Chapter I

THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Millions of people travel every day. Going to work, school or just going to
the mall, whatever the reason is, travelling is a necessity for us. Along with this,
traffic has been a part of our daily lives especially during peak hours. It has been
the problem of the country since we adapted to change and embraced
modernization.
Traffic on roads are consist of pedestrians, vehicles, street cars and other
conveyances while using the public way for purposes of travel. The occurrence of
traffic accidents has a big impact to the community specifically in the safety of
the motorists and passengers as well as to our economy. Traffic is formally
organized in many jurisdictions, with marked lanes, junctions, intersections,
interchanges, traffic signals, or signs.
Traffic and congestion has negative impacts to the community in different
aspects. Time of motorists and passengers are wasted. This delay may result to
the late arrival for employment, meetings and education, resulting in lost
business, disciplinary action and personal loses such as salary deduction for
employees as well as the stress brought by the delays. Traffic is also a hindrance
during emergencies, blocked traffic may interfere in the passage of emergency
vehicles travelling to their destinations. The stopping and starting in traffic jams

burns fuel consumption that costs commuters additional money for fuel. The
emissions released by the vehicles during traffic and congestion create air
pollution which is a contributor in global warming.
Traffic laws govern traffic and regulate vehicles. Organized traffic
generally has well-established priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control at
intersections. Organized management in cooperation with the drivers and
passengers typically produces travel safety.
Under Republic Act. No. 4136 known as the "Land Transportation and
Traffic Code." Section 2. This act shall control, as far as they apply, the
registration and operation of motor vehicles and the licensing of owners, dealers,
conductors, drivers, and similar matters. This act intensifies the concern of the
government to improve the traffic safety as well as management in the country.
In Naga City, the Public Safety Office (PSO) is the local agency which in
charge of the transport and traffic. They implement the law under 93-049 also
known as The Transport and Traffic Code of Naga City. It is an ordinance
amending section 144, an ordinance governing all vehicles and public
conveyances in Naga City.
The transport department has been entrusted with the responsibility of
providing a smooth public transportation system on roads. This department
functions by implementing traffic rules and regulations and then monitor and
regulate the functioning of the transport in the city.

Responsibilities for traffic management, however, should not just be

relied upon the government agencies but a collaborative effort among the policy
makers, implementers as well as the ordinary people, even children in grade
school to senior citizens. Every citizen has to be educated about road traffic
safety rules and signs thats why Rep. Narciso D. Santiago III has filed House Bill
4745 which aims to have a separate subject integrated in the grade school and
high school curricula that includes the teaching of road traffic safety rules and
signs

since

young

people

are

the

easiest

to

train.

Organized traffic management generally has well-established priorities,

lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control at intersections. It typically produces a
better combination of travel safety and efficiency. Events which disrupt the flow
and may cause traffic are road construction, collisions and debris in the roadway.
A complete breakdown of organization may result in traffic congestion. To
avoid complete congestion, rules of the road and driving etiquette are the
general practices and procedures that road users should be followed. These rules
are applied to all road users.
The capacity of the researchers to look into the level of information
dissemination of the Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City is completely
significant to come up with an effective measure to improve it.

Statement of the Problem

This study determined the level of implementation of Traffic Rules and
Regulation in Naga City and its effects on the reduction of traffic accidents, C/Y
2013-2014. Specifically, it answered the following questions:
1.

What is the traffic accident profile in Naga City?

2.

What is the level of implementation of traffic rules and regulation in

Naga City?
3.

What are the perceived problems encountered by the PSO in

implementing the traffic rules and regulation?

4.

What measures can be proposed to improved the level of

implementation of the traffic rules and regulation in Naga City?

Assumption
This study assumes that:
1. The level of information dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation
varies.
2. The perception of the drivers on Traffic Rules and Regulation are
different from one another.
3. There are potential measures that can be instituted to improve the
implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City.
Importance of the Study

This study is deemed important to the following:

Public Safety Office. This study will enable the PSO to become more
effective and efficient in disseminating the Traffic Rules and Regulation to reduce
traffic accidents and congestion.

Land Transportation Office. This study will give an insight to the LTO an
appropriate measure to utilize for the improvement of the dissemination of
Traffic Rules and Regulation.

Community. This will provide awareness to the community of the level of

the dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation and encourage them to
participate in increasing the level of information dissemination to lessen traffic
incidents.

Drivers. This will help them to realize the importance of Traffic Rules and
Regulation and be able to increase their cooperation for their safety and for the
passengers.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as basis for future researchers to
expound the level of dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation and be able to
arrive to a related variable to improve it.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is centred on the level of information dissemination of the
Traffic Rules and Regulation of the Public Safety Office in Naga City. There were

84 personnel in the Public Safety Office, 47 of them are casual employees, 3

contractual employees, 23 job order and 11 regular employees. All of the
personnel were chosen as respondents to know the level of information
dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation as well as the problems
encountered by the agency in the implementation of it.
Definition of Terms
In order to have an understandable view of this study, following terms are
defined conceptually and operationally:

PSO Personnel. They are employees of Public Safety Office who are
responsible in the managing the road traffic system in Naga City. They are
contractual, regular, job order and casual employees.

Dissemination. The act of distribution and spreading the knowledge on

traffic rules and regulation.

Implementation. The process of putting into practice certain rules and

regulation.

Traffic Rules and Regulation. These are the guidelines to be followed by

motorists and pedestrians.

Congestion. The overcrowding of vehicles resulting to vehicle jamming or

traffic.

Traffic. A situation in which large numbers of road vehicles are prevented

from moving or proceeding to their destination freely.

Investigation .A comprehensive inspection in order to determine the facts

about the present status of the level of information dissemination of the Traffic
Rules and Regulation.

Drivers. This refers to an individual who operates a motor vehicle.

Pedestrian. This term refers to the people walking along the road.
Padjak. This refers to a three-wheeled vehicle used as a means of
transportation in some areas in Naga City.

Notes
Sigua, R. Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering, University of the
Philippines Press
Shopov, M. Assessment of Road Safety in the ASEAN REGION
Tolentino, Francis People Centric Intelligent Cities, Manila Bulletin
Lee, Morgan. The Effects of Traffic Congestion, Demand Media
www.wikipilipinas.com

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter discusses the literature and studies significant to this study.
The researchers conducted a thorough search in the libraries to look for books,
magazines, and newspapers to gather related literature and studies connected to
this study. This chapter presents the theories used in the theoretical framework
and also the conceptual framework.
Causes of Traffic
Kerner wrote that uncontrolled traffic comes in the absence of lane
markings and traffic control signals. On roads without marked lanes, drivers tend
to keep to the appropriate side if the road is wide enough. Drivers frequently
overtake others. Obstructions are common. Intersections that have no signals or
signage, and a particular road at a busy intersection may be dominant. In some
places traffic volume is consistently, extremely large, either during periods of
time referred to as rush hour. Exceptionally, traffic upstream of a vehicular
collision or an obstruction, such as construction, may also be constrained,
resulting in a traffic jam. Such dynamics in relation to traffic congestion is known
as traffic flow. Traffic engineers sometimes gauge the quality of traffic flow in
terms of level of service.

Based from a speech in Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. As

a general rule, drivers are expected to avoid a collision with another vehicle and
pedestrians. In addition to the rules applicable by default, traffic signs and traffic
lights must be obeyed, and instructions may be given by a police officer, either
routinely or as road traffic control around a construction zone, accident, or other
road disruption. Signs, signals, markings and other features are often used to
make priority explicit. When there are no signs or markings, different rules are
observed depending on the location. These default priority rules differ between
countries, and may even vary within countries. Trends toward uniformity are
exemplified at an international level by the, which prescribes standardized traffic
control devices (signs, signals, and markings) for establishing the right of way
where necessary.
Effects of Traffic Accidents and Congestion
Based from study conducted by UP Diliman, Traffic congestion has cost
the economy quite heavily in terms of the slowdown in the movement of goods
and delivery of services, increased vehicle operating costs, and otherwise
productive man-hours consumed as travel time, which may be quantified. The
daily strain on the quality of life of the urban populace, including the labor force,
students, and other regular commuters, may be difficult to quantify but they
cannot be ignored. Moreover, the negative impact of traffic congestion on public
health and the environment is expected to translate to economic costs in the

long run. Therefore there is a need to introduce more efficient alternative public
transport modes to curb the increasing number of private cars.
Lim-Quizon revealed in his study that numerous number of death in the
Philippines is attributed to road traffic accidents. This problem of is expected to
be more serious for the other types of accidents, namely, injuries and property
damage only accidents. The record of road accident fatalities revealed different
factors including the low information dissemination of the traffic rules and
regulation.
How to Reduce Traffic Accidents and Congestion
According to Sigua traffic management is a term used to embody the
activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency to improve roadway
system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for both providers and consumers of
transportation services. There are two distinct types of traffic management. The
first one utilizes traditional traffic engineering tools or simple devices to regulate
or control traffic. The second relies more on advanced technology.
According to Derek Jensen, there are ten ways in reducing traffic
fatalities. These are:
a. Improve signage
Every motorist is trying to get somewhere, and many of them aren't sure
how to get there. While interstate signage is more or less uniformly good in that

it is more or less uniform, rural highway and suburban signage is often quite
poor.
b. Raise speed limits on safe roads
This would be cheap and effective. By and large, major interstates are
broad, well-maintained, smooth-flowing, and well-marked. Raising the speed
limit on these roads for cars in daytime and good weather, would encourage
motorists to leave dangerous back roads where they know they can drive fast
because of limited police patrols. Moving traffic from back roads to major
highways was a factor in the decrease of traffic accidents.
c. Get drunk drivers off the road
Similarly cheap and similarly effective, discouraging people from driving
drunk or otherwise impaired is a proven method of reducing traffic accidents.
d. Implement better roadway lighting
One major factor in motor accidents is poor visibility especially at
intersections, where most accidents occur. If more rural highway intersections
were lit, accidents at those intersections would go down. Target intersections
with a history of accidents first for best effect and least cost.
e. Create more turn-only lanes
Every car that is stopped in the road to make a turn is an accident waiting
to happen. An impaired or inattentive driver colliding with a car preparing for a
turn is a major percentage of traffic accidents. Turn-only lanes require little extra

roadway but can reduce accidents significantly, especially at intersections with

poor visibility for oncoming traffic.
f. Improve driving conditions
Bad weather always causes a spike in traffic accidents and the cause often
gets labelled as "driving too fast for conditions." State transportation
departments could greatly reduce accidents by improving crumbling and potholed roads and clearing roads of debris, snow, and ice more efficiently.
g. Eliminate stops
Highways are for driving. Any feature that brings all traffic from 70 MPH
to 0 MPH is a 10-car pileup waiting to happen as well as a woefully inefficient
use of roadway. On urban and suburban roads, creating better crosswalks with
warning lights that pedestrians can activate can reduce pedestrian traffic
accidents significantly.
h. Create more divided highways
Any road in which a median separates oncoming lanes of traffic is far
safer than ordinary roads. It creates a barrier or buffer that goes a long way
toward keeping inattentive and impaired drivers from drifting across the center
line and creating a head-on collision, which is nearly always fatal.
i.

Redesign bad intersections

If a crosswalk or lighting doesn't do the trick, a troublesome intersection

may simply be designed badly. Paring back vegetation and signage, changing the

angle at which the roads meet, or creating a jug handle or overpass are all
options that can change the dynamics of traffic at that intersection and save
lives.
j. Redesign bad roads
Redesigned whenever there is an opportunity and when traffic snarls and
accidents make it urgent. Just designating a highway as a limited-access
highway can reduce suburban sprawl around them and avoid the installation of
stop lights.
Improvements to vehicle safety, such as side-impact airbags, would also
help, but are hard to mandate. Teaching young people to drive earlier using gokarts would also help by enabling them to better understand the limits of traction
and the need for attention to the road. And vehicle safety inspections, although
hard to implement, would help to reduce dangerous highway breakdowns.
Wenzhe Chen emphasized that analysis for the road traffic accident is the
dissemination of summary analysis of road traffic accidents. All types of traffic
into the causes and recommends a system can reduce the effective theory of
road traffic accidents. Road traffic safety depends on people, vehicles, roads,
environment and road traffic management in all aspects of an integrated system
for co-ordination. Characteristics for the occurrence of traffic accidents, road
traffic accident on an analysis and research of the impact-spread of road traffic
accident, to investigate the microscopic properties of a traffic accident on the

traffic flow, emissions, noise impact and the dissemination of the law, analyzing
the past, the scene of the accident the speed of other vehicles and drivers of the
physical distribution psychological reaction to speed up the disposal of road
traffic accidents, to reduce road traffic accidents on traffic flow and avoid the
second derivative disasters, the elimination of road accident black spots, build a
smart urban road traffic command system, to reduce pollutants in automobile
exhaust emissions to protect the natural ecological environment, thus
contributing to building a harmonious ecological city transport network.
Dhilemon wrote that nowadays, the rate of road accidents keeps
increasing. This may be due to the increase in the number of people using cars.
This problem can be solved using three steps which are law enforcement,
education and by improving the road. Road accidents can be reduced and solved
by enforcing the law. The authorities should make the traffic laws stricter.
Punishment for those who disobeys the traffic rule should be more threatening.
The reason people keep disobeying traffic rule is because they do not feel the
punishment as a threat. More policemen should be assigned for the enforcement
of these laws. Other than that, the infrastructure on the road can also be
improved. More overhead bridges should be built. Building overhead bridges can
reduce traffic jams thus reducing the risk of accidents. Roads could be widened.
Widening the roads can reduce traffic congestion.

Francis Tolentino of Manila Bulletin wrote a news report that for the
improvement of traffic management in Manila the MMDA, the agency primarily
responsible in managing the daily concerns of the metropolis, despite of the
modest budget given to us every year, we still manage to incorporate technology
in our services which have become integral to the daily lives of Metro Manilans.
The goal of the project is to create a people-centric metropolis to benefit as
many people possible through the use of technology that will eventually result in
the increased productivity, inclusivity, and resiliency of the population. Cities
around the world use technology to manage urban congestion, maximize energy
efficiency, enhance public security. The MMDA launched the countrys first
digitized traffic navigator in partnership with a major TV network. This
application provides users with real time traffic information. Aside from it, it also
provides information of on-going construction activities, road accidents and
flooding that causes heavy traffic congestion in a particular area.
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art
This study is corresponding to the stated related literature and studies
because they gave stressed on the traffic rules and regulation and suggestive
measures in reducing traffic accidents and congestion.
According to Dhilemon, as more people enjoy the freedom afforded by
having a car, the issue of how to reduce the risk of traffic accidents involving
reckless drivers has received a lot of attention. He suggests that traffic accidents

can also be reduced through education. Road safety campaigns should be

organized. By organizing campaigns, the will participate more and active thus
providing them information on how important it is to obey traffic rules for safety.
Schools also could teach school kids about traffic rules and road safety. By early
exposure, they will be more aware and will be disciplined traffic users. Traffic
accident is a big and fatal problem that should be reduced and better solved. It
is our responsibility to make sure that this problem will not be an issue in our
country anymore.
Sigua said that traffic rules of the roads are both the laws and the
informal rules that may have been developed over time to facilitate the orderly
and timely flow of traffic. With the replacement of ancient horse driven carts with
cars and trucks, the speed of the traffic increased paving way for the need of
smooth roads and yet smoother traffic. So, to curb the need of the smoother
traffic, some rules were devised to assure that the traffic runs smooth. Almost all
of the roadways traffic rules are built with devices meant to control traffic.
Shapov cited that the basic idea to devise rules is to make the traffic more
organized. These establish a direct contact with the driver and help making the
ride easy and controlled by delivering information which complements the laws,
guiding directions, speed limits and parking zones. All these efforts collectively
assure that traffic is orderly and safe. An organized traffic has well established

priorities, lanes flowing in particular directions. The benefit is that it reduces the
travel time. Rules and regulations have been formulated for an easy driving.
Gap Bridged of this Study
This study wanted to create a progress in the level of information
dissemination of traffic rules and regulation by suggesting a program that will
enhance it to lessen traffic accidents and congestion.
This study also intended to boost the positive reception of the community
for the efforts of the PSO and the other traffic agencies in improving the traffic
management.
This study also searched for possible measures on the usual problems
encountered by the PSO in disseminating traffic rules and regulation.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of the study is shown in Figure 1. This study is
associated with B.F. Skinners Behaviorism theory and Albert Banduras social
learning theory.
Behaviorism Theory
B. F.Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look
at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant
conditioning.

Skinner's theory of operant conditioning was based on E. Thorndike s

theory known as the 'Law of Effect. Skinner introduced a new term into the Law
of Effect - Reinforcement. Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated;
behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished.
B.F. Skinner coined the term operant conditioning. It means roughly
changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired
response.
According to Skinner, positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by
providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding. The removal of an
unpleasant reinforcer can also strengthen behavior. This is known as negative
reinforcement because it is the removal of an adverse stimulus which is
rewarding. Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior because it stops or
removes an unpleasant experience. Punishment is defined as the opposite of
reinforcement since it is designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than
increase it.
Like reinforcement, punishment can work either by directly applying an
unpleasant stimulus like a shock after a response or by removing a potentially
rewarding stimulus. There are different types of positive reinforcements. Primary
reinforcement is when a reward strengths a behavior by itself. Secondary
reinforcement is when something strengthens a behavior because it leads to a
primary reinforce.

Social Learning Theory

In social cognitive/ learning theory of Albert Bandura, human behavior is
extensively motivated and regulated by the ongoing exercise of self- influence.
The major self- regulative mechanism operates through three principal
subfunctions. These include self- monitoring of ones behavior, its determinants
and its effects; judgment of ones behavior in relation to personal standards and
environmental circumstances; and affective self- reaction. Self- regulation also
encompasses the self- efficacy mechanism, which plays a central role in the
exercise of personal agency by its strong impact on thought, affect, motivation,
and action. The same self-regulative system is involved in moral conduct.
In social learning system, new patterns of behavior can be acquired
through direct experience or by observing the behaviors of others. The more
rudimentary form of learning is rooted in direct experience, is largely governed
by the rewarding and punishing consequences that follow any given action.
People are repeatedly confronted with situations wherein they must deal with. It
commonly believed that responses are automatically and unconsciously
strengthened by their immediate consequences. Simple performances can be
altered to some degree through reinforcement without awareness of the
relationship between ones actions and their outcomes. However, mans cognitive
skills enable him to profit more extensively from experience than if he were an
unthinking

organism.

Within

the

framework

of

social

learning

theory,

reinforcement primarily serves informative functions although it also has

response-strengthening capabilities.
As used in this study, negative reinforcement strengthens behavior. Traffic
rules and regulation are implemented to avoid traffic accidents and congestion.
People are ought to follow these rules or else they will be consequences for the
violations they will commit. As a result, for them not to do such consequences,
they will follow the rules and regulations mandated by the law. Another thing is
positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence to an
individual who finds it rewarding and as for the Public Safety Office personnel, it
is their duty disseminate traffic rules and regulations. Good implementation of
traffic rules and regulation and high level of information dissemination will
reduce traffic accident and congestion. This will be rewarding on their part and
they will continue to effectively do their job.
People learn by direct experience or by social observation as stated in
Albert Banduras theory. Drivers and Traffic enforcers learn the causes of
congestion and traffic accidents through direct experience in driving and
observation of what things are needed to avoid such results. Following rules or
disregarding it may cause responses in punishing or rewarding way.
These theories gave the researchers the ideas to come up with a theory
about the level of information dissemination of the traffic rules and regulation.

Positive and Negative

Reinforcement
Behaviorism Theory
(B. F Skinner)

Direct experience and Social

Observation

Level of implementation of
traffic rules and regulation
in Naga City

Social Learning Theory

(Albert Bandura)

Fig.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Participation in the
suggested
implementing
measures to improve
the level of
implementation of
traffic rules and
regulation

Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework present the analytical tool used in the study and
shows the possible result of this study.
Input
This study seeks to identify the level of information dissemination of traffic
rules and regulation in Naga City. There are some factors that the researchers
thought of in order to attain the objective. One of these is the identification of
the level of information dissemination of the traffic rules and regulation in Naga
City to lessen traffic accidents and congestion. Next is how the drivers see the
traffic rules and regulation. And lastly is the identification of problems
encountered of the PSO in implementing the traffic rules and regulation.
Process
The procedure started with a letter sent to the head of the PSO for the
approval of conducting the study, followed by gathering the data using a
questionnaire, observations and unstructured interviews. Gathered information
was calculated through percentage technique and weighted mean. The data
gathered was interpreted.
Output
The result of the interpreted data was used to arrive to a suggestive
measure will be given to improve the implementation of traffic rules and
regulation

Implementation of
Traffic Rules and
Regulation

Input
1. The level of
information
dissemination
of the Traffic
Rules and
Regulation by
the PSO
2. How drivers
and
pedestrian
perceive the
traffic rules
and regulation

Procedure
1. Gathering of
data
Questionnaire
Unstructured
interview
Observation
2. Processing of
data
Percentage
technique
Weighted mean
3. Interpretation
of data

FEEDBACK

Fig. 2 CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

Result
Program that will
improve the level of
implementation of
Traffic Rules and
Regulation in Naga
City

Notes
Sigua, R. Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering, University of the
Philippines Press
Shopov, M. Assessment of Road Safety in the ASEAN REGION
Sigua, R. Generation and dissemination of Traffic Information University of
the Philippines Press
Jensen, Derek , How to Reduce Traffic Accidents
Tolentino, Francis People Centric Intelligent Cities, Manila Bulletin
UP Diliman, Economic Impact of Traffic Congestion in Metro Manila
Lee, Morgan. The Effects of Traffic Congestion, Demand Media
www.albert.bandura.com
www.behaviorist.skinner

Chapter III
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
This chapter presents the research methodology used in this study.
Methods used
Descriptive method is used to interpret the data of this study. Descriptive
in the sense that the present condition related to the level of information
dissemination of traffic rules and regulation in Naga City is presented in
descriptive form.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were the personnel of the Public Safety
Office of Naga City. There are 47 casual employees 3 contractual, 11 regular
employees and 23 job order personnel in their department. All of these personnel
were selected as respondents to this study.
Table 1
Respondents of the Study
Respondents
Casual
Contractual
Regular
Job order
Total

Frequency
47
3
11
23
84

Percentage
56
4
13
27
100

Procedure of Investigation
A letter was sent to seek for the approval of the head of the Public Safety
Office for the researchers to conduct the study. A questionnaire was constructed
by the researchers and given to the respondents to answer. The researchers
were not able to conduct a sampling procedure because of the insufficient time
they have in conducting the study. However, the distribution of questionnaire
was personally done by the researchers to retrieve the data immediately. This
gave the opportunity to the researchers to conduct an observation and the
unstructured interview to support the data from the questionnaires. The
questionnaires were gathered to get the result of the procedure. The result was
treated and interpreted with an appropriate statistical tool.
Data Gathering Tools
There were three tools used the data gathering. These are the
questionnaire, observation and unconstructed interview.

Questionnaire. This primary tool in data gathering asked for the level of
information dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation.

Observation. This method was used to study and take note of the physical
and mental behavior of the respondents.

Unstructured Interview. These were the attention-grabbing facts that

were used by the researchers to supplement the data from the questionnaire.

Statistical Tool
There were two statistical tool used in this study, the percentage
technique, and the weighted mean.

Percentage Technique. The frequency of each item is multiplied by 100

and then divided by the total number of respondents. The formula is:
P= f
n

X 100

where:
P= is the percentage
f= is the frequency
n= is the total number of respondents

Weighted Mean. This tool was used to find out the level of information
dissemination of the Traffic Rules and Regulation through the responses of the
respondents The formula is:
MW= fx
n
where:
MW= is the weighted mean
= is the summation
f= frequency
x= is the total number of the responses
n=is the total number of respondents

Chapter IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data
gathered by the researchers for this study to answer the following specific
questions: (1) What is the level of information dissemination of Traffic Rules and
Regulation in Naga City? (2) How do drivers and pedestrians perceived the
Traffic Rules and Regulation in reducing traffic accidents and congestion? (3)
What are the problem encountered by PSO in implementing the Traffic Rules and
Regulation in Naga City? (4) What measures can be constituted to improve the
implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City?
Level of Information Dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation
The table below is the tabular representation of the level of information
dissemination of traffic rules and regulation. It presents the traffic rules and
regulations such as speed limit, drivers license suspension for serious offenders,
penalties for traffic offenders, alcohol breathalyzer test, mandatory headlights,
bicycle lanes, mandatory helmets, pedestrian path, traffic ights, childrens seat,
and enforcing tail gating.
The table below indicates that drivers license suspension for serious
offenders ranked first with the weighted mean of 2.9 and interpreted highly
disseminated. The regulation on mandatory helmet ranked second with weighted
mean of 2.8 and interpreted as high.

Table 2
Information Dissemination of Traffic Rules and Regulation
Traffic Rules and Regulation
Enforcing Speed Limits
Drivers License Suspension for
serious offenders
Penalties for Traffic Offenders
Alcohol Breathalyzer test
Mandatory headlights
Bicycle lanes
Mandatory helmets
Pedestrian path
Traffic lights for pedestrian crossing

WM
2.6
2.9

Interpretation
H
H

Rank
3
1

2.4
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.8
2.1
2.0

MH
MH
MH
MH
H
MH
MH

4
10
9
6
2
7
8

Childrens seat
Enforcing tail gating
Total

1.7
2.3
2.2

MH
MH
MH

11
5

Legend:
3.26-4.00 Very High (VH)
2.51- 3.25 High (H)
1.76- 2.50 Moderately High (MH)
1.00- 1.75 Low (L)
Enforcing speed limits ranked third with the weighted mean of 2.6 and
interpreted as high. Penalties for traffic offenders ranked fourth with the
weighted mean of 2.4 and interpreted as moderately high. Enforcing tail gating
ranked fifth with the weighted mean of 2.3 and interpreted as moderately high.
Bicycle lanes ranked sixth with the weighted mean of 2.2 and interpreted as
moderately high. Pedestrian path ranked seventh with the weighted mean of 2.1
and interpreted as moderately high. Traffic lights for pedestrian crossing ranked
eighth with the weighted mean of 2.0 and interpreted as moderately high.
Mandatory headlights ranked ninth with the weighted mean of 1.9 and

interpreted as moderately high. Alcohol Breathalyzer test ranked tenth with the
weighted mean of 1.8 with an interpretation of moderately high. Childrens seat
ranked last with the interpretation of 1.7 and interpreted as moderately high.
The total of the weighted mean is 2.2 which means that the level of information
dissemination of traffic rules and regulations in Naga City is moderately high.
Dhilemon wrote that nowadays, the rate of road accidents keeps
increasing. This may be due to the increase in the number of people using cars.
This problem can be solved using three steps which are law enforcement,
education and by improving the road. Road accidents can be reduced and solved
by enforcing the law. The authorities should make the traffic laws stricter.
Punishment for those who disobeys the traffic rule should be more threatening.
The reason people keep disobeying traffic rule is because they do not feel the
punishment as a threat. More policemen should be assigned for the enforcement
of these laws. Other than that, the infrastructure on the road can also be
improved. More overhead bridges should be built. Building overhead bridges can
reduce traffic jams thus reducing the risk of accidents. Roads could be widened.
Widening the roads can reduce traffic congestion.
Traffic Rules and Regulations as perceived by Drivers and Pedestrians
The table below is the tabular representation of the traffic rules and
regulations as perceived by drivers and pedestrians.

Table 3
Traffic Rules and Regulation as perceived by Drivers and Pedestrians
Traffic Rules and Regulation as perceived by
drivers and pedestrians

WM

Interpretation

Rank

Cooperation of drivers and pedestrians to

the Traffic Agencies

2.3

MH

Regular seminars for drivers and

pedestrians
Adequate assistance to drivers and
pedestrian with regards to traffic rules and
regulation
Wearing of helmets and securing
of seatbelt of drivers
Parking restrictions
Turn restrictions

1.7

10

1.8

MH

2.9

2.5
1.9

H
MH

4
8

Loading restrictions

2.2

MH

Drivers test

2.7

Increased traffic enforcers on roads

2.0

MH

Using of pedestrian lanes for pedestrians

1.6

11

Management of Pedicabs on main roads

2.8

Total

2.2

MH

Legend:
3.26-4.00 Very High (VH)
2.51- 3.25 High (H)
1.76- 2.50 Moderately High (MH)
1.00- 1.75 Low (L)
The table shows that wearing of helmets and securing of seatbelt of
drivers ranked first with the weighted mean of 2.9 and interpreted as highly
perceived by drivers and pedestrian. Management of pedicabs on main roads

ranked second with the weighted mean of 2.8 an interpreted as high. Drivers
test ranked third with the weighted mean 2.7 and interpreted as high. Parking
restrictions ranked fourth with weighted mean of 2.5 and interpreted as highly
perceived by drivers and pedestrian. Cooperation of drivers and pedestrians to
the Traffic Agencies ranked fifth with 2.3 weighted mean and interpreted as
moderately high. Loading restrictions ranked sixth with weighted mean of 2.2
and interpreted as moderately high. Increased traffic enforcers on roads ranked
seventh with weighted mean of 2.0 and interpreted as moderately high. Turn
restrictions ranked eight with 1.9 weighted mean with an interpretation of
moderately high. Adequate assistance to drivers and pedestrian with regards to
traffic rules and regulation ranked ninth with 1.8 weighted mean and interpreted
as moderately high. Regular seminars for drivers and pedestrians ranked tenth
with 1.7 weighted mean with and interpretation of low. The last is using of
pedestrian lanes for pedestrians with 1.6 weighted mean and interpreted as low.
Drivers and pedestrian perceive the traffic rules and regulation as moderately
high with 2.2 weighted mean.
Lim-Quizon revealed in his study that numerous number of death in the
Philippines is attributed to road traffic accidents. This problem of is expected to
be more serious for the other types of accidents, namely, injuries and property
damage only accidents. The record of road accident fatalities revealed different

factors including the low information dissemination of the traffic rules and
regulation.
Problems encountered by PSO in implementing the Traffic Rules and
Regulation
The next table presents the problems encountered by the PSO Naga City
in implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulations in Naga City.
Table 4
Problems encountered by PSO in implementing the Traffic Rules and
Regulation
Problems encountered by PSO
Inadequate road space especially
during peak hours
Lack of trainings and seminars for
drivers and pedestrians
Insufficient trainings and seminars
for personnel
Not enough Road signs and signals
Lack of personnel
Total
Legend:

WM
2.1

Interpretation
MS

Rank
5

2.6

3.1

2.7
3.8
2.9

S
VS
S

3
1

3.26-4.00 Very Serious (VS)

2.51- 3.25 Serious (S)
1.76- 2.50 Moderately Serious (MS)
1.00- 1.75 Not a Problem (NP)
The table revealed that the problem on lack of personnel ranked first with
the weighted mean of 3.8 and interpreted as very serious. Insufficient trainings
and seminars for personnel ranked second with weighted mean of 3.1 and
interpreted as serious. Not enough Road signs and signals ranked third with the

weighted mean of 2.7 and interpreted as serious. Lack of trainings and seminars
for drivers and pedestrians ranked fourth with the weighted mean of 2.6 and
interpreted as serious. Inadequate road space especially during peak hours
ranked fifth with the weighted mean of 2.1 and interpreted as moderately
serious. The researchers deduce from the results that the PSO has serious
problems in implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City with 2.9
weighted mean.
Wenzhe Chen emphasized that analysis for the road traffic accident is the
dissemination of summary analysis of road traffic accidents. All types of traffic
into the causes and recommends a system can reduce the effective theory of
road traffic accidents. Road traffic safety depends on people, vehicles, roads,
environment and road traffic management in all aspects of an integrated system
for co-ordination. Characteristics for the occurrence of traffic accidents, road
traffic accident on an analysis and research of the impact-spread of road traffic
accident, to investigate the microscopic properties of a traffic accident on the
traffic flow, emissions, noise impact and the dissemination of the law, analyzing
the past, the scene of the accident the speed of other vehicles and drivers of the
physical distribution psychological reaction to speed up the disposal of road
traffic accidents, to reduce road traffic accidents on traffic flow and avoid the
second derivative disasters, the elimination of road accident black spots, build a
smart urban road traffic command system, to reduce pollutants in automobile

exhaust emissions to protect the natural ecological environment, thus

contributing to building a harmonious ecological city transport network.
Measures that can be constituted to improve the implementation of
Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City
The researchers recommend the following: (1) The Public Safety Office as the
agency which is in charge of implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation in
Naga City should have a strong collaboration through an open communication
with other agencies such as Land Transportation Office and the Department of
Public Ways and Highways along with the Local Government of Naga City. (2)
the Local Government should provide support in implementing the Trafic Rules
and Regulation by giving out funds for hiring qualified traffic enforcer and
identify those personnel who are involve in bribery and give them the proper
sanction to strengthen the manpower of the agency. (3) The PSO along with the
Local Government should work together with the Department of Education to
include in their lesson information about Traffic Rules and Reguation. (4) The
drivers and pedestrian should cooperate with the

agencies implementing the

Traffic Rules and Regulation because it is for their safety and for the benefit of
the community.

Chapter 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECCOMMENDATION
This chapter represents the summary of findings of this study that arrived
to the findings, conclusion and recommendation of the researchers.
Summary
The researchers conducted the study to answer the following specific
questions: (1) What is the level of information dissemination of Traffic Rules and
Regulation in Naga City? (2) How do drivers and pedestrians perceived the
Traffic Rules and Regulation in reducing traffic accidents and congestion? (3)
What are the problem encountered by PSO in implementing the Traffic Rules and
Regulation in Naga City? (4) What measures can be constituted to improve the
implementation of Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City?
Descriptive method is used in this study to interpret the data. It is
descriptive in the sense that the present condition related to the level of
information dissemination of traffic rules and regulation in Naga City is presented
in descriptive form.
A questionnaire was constructed by the researchers and given to the
respondents to answer. The researchers were not able to conduct a sampling
procedure because of the insufficient time they have in conducting the study.
However, the distribution of questionnaire was personally done by the
researchers to retrieve the data immediately. It gave the researchers the

opportunity to conduct an observation and the unstructured interview to support

the data from the questionnaires. The level of information dissemination and
how drivers, pedestrian perceived the traffic rules and regulation and the
problems encountered were treated with weighted mean. Percentage technique
was used to treat the data of the respondents. The findings were used to draw
measures that can be constituted to improve the implementation of Traffic Rules
and Regulation in Naga City
Problem 1. What is the level of information dissemination of Traffic Rules and
Regulation in Naga City?
Findings
Findings indicated that drivers license suspension for serious offenders
ranked first with the weighted mean of 2.9 and interpreted highly disseminated.
The regulation on mandatory helmet ranked second with weighted mean of 2.8
and interpreted as high. Enforcing speed limits ranked third with the weighted
mean of 2.6 and interpreted as high. Penalties for traffic offenders ranked fourth
with the weighted mean of 2.4 and interpreted as moderately high. Enforcing tail
gating ranked fifth with the weighted mean of 2.3 and interpreted as moderately
high. Bicycle lanes ranked sixth with the weighted mean of 2.2 and interpreted
as moderately high. Pedestrian path ranked seventh with the weighted mean of
2.1 and interpreted as moderately high. Traffic lights for pedestrian crossing
ranked eighth with the weighted mean of 2.0 and interpreted as moderately

high. Mandatory headlights ranked ninth with the weighted mean of 1.9 and
interpreted as moderately high. Alcohol Breathalyzer test ranked tenth with the
weighted mean of 1.8 with an interpretation of moderately high. Childrens seat
ranked last with the interpretation of 1.7 and interpreted as moderately high.
The total of the weighted mean is 2.2 which means that the level of information
dissemination of traffic rules and regulations in Naga City is moderately high.
Conclusion
The researchers conclude from the findings that that the level of
information dissemination of traffic rules and regulation in Naga City is
moderately high.
Recommendation
The researchers recommend that the PSO as the agency in charge of
disseminating the traffic rules and regulation should reinforce their agency in
disseminating the traffic rules and regulation in Naga City. They can do this by
increasing their manpower and by launching seminars for drivers and pedestrian
to increase their knowledge about traffic rules and regulation.
Problem 2. How do drivers and pedestrians perceived the Traffic Rules and
Regulation in reducing traffic accidents and congestion?
Findings
The results indicated that wearing of helmets and securing of seatbelt of
drivers ranked first with the weighted mean of 2.9 and interpreted as highly

perceived by drivers and pedestrian. Management of pedicabs on main roads

ranked second with the weighted mean of 2.8 an interpreted as high. Drivers
test ranked third with the weighted mean 2.7 and interpreted as high. Parking
restrictions ranked fourth with weighted mean of 2.5 and interpreted as highly
perceived by drivers and pedestrian. Cooperation of drivers and pedestrians to
the Traffic Agencies ranked fifth with 2.3 weighted mean and interpreted as
moderately high. Loading restrictions ranked sixth with weighted mean of 2.2
and interpreted as moderately high. Increased traffic enforcers on roads ranked
seventh with weighted mean of 2.0 and interpreted as moderately high. Turn
restrictions ranked eight with 1.9 weighted mean with an interpretation of
moderately high. Adequate assistance to drivers and pedestrian with regards to
traffic rules and regulation ranked ninth with 1.8 weighted mean and interpreted
as moderately high. Regular seminars for drivers and pedestrians ranked tenth
with 1.7 weighted mean with and interpretation of low. The last is using of
pedestrian lanes for pedestrians with 1.6 weighted mean and interpreted as low.
Drivers and pedestrian perceive the traffic rules and regulation as moderately
high with 2.2 weighted mean.
Conclusion
Findings showed that drivers and pedestrian in Naga City perceive the
traffic rules and regulation as moderately high. This shows that the PSO lacks
effectiveness in on how they are going to reduce traffic and congestion.

Recommendation
The researchers believe that to increase the knowledge of drivers and
pedestrian in traffic rules and regulation, the Public Safety Office should be strict
and firm in implementing it. Seminars for the pedestrian and drivers will also be
a great help to increase their knowledge and at the same time their cooperation
in reducing traffic accidents and congestion.
Problem 3. What are the problem encountered by PSO in implementing the
Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City?
Findings
The table revealed that the problem on lack of personnel ranked first with
the weighted mean of 3.8 and interpreted as very serious. Insufficient trainings
and seminars for personnel ranked second with weighted mean of 3.1 and
interpreted as serious. Not enough Road signs and signals ranked third with the
weighted mean of 2.7 and interpreted as serious. Lack of trainings and seminars
for drivers and pedestrians ranked fourth with the weighted mean of 2.6 and
interpreted as serious. Inadequate road space especially during peak hours
ranked fifth with the weighted mean of 2.1 and interpreted as moderately
serious. The researchers deduce from the results that the PSO has serious
problems in implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City with 2.9
weighted mean.

Conclusion
The researchers conclude from the results that the PSO has serious
problems in implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City. They
have insufficient number of personnel, and seminars for them and for drivers
and pedestrian.
Recommendation
Since the result of the findings shows that PSO has serious problems in
implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City, they should increase
the number of their personnel by hiring qualified traffic officers. And before they
will be on field work, they should have undergone series of seminars and training
and assessment which are along with their field of work.
Problem 4. What measures can be constituted to improve the implementation
of Traffic Rules and Regulation in Naga City?
Recommendation
The researchers recommend the following: (1) The Public Safety Office as
the agency which is in charge of implementing the Traffic Rules and Regulation
in Naga City should have a strong collaboration through an open communication
with other agencies such as Land Transportation Office and the Department of
Public Ways and Highways along with the Local Government of Naga City. (2)
the Local Government should provide support in implementing the Traffic Rules
and Regulation by giving out funds for hiring qualified traffic enforcer and

identify those personnel who are involve in bribery and give them the proper
sanction to strengthen the manpower of the agency. (3) The PSO along with the
Local Government should work together with the Department of Education to
include in their lesson information about Traffic Rules and Regulation. (4) The
drivers and pedestrian should cooperate with the agencies implementing the
Traffic Rules and Regulation because it is for their safety and for the benefit of
the community.

REDUCTION OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS THROUGH STRICT

IMPLEMENTATION OF TRAFFIC RULES
AND REGULATION
______________________________
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminal Justice Education
Naga College Foundation
Naga City
_________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

________________________________
By:
Rusty Remoroza
Kimuel Pontanilla
Dhan Anthony Palles
Mc Kevin Puso
Micheal Rey Pendor