\. iFle'pretsft r L ?, oe obiri, t1*Gul otur,urrp.

alei h,i frevdle $ al nniriolld c! caft eate a$ciart ; .4d!a.,

de e dA. va li intelpretlt, ln liDsa altor indl@til ca tehntnd
40.Conc r i .,s pr i n s ub.l . I'v ,u pr c nunea ptr i l ei s 'nl s i r
codpl.,dl diFcl ste .ompal.bLs., doud odalibr di expree:
'
pr .pol ,I'o.r zu3l, ( nepr qoi l i o{al, dar o L}o'd a r 3l
,r ii i - l nri nBr or de
p'hr
'.c
el
edoui
r
eliz
s
'i
l
i
pur
i
de
otul
r'vu.l
ndla,
dimbdlie nom, krdlv,.
" din !e e'e'iind 'i" d" ompleDimrfl
t.t., lie detdalie libeii.'irl!
In@idle de a stabili ddltitle de (tlllzae a celor doui @nstruclli
adDu tr e' jds !i _el ,l i ,di ntr .at.r , i n'o'q4i aada;d" s ub!r r ne\
r c l ati 3
r { u pr onune'.
di ntec ar a.l el donl m a
,u p.r qor .. ti
al om pl em entul$ui dns l nc tl a p!epoz i
individ!&li z dt
c.F tr _( i ac _r ei m tr pl eddl uJ d- {, r abu( u'd.oeoar fl i j .
deGeuii,lnlral desi dJLolil,
", tuF{qtru, rr qdlul
linbjlor ronenic, psto linba onetri.
"pt"l.' A@std speilicltatedxplicd
inldeul onen\tilor (ci Fr. DieL, ctdrunalii det tMa@ren
Spruden,B6n, 1336-1343iW MereFLiibkq
O@i's
dasl,r{a rotu6, Pqrii 1890-19061.
SludJe ma.ve5' (cL lL :'il" rsi >s.menroae p qun !:
S.Prtcdtit, Dtsrrep. Ll @uzdi,,ln DR,II, 1922;H. Ti k 1in,
Gatndlu br&an,B!ftq,li, 1915.
cd.aIIla(cd.I)rN. Dfrgan!,
M&fmeh M,in4li ala bnplhanrutui tn @tait! ti r@hiM tat,
Bu.uretti, 1953)Dueau cdshtrclir cu pr ln legiira o calas
tsul a ni m at s tu per s onal al c onpi ens l ul ulr,onar c tnd
ueoli inleNfllia elenmtuhi ,detdninale ln utilima aqlei
construclii,Cetirile nal redte (Al. Nicuk$u, , r,rj.r drt@lp.dpBilknnd dM tu ldng6 rw,
lo Rwil dttud.r nnM.
B!.uetii, 1969i B. Pottier,
pttp@ition@I,ldtk .t theoti.,
in SCL, 1960,nr, 3, p, 673, "r'rrirl
676, lnsiste 6upra ecieli crscte,
rklicllor 4psonal. g "determinat,indiidualial" aleobtdldd in
uririzdd @nst.ucliilor prep@ilimrle alit tn romtn , ci1$ in
eleldlte idionai ronanie care cuncc ac6la modalitale de
exp6ie (utillzlnd i.si slte dleEenteprepozilionrle- a h spaniol5
i portuchez4deplldi).

4L ld lrsba ronani actul5, nornele de urilizare d .o.strucJiei cu

sn tiri ,, slnt ffrttddele :
.la )C on p lem{lul diFl * ap,lqd ob lrg a o ! iu " u p rd e . " e
- un ,une popriu de pn$6d <tr anlnzl: 4gado pe 1a4.,sat
ca'd B Muia , Adu N Atuti I
r ilbrtdltiv ronuc peeml lalliculol,,.tnd ind.c o pqesn:l
uici (prin rdpDrtrile de tuderie) pmtro vorbitd:
y&t pe M,
AW petota.
- un sbstantiv onun pdsdal deleihinal de un pos6iv :
Atla$d pe tud ta.
- rn pronune per$nal su Elldiv acdtuat :
Te Ldn pe llna.

Yue bwc. pt ntu,

lt lid ped.
( j n d i f e r e nl d a cis re tsi l s u no b i ect
r .ula o pdssnal,
Nu .vdt N rnio' . *t nrt unul
- pronumerer"gruv
(clnd s !els, l.apdMe 'n@n
ll {e a ddmiidtu) : N4h titUnb p. nki
urt d,:d1a
a (h .bssla d4smiraUllnu ste pNb:i :l 4rru4i,
Itra N: itu trll,hnnLl unuL,,nicrunom. a etc"):
pmuml. Fhtive eu inrftedriv..itr. ri @ lindif@nlss .e
ft L' Ia obie,' ru L p6eanr\ : Pertne4"pti r. PeaN as.pl
i*.,
Pr tt no tunpu2, P. an. e tll,pb2.C@ pM
p; ldt^r,n'.ali
ltuab4., An .ilil atla p?ee ntatl trtn6a. I
oMuml. nedetiil" la nah cu au (.ttu. a-i.ie) | A$ta4o te
n@ , Ad.dld F? tuitnb., Anuni t. 1@. tttun'!). I ircnift sil
inde4endent: Dd.dtl.a pildlt uiaa te pea 6t2qutii.
In ondi,ii.edumdrF. co n,ucdltda ec Avaa h4, de ex.tdt.
.au rcie r{r?pi,les1.inpadbLli&u l.6ih din euncruldr \edsa dt
lnbil ll(saR (Cala@,
alord" Frm-m
allt.on,a otdta.l.
frwF la ,cFlei dif,mr grerellra . p6 btl, tnsdr.@ odp'.i srutii
.tprlTa prin.e. ri ub (.). ir ategma nlurlr,Lorcaredotr ambet.
1bl
Dnpotlv,, conplenenlul
corplenenlutdirRt
oirRt *e e$rima
.\pnna ob
{b) r)npotrrvt,
p d n a d zd
z artvi v rdra
l d re DreDozilie
cind
ci
rd
6td
6
t d r oD
D re D o zi ti e

grLo i

Drillru n .
' " D' % n Lvkidn
l
nube ptup'lu iFdrclndneanimal.Ptuad. c.atuatt,,
Be.

: m $bsldtlv ftne de odedi sa! d. ohldt lntr o @nsluclie

d Forun! p.'enzl su ?ild'! .n dalrr,pFFd'ndvdbu : 16r',Fepr,
re Ldd. se lid.l
un pronune pd$nal sau rellexi\, l$nn
^6e:
ne{ativr4r:,va dru Ed(.i
- Dmnunele
- i'ronunde Eretiv en rntsosrrit ce: $|ie @ d ar16..Ce @14i?l
nederidreconp!* cu e (@L atin erc.\: Ctutd @t
i,ronumere
d.e Easii.
6i@.,
Cunptud
Aeid
.rLBdrte
ondfl.lta "r p? 6tr drtt\t. ('A'ftda p.
ln silu,lr'h
prftpt.,
oltupto
de
denplu.nd(lnLpo.ib:.l4ljnb, rodrn,)
a,ip.,'l9i
(cl In dlaraacetej bne dsiul derstrlnse ln carec.le dourofttmciii
qclurndu e rciprcc, ,ih.un
dr complenqiariLsle,
lrrr ln
'rpdl
mainreoesilL,t",b!l'l ln
oevriatie libem,l 'nd
ndmr dull
$ prcfst net unadinte ele
'ldsililc abbeleconslructii.chiardrci usri 'poa
Astlel, clnd conplercnbl le Ep@ntat prinir !n slbstmtlv,
setolosh dr pFerlnl, ronJtucltrru F. ds i "ompkmmlulf, ts|",i
l' o pssd ! d;r'o iraL. l-diridtrliurd: tlt ai.pt p?thle t tL)d
.uwut pe liul Etiildului. etc. Este p6ibili inr, d constr!.1ia lirl
preD@ilie:!F.l
oJe'ut.. rtut smnuutut, t.au
tti
'u@td..
e la Dlrrl Cdd o@r(i).
ale crndsubstanlivul
s" ptskrr. d"sendea. oh'rucl,, !u p,1r enunlurle
ln caR,onrle
r dtr lqLea P'i r r l D ' qi ' u1P
( 4r.z,M p" @o., ppL da t M v!t!., (L )M
s. rcr6r rao p.!s6
pe,r /.4
D r .Ltr L'l m ai .e" ( $s l r .
r B nitpeetol z x ,( t) .d
nu rnt s'lu ra i ri r on"b lLlei;'3
'nl ttatJ
lil. co Isn'li8re,nplrFlill.J,
ht l.M
N . A.n DEdMi atal (nUM). Adld l-M .u6tul ktl., Ceft1a&
Did pohiai, s pr.ferl comirlctia f i r i l, cidd c.f,plenontn 6b
un srbstdtlv onnn caE indici :
inanjnatesau aninalenep$enale,delddinaieer nu: Pdqtt
naa., AleEa cbli., VlreMd lupi(l).. Canptoll ud. tLqi,, Chzann
- pqeane nedeierminate:CaulNolesL. A dunat dadtri@mili,,
Vddonann@.lsi arkunr epilul tc. Totusi,h caztile b qe ehstmtlwl indict i,inte nonps,nalsrr,r lnllhs, derlDr, J otutu\lrl
(tht8ll'v.e 0ol itlo .pi.lr),
.r p": lqut o
Adu.44r) ti pe,akt r.u Mi).ln condrll rs'a", mnrrucrl, d p.
slantiv indicrndlnailEate r Cripa crir.tde., Mtldi, htndspdn Gelati,

$b.'r Uv 6r" 6i .ub'Rl i

r6q, Ca.t pe Mes4 t4ba.. \aiJ:,.
"onptet{e)e!
,ub.rar.
rl(do, de *emo - d..lblmul.
lui
L_bk.. .n ,cst
'vur rmrumr poun. d lrun runo p'op-iu d" pe'.md\."a/
Tor a)tjet,
psorn. i'ei dniouat.uat..!a in nak 5i
cMrd(l r ru p.: 'ep@inra
caul p" u1 p-alet., a ,v@ N ni.j. dtJon;d;
nn ., vtili pEo Mi
.ue $ an
abnu!. ett
prcr n" r.l.ele d41 tte mFn!o.jk
. c.nolemenlrl exprinzl Drin'ttu
r n r ,) r i r b * u,rrr4azl, i. ge.sat,,",; p, d s r * ra p o , . s / at . o o , d re .
u
n tohlr \., Dal:.a,@a,.st. pL b ;, h*i, 9i d6r. oe hs.-n.a
"a
z ". p" : D4,n (.a)N @a, o 4!nd eato t dua.rtu
li.!Etn\t
irtertudl. a @tor dou" onirru.t... oE.n ria
.ppFon,l-nonpe&!1, (i. ,n dull m! 4t, odu
4d.md.nonani.
" . c rjt ra in o re
n Bln exp lili p _e Ie r : n 1 3 pm.'r o mn . ru c t k %
htele.- u sliipr o-zla. RolLlejapaftnt d , r e ru n *
p tr o@4r kt p! rruq,ub kn,v,d,-e tr: ia t s q u , -t d . o mp t . n s . r
c ln t . o n d rrd . r, e
C. flbstitnt al unui .lbstantiv, pmnudele Deia wle caracteisrici
ale acstuia, dai atenuate itut ti ca iltare, oarecumneglij&bile.
{.l..robsi6 coreLrrlie. u p 6le d.. s. i. ooligarorh.:1d orpte
n4 r ur e Fp'adnL, print r .ub.k n l. v ln d c iF d o D" r. o a n a
slr i.l i r di.i dualizali
su L ,n ma t
v ro _ d . ,
a
' n d .ir r, @mprt.
cu ajulorul-l-inu
p'op'u prin 0mnurctedd4r.
'"
pror!
ne ner.o u
i d, t - icledntlu c, in egal: a$ a, a a1tr:l"
" mrtu-. h scsl
a $ n b u ,'e J'i,; dE t l%r.,".pd$n rlri
n 'o . r, lu a t i/ t | n Du n
6Eku1i: d p' r modaliaGdoo 3 l" deeror nd s com.tehtrr; i
d n e L el. r J si i . li cn e pdld z ,u p ' n o . o a F a . s (it . n c d e
con .lu clio pFporlio J. 6le obLs,ro
e d e a . t c c o n jrru d E
. o b lig a 'o lie
Ln"o-prcor..d . 2 n a t e ,a . o ro ru -" o r o e r; .
i,d.rul
Fsiel'.r qive ) acrnt it...h,, rlnd s t s f . j. ls , n s n , in a lc s . c . a lr.
tu p,tlF, los e rsl./;'ili aer" oruu!!
\ i'ourih de en,nruri
q.cutilee n u Dd a t ein p t iJ d . . u . lt s
lr oF 6 c ta, u't,(,vd.
ru ms o r F c { e n L e n . s e
Acada jntspenetralie de ractoi ln cirdhscderea ltilizi
elor dou,
.o r lu 4 ij, p 'p.un ii ierhla jlu4iilo r i' u c , n b e t .
in r 0 6 b . _ e .
dN.ds .B ' ! dll le enz\tir pw^ot ri ntiurtutia! "Bi
t;.oF fi
tu4paenzt- tutnanaarizol), daii dsxbit de ir po rsn ", lunda rink e,
nu slnl qdtidirli prqlru o delimitare
da, htecdErrui he\u si rrr; a.
De allrel,.uDirpunfta o' ste polibiJzr' lrecvenrr,ri,16
i vorbiiea

dF d. d' rt alii
hDilllr,, eai pLf i Ur..: r' hlrun n' m, .dalul
i;;*a.G a; d" ink-.c. ts dern% .ub (() raoorluldnLre.ele
ro" h tr Lll d'_d o ituJlielanlle Asllel,s bJ,F
f,d) d lru.l va a&
pP
irlmul nai avorab'le.or.Lu.l:e
n " d " rD! * d l n d a l m a h '
' ui
lrucl;a
;;.ir dananim,'cl . (i trodevidenlni le s Prn ?p \El4r'
;;reo. llorohi, ooruf,ek dcrotul',r\r !r. ma ale r"'ounk
;;uele oe_ Fk rorl5 . u.tr,,.) pa 3 Il deill de pu|n {n ibih el
; L t in in , o r b n e a l " l r 3 ' " . r , l l d . d i ' 6 f l l e r e d e s n i ' u c l i e 4 ' e d - l ' E
itd di5rrn(tiaqpnsona nonDd$nar,
diFl pr:n divPrs
r( "xptinoea onpino'tra o rs l i p
j
p
r
'
.
'
r
u
s
l
!
!
a
e
e
'
u
a
'
h
.
.
t
d
lP n Jirnli.lip@
d
e
o
u
r
e
. a t @o '.
Da{a ind". plul ca pp p,e. u , r coatl.nla vorb o-rlo-o nr'5
a io r R l , d 4 5 u p , 3o '
; o n D. n e nl u l u i d i ' a i , . n d p 0 . r d " d l !s, u , ,m
o t oi L , , i ? ! e o , d t'.A- e i
, 6 n ili. u , r a , . " d d r u ( r i a r u p 6 1 .
E l j : d r P ) d u h r'l
ri u s t ii u ' p l l ? t i a e g B e r t e d e F h g " n . l L , " l r
o r o F ' n B , a d er c " s u p ; ; l o a e d l n t t ' u b i q t
d in 1 3 2 3 rD : n r u ,
J co npr*nluldi!e.' e - o'!h , ca'p, 'm; o on4.iuieonmimia nortoloCice
:'dep"'
d"rl
d. porlia scioB i sMl,
Nn in a , t e " t u r \
n e{nenea .'lu,l , rcluldfssl/alo' Fvlne,
{ln alk linb'
'ozni-.
5. ln larlutu cu coln'u' I,s corp rne ILI-i dn cl + oure orcblema
rr,
d d e d . i l o r t t i i s : n r a . i i cP
d u b le iiro
erind b,e\pnTUr
'
p.nt:. :nls.ti.e ln @d-ul ul el-]t D.in
trl?leser '$1:Lzez tu4?ioti
rn L'dae 3!FLali
d o u d o s nl . , d o r , u n i ' J l ' l e i i c o r ca r ,
'
'iE
lenl (vzl si R,ldlrl, S 4,5),
Dlnhe ele doul onDonenie caft ftpreintt pozitia sintaclici onpleu pre
nmt direci ln cadrulunli enunt,$ul *te oblilatoriu
personal
poate
p@nhe
alot.
Cel
de
al
doilea
ti
suishntiv,
nrme

ln lihba actlali & inregktreazisiiuati rn caredrbla oxprldato

obllsatdie, tacrllative s! exclusS.
de c i l eor i @ dea
al Dublas pr i n,r e 6te oi l tgdtor l e
realizarea onplemdtllll dtlectete ropr*nlag prh :
- subnanh @n!n a icrllt d.linll su deldfimt de u odjcuY
dononsilativ sau dei'l@.e $ a.9azat
lnainteavsbului regqt: c@ls di
cNat-,,,Solijut Lau ehx
cu deklk:,,Aad eat l-M obitd., Fiwe tdt
sltstsnfiv prcpriu pftcedlnd vdbul rqenl. Sucut$iul 't! eunM-

- u n sb .lant\..onr1iuprooriu,q h D' o n u n e ic u u n e t e * . e p 1 , , ,
vqi b $ c). preedal de ps5 plasatlnairtearcdtutui:
Pe copil k cn nal.
P. Iaa ?t c@aagN,
Pe t41a l on tui .itl
Pe tut 1r oi oti?
Pe ond Ld ales,
- un prontnr pe d r ru de 0olltrl" p'e@datoe rp, indi'ac d"

. Du o l. e r p d t r a r e e , i c LL t a h v , . ! l d . d d r a r . t l j a . a 6 n d l . m e n r,iil didL 6te EpE4tat, pfintr'M:

nehot;ri
- srhrbntiv det{niiat
a difi.d&ne (o) ttd,tcd ebna eqndJtuii.
Att6 pahhnn (o) Ldpat Q?,rt@ e"lei titulii.
su pMune (cu dcpllo celo' pe o' 8ri d" PoLtFl'l
lub$Jnriv
de pe :L a9et dup5 bul Egal:
Drd&l
'
(Ii) @td P. Pd'inli.
(ll) LEAePe ltt!

T*tu @u@ut pe rift. (P. tiE tc"a ecuMrt,)

Pe dutu.lnah *ia. (Te Fit pe dunBata.)
- prcnune semiindQ{dent, lndifer4t de topicii
Pe dt tot tl aMdtteft. (lL cand4.n p. ot tt.)
b) Drbla dpdmere nr 6te adnisi ctnd a doua realizare BE repre-

ln . ru riil e d e v s r i a l i . l i b s a ,p ' " I d : 1 4 . D 4 r u o @ t u r D c l e r u a f a

vdiaa delaunrcrhitorla sltul (poateln Iurctiederesjune)
nedr:ds !u p" a dlui d" rr doiha rnpl.ne' t d'F l ,dolt. d
p'ir lubsbnir
duba dprimsre dlcfl ula'e:
Ler F: ma, f 'lwt
dikriiinrl n hol"'il d D @dind rsbul ll 8ar @, d .ldl de silu'
tiil. ln re enantica substantivelor eu rdd de detd hinare (cf tl od!
iJ d l. { i1 . 5 . 2 . ) r r a i l , h . l a _ r ' i . 3 T sL p t l u l d . r d r l i e d i n t r e . u b s t d .
({b st !i.droleins. d'relr r v*b, dsF pr.'dabrla.vj.dea irubLi
'r!a
ind siit64l.
Nhi a id@Mtdtudet
Ua lup Latwn llndktul
O hdn4tu idpdbald d lual aduwe.
Pre'!4inraDstru dubt, erpridare a @mplmdlulu drsl um.teri-uu Id Drim! rrld Udb3 voroi,d (rl tr^ha,orAaA ftaLdpatMd,
\orbiU t adas chiar a3 .116l pFer, repelarca)
D
61a:
' Pdrnindu
-Umb,
x d" h si.irtiil In @'e dub 3 .\odmare poaleti ulilA ln
rc16.4 Drtnp-o uF"
Mi.a rn da drD.ciLer:lraoollunle
i airre.elagi rl ti nu mr el"
.bnclaspldsl; dlacl ele und. n, -nldtid,
ne@ra" (6ra.ddra (1963),II, p. I44).

- slbstantiv 6ftln saupoprtu (l5d prelozttie),algat drp, rgent:

Ctige un ziu.
ch@d pisiu.
CtEte@pUd,
Vtld.d2dRonAdL
- 6ubstantia6nu nearticulat,plasi tnaint vdbutui:
Piine M4
cttlt cMpdraCapn.7@d,
o:yul"t. ntrutu.niri..,u. ar'@mpuseetor,pEuh ,, pronua *mrdepend4l
mere
ri.lndilerentdelopk,
Nt |ent p. aineni, (Pt
nu ud.)
ttu ttlt nini.. (Ntnn ,u^itun
*ie.)

Pthudr p qitne (pe ciw).

Pe ot td tt M@ietu (n M@ttM p, at t*)

eirls t
6 R6t,:n ale porriei iinlacl,F onptsosl otrel
'.p
4 tur
obNltillo aorrsl DrD@ilonrl.d.'elul: ,l,tdilr.d la Dlls',
r@ dln ilril,, h ere ici,m ss v,Dr h s/brd, !4.1..,14,4n nu maiau
tu' d. Dreodjlie rdovade Do6lDiXtaL& a le om e Mduiad pllne,),
.i d ;LiiD,[a o ddsmi'rante cadiauve ln o,- .t-,ile Jvqn r
lae cu mtructii Dr.prii dat dl6 vorbirii populare$ tamiliare
corstruliile c! v,lde Dartitivl cu d,, dtn(r, slnt cdNdsai
In ct@ie
rl96Jr. II e 156.o lep 4dtind allibure p" 't'g;
u mmDlemaiLdjirl s'lb:nrelE rdai crscl d ri lcr rlid8l1.
Dd eleil{tele 1,, dilr- au !n rol smlos 9i o laloarc asnini_

..irstb seflst! e m tonerd r-or:

.ut
,.mnpten., dnr
, ,z G o

..psl!, d-ADmpqili. d'" derenrd f vob Laldlv .,.

,F@ nenjtoc f,tjum3 wrbutu.,+r i,.
..,,
L n t u t u 4 a L d@ r l h p a o M . p 6 - , u , t
t le t : ! . t t . : ) : : t : 1
de Dreonp ormru,oda. Lj e I r spff cr,,,,ra riinis $u tucrul

o L ls un u 6 o.@ nt Mtu(runs,E ttu . . . ).

t unm tfdra tu.dpotund \p 636)f Dmt,or.eau.on:.ru-r:e

b u Li r r s n r r i r 5 r r n p F n e n u t d _ 1 ,
! t rk , p . t k, t s r * b a i r _ i / t : . e , p ? r . h c . { . 0 , n 4 , e . _ e l t { , , D n

djrd-s

.,,,c, I ron.:da!, Eu

'tj. ca ri.tjrda
ltg{i3t, 10" dt , \atb\."
d Do, vqb. 1 l! ,
t rn ma t L
, ul u.j arutopj: ..tn Dod
' z jri!obirn
. . ;i, rutr: 3..

H,TFirl,tJriiri"
Hl* ;:,-rl
};,':lT i,;,,,iT$#1;#,
Da.e linba tun4na admN,aia inkodu? Gncnut
r on p crdl rnrei - |e ir, nol. , , . , d n d . n v p d m ld t u,obh.t
1en,
a c er m, e.te ebutu:
!, romptemd u.Li. o.adrl,a rjg6iii

.g'.1;:
]il :ri.Xl'ffimoe n 4 t
[Jlil:8
| y t ofn l * n u Dq @ (o"p-t-i-i:''i'ffimri;
:11e I n, deor .e.
e 6.e cxpn
'
rer.pnnr
un usr, hv w. areaceai,ada"iFa.u
r bu.6De.,/
fft:T,T,.
# iiu"Suii"ii$,,i#;ii
;i:h1,?i,;,itl:
l. ": ."

a 4r .qo idpo.,ud nu. d.e,rde,- 0 " * " . ' , . * . ' -, " i1 ' . " " ' t '
9ll1e,d5in3: @npkn rkle e,iome. 6r pteds,etet., .urve
ri !1,rr..,,!on pt-aerrut inkm
ar v4bdd illrrEit:rs ltnd rcnsidosr .a u, Iaonq +. noa
,
f e ocrc. ..Pfln ald ogc o \4betF h,l.Lr
(are,u co m D I e-

! h ruaa6'aoli'
;itr,";i'i"'*#fllJi11i":if'qprrni
Pufttu d. plerrc rl di{ur:ejdespre
onpl.h.niur d
"1 ., \cr_{o
| dmr1uii
&tid(d
erbcld iatfuitiw
cz @h? ,,s eiftl
i ab,@t:,trt. attui!
t, o. u2),
p,Ll otgzil,ed wbere r,r'ive ..d..m ,ciunc ." |Itllr.
_.srrier
,qup!.
tn ohie.ta. ,, Mtn4ia Mpimd;)at
trrFnabv!

lli

'd

0 , , a y lt ! , ! 1 % ) 9 " r , q r v s b p e t - a n / . , . . p r : r i z p a c j r d H o o a
,pnnr rrrenr'
0rrc'r", b' Lsbp e iq mn,l,ve prin rairu ..
Do
-nuGe
Drn, mrp dnnr d-..cf fl, p '07) coftot.nen, ,. o. 4 | esre
,nvmn,v I bopremmrr drc.r $ orstreazb
L, a-el p,,n acuh! DUe .nk-o
..DcJinirs to.r,ls r .orpcm{t
tje I obi,e, td rt3bljls rl(j. distrn.Lii
dLF{pna,!pr.1r'erubsra

i:vpda4u&.ruprinproruoe,cr.,4n

conotrr-4 uM r oDpni; d.ri.. vo'b t8,,tr, iar mrphndiul r;u

pranB r@recdndqEldre onDlenenluluidir4r
Pomind de la definitraehsn is a fis.j ivil3r,, )i o'rcrsrnd De
a eurp.,. perl a prptio miDinal:it" oanale;r
r(vsre 0i r4d , DM p.d!4 oM.nt, or4 erc. ra onndera t.ir
r.rc.e i n cF !- orirc onDrebe,u inrernujs (d4i
l!:.!lnql'i
.p
Tot aF. rsbulr azj iomih, s deL6s,nntsnr I u! ei ..bs d_n,r.c,
n e rrc n . F , d F d e , .

{ l u b s t a r u v c a s . p o t u n d d . f ; , , ' o e a tF , b r u ,

audu dp,im.r , adnjl..otuku4ia

p, echivstenr,a (u,au!d
L r 4 $ F 6 j d n r s a r q o b t G a tsi 5a c c".p . , n c ) d k i j D o , F , i i n r r d n
t . t t ), , \ . , ] r d e ( t L n p d , d ' u i p a r i l , . e l c . Js u { r . r / , . t v ,
r1
sruil,k di sre omp"nqt h acuzrrii, ,nrem<aLnu rrl yial,,i{
rar.d,pare h @nDtemnt
directdubjuelDnrab.
a lh w b e p d , t . t h i m n : i i , F
,.S
o@db
de rdimftld ,de.err hstit, d" djtqdie de ss.
Lapntuesau
-ono.
i Malra ra ahsn! ptn nold s.ad.rc., panAoath;a

tu rttrt

ainnnL:- i Gabd d4d n.^t., fiv srnt ta ate, i cErutthl

Hattu aluna ln pnde. 4 A r, hatn.
@d.. rDnt- vs;etc
^uh.,
bdliorate a alsr. dal dainlanzirlv, iar cel"lslle
, reiLv..t
'n
Conpa'ibidEk. o otunrrlj.u
mc.u., ats s fr d:tsdl?e de
*n> permil.i vorbim n arode .,lua{iide dou} $J inai hllLe vdbe
o r o4 in e kf v. curL R.t sta. |n p t o b h t u a @ilit , r@b a o . .
l@tup dr '@:1,w. !4aedtn
tn sct. I9b1. nr. L p. 33r.
Ir 'r La tl l l "hcaRrnD.cn.nrbl nudd lh o u o t a e x o r: d re rJ . iiDli(. z a t iv , c a r. o d c " ra ra
.it nir i.\p '.T a,", prin pronumeodtmlL
e.f:!occ-i). al u repreinli o rslizaF , po.lei:intactje ondenflL
'
dn{l. Ala r in'rnpl6,
de pilda,1n ffili.r'l
u A inn naa runpd.
l n&ub tdJh
a.n d'e @mDjmd . j n L p o , t r ri { b . it lil a n k i
,eluall pd pmn nF p- rEl. {tsr posle li Indirh pnn advsb. .{/,
h pr ir u r e'xehDLu,.m,li cl deal doile
9. Un alr az special,itrdstat
de obhei .tlt Ia verbelelranzitive ctl
l, rsb"le cu douj @'.mkmmE
rl ld conpledenluld,,al,
'"p'zi'
di'e1". din rccaa.,urul l6Fl
rl trnFt fi &'ut ,t tusj .i.au steciiunj:'
r c.dr zr n p lu,6rM.d/m(Lc6 ).ILp. 154 | v o rb a d e v s P c , , e d r, .
a MuaL a ttrtQbn,o:4Ltla, a,,@, , sfd/i tc, rn dr 1r,i de uiul
Ptaleut tt tanlo e. .lq at t|l,t tru ltutn). putittt
4i leuiAp
Exomin6@ .Lb ,$rtul p.sioililalilo! de !uoflute s de Ftur. D-i'
forncle o-onunel.ipejq,l,
cel6 doua onDqm r qsideraLe con
ptementedirete *oate la dvid{l5 clare dsebiri: lunai unul dinke etc.
et ,sl iiinlej , admite flbstlllilq
pdn acMlivul pronnnelui pftond
sl duhl, i.rimrre c,nD :
!lt) inuald !e mpii poezia.
Peopll ll t@dld poezia.
Conplen{tul "lusului"
Bte @apqtbil cu ,ici @ din ac6te
.ort. u-lu..\io rP@rao rierd pd6p:i.,i\F
'o tiuatdpt apii ,j.m arn
ie p s . G n lio b d ro n e n , .
l ajn - 1 1 ,\Ii or^ o.ld nu r.pE :'u dblr
In aet. ond li lu ate clarc: rlam r lae o aruativul, L' aesl caz
fiind dplirbnu pa !u pozitiasintr.trd
diFt, r gleu de
flrlinut..: zvn a l,e cu un ooDhodt "oTp.enenr
dfirr
ddtminanl loaleri nl@ll fn:a plin Drc.Ltrr nedeliniF
(II-Adt
dnutld era (ottt). c. tt dn,ib2), p'in dmotuhdiutru v.loare
-n.ukal;'d, (t]d4), prii ftgrtrwr 4irni @e 3rir ompdLibiteg d

dr'a de.ub4itulie rcmplns. die ..u and'l', u r.feFnlul s ti.

,.rr
poaF 'r i rur.truJ. tj prra ,dwbu dd, c!. Ant\a) H
'o.r-:
Nutut Pnat^ do, anqat tu tNdri,
ttudld.,
Slbcilunq .au rcl'fa p
prdun. p@nd et" pdrbJ, n_nsi
!trd c0npcn. uL"objetulul'ndpoleltrj mnptensrut liinld"(Era,t
h&tn p@h., Ltaut. tduatd.,PMrt. o iMr, eta!/, d, tn Jcit u.,
n.ten'ianlului -1inl,- @ndue a o ah; {,uc,uc ,
Ldo r 4rca @jr?ae 3 ponireicotrpt+
rd l d ! e t i r p r i l i a u . e i p o r l i i n n , a r i e " u o t i n e . I r i e ,r s d , n i r d c
!3F pr6lpune uiilir 4 v4bului . ln'4a cu
"m5 o fsir. s;!u, tui
mptstrdr d ercm(rd'.al pr.n datu.
mrf! (rtrMliipe orll.) eu prln'nonaninsl aa,6/d lEtia,J
In al" liobi, ere dol, +aur .oerund s aoua6o;k^F $ndc
ditttlf l.I k oppandt. i tustz',
tt| atup I dM.t.
D'+,Ir s"6lo' pa.licl lilrl' fndur.r
.6uoat d n enunlur_te
d c 1 6 lle ld u p
s d o $ @ i l r l r l , c l n e ,o . t * ' l e d e @ ad r . o o p t e n d l
lrhdu@-,

t u n d a i, d e c \ . n p u r T e l n e nl p o d l " l i j L r i r h i r i ' : n t a D L r ' . s , e a t i .

In enunra .c+ei po/iLiiintd,le e.te ond4 or
o. m,enla
"
^m
S iv e rh l l a r @ 6 t " m F p s l b r . u d a i n J " r i p u r j d . i , u r l i , - i , ( d a F
, zt" p'iq dgbnirri d'u.lu d e dirri.. t"src-it te epuad diFknF
"o
enrnltel.
.r p@il.d
. c J , \ d b l l L r r u i l i v D d r i . p 3 s 5 t - u - r u r '. n , o m t a l , b h
Vffitje.
?de ttmuitrl.
cl vab Lranzlii,,adni e n reli4'e pozjt'e'iomptedertoi,s, alfl
riDnir,teto r, cll j{Ll,tai.
"an,nc.4.r,
rd 6hada.tshda o rtr.t
lt ttu r? ?t i (Mrut).
Avld un "ompknql dlFr -,nimrf . l?a Dd cjp" o" obcejto
slruclurisre rmpric:rn @molanent*(kd,r
,luo'fud'r.v.bPt@6h\e@

a'Md:.^ (lqB),It, p. 157,m.nl dn@., pa a lr,tr Drin \i'uek(u

dsi eo p e@nh djdle, strblinllldcl, sp'e d.osebF"de '.te vsbe dn
'l
a.6dicrteEo e. port.p,liLipsh jcomlrktiiin ca eam,ndoud
rd1Dr.
m d tel- AdiFclelnlnuhederun.i,alirt u l' e s re d " rn \ e d e r. e ru n { b
dp tiptn(4dJJtitcJ k h"p D"M'n AFaslacqjru. e .\t.. n oc i,' :,
a ln 'i pob,bi ruul, ulflprspun6 ii a d @a c o t rt rrc ri' c u c o n p r+
'.p
Ett@ ndikttz (Esle Duntue).
".
'E lt,tuDun& e.
L.v"i
liu,d r,r.,p. rlJ, no's 2 J iin o p ' p t e s z c o b t ru iljarn
d:s.l|te (rrm nn4*,k Duntua, o rpJl'n ro tru4u-rioe.uD',.
r,15. celui der'doile comilerd' rDlir,,,
o.Bpwrrdu-. h
\tacluD de ad.nclm ur eilp prepoz:tidat .irdtu'irtlet (r.,&

I
.

COMPLE,IIENTULINDIRECT

r,0. Del'ni,e rnDkmr.tulrr Indlr&t6 r.p-edthd p@lS""rn'acr .c .

tcad.r r dn ., deu.v e- o .E t" i a a pr i np6'h'l r ar eo" r r dnl
no&l,trle derqlta. rMdd In dllu ar.. sb a&elul dsierii iin
racUc.limb'i
nq ep4.ullun dil Inpcldtedefl @lepecrrele
'o!
ruiz n ^Mul ubielului 5i rl conplpmenlddi
dr,el.
rre delinirq to'
Delinttar ch*ld de substjlutiecaerepreinacesi.onponht. ale
enurldld ondnce, dacdavemln wdoe delinitia fornald, Ia uninvonlar
(u hinin" dih'.n1e
decraEa.
decon.ruci,@idcizlnd,
"uclhre*lnbt
Lc e drsk
In ts/ul !oapleohlului indEt.
cl3."de$hUtufle l,
ore aiun4m d.iininda eJi Dorliedikctid Drinrsllde."u@la
d4'0 iifa;, cer t sl aeinve wde,v,riiblledeal eldelroluqflelaall,,
pe qre le oleri gramahclletradilionale
Conphmerlul indiel rppEdn, par.a d. prpo,jljelr I'ala@d aia
pnF*
* @ns'r5,rl. mai na-i dffbrr' n - ciar,lr'i Drh'Fnlele
a t1t dlirilk, clt si Mstr!.Fle caretl slnt ahlbulte
L Iqde..a'. nunqL.
Arldtn lidba rohtaa 6 edpd,da.acdd.
rl lropor lid rrl.4 /r'dn-"/,Ilderne*e(p.64l)ca |tind
ai$ier!frei
,,parttu eund/r, d prop@ilei(arrdcrrmiriun veb sDres a-ara d,
.{
d; su * .,.e.a, r tol 6.l $u l n F gub,
scdunrcid.
, ( l n.f. a de 5ubs L) enp nl " w l na.l i nq4',dui " e,
ln Drpaldbil
lD, 639-6401,r a !,t'at . i ,cd,ne! sD-imali dev.D.e
erddl" aed:, otrrd'i'rj indits. p.in
aedul obFlulul o' el,
' 'ie
lnrrd, dl di0/li serle nraai (z lel rL-de.trnalie",
i oliniindr.*
(p.641)Bractdulpiepo.dqentpsseal" al obletid indir6t.
ln eiJlia I a ardrallclt liftbt; tm6na (1954),editau de Acadenie deli,
nili! cof,plemmtuluiindirect culrinde aelea$ elemdt spallicatoari:
,,psneadepbporite asupracireios rtslrlngeln.hip indirectacllrna vsbulqi,tn $nsul ct din actiunerezulti deobiceiun 1016sauo pa$bi pentru fiinlae! lusul denuniideconplemmtul
indirel" (vol,II, p, tl7).
Edilir a II-a 11963)fl detinEte (vol, II, p. 159)careplsdtind
"p*ted
de prop@itie
caredtdmi.i un vdb, o loculiunsvsbalr,madrerb,

u .:d jEi r \, o Ie.{iuead,. rjvarseu o i" , * j{ h . .

in d ic rn d , . n s q 4 s t ,

dq r d lr s @. {dawr orecj,ars:..D eo . J e o ri, ru irh ro l& e n

o pa+o, d4.-u.obierul clr jo i * sujbue o..liu.
e o rrd4ie suo
q-ar4qlcd..
Nd, drtidtj. dektiar, od.u.u,ar.rdiiFrdfnrut i.
dd, d dereiu_de d !titi"r. pFntru.ndj.an a rcL.ri.udi d:djn. .n c .n
rmoiu
oas rdmprcnsktor. vsbu _ insu .ih. de pr. i. rr 3j.l
Lia | { s n o u je . . . . ). u ; . a d . c ia , t k t e

:_,9.^"1r.,"1i
9-*,":i"j,l9 t "d. r,p,uc,rraljvobip,re ! in dernj!;

5';;l;';-"'ii;i'"";iiTi;ili
U;ij::?-HrX1',*.!:'Jrff
i|'::r
UhI:z@ :6ru' ,erner
tn de.:nt;
ap,reh t. 3 .j ? s. u (cMpt.Mut tu:@ ei at dttibui|t. ta
L3 .
ll p -e t r)iV S lo r" r r' ! a p d t! @r dun a tidbitnnnd. BKL|esri,t96,i.p. t$ : .kopte; 1ir
rnairecr6k ob.ctut rsmark:tcu e{{"nli indeoqddd r!,
de
rllne. cr icierur dc . pr sre { ld
.au , alula e
"sp.;
aflDUreactDns su @utt.tut et5.

Inw rzrele,d._,q:lr.tij (uprft k-aer6tr pa.tr dc propdile

rdril,l.
ft.dcp e o p tred1uddo*birid,dfqiba e ia c a t . b , e ; e i d d .
ruul ftgi-l
l. I ordan (Li^ba ,araM @d?dpmna, o. 64-,. tlr
pa @,a d lr Fir reeenr Frut r'adieljvere E t . h i, . t . u b s l, n s F e i. a F
,ru ema wDrk-...au
sparlin uei labiti: h F intB m F,b oli
o
vdbar;: srnr excl{: a:trel dil
",ko.s @mot"n"l.utuj
'trulu.
otu * \ orberedr .onpjenste indj'FLp tn .itualii s r?padd./ i. ru:
renirdr .., (dd) rr.vdtn4Lel..... /4!,r./pmhu
pae;,r.. (J. p. 6d),
ln Gnaot@ tt954t, rot. tL p. t.?, tmi s nrntion.i4 e redld
t6rDF de onpre'4tutui tndjrel nunar vsb- f adie wr, !aii in
tttui
a tinbil M6tu n943,p.11?r 7?,d" A L R o;e
I ! j. B i.L
@E odrd @. .c6ra pdte dc pbpo,/lp elin .1d,@
1@b;rib;
6 @rebpuhde: "tu, d?cre (F). ,u .ttu (r^. r, n
td , iv ke),
@,.
"in?
tu'pte ttu(a), depd.tre(u)" tp. t72 113),
douadril. a grradiji r,d?mie /tgmr trrg.rL $ra Fgrnh.d
posd
--4 r ar 6mpenotLt'j jndts t /vej. nal !b, dc,lnlfaci,sr.tl.O sb.lantial" reduee I inldLrutui cdnptnd trlu. lnoiMr o$iva
a, n o - {d r r e a d
prlid.proporl,.di.tin c l; o c o m0 t . o 6 t e lo r$ o r1 v
1t,@dCd | (Lthbo t@16ndailnpdoio,
p. & t. usrituq,ali
de rejrne

lq@tna \ts64),tr, a. t2t, lr, t39.i4 .

.q

Delrs ponfi- sin'r:R @mdemmlindjGI D'in oariv(ta. pF.

poili.Jd.l- d" di ' di r l tr .d" l ,,i R puLnr f,ddas v v o- i a@ oBr ;c l d
irtevd\onal. \ d^pp, ,.nz e'c, on5idmF dc djver* EadaLd
i.f .d.e{eroL.Oa,"dm'l06r'. ll,p l6{rc.tspre"rltnd(onp-iemerlul
Un.ompknenlel \obulu r'arr" nal p in expfln.rs prin oa
Livsl. lnreislrala o bleeoe iinta.lhs, diliincb,Is dirr. ,l
rmlului ar XIX rea.deH. | . k I i n ln At@ta tunAaa\1945,
rd, a III{,p, 136,l9i).
l, CIM de sbsijtltie @nplenentindi@t dprinde:
(a) Rdll4ea deliniidie "r!ru ,n dalr!"

Subsiantiv: ?d6l2S" oa inidae orlilon

DbuiEL cd4i aqilt.
h)Osiede.dBtuqnpnptu4htule careDotli subslituiteplin ddiv:
(L.) ra6pund2
tz td.ti.
.pu4 E sll l^ <tDll
In uneleer"mple@nplemdrultndiEL6Foruq{
cu ub oftplrnml ditur. P{tru unelewrb" a, da,!/), @ru.nl, @mDlemntdlui
dirat 61" ob $'o e, ,n @:ul .ltor !trbe 6te n , raollajtv, ra.d4
er inposlbiln(d ddtznt,
Cr rerlla. ftgloL a a ponlei@npleisr iddret s c coriq+
raGr on rtuI.r fl .d4 tl.'. c o \ e z n \ Ebtudr ttuttbteda.
p.104.
ldg&,BuoEtil, 1961,
Spredo*bift de dtutraclia .u 14,c,re ste loarte .Csptndili,
I dlBl DrinsuDrs fl ro.p
'ealizmr Doniieionplin.rlulu
lcddl arem sr..ts mc r d,l llniis , sl I rlioml cn ri d pdrbil'.
tdli onbinatoriir (aoe c! ve6o ,,dicddi').
CoDirocliile lEpoziiionale d ld tl @leo dalivul slnt in rapdt de
ranaueribsi (onp. P@ud.'rroplttdt, I P@&4le ld 6p1t).

neol'aEa ptspfir:onal:'ets l'"(w a m.i a6 i. sid.i popisia

3 l r dn n r i a limb,or ane.tinbJ tilnd : p ? t q t n d p d t , , o d rS j. t , :
de !!rbl @nstrudiacu drthul
U l e "p?.d.lr.are.n(rds c, gl0utu i. u ra p ' r, u e L d e oin t e Dre ra re
F3 i o m o ti a.;. r\rirulj,
,ut n e riin dp o . n i, a . , re p i, z n ra
"L d'
.o I u.l i i l e I e'5ubslant:v.
p"edst d e / a & F o . { min ri
q& ld ,,,y h (tnc, 3tuddri.. d e u n
In sun
odot!
m e n r r".td nupoatp rl,"ooi p!,nr-un6 a p . re n l t r o a r\ O n ild re a
nr-{,
@ndue ltuj ld ma,ruclr,obprt b,p cu odrivut: } s.r!
zr,rte* ' li ftdmli., or pildd.puhn Lli.iTt s' d, Ln - s.o4 dd but*
rludr(rlq. srbs']llu eocu d. ul6tp poibi.,5i i- auttn,"_e oerer
r i; "d,n ilotvJr.uh-l,ntivduipe;d a t o e t a a re o , 4 ra n e d e . { mi.
r.0r..'. (a dd ,r',e la nullt olttnt. cttih, jde"t
!r <e d ourr
mulor Dutrnor clropa) stud?'ti
Subslitliia prin dativ ln cazrl co.sirucliitd cu l" tn are substantivll
cb d e sm i ut p I un nu'tr:l iaotna . n u c d . p o , b ,a d , p , d F ,
!aattdutu'.,,.j|
rvs-'sbil at nune'su r
a iru",ij ootiaiorfi a
"i In caF .rLkit.w_ nu
d"la,trln,n LIL: Inrnr6 ubnan ivr,ui, po.,l'"
s,e .0 o p arb,, .u etruh'". ri, a atdrc ,t r, . z u . mu . o i u o o n riv e
.nerinerlts,z doinvariab d . n r&
{ace1 0 r
e c a p . b it q " \ p n n p
'r '
Frplul c{ cdpinb o la ln care bshntivul 6te @ed'i de nuneral
ioa.lrq dsi de slbd'lulh 3 comotedflutu ind'.i 6 " I djc, t de
qu a.ti" pi'.ii onn p'ol
po.jbll ars
oron Ir dat.v U,a/
'elutr:ita I tht t .luldli. ,au taat: 'ardri,al.'t | !tu dd o e
da b# Ep ,blw
d te 4 \ V a tb " t .
. r , N u o el.nachin.-d.5ub\1.-,rp,o , t ! . u it " .
dBpt. tdn-),.r dj (tt dtti @i,f d. @itarie,r, c ta t* plee. ta
viitur d .. dc. \i- w dii .qle6nL u , t . p re o o . . . io a t " -naud mire
,ubsirfulls ru da(ivul l's.
stnTde u,it h.hi nu jn.'irul. un o unl
r.oddt penLflrimbarcmrn .)
Din acl"al on idp? ta .ar .'rane acstei .tay o" $br j,u. < rel i .t le pr :r ron" F bnc dr F r \, r d , Md d
p riv t n d u . . a o . d
crd,r,/ar 11963l.
II. 0. 164).car.o'LpLro @ns.ru^tl,o p iror!!;tula
tuslbsiituibile(! dalirula,vur d,ra deFaie' dedemolut.
Adaoi. cor DliFi,c p'epdrl:om. d- .?.t fe lol i otru'.F r, tn
a - d s! ?n u n 1.cubd.,. mironl nd,ti,.rf , I e b " r" d @re a rt i. , t ia d f
.4|rr. d. mp lrle, .trs ce a!81.ca @i doi d.td n.Tnri.ah.ac po.tt,
.id tactl e dtlerite

De5irit-dliiled. , 6t l" .int lo,n" Favenk, Fabr,cite nu

lr ' LL {r Av ebec u doua c or d" ddF Indj 'ar e" ,dqi l6s
a
q la@dere$ a, omtiJ. vebelorr.oouaob.
p "@ lul d
^'
{ dp pildt, 6r@r/@ (t963),II, p. t67.SLb!
lirerrGIulpral.U.o r r ftul. a ll moi.irea{r.d ctt o skucliile f i adr'ogcii Lb d DF,tlrfnlrcriului ln ambe."fui, e
vorbade,elemi mulleori deuncotrDletr
e I ooieo,i oeuncon.
pledei pecM.i. @np.: ,4 !,Uatapeclr.v. &va, g ,4 @d cutva
CeJe
dd, conplitin ffirntr - ln dsLvrr cu prepozitlp nu.i'l
(upldLe,
orj@redinkeelepoatclip4 nrlr6
t p @tbtg..i.Vdbp$"
d.so4 e4d. tnr zn,iaut Da.ibilei o-. te !? crnd oreEnraelui de
al ircJE 6! DlFrrn' ft lrira, pr i,pl dl*hllm. el; rcrilionr'd de
diHl (veziS9),
Dedla onplerdtllrl
3. Clar d ei ubdi tl i e odph ddnll r di s l . F d@ $ pe.s tu
lijr ld p' o po/i l i onal e.
Ponl i d
del i i k pr i n di'aLv
t,: idal.\ p,.
nu dTLt. &lt pmpor{iireintrodu* D n 'nbc
onediv
.
'J.'...d
spu@ lott).!t u tnteaba.
Pdedeneh .irc 1l@uM.
p'opo,rluh!umn(iir 6rjuncldsl (.,. d&{,i,.r,.,
nrrcau*
""lc d p opo
ptli td\ d 6 t eld|ji (uan?,Lni,tuaJ, irregi."rLeln errmlo
tl.a otrpletivl indneli, .or$pundli geret "o" -ucliitdtu priro.lF
cm! ru clnlehivrenle.udsUvul
lonp rrdr/ar. dacd& tul!tk!t..
ri 5?Cln?ar&l, et,. i Seu ti (um r pdul s: sadr ri Sr 4% de6 *,.
$ lndle propoztlllslborddale intrcdus prin dectiv pmrcninal
orespmd aeleia9i categdii de @nshuclii pbpozilimale - mnp.
yrb?g, dspre orle & nln e9te !i Vortated6prcorlci
c,las desubsiitrfie a onpleddtnli indkectcuprindedeciralizirile :
snbsl$tiv su lronune in danv, $bsbnilv eu prdnune Dr@da1de
prepMilllle la e! cd.a qi prcpdiiii .! snettv p&nominal.fiind mull
mai retrinsi d6lt m s complermtului diiel.
4. ca $ onplenentul diEt, conplenentulindiEr cunodgetn linbs
rom:ne l4onenul dubleiexpimiri @ree omDatbil d toateredlizeine
inchseln crasadesuhlitllie pppic astei pozilii (cuerepfia constfuclii pEp@iFmalecu rarl,).

D ub r .r p,tr"T
oftphDir'Lrui in d ire l 6 " o Dt ip , io , c t n d
ve b u L cst.otsGdzld.unadinlr.?a a,c a ld e i" a -d e s lo q , ru t"c .
StaislBtilor | lau @da! aiutMt..
Itttnr
lea Aspure.
L, .oiil li ttu dtt danbw,
Cllt ttu6d i e td.pundz_
r: ld
di.
h (o dpl.nanlu.u:inonF. ste p.d{r; d u p,
' '. t. d.br,
'slira
crplinaF ete n Foqa l f a c L t i,
ve b u ltsgd
iv " .
(ti) sp!tu rdq1l Ir mpii.
(Ne), /,r!r,6 lutumi
(rt) 6pand2 lo.ilili htnnbd.
G Fdo u ipuridp6n.iiur,hslrl in'rp o ' r o e t a ria ! c t e ra . ld t in b a
e 'L a l;. d u b lasorihd e tn acsle.o.dii ru n o , i. . o n a p a , p rd . .
Du b s.'pr irarc 6F ob ie,ro' i. . lo o b p t " o rlt u t ird iF l
pl&rdu!, \ob eie rF0@m,d prinb- pmnune t6so?tL.ar F1*
r 'v) : /r /d d mi?.depildi.(Daflr,, pred d ry b p d d / n id z . , , c v o n
sfuqie repeBl, Pen(rulinbrromlna)
6.0.Dain' Ie Hnq depp.d- poaleaDije n Fo retatd dp iubor
'
dd sF 4 de rcm5' e " tsDrF,nla
lp -rn u -l, v e rt
, , f / , rv
.aL inlron/itiv , {tu,l e pe orc ai ,flr d Drnaa.un rr ved&. oa! si
pf s d jo.lj v. ordr'liiprreht@nuri;,untd.
tila nsoti. Dni
..tt!
b , ptandnlanton agLlMd , |: . p t : 1
in -|j; (\ ' ip .
"I
^
6tzntt:Eztz
t@unl
r rha-prin u b . | 3 n l i v . id ju T e d I n me .
n,rif d2p'mii rau@lrld, rofll,rL d' tiprmdui
shtttititt.
D.'dni antii a.ind
?j inter.FtE
"a. 'C"1 !oje. j'\ -. ao\dbul
.inl arr'bu'Ii de regti:.
l4ei ! o m o . r , leto, ao O;;
/i .a r 9611r p.75\.,"n-u d"psd rt rn o"s riv . . n d io . . id . iz r,
d co b .F . onp;mdl ndn6l (..e1 p n o . F d s e , r o p . ! 1 i. ,I t ,
I. 16? 164,166- t64.
5.1. DetqnidanF rn danv al ddj;tvelor, adverbelo!ti jnterjetiilor
Dreint, tati de detsminalii tn daliv ai vdblhi uele d6*bni @
subo.dmsr ad.el.\ . ut. sdveroulr." r inrerj..i:o , darrvL.
. a l r u ,dn ; e duba*primarc- o.otur' u q F d . lip u t . @, d l1 / e . , .
Dira,r adr,uirit,i6h impo5ib'ta,

tdrnel. acdtuate ale Dbrunolui

bl nu adnit. ddcil reali4rea pdn thdAttr.
hntdr.
(nr
tot
D Forct
ftu'dbttd
lM..hila b,, btM roral
;k, ntr. ale doul pallicularil;iikgrtr, 4l..rd"nrt lh trod
d4ptlora uncl" inlerre.Liipo( Ii dprerdirakpriq to'Tr slonede
d,ri. ti .dr'r dutk ero-!r!rc 6 conplem{ruluiindket:Vati o(li?).,
iaportrl devariaticltbdi m alteconslructiip.epozilionale
c) reallzeazd
drrrcJ/.(odr,rBpenl,r.) rcn p. et?iena pnpu Gpel\4 orolc
ptup.h Go,nftd) 9.nn pteonli.. @rd,tnlNa.
zntet\ t
satr06lr! el, nahkL tuase prddctiei en !.ntru pb
btle{^b ll ^.tt.t:"
durli.. ,vll progrollulJu hl! detrogB elc.
D.lann,il " 1r dr l n s ,dv obpl or :nr pul :r r ?.v dl r . ul F ndi
L treburnklead!(b- (poltnt1,anlqn) nnL onsj'ldrt. 13 rv nd
,,tddinl, dc a devenipFpMilii" (ct. Cnr n!4 (1963),I, p. 3r3).
Papott ,\dDrdtui latj d. pa a 'in3!d6 rnr.6uinFrern cr4pmile
ehl.ld' " !u dz l i v r l . c r hv ,l ol a ds '| v - ,,- ,D l oJ nune- D ar e
s li trJ
in lLnbad,tudl:: roln ., {l , z ziit'ri h rrut (r locdc
'.duq
purral etrrul).
l@toh tt acttrtr.re (ltuah a.rirrdii|, . , ap
nEzn art.Dtdav,1d'n \"d4. ! ldkaliih d,nOaM'd (196").lr. 'p 66
(p/rld? olva-la eva elc.l slnt srDrrrtoaE
5. Dcp"ndenla
h Jou,
'*menuluiln daLivla,:roejn.sF(lie'pGjb'1,
'iru,I h s,
mi :n," j .1. o,onsropei.e
e,e .uee!er,o Jcliune
(wlt Pedolrt.s 2) .t pt?1a
pt tru o lil le ! nlscii.ealeunu vso .au
' n c",uru,ui ,L, 3. m r 3rd" i , h j F il ' m , or s r oper:er r do, r ur r ,
cind dd" nltun. .n d:l,v 61. uFhurpoJb/l inlojelE ai poateli
ordruiu cL datl.ul a/ar ?tr1). (ftttui.a ,v nd u" ,a3ler srh,,c,
stu u a. (vat d. nhe ll.
E etenla aceto. deoebiri de loc neglijabilene dbligi s: dlsiingen
noi mdle - al eoni de
c oi tr - - l i i ( ud.[!u, dpLdpotr pl r f,e'l i .d:et.
ln Ir ,cr i das l i ar er nor l ol oC i c i
r c l ptr dl i . r aC i l l ( 6n.
plenent indiret al wrbului, al adjelinlui eic.)6. In c,drulgr up!l ui ,oni i al
al l ndc . c nl r ! !n bs tanti a,
dalirul apareca lsmfl dep4dfll h mi nulte ltpuri de @tr|luclii:

16)Iu d"n s'nae*k vt,l, ni...

\c) ktdarcda ajdv terilar

dabdetutid.

cotuLrulilh de tip,a)slnl 6nslde'ars\cLc.,'dtuIio63t. IL p. tr,

q reprea.hd ,p ii "gd'e :pedncr ti'ibii v.u. ii iopuGre,I;,6itd
re ln lrmbalttsari onlaapoala_,lidba e.Lrlr o "ei. h acr E..q
{turlll. delsniM,ul In gln Fb.ructiile da acl lel, $bJc
"iv I ticu la i
l i vdl r :en lB feobliFlodu nea
'
ca m .td stirco . ruc,iilord.tiD{b.bi o @n n iru ie ra o t _ t c in u a d mL
de r l un d a ti v pronu'ie pelsiailau re ' ls t r (a io n ).
Daci ll wul (b) cditatea dstirdui de a Ii subordonal substadivului
eh nindoielnicr,
h oturturrr dc
',D ro r ln @rc drddteje Dlasar
ln veirtt|'s verbrlui.!i du , sub.kninrii.
oeo$den.addt,uldi hL
de !ub!.oriv h nu h,d d" v.rb/ bl.. tn !F. nsi nulLeiarur:, Ft put;n
dieutlbi16.
Fl. Srte!
in AltihLt pwinat
su Mpletutt jrrlnec LR.
196r, nr 3, p. ,67 rm.), h.1ifi sa corsidqe, ln toate silmliile,
rdat fllp66ivr o rpr
tin:ndEapr,ui F ou. d+, @mohrm- i' dj
red. si eplizpEstlnd ddru.{. . (m. flr., p 27srh oie dd.!d
alon d! Ddte fl dublat prin lntrodueu mel lorBc de datv acd lu a l.Ob.trv,llaoi,
inDeoonu me le re ilo ra rDo " h re t u a * u
dUcjpa 6dpletre tu 'rdi';d, ircnumeleieflelv iu.e ir t rqete
ln r4l"l de siiusl.l l\ph"t Mmi io! pilrd! tuaurilc., nu \i
'Shsinap;/,du teh!'t, $1d.c s ioe" t. a.earlaodeble ai
putearctubld u indrciuallprr r*
r r.6tu D'or ,aa ln q leorla de nonem d rtnailului nbd?rr
Da l !.
ell" r iv 6h @ qp,rib i,L t u ru d o u r d p u . o e c o n rtucl.: Mt' atd,o4it". nncdepnl.d Ii cd ege *o'Ls h po*.
nu : ht-tu 1".!.a t e nvtp t >i Mi tu tLAl, & r. entt\" : Mt? d; tu
tud t\r4t. sav \rt.tu /@ z/" d44l"r. O .i(ualie analog;prt, n ,
personrr
d"llul plonumlui
mnp I d/d
erl*,lrt'. ti rlui
i4 tetl .drliltt\ s2) r.M t@ ht ta4(1.)
Cmtruc iic de lip 0'r /nr rurenteIn linba a. IDlc. ee de rip to),
lreMLe In l,ert.l" *o'eio' p eedente duDi e D;tuu &J ri ,elrhs
folGlr la p@h. {1l lre$ ha e dL Ul oa de\ in Duh:ci{iu,clusls
i /2.p 09,
{ct.V.C ulu nonJto, Codrtdir ti g 4 j$ ld , B u (u rc 9 tl9
Nortule 9i d6tul de t.e*dh in limba rciuali (d & Avran,
O &qh nrdtnA a d,rLbulului ln ddit 9i ale pnbLtu ale dd*nind'ii
d/tb d i@,ln ll, 19f6.ft 4) lntconslr" . t i|. n c n lio n a ' e . u b l(),j. d . o
sB,rdisU^, princlpslio repretnl, o!ig:E vobs, (d" *le ori mulh
on, IntinrtivlunC .rbstaluval) a lubslantivr'n .anru ,l con:buql.i
et ondiliomca Drc4nid delerminanlului ln dativ de MclrqJa urui

grtlor 4ab devo'Lh

dr detoolrrnl rdeobi@ioreFri,ro1rl,:rmlze
,1e
d"
oi,'d
lkl
daoxd,) 6lcocon.
@'du;tat
hte d?rebire
ldrllor
nqsqaLi pentfl limb3 mmdrr.
ilirlr
q u b o r d o n a ed a r n u l u iI 3 l , d " u b d r n ' i L 6 t
!n *6F;oN..1i,
c6r
iu,
e
u.titic,
midqarea lu rd a tr, bu t, lot d,tr,
n.rndoierr
jhs. nodalilrh de exD!$h l&tiwl) r eod{qtrdl 4rbd 3l cdlrulut,
d rden.ului IllaDorl$a a moDl o4t (c'. dl:cutia,ar-iL@F ,,ilr
IoLn de \on:l'u;ril, d'n OMitu
{l9b3), ll, p 7b. ud. r alLne:
,ii <ubrr hv... DdG .v.. !i orplenelh", da d p. I13. 149(!ei
,i atnt si" dii Linbd 44atd tu'r@p'd, (p. 643,, pr:vind @mDle
cil,ii mdl lnainte, S l,l,i,
;entrl irdirect al $bst,rlinlui,
a drtluhi ln orohuciiil de lip (c)
Codderereaq atribnt
.u ,lt
trddite o {1"T, @m,ll,ala toaImftvm t, ru slll rai .
'ljl
c
t
n
u
l
r
r
u
P
a
n
r
u
'
c
n
t
i
u
rbd
i
b
l
,
r
.
a
.
b
.
b
l
a
p
"
r
c
d
a
n
a
rc
ij
Ddtivll s sitl@ri asttel @ nod,litate ngpe.ilici de exorsie q relaltei
d. dpp.rdenlauniklealo. nd ffl.nk l(t S on6lrucl!, pr.pdiloruldl
la rj d e llls l e r o ' f o l o s r 33 t m e n u l u i r e g 4 rI n i ' i o l o r l j g r u p ! .
r1$. d. onDona di'oib ddea'ra1li $btartiv.li,
I ii \e,bd
indi
s r a c t d i r a r i D @ i l i as i n t a c l l c dc o n p l e n e b t
d a iiv n l
Sl@hdtrlilort,
7, Ossho.rnJB'l'tehprdd"lipulOd.vllcll.l,
hdltti.t
Dtadw d? .a,titn|.l, ztuDeaa, aD,rql, ta daUv(u tlte sub:lur'v". D. ldDr, n a*mdea siiuatii,oariwl x dplh; prtnF.unde
m{' ldbrl ru adreuvaloarli!!D',18bi' I, da InplLcaldesn$l enulurd': $..1g!r.h ndu.cnirprodie d?.'Li!ot"..adatn htnrt' ui,jiPi et\.
Ca alarc,da rvul Fp'erlri, t rBts .Im(fu.tl:, omplems h.

ALTE POZ]TNSINTACTICE
- DETERIIiINANT]
1 ,0,Ir in td:o.ulg' puu! veioa.,lorh p o . t it " . irls 4 ' c I r rJ p o I
de d q e n d e l , tal: do .*o reDF..r.dcl5 ; o r . o n , t -n " . " ! (_ o r. o
prcbail,onal" Ps[rarer prpo/tonrt, @br u.tis p.,pr)irsltiri
' atea.r . u n t . & h - n e \ p c , if . . .
dc i/portme dd .ubY ru,F p "
c re . o r' a , , . d (Tllld *ni
sl tfo'.i u 'l-,, spe(:' co pqru d:t s . . p p" do zl' , , n u n . t s ! u Da r:
po i d n d o o'e ca Fpr*nrind 3e.'" pon t i, .A . t h r u n n d , r
. . ; -s
m zFdfr tu lJu1r prepo,:lio2a " e!-, iz s , d c s t iid ia t . Do . i o r
J nL e ti e r cn ocm"nl diF.r i i'dni1 . u n e O r. d ia v r: p F d t ; , v
sup lin .r l r ': r ' .lrla de \ub{iruL" %- a o riin r. d " & r; o ; , it . _ n
l ,ct'e a r r d d
.o1{ u t i' F p p @rio -d , ' u r' , . ' , t z ,
".oatu" un"la
cu d ? r l ti d. d Je4 p'"tozitiiap, t, i t i t u F . . r' . " .
n.,.
"
cj , un spo r t.u porliie J
rd. r. T p q t . o ra F -1 L a la . p o e
m,!L, P,/ua*pIa flori.. r@'lacLi@
s !n OEF., e prle pr"po/iloqste;u
F pe .1']spo r ilileconphn-f, oFr.,Ld.,q i: ' jp ' c d r@. . v ru Dt r" n m
cym.' "a oGlru.lii pfptr lioFs'q % , er D. h care !uD,i,id rl Le
p'.pD/l i l :,.,/l4
cr tbrl.l.Id'o tt atba d ld z d i\ d ra r$ J , , p (M.tc" ,w tit.t nt a (Llatr 6nta vr.lulu .'
".r Fp"1i
un i.r !p ',a .t -n de bil t. n aR.a , i . : n p , n-cru lrb r. n . o , . g " n"
rni .j . rs ; D" b a 4 DmL k u t s, t " lii
d"a h rldtu'te dr o proo i,.. I u .ubstan.v qu 0 !"une l..m .dl
rdiclir. vdb. .d,st, e-.e 11 d d .itdoll ne.arhirlaroare.
Chia. L o
.bordared i ir dponprtr .ra-,parM.
di.crcdF.o eiau,na.. m"r
i ,l en a lkr sid r ldrJ aC.saF r e\io-' 'e
t , d o e D:i d . d h rib u ! . . 1 e
$ b atetul codprUbllil,l,,
odp,
l r4 t ric ra ru n rt eo a ir' c u la r_ .
l rl! sl" le - n $ u r tss.-|. i" ",u,n
iub a.oet. 'D p rrlo - o e 6 r' -u : t ii. u . a r
s pot substitui ln aelali ontext (cu care tormeazi dect o clas, de
subrtitulie). Aete obsdvatii @nduc la .oncluzia ct divq$le en$
huclii prcpaiJionrlepot rcprqentapozitii sldtaciice dife
re.
. l.l. CTr elh Leo" lr-. 4 !.dca repriti,z/, co.. k n lih plepoj.
liorule ln pirli de propo/rli"d lncLe l.ir!n,'anti..e de to.. de lldD
l r {'u r \r ,1 ,,0 c!aliv.o!o ltlonal..umut . liv " h . mmp t e d . n .o e a im. J ,

e o!
r e@r b,r eb.a/ pe 6r n.uI ,otuLr uc l 'l or i p,'i i ca-. r l dl i l dac
.rn
.osidadlie
(ind
l
Jrl"
ddLp'i.
lu,t.
i'
ca
elcne
e
3trd.l',
d..r r r nr jloaeLd" .{pr :tr ar c( {dn.e ..\pr l m ;l . di r ." ;a pt l i
de proponF tiind deliniteseha.lic
la dPl i,d J d.li' F
r,2, D'n lu Jn c.oilolelepr*dsh a m
eeiFi Ia 'dL
o nodal:i"{esoecjtkS
de
L,rta uno' Doirii intacli,ep
ftali@ "or ez ntal !ei l r ' 1 'n i ,., a.uai v dr t:v $u
'oarpoziiii
D .,v .
ld a@astiiltimi.itualie s r r(ft pentrudilssliers diveNelot
prin
parliculditili,
cu
nonin.tivd
la
alte
@nstroclia
caractdlzate
ti
it
k .ol c i dec u$r l 'ede pr c poz i l h
u' Lpaoo.i l i i l or s c id?'.nl
e
""
(
.r
.c
r
aadLt
(
1963)
,l
p
r
,
l
50)
cunstantial
o.d,zlicl, (1963),
@e detallazlrai ndt clasa6npleCuexcepUa
nentelor,tucdrile desintaxi roEanasci op$ d. obiei circunstadlialcr.o pF mrul'i dns I r trdirel ('. H. T: k I ir.j, o,@r,
'
'
t9t7
ed a l',, p.212,21':Al P o e Ll J. B y ( k.
habi:anta.,
Atundia lidbll tundne,1943,p. 112,173:'Lift,a tnann codenpt
rmd, p. 534prsm).
caracleniuiexlerior
deoticei.Deatirnarea
Dhtinciz s bazeazd.
or oe\uL u D nm a.oe \.bi pm pr. i r c um r sl ,F o ( d pu1'nund,
,u
e u 5 | p'opid P (v diode)
ilinlre "r.r. d. cr''
'r.l3nle
aF..er,'n
d" c,"- plu dnpl"r dtp.. -r.r f,.
do, m, iuMi unekdinla
n;nl'rl' de.a )i do I'np, na:Dulin@led Tod ... ti Inc, naj pul.l
ll, p 150).
@eire r.lriie ..'(GrMiarld (1963),
r.$ che onttur'or pr.Ddil:omF(d'n !4. au to ( exclueGe
om D l c n"Id ?r Lei .) dor i ndel nans m .
ftD@nlr ndootr !.e._Mlialero-,
bll dFAoriiJ-i.r 'l D .tR tu iFrL&, tdlodsl5,rmdenenlul de
dst $-o o,1c d.nh irsuuclir.e,t buile.de obrei (c' Cdnd"a
44A^ @te,w dad,p641urn) conPlemslulul
1196'\,ll,Dlto4,Iimbd
ded" l ii l i i D r oD u5( or pl " 1$lrudh" t:
Indii.c' .ds c ,F ns i s r enul
poztliesintactici r ciei .ld, desulstitutie e delinitdazAp. hizj ie'i]zdrii sleifi@ inumein dali! ) nu m&tpot li atdbuite aetei Pozilii
sintaciie E vorbadedeterninanlidstipul : S. glndrdela viltoi' yo.rsls
desor.dti" x!'jt @!r41, .tenlnml, ,rpLilnpottlva Prdrdsqlibr etc
Ganalica naBlormaftomlddlstinge'obi4lnl in dativ itid ptupozilie"
9i "ohiebl ln deativ sau d,tiv d preDouille(obietele tndneb)",
ilihoducrndele doud*rii deoBirndtii prin tquli distinctelci s,ntdd

t&dmlio@tt.
D. tal. i.| , \t
r, saw Arpe ol th2LMa
'\iIi
the
F4u.@
to prerBiha! i:atd,@ioL,
,vu,b^.P.h@.'nh ^spa.at

aI
i

\sbatafd deti.
.r,4 cdcgftad" ostitudl' pFp@iiidraLsigruDutul
mEr, e $b dv43a 6pe-lq 5 4 acls pmrunde tdos4, @a c fs.e
cs crlp4re o r@tatGsr rieincdst-tp-r, ri rur5trc{de
In lcrlAi
mp, rn, nL r I f{ed. po{bjtj ai de, te Epdi4 tn d* 6i der' i.
o FFlr , e pd r rn rtiFdt{nctep. b 3 z u e j d ! . ls rs . ic u n ! c e
cle mi rurke pan pr.pdil.onslereat:ara raDo un dr $bsritule
i u dFnG dh nod.lit;tr ded.hLlc:
plolo,tij isuboldmk), td;
vTD'F neper$nde.sdvsbc dr,i s ftp,r-irez, det tn ctaf d"lubni-"
ut'" in n;ua in tm d llle dloitele,.rt,a!i un, * retev;ca pF
zqrLnoun Muhr snd de$eifldtale,
ca ,i in szul pdifulc .iedrunr,n{i.t.,
d4jnj.e prtn ,ctsiFa to
o rc-na o7ur0. portu uTre Mbut.i
pFpoLlidate, o booltirrte do
acFran"ds* @ lb.,ilulirt

u'rs1nt cp.dfie psruo,nurilz

peith

s dildm atoare pmprietsrta,:i d.tirb,ii, * poa,e

sru
-Pee"ula'la
r orv$*grodedeeersslillt., de abrhactiue
2 .0.O on ubil,,parti.deae apsr. l, n iv e t u . a o v e i De ro r,
carceo gana/, in i lev. ctar (!dGb. de,.mD.de to( elc.
pFpqrliotuti p,grdo*, dit6:,. Drin
, o pr_+ d.ntscdtrudiit.
nprur s s n @npaibts cu rel.,rt porlii (!, pa{cipha ts aekt.!o
F eane d ad4, regs tnq.apa. ri&umlt- 3dwrbe.Frare i.d;
de &vabe sp ilde ujlii ,' crror 6d veriaz,d FssaIrjk. Djh
* e @ * po d..d4ra ulu,
c.ts:: F p ru jn t s h h e ! .
t a rr_
a r e g e r ur r ebu.,.r rbr tn vedlT cDdu d e s e n . , , t il a rq s { .
,gurndu-*_
@opdb I rsca ohbLutdie d ., numli cr nar h... de
unM! rdrde orA..
Plinkrr EBd ineft d. ssgrltr,te s. u,,"F
n*rk aovdb{e r n rr oga, i v. (u&, r/"1dc \, pc ea te putem
' penlrurnumili pozihrstnlaclic.
rra @ lohdn dehnitorii

Al" ,-celati.

ir.ale dout omp@jtij.rMair, !a !i. Frorr

bstm,,vat,t gtuput_tpap@iliorot:
c: rid pEupure
tr, !a, fle
-,inD",
Advobete,a?,.j
nL 0d apareadeit tr nunit. p.Trtii4.t&uei
'id
- s p:.. ltrl pTru.dlcrDlranttulet.
3to1
de to. g dF rino-. cs da.e
ero, P@itii.idkcu@.Al,tuq depui
rin Farra@ pdn *ume ta ur _m,
c r , e ie . F p d t r d e n n r Fp n d r o F t i . a e . d v . r b i ! l ;
,onsurui.
Peliz's
edverbirl; poare e.s d-epr .aroclsj.ri,a penuu /l@
dduntfut,lt rkiulldoatw". Dcpr&F'ea d\eRtor oo/fui i ll'.rF
4 ldtre. nu n;.i re.li,n @nd.ra,o ,nu nitd
din Ju rd\a64q . ud|, diL .un,
2.r.,P!rid rifr ie cthmrrnflat de ro. po,F fi oehrld p.tn
mmp,rb+,3@ar- sp-inore. prln sdvqbul
/cu vu L,e pFpo/ti e)
'4l4 orrinde
Clasa de substitllie I aeslei pdzilji sintacfic
@lizrrjte:

(d) Ad\ern

dehc funn, at t, d@to,

dpmpe
srd aicr.
A Mtl

.k: @to.

( h)S! bs tanttv ,

!dpr onune, c ! pr epdi l j e:

Cdla 61ei. nast.
copihlakdEdln E&rlJfi"
spledtub ? de po-tul" neir"_tu r liaej ,te qo re.I4 . D.oo.
luonoL.unP@zao mj i pFpoziti"d. @motp,cn,uldiFcr);r'un
uo ,r 6trrn. dr prepotill.i @rulcirdnstdliateto,,qtad6tt\pror
'
pEp@ilioMle
@npaiibile cu o onunit! pozilie slntactic, ete, tn ete
hri nulte cazurl,dslul de ertinst Astfet,tn tutizals p!pdittonal,
r .ircumrani6relor deIe aparpa, la, d., din, ln, qE, di&pt;, rd, de la.

(a) srd D. slrud! ortn.iDrtr,

erupuileprepcilionJe .dnit 3rbsiitutiac! advsbe dller ' ie
d. ln sdntul (al,.rI, tn shlut (b,:, dEl dleneiiul preporittonal

cr, @l

, ,&.d l@ho r vrzut d *lil

S-@/a l! clneaulort t tnltt

p o,li: dn&ie
R t u l i z a @p o p o /rl i m3 d ,ce i
o n r x L n e - e ld (i \" .
sorcoffbtr. de slF ptoooirii.uborooale cF,da'
r6.r!.11nodu!,lroersna.c_ difpl': rrpesL v
in rrinDao, pritr l.a ore E e" i3 c cr tutdlli:
conlpatlbild
n'.i cupitdknul h .onlundiv

ad ile 1r r 5
I e'naal'r,
d" lr nu 6l'

2.2 Ponlrs la.tl r cl^uhdrn{iarde mp .d"tirE cpi(tsalttr.e

deiutd; ulleaslleldelini!1i.uolinde
drd (cu sL ii prcpoTiLie\.Cla,

Gnelivle.int reDrenrote
plin adverbereLallvesieteneni

.
n,i rcAmr'ri,ar'. cr,,",; ;,;; ;. iu;,;i,L:,|y;.
rion,rd.
-t
2 3 , P d br l i t ! . d p d d e . i n ip o z . r i : . i E u n { , n l j d t &
nou,,r, Fs.
,,Dfs.,n
pre{pune rdmdu@E unor rennctii jadverbut/

;;hrl
; *:i;[:;,f:
:.iif:!i",;'"!:tiirii;:;"fi
-r .-";." p",.:", ili j,i":,;
grup3R..preport
e(deeie maimutteorirlt +ek,4p

s A d ve r o . \u sL ro ! p F p o ,r l' e:
Au oiu6 ut-

\h) EniuiMuL

I.Liedzd.lEi.r|.

b ) S u bsta n l l v, rd p ro n u m e cu pr epozitie:
Yd in sptdbrle
la llnei.te a duniat nEim,
S.a elLi ta nl@rl noDltl.
DtoA ttate Nls dei ; lltleEeE tu tui .ne p6ibild.
Mai @tbin dlei, @,
' ' r G r i u c ti i l e o rcp o ,l i oJc a p a p dr d4. der on;r ,.' !,
'rd
s l " % r , . r r . u \a l o e p-n fl t d ri , u b 4it- i1do p r o por i l ie Gau
o hazr).cf.ultimuleemplu.
ln cazrl construcliilorde telul:
Sa 4d orlmive
caltlaleamorlologicg
a circumstdtialutui,apa.tmenlala clas ebstanliv
61e nelare (voi Defitrr?d,
13.1.,3.2.):
c) Ve!be, la e{unziusaula intiditivm ptepoiFe:
1au6.ifi ntadnl.d l1r'l o tua$n.
P1i6t at aenlel,tatul Meu Urc.
d ) Pr o p o zi 1 i e :
nattllpl@h.
au pul,tulM nlftb.
Plnasdlnv+bl
, sd Irdrrstedza
Drp! @ j-! idninat sfullllle, sd ,loB d,4d.
Do cile ori plor!, dqL drL

!^*

:ii l,;:;,tifd: ;:i lirl

" ui"
nrelqra "";
G) r,dr',
sdu etd tinftc

lll#,1i6#ff\'* r'"'t'et'tt
f
[i]
(e) ,4

@,r cu iamitie
pc,b,tr 5ubnrtuft3 prin .@.
s p " d @.b i ' r ! e p o / l i s . i ' r u n l k d ,
d";0o.,*
o*k h,., rar,
dJ !p hj i r'. i, E/D.FoF/nta
ft:li-ird; oo.
n ne prs
p r & r d v . u p r i n m r , , . . _ 3 i 1 rp o d 6 e drF
r. T T -I I .
" 1 r c i h a d . p , ";t:v
De
noo/re d- ru onl 1_l r@h EsqsL. rodie sbsircl: a!d,
aa. dll

,,.e . a,n.@rt. ar4.1,\1nt ,ncuAeaceDra

dI ,
. 1.l'1i 1d."9+" r ur
io {dt.i h,..no.adv qb.tid" r oo n!,r uea,i
r DtE' n0nr8r r .qL
, mpor 0p i 6r onl r ur ..rcudpi or ep- r t." .r a
z ." i i i i
,r or D,ms F b, r / | . m ti al . r n.t, u r c n tr - ..,,,ut
5i o. ,.r v ,.

l',iJ,,s
ii.,"r;ili:llil
:it'-ljji,,i!i"dji
ifl ,lifri:i":f;r:
ll';
11, li":
oTr1rt,recaft.

fn ptr{ur ci,.lm*dtiEr d" rod onps,.ri

n, rn

dF-ub{,lui,ea.,r

da i,pu. I4.p/dxf,

I.

i'".nt.'dpql
Lttu:A
n9tst,,', p. t8.. ,otrprerd,
c rcuheanf', de ood care,i;la na:ura,r.
Ni lepftn l,.eo por.lF. neo,-.cip:1dta un ,,poir dr .u,i,lufe
cu c@, .ici ,,advdbetede nod,,ere expdfti "hddafit;1ea.,
cerritdrnes
3z! ndgra tla, pade. pt ab.tJ, ,tCU, arndortu ete, cind .
ln | . r, epr*
ts12d verb.tblte u'ro, stcu ure., Neiddotet,i.Dr4c

Clr.a de.ub:tirulie propliep@iliei iinlaclh..l,"Lm4dal.al de trod

0pdnde urn;rMare uriz6n :
( d ) Adverb de nod :
A&tel sdu hhdplnl |dsile,
A dld unvt,
A pt@M btnE
V6ba a. ti atteL
( b) s!b6tantiv
cu p& p@ ille :
ptuaiai
a
dtza.
I-tu Uinll dt'it ob1el.
l n o r e ku r riil. in
lb q p " p o ? ile lu n L n r:
DM tu 6te, s-au dtt6 ch?jn., it pnirdp llnr&, zlir ; r8e . u , onr rus
substrnural fl .e ial
lii diptice, oaldm firate ln ca onpondbl
@Ipctd c, un subsiantiv(d Driinild,S3.l-).
(c) Grrpdr'
subsiantvale,lornate din tepel.res acellhri
flt.tantiv sr p$p@llle (\qi Arundiu (t963), ll, rSrt M* thsd
(@ unh, pilkt rete pbit .rc.J:
Au llddl mi^iln mLir
$ ln ssnmea ozui avem a lace d rezuliaill lnor elips fixlle - cl,

Srdtull1!tutt pitiu peceptaicL,depildA,

( c)Pr on!nd c ! prepoz j t ie :
Mtge

6 EE

Ptoentun d dt dM dlnd.
Vdtu q lollt
pronuneleap,re
Cari Incazul:ubnon'ivului.
lnrealnarsorcum:tan.
gnpin
de
nod
ln
n$Le
li.lului
Sa dzpirtd tul llne{ .l6rt.
Ydt tdliantl d^!11
(d) Nnno.ale
disiribndveevdlul dtrltiplietiveI

Yrriri dtc uid,

(e) Verb Ia cdnnft saulntidtlv d prepodlie:

r$. er- '

Ytu
ttut * dadt (u tputu),
Valbe^t4lnd
^

( l) I nter l ec l i e:
Bate.lFrlo.ln gM,
( )Pr opoz l l i e Gu c onedi d@
v b s !.onj m fl e) :
L@.a21 6f, $. .t
/ r/&rd4i dupd dm I t.

lndlot

F@i Dptuiri ttri.i te vLo'i.

t rb4i 6 tl dnd .tl ll @!ll.
2.4. P!.da 1n eviddd a rapdtalln de subsululiecu adEbul tll
delimillu u . d* Dec.re o pulen @ruldeao
Ddn E d" asemeni
;o/liip .in'odis sps'te: circumMnl6lul@nllhllv. A"@5rt'p@lt'e
C1tlwMd?
cuEL nntL
LtPs4rePql[
nu 6te VeaWEet fl, Mdtr.ttt\ nutt,
Seriaadvdbdd cantltative
lot aicl & lnadr&n ,,nussalele aultipltdllve llilizale ldverbial
il,nun6.leie' ddvdbirle:
As slqo tnd.rt rti b pttde ti a p4l.{4.
n ert ik nnltc.trt
(b) 6rupari
alcltuitedinslbstdntiv
i unohpondlcu sG
(nunqd, do @lemai Edre od):
.4 ,n Jrdcinci tllm.trl.
cai@@lu@nn 3!lSdelet
A9.d4d clrd^ orc.
r.:iHtn t (l-)4 castddtutr0@
Inla dddrqe nnlis kllolta[a
,4I.d t lt@ Dulie lunl
tlpsd! clt ddli.ipt&nlnl.
ln Crupirile deast I1,locmi din prtcinonpdtului dedbsiitutie cu
advqbul rd Gi d impGibilititii de a ii slbstituli plu ponudc) sdstanitwl .re o siilalie spejali I nu * poatepEia catul, nu adDite dei!
dtitativ

lirj':,=;
::g,;llir*i*;',a;igti',i1.,1p-;rfi
Ireero

n4k r !r;. .ubstd,:wr porh spt dotn ,.

eJ4j 61 0insui

A zadatkltmettt
a1zaptdqrc.
Hrt, Oa c.dat bant.
Ltu atdr6t kitoq:and

p.orer suln tuilnunumai

;i:h
(r;.j:"J,;?h,T**
t",,ii*
?,lt
Mnj,, 7 ru6 mh lunei..
MM.(t-)a
eadal et dtvidlzt, dst n! pal rr5ubst
tuite
prinpronJn;

JF Dos:biti
r. n crzuturo oftrruct,i
4 tcd tdp6 tta) aord e . dekt.
IrtMa2d(tu).irciti
puue e,tetutuatd (1,) n
hov.

e r'curr,tiv;
.'ll',i:::i:i:!r-9:.iFt".tq.P"po!riz

j*
"i l:',r"r""ji
;t ;f ,:"li,ij #;-***#iil."J#,,?,

,RardiDtni ta n@rte
1
't i rn o d r* p r:r oe' ive Fr dr ,v"du!onr ,n.rr "*r "' l ' P """
Sr ptiabd oricit @,
IiJn pje .it olfr
pdMaDtnrm;ae

"."Tt:iJliii
,,..',i{ll,li?i,
i:,"Jfl
.';:: Jtff ;'ii"r";;1

jj:,,?*#:j1i,.r,;
#iXf
dl't";:'Jr
h{ti
ii;t ri"{jq#!ry
?i.':"i"il.
LL$"#f

d d . . t ; it d
. -* " 'Ji' ,i-;.t:..i,,";1
1' ;i:: ; l:i;iT ili;'l

u n co irrtuent aDarh. dtrzrit

ew.t
,,-ii;

e
l i oefnr Lpr i l @ F p,U bi l i L
3,r .Oall aoqi l .r s i r hc l i c ac", poate
{ i F aov eb's Ji .or ei 'l r dr udl t0nl i al ulm c 6l q
( .;
m spe.ilic
i ,r
6te advdbultdrat
penlr!' 1care
uradl., r.96 r, , p, 3 0, n-g'I'fur 11inrd o daei td.
,dw bi al e'u
ad- r ?l oLl 'u1
! r tu F r odos - AoGoe
Sentor"a;' porLedve,
.n ele d(6iv /dai.er@@c4"
f
,dvdh l d tn.oosl"riii car14@,"a. m'loi dt r' (Dedlhl,I'1.
ealurider6dis'ctrro.i"dz r6ra,, $ e na lfttprin ? o_
'd.\el. doDoii " "o1cire, .l op a, .r' P ,9, 'avaloae oI
culolai
6iv6 r,i aiareadMri h va.slierLLer,

ln caacterizaieacircrnstanliaklor de loc, de fnp etc disculatein

sa ,wt ln ved* tot o &allae prin advdb
Daragalelepre@denie,
dar !n adttb intsog,tiv. In cadl cicln6tanliatud con@sivnu*
por.eprccedz
dJt.l, pm ru a ru eri: a ur ddrsb'lleogitlv oreiv
3hdreC advqbe conesive, dzci lrsgn d@ptte pe u tda!. atedu.
dGare al c6rcicoiactd delomtirne esledi$utabil, slnt rol fn antrnite
In l i nbr ' 4.* u pa'i ua D ti
;;i d.liil !i ,or r ,, .d^.r l d"
'6r
r
mn eir lnl' poniLLh
d
ldil
i-LT{dnlialul
itld;,n
nod oareus
sinlactid deUniteadi?qbi&I.
ConDlemsiul cncurstanti.l dc*iv sic lnftgGk.t hat tliziu
l.i. M.' A\ | a n, Etululidebadontlt; cirurctanliale e etitu'ne
rakjutultatuk tn linbo tunn'i. B1\!reit!, 1960.,p 169$ rn )
ddit pbpdilia subordonat,onGsivA,ca estemuli nal lswnti1946,
H.'tlklln
! 233)inclde ptupo"
\Arundicalinniilandre,
,l,a co.esvi subsleciea proporliei e@ale
Clasadesubslilollede reltcint! aceastipozitiesint ctici oPiinde :
I.r$ e dte d. Ndtd.
4
( b)Su bs tanti v s u Pr onr m e pr c edatde C tup:r i te
(rtnq,
.
tot
h aiuna
ctlnali rr8@ blaiwn tnd cdtei.rd
la dndr&stut icprtot,ti daus nfun!
odln tee.t |tt1wLd., tu s dd&ftaic't-

(c) V.rb

'

gerunruloeobietdetnmirar prin.nn4 eu ta inti

.:htt tstan yirut t'd (rd) 0 si t tz,i

Fzt6 t & pftttfl/lF M
lir lad, nrtLe
Dqi rta Dl[rt . MaaU.
/ er'I.! toatc d ru ! iost tnvttlt
Orla lrl soune (toh r{ ji lrrl@.r,
orrclr tacl, ir 6ri i'!i/dtli.
Chlff drl 3. lttb.'t tu mt,r'!4z
psli'dle n.pbpor|onole din cla r circunn.nthl'jul co.@v s
qra( qi4.zl prin pF/dh oblksld c , uo. svin.. rratior\d ,r
l.no ic de ala{ie orc iu <nr D'eD@/l'i:,t!r.In cazulrdnnulur
o'ruftralu8l @(biv,loJ, codDoirirdu.ei @DsFa cu o!tuoiria.u.
o one ,dr.'iL. dei p:'sllndi.ii rl*iunea d; nirmr. a ,i.n tuziit nu
po.tevei, pottu ct pMnla lui./ inpuneedativull.
Proporiliileonedld ,dn't @re'i,e ,on uncliomlesi @hLve.ltui
\ew tj tlnl d4,, cAr, d.11i, \zt".ln' d" ,l lcl
Dmrtueltz
"Ddfir
m,lti. rn'oc ie, ca $ rJ iodi,.o. srupd e in a t uil
inLerFekre ca lod.
liue pdrtFfi irvo{ld ldda lrd., in.\Dlhrbil: dntrl{c h aeasla4u.
psre.lAftloEi3cu , ! rd. @d ere eridenu. In ld.ul dpdo 6Frt,\ilui
apaR o plopo7ilh irl odBa p"1 m, ds-, h ae,e ondlii, fo.Ta d"
pl tr J l"ntnin a lri/dt, ireta;
d. a rsl n ju,lii,oLa prin oe&izard
si uclu'ar, , gruprrii.) Parr'elRmrld" m;trtl"
dinre @1./tih
propoitrorri" i cek neprcpditionrtrr mdisti
pnn
pa?nla tui
ti
.&, (onp. enpleled.l, (c) ei de lo (d) rd aobeleirtr:lil),
Dinlr. coElldle r.lauve aDar,de ad.a. oronumelesl sdverbee
oid, di t!, urm, ai qe;na rortq -,,neddirifa
t'lo l,, 3 r e ',cea@ hapropi.enr t! d.ld (i@. J , e le n mro F d ' a " F .
r,2, O 6ilbIa pecrsleu ln .adrul ca.ei .ora,ucliilo' p'epyil'opd.
eh .r Fp'ln d elinilll erralli,e!lnlollibu i. p . o rDl" t rd F i, . i c u mra n .
F rif Lin, care nd tn.g,nuta
ltdbtl tuddar, BL JletL
tcrw@
1945.ed. a trl a. t. 193 lqg dsit pa' u v3 F',li de cjrudqanlille
de I np, de lo- de nod d d. duua . I dsie pe ocra din u!n. s
plopriurisi. ooriv u.l . . rr. rc o p u l.
d e l n rl a

fi drtsia, innrutr, lur. ,ulml , tuiddi arlfel.:r ,i+ltj c.regm. nu

(c'. 6|m@d (1963,,
rub.i @rslru4iile&rc
3rrtuL:cilemiremk
'n
lI) reprqinlScircusJanlialele
de eu:; ri de *do, dr t p. er.ln@i1
h l" l, mn p l c r . r l u l d " s e m r t l , - l i , l r u ' a 1 l , l I n c r o i r o l u t @ m .
d s l d rld re i I' a d . D r o p @ . ( i c" a / d l . i i s r r r l r - r o u i t c r H . T I I I i r ,
p t u p o r : l i i lucu z a k , l l r , c o d i l i , r a ' "
o p . t r, p . 2 n , i s t t
t
(o n c " 5 iv . p . . 1 , F p p s d s u e ih l r { n o l ; r p . 2 ' J ) . D , o p o a l , i er n .
Comolemenlek
Je.au r deMo D'p'. L unAl,otr..ularit!.r6nun
le apbDie,dileFnlirndu.Lrn.&l$i
r p
oe sa,lle "irdo:
"li
A5t'el.d"ci"rp'"n B gapFs / n\D? Edqit! ?D. e rErob4e?t
adverbl,;,
mG Ullie o ld . u { i l
DukT stlme c.l aste Doztlll
snrrclie c oelrn6( ,dv(oiar 5if in .o a/; rn rs" iu"ide;nr;.
tinpti nod.Advrb dr@jrlrdinlrpor1
llnlt(@npln{teledeloc,
d.

i" r c ' , " . - ,

lo-mekdjr prponl': $ nunc.

cM6'. A e116defr.i.
sop: M!,,6rd pcnid d*ls.
P..h{ .lta a @4
( b\ ft:rr i I v Pr bal e ds " i r l pF po,l " :
'
ca-/E. AaldotlndFe re a ad pan pollarct6.
. s6p. A cu&qlt pnltu.*lft|l,n
Fdnele vqbale @resprihi laborlurile de @uzi { de s! pr a ss
sitm ln raDdt de dishibllie @nplemattrr: suzr $ sprimi mnal
piin gdunzi!, pe cind Kpul esteexpiitut prl! intiniliv (eu srpin,
ct. t aadlu (1963),U, p, 177- l7B)(c) realirrri p ro po ri 1 i ona I e onjuncfion'le:
cauzi : ,V! d @ril, tllnd.{ (pe ro ct) m a fdrl du4at
sop: F@4dtur (pdtru e) 6nnuriilni l. !hi.
Prjnhe elemflLelederelatieale euzal.i, 6r@rar?a(19631,Il,
p l0l, ms{io1q:drt ldvqbelereJnl:k.un{tum a" Nt {tud".t
v?atua d244t; . . . . tr4gad @aotr.l 1i !r.& - cdrcErb!( " hrb.1'
poputa? (v M Enn
unde ap,aop..u w . . , we .n *
ffi@. ti4) GtucEyaEurli"d ud, "!u maipol li constdgate
adsbe

ln dMlur. Je de rd: nu.i pdhz.i' ssd pbfl ju, bu @j s

.dltrio de a ..oil 'j o pde d" ptopoltk- \4. pt.Aertit etr.
rde,ins6,II, D 170),:udi na tur snlunctjonil.
Dact cle da, Liou' d- ..porru cojpo'is modrtrkl, d< rd.i.oF
onune nijl@@k 6r'.1. d" ryp@e, repden,ale or.r lpnenrete
d!
r elslr p "p@ itionakar:otrnIon,te
(p p .
, ! . a irI t o d u n i; r
.'r '.i r sr d
4F de erempr. o' ju!|. lc irj4 4 F rd k mn u ; mr
dFit i e,p'Tas
spoiuru ,z.Lzt,
pe
lp p 4 t a ! n . e ; n l
-t ^ ddp
prorij J%li,;.:ro 0 opozitioraleol-llm" In
ioai 6po.'u i
O parlicddtate dre r{ita si tie relevau si careadrnt61e.dstata@a Ecut{ ln leglhri $ rarizt te vsbatd lle celd doda'tigui de
ispqturi o dNlitrh distribulh nodlrildr pdenai tn restizareaDozili.i predicat ln tropdzitiite de ac6t lel: tinatel. se @Ehdie$ dum; d
cmjurctiwl, ia! olralele adnii orice mdd, c! uctJi. @jlncri$jrr.
5 rgu'a er@plied pes . o rep@rnk pmpozj,iite
hhddse orin
d' (\', O tLo la rhnt@ dr \.6(trrd
ti ddigat grddii., Odro-

r'rm0963),
n,p rc4)alcto'.,,crrdefqsh;nrin,a'oatedircu.
lstil. Irrsp'e ae ooio.lu oordonr.eeie d. plerea! i rre
3rr.r" 6: pLi cupr.nd.I 6wtui caD,+ E atr! opa., \ , are
'1Ju
pred:cLelb
lFl !inpeaiivlrlop4,rivulr'r'.Ddn
5uhddonste)

. Ca J l L-ogs'l/ul d? ?, etup 'itr p.po:itionald iu demoftlta,r.q

belo iipui de rdpoilur: Ltcbla tor
cod(udF cL p oponhrc.re dprins aeh)i rardrr rcf, pd,! m n.a
(dot
a . at ca at ai!@h triilt. d. ued (@at
t61 aaula!. d. M
y 3'drd4 ) tdc" d tu" mtudqaLe
^L
.-,Glal !; rde iiEi.ldl.ir
ate p;opo:
riliiro!cauzakstr rin3r(ve, c.@d'a (te63), , p.30q 3.)3)
I uclF, . s'. @nsios) gtupt
penttL ato \t,p. 112 \i ll, o. ln, 10a,io c u L u n i advsblste.
Nu e n"nlio ?h ltu, lo(u,iule .d.qb ats & p, dca'(midtrdea
.a a.- e a r'6ter gr pii $te ceJo. i. n io l 8 lt d " rit * p ra li. a
De.ompl.mc.t"led" oc, de tihp i dp rud, !a!eadm I s @,iloace
de
F'u4? .e r:. I e d" sdvrbe. .o' 0l-trs,e.e d. rD; I de op
e d@*b$( pr.. faplL ca cuno".d.Jt un numd restrh d,
3db,h lura si.gL; d"q'u acolan a.6l.lsfi
numi pd . 'prlra.i
, a..,
' o mro;tutui djnke
,ird 1 vedse p:4h Fa da,u! de c'dr, . s Fslo
(a b s '
qtr D o,i l 'i denoLt."l,Fr'r& add,DA d,u M? t rln
" e ld

Prid faptul ci unelc realizrri slnt conune, iar ln szul altor, &p.r
o d ric us l, o t ' , r l " q j . u e r a l n r a p o ' o " c o n p b r s s r s l e . g r - p a s
iro . rllda io- o d e ' t e l d d . j u z 6 i d r . ( o p ! ' r p ' f f i r n d o s i r e w ) p o
, irie r' d r. "
Drmd, I l 5 ( -' nar.L) ap:h o t.U'i,aa
-'
{ , 0 , O ld s a c a r e g o ' i d
p e m J - ( l i i p r e p o z l i o n a l e n u . n t ir i : p o | ' l e
{ h"h uln n'Lj .L Ln nune la un rz delsminal.nici !u un adLdb. In
,astn l;iluatie sht "circunsbntialele de rel.lic, op@ijional, cunulaliv,
a . e re p t f , p ' e u m q i o o p k m e n l u l d e , c . l j c s n " ' m , ' e p o l t e d , n t r "
o t u ' ru it " iA p " p u l r i o n d e i n R $ 6 1 ' , ' " d e o b . e , l o m n p l " T ar u : n d i r e r .
ln caznl utura dinhe p5!li1e de pmpozitle fltmdste $ Irregistreazi
hr ruod + i co
i'
P'. Po, ( io 1rl.
I I z, r i p r o p o z i t l. n r I e (mnjmcliodalesaudarift ).
Crmarim (1963) dmtlaneaze b snDlenentul cuftulatlv ,,lmu.
liwirc advdbiale' (vor. Ir, p. 20r). (1n) alud. de asta (Msta), pr
nEa da (Dasld). (:n) ptL d2 a:ta (a.a?daJ, ol .iror .aiz' .e d.
lo L l.h . 6 t e f o a - t pd r r u l r b , ' , ' l s . e l d r " \ e p l i " ( o p n . p . 2 0 5 /
oBtruclia cn adve.bul precedatde ,Jmuliuna pEportionald 0zl
dtn de: Te qlepl ln oiE zi t sdptdntnii ?nafud dz pointire".
I d onDle.nd'ul ooo,rljoT " lrueFls.; {op.,il. p. 20o)ri re[.
rF 4'lelrt.d- on tft\\,t (pPp.2,tir
zrcs pnpo4p- tnlintto.ans
d. relat.. (,d.f,.. p. lcJ,.
t @ie.,t:r,atu'b.,,pia) pt4.\I;6 ' bp ere
Chid in crurile ln care acelad rapon llj'lulgtsEle eloria 9i ln alte
tipu de dstruclie, aetea tu lndetltne$ ondilia de specilicitate cft
st pddili ntilirafta unej anumile raliziri ca delinilode penku o pozilie
sln'a(lkr. t.. pshu ci e orbade modaliliLide qplimsre lrrc par in
d i, s e p o /; l i i( e r e r C a i u l u i ,3 ' n r . ' r i . u l u - , t . p ' " 1 u r . J p " p o
ziii.) saude realidri eroeri'uno!cla!e Fd'r r de@1krh (.1, deordi,
F , l' / d e 6 o- r " , d v s b i l a l i J e l , . o l o l i d s r ' . ' ( 0 . , n / , 1 , ( 1 s t u , , I l . p o b r .
-0.e'"
ond,l . o Fo 5 d.pa ls rc a po,li'lo .r lz ri e paJpul"
in v L " u , lt o r
m o d Jt d l i f o r m a l e d ? D u n m t n . d d d t 3 a d s *
41. Gmplehenlnl de agdt poaie Ii dactdizat Iorftal, pe de o pdte,
prin gtup@ prdpa,ltrlonali /" ctrre dr. ln lihba actrau inde 3i
devini sp.ific, pdiiu aeasti pozilie sinlaciici (d sns local: ,rvdli
,ir & .Ake eaz dprd, de exempl!, ac6li
Crupare Drepozitionald
3r u caracts .rhai. j regional), iar, pe de alt, Darte, prin v,loarer

p&iv, , elenenlului
rcst careporh f' pud li .vd.' ld 0r:( po.ibili(pa!i!r).u lomDlcdmldeaer, rr -o
trte J. a tran.pur
@Tl-uctie
"
cdnrtuc{i ,cti.:, iesnst,qdsnuniLc@ti o omunioF .-a ,ra
Nrom.+df!+pa icipiu+d,(.trz)+
subiornalnuidmtdshrtrn:
+N! (s,u : Nl ndn.+v tefl)+d, (.d/z)+NJ
poateliechivalatdc!
un{ut delorn.: N:non.+v+(ps) N!acuz.ct:
P&IEry ?:!. dktt@dd. f@.
: FE/l dkfiugepdnu@,
Lectuv drud d?(cdre)d,pdali.
- Ptttipmlii t'iwd lzau.
RaportuldirlE ele doui lipuri de enunllii a losl mdtiolql ln
a@dno lt96'1, Ii, p. l5l: ,,Exi.dla onoldd'ului ... de
ss"a' late l"g, "l d" virb.l" pLIe , ii.upuj und lrlSi d'slt,, o"
C P" i i \ I'tuzt$ttat?ti ditua. SCL. tra. nr, t. !. t5 i dn.
Realtzrrileacelej p.ziF sintactie s fttuc ld Cruprrilecu dr (cdrr) tt
flbq.ntiv: p.g,r@ a lGr d,@dr de urugan.
9$Nnet AMtd n4olle nu.ttt intapreldd lc nlf,enl.
9top@i|je. Ltqbile 31nlMsuLlde d. clr. .r. nevdle
5.0. O catgdielparte rprsinl6 corslrucliileat ibliL onplenentetd
opozilion.l, cnnrlatlq d. depll. ti s@lltlv, careseracterldrz: prin
particllaritatea ci, in najeit tea ovnitom a cazuil6, .trmta lo!
h onunic.re implic{ nu hunai pEzdtr vertului, tqtd de cae sint
subotdondt.,d i pt@nl, unui alt onpdent (enunirlle ln c,re epa!
lGte onponmte tu Dot dveal! gensal nai puiir de t et krreni).
Defintliile
Jcto! prr,. d. prop.rli srb,'n'o/dondil:'demru.
Rnld - cL .,ConpleDenlul
.iftumrtdtl, opo,i'on,l sra.:'obhi
iul lau rl u1s ls !c opue calorexplioateprll abr(lut, prin
.onp.n4 rur.auprinpFdicarut
(6.driro 0s,,3),It.
oropoz:tiei
p. l9c):.,c.dpen;' lulci'cLtuls;lialrunul,livmklrou., riinrt
qu siluali,ctrii. { ad"Lgicrl. c:p'im} prinsubiel prinmnplemsi s! prin pftdicatul pbpoziliei" (td'a p. 20t) ! ,,Conple,
no lul cicunsLrlisl de qceFlieapiini obletll careo6riiui.
o ? \ c p l r.',1 td e !u b i e l ,d e mp lendt,d.r r ' lbut.su
der LF..
predlcativ"(rlrr, p. 203).

. Ace,sti p.rlicllarltale & suspendiclnd idq deopoziliesaude.!nd

r c l .de'i ni .
p rd
Inl r r or pl en{ 4e
ses abr le $.e
'6pfl l v . + '
'c d '
s,l. {odul sn,r. d- o@aiaF al enunlulilo'.uerinzlnda61e
mopl"b.nl enj g" F r z ;pd.i bi l i LeaoeaF i l r er pF ar ,:l ,r i u_i .,uu
- i v s tc dj n " ud'4 3 doui tr uLl u'l p'opou edi c oldadnh nucle pl
Rhiwlaie s inrrnaiie Un e"unl ca:
ziiionalc.
pdttrlii.
l^) ln t@detLa"tln,du@nx
(b) Nu a @nt e|a,J, ou Mit pdti4n.
Enunlul(a, Eprenn.dreulla ul FU' irii p"n co_lBgd a c.lor dd,
prcporlirdir (b,, proponliimlrzhd :?lal lip de ddctur, (sd;adr
+pzdier. ln exeaplu,de n't s!9, dai c! ss opus,ln mrsuraln @rc
DEdldlrl, aeled, 6t negailvl.tr. prdpdilie 6i afirnativ ln @laltd ;
@nponmtll .rre aE ln el. do!5 slnFri pozitieidentic,IaF depn cai
cele dou, propozitiidin (b) au slructuD:

O) L xa+v+Nr

2. V: N,
ln de \=v!, ia! Nl+Nl
Reonir$ eror doui struciuli penlr! a obline pe (a) din (b) preupue
(a)onitfta lui vr +i a hi @ ti (0 rapoitde lui Nl l.Jt devr pdtrh-u
aelui "li.nt" sin
crup pftporilon,l ', ca,' l@(!/), In rd L;
tuxio.aE (alt @. de
t.clic ankemzi (er pdateanlrsa) nodifictui
'nlroduces
Prir etectftrd aeldraginodilicri din:
(rr',+v,+N, acuz,)
l.)1. NL betin.
(v"+N,
2. Btd dpa
muJ
unde v1=v', iar N1+N, (realizindportia onplendt diret) ti dt
@ndiliaidenlitiiii odpondiului $blect,!4llr:
(d) In r@ da+N1+v:+N?
(In tacdt !k, he opd)
prin G) oniis lui Vl ri (F) .apdtafta lli N1iaj, de vr cu ljutoit
ttp.trii 1nhc de.

. . . a.tiune , ,
Enmluile in 6e oorlllo.ilul
"a.ai, poi li deduse
..lor dDrimate prin pledicatulpropoziliei"
din dounplopoziliidelipul:

D, " d V = V . . _ n ' d i f l " . i ' n d : n o r ' l d e n e c o l i e , i s " N t + N + p ' i r :

l.l
o n . rs ia lu i V , . { 0 ) s u b o d o r r P d , u i I t ' , 1 , d e V r , u d : , t o r
' d r d.
nb dadi'icrri r.er.orsFrdNJ, obf rn:
<
altp
Aina
'c.ea

,4lrd d, + Nr+nr+v!+N,

rf ,B' e\ t \ e d s\rr%p n '

F r o a i " s lu,Nt r d [L r ci' $) .r bo'
L " ( ;F
1.
do r s r u 'Vt h l s d . V ! ru sj u l o 'u l l u i i n
' hpur
ti!'n), vu Ir la &carelnpuie dtLnliivul
luiV,. Din
. pluvr tnu

(f) /' /d +vr+N?+Vr: l" /d s/ lndlp,Ia a ta@.

(Iatat dea tatd!^, ta, x lMd.)
skunura(') p *updnerelar' dodrl:ciriro ri p) o )i 5h( ura(d),
aolisle 16, al td! @nstituenti.
Omitss unoiadinlre6nJi luenli,dF slrugp' gsnia's -1 rlu i,
6" ourdermo:nteidea evits re Dc l,' " s. accLrarddr ii 6ndu .
5au3 a|o mqpondti h o d'tir dF
si la suornleleeerea:ubicfului
plnrd, lM d te., El si' tu hue\c.
ideotiiaterelerenliald- cL Ef
'itu,
reduddlei e pdateralia in noduridilclite,ajun'
Redu.dea
g'dd!-s Ia siractlri difdite. Pordinddela acela$cuplu:
b) Eltlul nu a Mn.
Plai4n u Mil.
putemobli.e,deexenplu:
Ptuinlii au Mi, au ehut
ln tt u! et2uLti tu enit pbtati.
ln pimll caz,c rcrba deo omisiee driclndreuperabild,pecind
profunddilerjti.
id ce1deal doilq seajftge td o oreanlzare
6.2.5i ir e ur erut- ilo (u omplef,.ntdeexcall. a'emd. o lace
c u- r u , , - ' d *i t atF .dF p o rL o d a r p r'r anunb r eglli.utup . d.
<z)Afuddetk
t!

nL o odj! kiMt.

d @nnniroi. (d!+Vg+N,)

(Alffi detihe,ru oMn niMi.)

prin: \0,on're'paV:5ia lui ra r,l0\ subordonePr

ld: Nr Ll, dcV, p 1
f,ijloorcal! .td'i &, da(, vr=v!, * ,juneera
(b1 v1+Ni+414,, de+N'
lo sdoluncaoice tf, altd de.hnuts.)
poateti mlizati $ altlel
Potiia sintacticicorplndt de exceDiie
prin
plin
ptldi:
d
N,
adverb,
deit
Adv
\c) vtE o'itM olaa de ht.? P Tldvra,Ja, /,
c ob,!m p r r'el-a. nodificiii.reoliae ln,".r4i rondit dil:

Subordolma DoateIl realizrlr, h cazul &nplenenldui dd sepli,

p
dall
un al@a&. in otuo, dd4 tthsrr'pa
"n' opd,ihontlo,
pri.tr.un plorre
,'a"h
\, .slf
dc ooiei, In aRih rc
n}}nlarn'"p,edtar,
su nec,tiv i& N. orint ud subsldtiv.
4rlt enbluriF
@mp.e;q opo,! otu, .rl )i ele !u t oap d mr
-u;5l'uduid,'
!dt. de presupun
opcal:i dco tri+re
d..{@ptie repRnn
(ondlclndla,ruJ @ nk.oslrudu5ruu ul erlru
side,Lbordonre.
v{bal a Dnu .r o u op i ,tu.l av.nd douaDredicsh,drntreur uflul
ne!sr'.. Ds s r 4r4t d rupruluiDloporlron,. !'r r opa"hrLernl
Deblrea dintre.ele dou, tipuri de en$lmi detivate consti tn tuplul
cd dmlr,le cu onolenm, d" e{eDi. ! dDun oRenLa,ln urs dn
h o o u r n ruc l u r l . L d , a r ea. u n u i @ ' i D t r ; o l i d D l i d n d u b o f o n i q u
arra ioFa oc -roblir;Le-, \a ,tuni, i,nx, nt"i8a, u\e, qi,ad' 4c
(c r u la n a . ic a ( . 9 6 J , ,l l , D . 2 0 ! r ,
l.gic
c. de.onira.s,dtdl
" , caredqivarnunlodple
onl,adicrcju alcup ulur d" p oport.,' .din
'u

C of,p .nstul opo.r':oruli mnprr. n ' u t d e d e o t ie rp , r, i r6

de j n q le m .iLii q al, i(" promiiunor, r. r ru n d e r. ia ' e re u lb re

'
5 , 3 ,T o t o p rl l c si n .a .i , p .o p ,Fu nq .uuclurde,vsk
..0 p/nla
@mDrhmiurumurstrv.
\s\ P. twd pmi,
\d,) sln1 poni.
st (ri) fLti.
, ldn /.) on' e@ lui y, 5i rP, .oooorure lui N, :k o. Vr (u 4rldul
P? /lzgd+Nt+v+N!
tPenied ptud rtil ryili.l
Id@, cunuiolivd poatefi srbli.i,ti Drin inlrddrerea unor
advsbire lna nLeacomokmentuLu'
falli de @rc se nabGLe
t u l t e l ,u n d r n t (3 :
, . - ,. (h\ Pptwa.tunatf,il).Mpantiskte

p in Id) on:rsd lur V-r 0, ubordonrFz r \j i,,, oe V"..

ordl
"'u
I'lj p".llrCdsi lrr dh ddaug,'s ln {ruclura.L ear'u V,;
'dv;roe.or

P?ll@d+N,+afrr+) v.+s N"

\p, nie. tuti a tntn .r&p ot it cai.k.)
D.cn &tuUdim ct eleodtele advdbtalestnt cuDrinsein ura ar
@l doud shucturi ald cupluluiI
A a@ptuat ciltli.
A ln?i) unpd^it ri uiete.
.blinrcd 4 nnrL,. P? n4ca.iuti a (m , .Mbbd n dia,. !,..!p!t
"
nub.r opsrtfie (o) 5, (F)

Advtrbelede aet lel sint codideale de Or@arte i1963),II.

L 242-243,20t:,Meldlbe ab pel|ibr depropdiiie mpunziioae.
ln "/ul d- l t' o'.r m r pl ns i c - n$r i v , :ubor oonats
f, a@ s F
tq i' uul'es r'. p'opd liona.);(ra)
terttt nrinpet,neh(p? t1444
I a,s d. u' lrih dr coqp.medl ooodtbnalr de exeoriq @k .u
irnpldmL - dduLriiv * d*be4 p"n lae ul carL rre.upunr rabdr
lrkr p "dld r.., upluiu' .sre h rsbor
.e opdnl'eklnn ariJrneeari',
r 3d.Opo al i i l epl ijnr e * .l abi l Et.,apo.r
ul dnt
" aei dpl L r i - ui r tul
daivr .r , r ...er .3"
4r fi i ar c t.d.ntj qr bodo dtor r . or dadp
5.,1.Prin apart@nla ]a stluctuli dcrivale poate fi caractdial t
Act Obponent, carenn adnile a rddizaF declt oEtruciil Drepo,
zitlonale cuprinrind Drepdili, ,4 si advdbul .@ Gl onDrs.le sale
drr!,r, dru), al'are,ln,structudoblirute prin rcntea i @ntraserea
,tl&d !nr.
Nrtum-+vr)
Ptiali, !in. (Nrtun.+V,
polnindde l a c ar e.c u l ondi l i ao \t* N ,. dd .r i L'i " r ' d 3,eear i
politi"{ n r ,c r .r . 3 v !_&, p,i n( o)om i r c F r, ui v !r , $,.ubo'dol aea
r u.\r l" l : d" Vr l r u.qod/hs r L l {oM F T p$e de r eor 8a.T F "
Mtlo{tb
tu rdAnli}Tol asliel.un enunis:
Eu t-@ intun cu f@itia.
( N ,tun. v .L\" ac uz J
Eu LM i aud.
Zr @ /nu(arf@rm. (\ror. lv!-N. ( r.)
h.a!eNrnom .=N !noh.N r ac uz
Vr =Vr pnn \0, oni
- N r ac uz ..Er
t ms u xr
u'v. ii (F)-ubodon,Fo
lu'Naaru,.taii d" V. o-in
ri
'on
inerhedrurprpo,t
a .x.
Costucliideacsilelsintaftpludkmrale
deL. Vastti1L Srfu
a,Mat,,t and \4a,7.t pmL
M th?p"llu,t"Lo4.t.Lnh4.,
) r d r G. Pant D .nde eetn 'G tpul tubd!,H ? | t)
In a.61. .uuc. -i dsrvsre daerrironlur p-+o,ilioral pdir ii
r tr odusr u i a D i nr r i r dr 4r d.r ,l ad a( ep'i m c ;&s s l r gupaF
-D r9r).
repreinLro lotutir:- pFpD/Iio sli I | !,,drd \196r,vo ll,

Apartencdir la sttuctui ddivaie pdnite distn8da mnstrucliilor

cu omplehent ecja-liv de cel pulin lnele dintr constructiilecn.orple.
nmt idstrune.tal,In enunirrica:
(,) El llprd @ adreEeii..
(b) tl l@1, cu sabia.
iar cel deal
DrimulpoaleIi co.sidcrztca incl&ind m sociatir,
aoiba lir insirunent l, de$ slnt iddtie atit omtflcliile ce le repr.nnti, cit ri posibiliulile de3lbstituiie (cf, diillia dela S2 3.) lrin laptul
ci (a)poateliraportallaun cuplupropdritional
s:
(.') 1- El lupld.
2. A&swii luptd.
Jndrc,D-innodiJi.s'ih p". ldlpfti tr,,-qlt. Lt bptntu@@r1n.
un.rMl'a lbrf nlttrn"^ aL Et tbp'o,/ eb,a. po, e li ds La'g
^'
lb) 1. Et luptd. .
2. sdbid luptd.
cel de al doile demdl al cnplultri,.Sdt a 14d., estendeperat
deoarccc
(r l,la $lectazl subiecl'aninati d. Slrlrrl d, S5.)Dlttrdla dintleinJrumgnlal
t.ociah! nupo, eli In3,p$I Inevidqli
s G' ro d h cd u l u n u ie unl ,Mlo l h f f i r r
dplul la ere I an putealaportacastocild dqiraid:
Muia dre.
esteposihil,sa incit probleftaiinine dechhi.
deetultuciiile DftDozllidaledG taL Dini acun 6, Sre deosebne
ii. a a s up u t r ttLi n .l u ei r cl e d pq u b {i l ute( r actc al. p' 4 n u,.
la u n r L o i r a " rr !r:1 a d _ .rb ts, e u ar put- t n di' @.ldL.p ir
sps.tue"l! h sllucluri d e ri ! a I e . nu pol ti (upliE Intr-oclasi
a{ r ibuihcom pIpmer .
d e 5 n l ' iI d d a l rn l r.(l l r'e p re p o tl 'o m le
1r l t r i i n d i r e ci l n e n u n tu lca
i :
YodertsdelF sl6.
Segt',1ettela ltitor.
LuqdDatr! o rial6 wi baa
in enena sirtraiii,otutmtille prepdillonalea redlizerzdapdlrr
delt d o rolizare p r o p o z i t i o n a I a (yqret &!Ec
desubslitutrie

@!t1.,de*.dplu)1! nupot !: on.iddrt, .d apal,nr u o- s ru(uri

'd
parri"r.
odirs'.. 4.61po..1.'.1'r, ,dac s)ol" Far'\ suba.prtul
Eal:lilo! tolnalep6pr" poriliilo':in aclie dihklc noi irzlnte,&
deloaie@lelalle
situazncao poziliesinl,clic, distircia
invataisle pha s T. d,, du'. e erm.nlul preponioElo foa d, obi*i
d"laLq "t a" 'r ul /uder doJ Ltd" v s be.pr c babl ds l ul der e$ar u,
r ael,) .flnu " podL." l z bi l i .nF l .
nul i @ r ur io, F r al i er Lr
'd. td.buluiei ele-Le's unei
DFdh uneia miLeklsrilri In *marti.a
(unor)arunite prepozitii(ct o/,par @rl'al,cap.\., e creude.firnat ct ete
otutituie o cl6i onogenr, c, realiaaz{o unlcepoziliesintacticd.
repEzintal's, o pGibilitaie dnbiroAele onstrucfii prepozilioDele
bLd ar oC " do ,,y " uts do- ar er o l poz i .a!s s uo.r ',
' oiesv
WbP$e(desp,e
anqo r cm p' .nr . l i odJ .i p r /612. d.a nu l od@ una* pnm z ,,, s r e
' d 6 f,ud.a? rr d? aMrcd etbi.1n Vo;bgrbk"..de
itrplirls d" or
senplu, un reldent orepunzlnd onstmctiei .u laprs sh$ si poaiell
s,finizal: Vubtt!. ,/. d6pF art! (mr,i.r,
orl(e...,, deexenoll.
llabsluli"
A.6dr on5 ararearinlesle
defolo\irce
, F balo.bannuva.
Enrnlu-t.z va,bed"
b,A.$tNun^I"ld
irl$oC?.DCit letnbibtc
d-.4.\ 3 3)
E a, dQpnddF? i t_Mtpr"-Enr.t
yqbe
cl
nal
nnlte
conpaliblle
Daci
cu a$mnea deidhl.Mtl
pFp.zllo'r pol dpt.a ?.nunt .. rl li i dton nan. uuli?r?dL brt
d' I F d. D'e' Du'p a4 al Fa ob
s poriheisinta.rie rcpre
'szto'? Este Gzul lui a /|.le ,a.9i
dtate prin aest detdninant prepozillotul.
bdle j.c", de exenplu. Acet sns prNpue nec.s !n deteminant
prc0ot1ll6tullRtd. tueu d. ei.).Cinsltult fira dehrrinanl - Rld, d4
/rz,).
dreusm diterlt.
4,d(l;.,1d.
d. trsttuclii pppoalonslecaF "e !j@*b4 d"
ub.l il ul l er u - e| {6r i nel r e-pozilionalo,
.|:r tFor intaptl
.r t'i ide
r '3pol
d"
de oriednr
rel,
apatin
6lrciu lor nedojvate puiem
i
pftpdilio@I".
si lc mhin
.l
'@mphE
In nneleszu.j complenqiul pNpoziiioml 61e ln varialie libla cu
conplemfltul indteci (tn daliv) su cu @ldirect,onp. :

C ON SID ER AT II

Spre decebts de onDlendid dlftct sru de l indiftct (ln daiiy)

aI.li wb.ste @mpatibilln ddrul u.ut nbi alnc, derelatll desubddoflared dotrnonpleflente prep.,jtiotule, cf. deexedpltr:
fa ai tqulal b ME Fxtur mwnc,
Mdra d andid ld at Dat Ddhu lon,
co r tru.liitr p. .n l-ao dp/-. ir da, dr .ub.fitl{ie"@mDlendr
prepozilional"
slnl .hbuite de obice. (ooplerdtdlul Indirer si

F I N ALE

lormdle a tiDarelor 6intacti clasi@ln

t, Din daninarea cu ocde
f&Dtelo de linhe ronani derlv, anlnite constatrri
odsDeiiva
' 9i c6ta1n; ia p nd irnd, d dilsilele eteloni sintscti@ delinite
$
delinilst. {nr.tr
ool fi Du* ln evidenli ! p'in nijlo4. toinal.
.i0!ri dc mopo.m'" ,r" mnm"ad, llJgvstr. .a
predir L,ompl.mo I dI sl ",". r Jt ti',"j ri i t aed; penpe"ubiel
D.r, cun f . d" 6rt,ptal. detiniteId 0a. alsLp .,,orn.u srpd!
@liilti linsis(ie cl,fh de.onn uclii cotu'dartP !,
erA',.l"asi
pa.l dc pmp.-t. G,L propo,lii qubordorate\
d
diq,"
reppmrl
n i6 in c id d (lt p r l s l o c d d s l m i i a t ep e d i l s i i t o r n a l e .
L' rtzultaie Dmlund diferite .dduc @le doul modalitili de intdoft.lre ln .dul -"orpreDctl-lui indire.l_, oe cF' pll Cotultul h
oc q pirl' d. p'oporf. v
;iFibuireoerlatuLo.e tadi,!onaLe
'?p?rt..ub!r'tufl.
cls
e
d"
ftpftdlind
actie
nre dou,
e.,
oozilii sin
d'.tirde @np.nmrul fd'el y ddplenm.ul popozilionlcoo ph
r4nrut pFpo/ilonat .upride, pe Lng, @6(rucri e pRpqrl;orab dbi.
buiLede obiei oirlii de orcDottje"omohTpn r, dr4 '' siD4d e 6$idssL d aoailinino -rtrie.enotu,ui d" rclsfr. 5 a;ulul sh tir
orl-,1 al Frnsilo- dppcnd.niI t mtuttutille / brle .u doul ompl+
ndte dneie a @ndusla delinitdea a doul rotlii sintacti@ distincte:
onplem4 ur diFt I "odpkmenrr. *cundar. S dhlinCe.d'n selati
n.tiv un snDlmmt cituudstanlialcanhl,tiv
2. Ststefrll de delinilil ldmdl. obiitut dddnce cel Driin in lnele
cddi, Ia slulii nai avartajoa* ponrru dedida sintacticr, !.1a, de
p'ldr, rriacten,sTd p edldtu -i pnn ftai^4
@b ta n@dpueaaf,
sbieCu-ui
osmile wiL'e, d"li{
o-in
D-ed'$l >i 3 pFdi
-"iclie'a
e ulu pir cfdl'e h.ubi*. L,,Prrtileprircipleda p'op@'li" ; drl
olll
l, LG de .s.
nu unt Dnn a. av'ndu.r l1 wdu.'s.ul.
-n
p
.
,
5
,
.
1
'
p
'
.
d
r
'
a
! I' ir.miit,:nd
d
"
l
"
l
l
D
a lra -. . . L , lfu'Id
11963,,II,
cuDdtu.lci o rcle'-" ra <ubl4t. eristdia DredtatuluiInelea, de r
nai li ondilioruin de distedla $bieldri
9i ca urnare ln d4ri@

4),op
I . o l .i: u l'in - {;l; d l, orestrt.'t",up- o i, l, d '
rd , u b . "
d d Ip- NL i p e adrn:rL,r"\4cop.obfa;,cd e ld t i
. 1.na,u.b ;
t c l n r o i.- i l pd {'lo,L,
atrh,ad"\.o
ih e lu n e o t l} o . o mj}
r3

2 t n Pkr a plaLa lo,odjle oiln dr'in -s t o s " a . . o i-t u t u i

urCrrur'iului',n.Js,; d - a n ' r' . o rrd . t ' o ' ii,
u , t :!"
ll..a .ul r.aa
.dpin4e
rin -f c " t a p lo J i
-oiarr
P ,opo.ilb d e t s d ? s . o e le v d ! r
i ur o r _p fd i, ut_:.'d"r o.3?,.Il"osut n; " u t u ic j, , . ,
. h ild .
" : r i.p,ob Fn ,

m'.r'iiirorc_

Li.

p,e d , " ri. J

. ."

. u o ie . r

m. -u ] , io ur p,
. . . - .ge n sa l.dd|tiile ro "1" "du.,-rdrl
'crp.0 '
diver"
d o rr ru a a i n u le
'.p'fl-1ir'dtut. ir t ih iF - f , o o .
, : l :d cp 'o p o ..1edts,in.F.",.,.c
p,opu,
nu 3e aiun* la eliuinareasitraUjlorde ,csl rel
fo o i" , uno{ute ,i orir d- onfl, ea
r r o ra c
a ju u . rdr ndou s la dut,onaa. |J s , in u t . o ibo i. n . o r
g u r 1 .':.3*
N ocdel
\o puq . i v ro d a lb . o u f o r, "
l o " l e ,;.,ob icr !.lt'lF nu Fpre..n
'rq,, d I'a o . o 1 * ! n t , a , r? , o r
d odoog i r 3 a !trrli'
tin i..i-c,a
d " , . t u , r t n b ir, in , d . . . a
' n . r p o 4 d ' 3-3 rng] r',a p4triraLel q F n t d
n o n u n i, oe
r n a . olfr ur 'Fp rei..
iror"- . . . . , a a u
n riu% IncsFo n o rn' .at a r'r'
un mr
in pJ! bm
nani.mulr t irA : . t i" , i 3 . s u r. re a
'r po in
r L aor dil.i de opL
c o n- .i tii
$ n u n o r Drrs l Di. o d a t ;
d i n r r ,i " d n Ii nb ,. G3m!ri.d .,3,
'J ".o'o-h,
Jo a !lion s t ad, c p it d d ,
" a . " rli3 f 1 J
g p en o 'fau t!r . dr Fpnplu N. Chon.Lri
"ac,. o5.. op.3j p u o i,i n.F DU.c nkrD'eGtiva.l, rdn" oe
p L b :LiL r r %J Id liio d, omo.,d:. ..r. , , , riDri. , o -jn i_ . o . iid I
\ 3 ' ve d ld r p d. cr o m.. -uctie oo: ic I ire t e a s aI i in re . Dn
I . i t ln hd i q u l " i .i. oar (- pri:,,.r.um
r t u , " . , n -{ . i! a t i"
d:i:, o D lju nea rntredilcEeteiirls'ret}rr 0osibile
,o'r a,, to.h
I s hd n , ii l ,.li.i p op. a cu ro.t
. n ; . ,d 4 i. . -pa.l'1. de 0.oponlic' tnt.Ei.ltz e dQ "upr
cttu,4
rtddlj, . pxeDl;
! o n D eFe n r lr G s .ubordor,-, ,ond.rio n a la
t u f , o e n F ru' l. o (, , r' v
5j d innrum.nlal nu 5. drldmiiazd sulj.imt de d,r3. Derr.{.a ae 1r vpdtrr o !o*.e Deit:j in.dcle .are Dorti den.
l i t . ".h n.ad a r cnunt-. i o,eenir
r.ruc t u ra re
r o re rn iao lo la t ,
lat" d" p@ilii ,q a, r,", i po/ lis 5hr;.tica "r" on@outi .a o iAd
dc .b l'ulh .Lprin/ind nilal' flsv ib e au or:/ib:it6).re pdr.

f lr, d a . 4 a ril ' p d e e l d t e l a . c L r i o r d e t s r d r a e n r ' a . a r o . n d e n b

ir (rd'ur ur ei reLlii. r-nplppo7li' J' td. rie f da, ie'i.re, ;',n Dre:
, ! L a . ! la . e d c s b l i u L E . a Tr p.'.9" va o-msla,diverqc po/.t" rn si .e .. I
dite tr
'udal.
tr Iu' 1o dc nodslilte rr pro(cdeel.p'F.Lps de del:n.e
to Dn.:n.
Ce a rrlF p o / l i , . i r s , i e e p a r l i n , n dd d . L u , l o ' p r : n r . r p o ' r i :
o . - . 1 ; t u r " i n d i f o r o l i d d s c l e ' u ,d e - i i - L ,
p o : iL . , lc, f , t , c t , c s n a t i b . L ,"
.ku,ru., p..n,id ..
" n r n l u r i t .c u
'
repartizeazt
ln trei erupe:
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DE ]iANJFE5TARE
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