>_1.

IN STADIA

ERRORS

NEAS_RE1.,ENTS.

acrjuracy is larqeiy dependent' on the iriatruon atrnosphenic cond!tions" Errors thirL are
common in transiE and theodoiite operations are also inhererll iri surveys
where the stadia method .is employed.
when extra long sights are involved tlre error depenrls oil the
magnifying power of [he telescope, the coarseness of the sLadia hairs, the
exiitinq weather condition, and the type of rod used. if accuraLe results
are deiired in measunement of stacjia distances, the siqhts mLlsL he as
short as possible. ,lt is stilt easy to, read to the neanest thousandtl": cf a
meter on:sights up to 50 m'on a Philadelphia levetlng r:od.
The iod shoulcJ always be held plumb. A relatively Snroll inciinai-ion
of the rod from the Vertical rnay introducel an error of few thot.rsarrcjtirs. of
a meter in reading the stadia interval, When a rod is not held plurrib, tiie
resulting error in horizontal distance will be srnall when the verti:al aitgie
is smal! but may be considerable when large vettical angles are involved"
The besi way to eliminate this type of eiror is to use a rod level.
Natural emors such as W!nd, moisturet and temperature changes aiso
affecI stadia measurements. {he wind frequently affects both the rodntan'
ancl the instrumentman, and accurate obsenvations cannot be expeeled When
a high wind is blowing. Stadia measurernents are 'affected by varlat-ions in
the iefractive index of the atmosphere. They bend the lines of sighb by
unknown amounts and introduce err.ors in the vertical anqlesl and into the
values of observed stadia intervals. Whenever atmospheric conditions are
unfavorable, the sights should nol be taken near the bottom, of the'rod:
Equal refrjction isl most favorable during cloudy -d.ays and early frrqf,:linA
and late afternoon during bright and sunny days.

In sladia measurements the

ntenEs arrd Lhe rocl Llsed, and

9- 3. ILLUSTRATIV FROBLE*I :
sel of stodio
/NDIREGT :-EVELIHO DY STAglA. Given the following
of loo
level notes" The instrumenl used hos o siodio intervol foclor
lobu-'
lhe
complele
lelescope.
focusing
wilh on inlernol
0r1d eqrJipped
'ond'
check
orilhmelic
'
perform lhe customory
l,;tion
FORESIOHT

BACKSIOHT
STA

CEPT

(s)

VERT
ANGLE

(61

ROD
RDG

(RR)

VERT INTER- VERT

D IST CEPT ANGLg
(r) t6)
( vD)

RDG

(RR)

r.55

-5"25' t"so

TPI

t,74

t8" l5' t.68

1.76

to'3d L4e

tl-.. o.95

-4'49'

1.77

t.9a

t2'oc

BMu

-12'5Ol 2.53

t. 06

To2d 2.o5

+14'o5' 1.79

2,47 -15'32'

2,l6 - ?'59' t.25

TP
3

?.

TPq

t,92

14

9"41'

t.33

PMc

IN

DIST
{VD)

LEV

ELE V
(cE

55O.50m

BMo

".49

GHANGE

ROD

2.65

*73c

1.66

t92

1.88

5-2.

,]

StdOia leveling operatiohs

ment:

FIGURE 5.1. Lcvel Roule From BMo

STADLA LEVELII.IG.

is set up

are similar,to those of differential

l" 6f .ignt may be inclined
rect levelinq is well suited
rw order of aceuracy is acce
,.

to

BMb

-in a convenient locat

apd a corresPoncling vertical

ward along the level router'
ment, is then moved tb a ne
the:process is repeated.
careful aLtention should , be given Lo leveling the platesr. qo:d the
index error of the ins[rument' used must .be predetefminet. AlsQr the
instruments to be empl.oyed musI be
order to minimize instrumental errors.
the line of sight horizontal just as in
nates. the need for stadia reductiona

u
u
!

teveling is almost
The format and Pr
Siven in the illust

to

that

fol' ta-

ro6lem' 'i
w.t.tc'
tqfrft

. 4l

6J3. 75 -t4 "33

6 t9. 40#t (etevofloyl of

lev

Lilev TP. 1 Cf,r

619. 40- 79.65
539. 72 m le,tavo?ior, <tt ths fourlh t$rnin6

TP-

E .41

?ha lhlrd rurrlnf polnt

Hlev BMo

flev

TP.
t
?b

pelnt

ffiwffi

CE^

039; 72 + 6,5.7?_
rn (eiovof lon

ehe f hird b*n$h marir !

"f
Arithmetic Ci"teck l,Nots. the customory crlthmeiic chsck is performed
by dafe;'mining tha dif ferenca in elevslion betwsen ihs tirst eerd lo$?
benehmcrks using fwo dif ferenf equqtion$).
GC}5, 44

d)

" Eiev BMu - Elev BM*

* 605. a4 - 550.5t)
" 54.94 m
DE, = CEr : CEz lCEaiCE4 tCEs ! CE6
* 46.13 * t6_OO +.Zt,tZ - t4.3S - 79.68 + 65.7A
DEo

e)

DEg r

tt

oon

bi lcfoly cstumod th6t the

"

6-3.

STAOtrA l"RAYTRST

-T}'E

Str8TT$JSE 8AR

II-T'JSTRATI gE

. Stadia, Tta.vLfr"gq!.. Subtznl,e $*.x Nethad

3. Subtente Eax Nethad

obovo

,_:

Tobuloled Solulion.
STA
BM

Ttt

NTER

CEPT
(s)
r

.56

74

TP" o.95
,BM
*h

iF-a

?.49
::-1--:l

EACKS rsHl
VERT ROD
ANGLE

lc)

RDG
(

BR)

VERT

DIST

(VD)

INTER. VERT
CEPT ANELE

(:)

5'25' i.50 * t4.57

"

let

ROD

RDG

(RR)

VER]

lo'so'

t2'cE, t. 66 +40.69

7,92 r.98

1E-rl l:96-. 1

t. 48

7 '22 2. O5

r31,54

46^ t3

+ 16.

OO

r t3.48 + 2l .12

96.63

6 I 2,65

633.6

t+"odl i. 79 - 50.8t 2.67

t5 zt'

t.53 + 31.85 2.16

7 '69

.26 -29.7t - 79.6E 625.72

7 'a2

.88 +31.4.

9.41

2.45 f

BM.

(cE)

550.
+

t.77

ELEV

ELEV

DI ST

t 8'l3l r. 68 - 24.71 t,7e

:i1-?9 2,53

CHANGE
IN

(vD)

- 4'd

fP4 l,92

t.92 - 68.SS

14.35

6r9.40

66.72 6:05.44

&ess,@tr
AA

PROETET{S :

(chookE)

Slnoo DEo ts .gucl to

rolutlon li corr0cl;

-t;

6-2

. 54.94 m

tActlrEralc

TAdrYrTaE
wal;75 ffilY'

r1n

'J3

,t,.'rEL1f,Zf'

su!l

lo ql6ual 6ulurulrala6

apDur arefa suollDAlesgo

DlpDls Duirnolgo;

eq1

**E9-'

."gSg.HdUgrC

Hf#y.flS (g
..s&g3 78/J ud slflfJytr(*qt? vri .-{.

wLlL' 8zE = Z/bzl'622 + 60S'8ZSi =eqg uor1,r1

wbzl'6ZQ = (pEozl)"so31g9r'E)OOt = PodH
rr6OE'g1g: = (,GZ.ZDzso?(ttt'E)OOl = "'g*

'30 eull 4o q16ue1 0u1uru.t.io;o6 (

uIb86'881 . Z/GI.Z.6B I * E9 .eel) =P'cH uDoii
wg2z'681 = (15.e )zsg3 fi9e"t)ool = ''PcH
urE69'881

(St6'l)ool = psCFt
'0C oull lo q16ue1 6uru rutele6

i,ZS.6)6so9

(,.

ruggo'6rl ' z/@so'6rl + eso'62t) ="e01{ uosl^l

uqSO'5Zl = (,OZ.B)rso3 16rt l)OO; = n"OH
ur sso'62 I
= 1,azoB )rso3 (6z8 'l) ool = "aoH
'JS eull ,o q16ue1 0u1ugu.iag e6

((

.tr66E'lEZ = Z/(ZOl' lEZ + 969" lsz) =qo611 uoa61

u.rzol "lLz = (,6i.9)rsog (gEE'z)ool = DaoH
ur969' ,llZ . (,6b.g)rso3 ltvg..z, ool =.eDoH
:EV ?ull Jo rll0ual 6Ururu:le1e6

(c

:(?zso) sx . GH'pesn

7,*:*-rzo.ol

gEg't

rzo.o

8ES'l
696'Z

/ro .E

,?g,tr| tog.zl -

e9,'

es6'?

rlo. E gz

,lc.hl

tGZ.Zl

,29.6

+
+

"bb',e
t95'r

9t6'l
6zB'l

,29.6
,o2.9

rOZ.8

,6f.9 r6t.g +
*9-

628'l

9ee'e

rle'z

9?9'l
(3i

TUSA

'.IONV

lVAH3J.I{I

,lttZZ I lr
ftv.zaE.

t?E.z

gv = oH

.z.al

lol

r4t

L____J

fi

ll-r;-l
cl
L__

'

I
al --

:'-l

o
--?-1
ol
,19"29
t lrl
,'9"90E
3-r!?s"gz
-s
1lcBl7
-6v I
tze

@tel

ttounlos

t-t_-T--__l

ze9'l

,zo pr

uo1lonb3l

,l9.lbz

aqt

'

'gv

uot-

tn

UDL

/t

= ff{

puD rrJoo.z
= AX aculs

PuP

,ff

= s=Ll,ror

dlqsi'oJleJal Aqr

.r,
sr,"ii"ron"
acuersrp luruozrror{
eurl eqr or relnrlpued.rad 'dnuJoJJ peuru;Jelap
ini io*1" ,iro
aqr acurg

l
I

__-.1

rEI.8E
,?o.oB
Ktzv

l----l
uLI
__t,___]
sso

I cco

l vrs I vrs_l

'rtlBurp.roccD senion elDlnqDI puD sutl tlcDa tol

ecuDlslp lDluoztlor{ uoeul eql alndulog 'pDJ sofli elSuu logt}ra^ 0lll
ueqffi erualsul r.poe ul lH eql uo los soil Jtor{ s$cje lBluozl/oq o'll
'ocl I tlstrj,rA ur llsuDJl Bursncol lDuJalul uo 6ursn resJe,rojl posolf, l) ul
=

'rE8 eauolqns eql go oldraupr4 .Z_g

-&Vt

Dob

= too (2.956 ) Cos2 u4'S?\ - ?76. l4tm

HDru = loo(2.95g) coszfl4"5l') = ?76.464m
Meon HDrr= (?76.141 + ?26.46q/Z = 2T6.303m
HDor

.
f)

Delermining length

HDro

of line

!3t"71 '

286'

lom

"oi'l;:,',"'

FG.

too ( 1.338) Cosz(rc"

(lrnsth of llno

AEI

(2.oOm)

= (1?.9.739 + 129.73q/Z = tZ9.73i)m

Mean HDrn

Delermining length of line GA.

db

HDso

= loo ( l. 432) cos2( 6'24')=

HD6g

= IOO(1.436)

Meon HDno= t,l4l_ 4"1

h)

154.39 +

TIGURE 6-3.

a* = tzg.789m
HDsf = loo( I.338) coszilO"02) = t29.739m

g)

= do + dt =

__--f

l4l.4zlm

( 6" 2s') = 14 I . gc6 m

+ l4l.806)/2 = l4l.6l4m

cos2

t)

SUATENSE DAR HETHOO" A troverse line AB is being meosurerj by

tlrt:odolile ond subtense bor. At sto?ion A,lhe horizonl.ol oxis of the theorlolile is 1.48m obove the ground mork ond lhe.horizonlol ongle sulttr:pded by a z-meter sublense bor sel up ot stolion 8ls 42'18". The sub*
tcnse bor is l.ZZm obove the ground mork ond the veriicol ongle mec'"
,Lrred t0 it on the theodolite ls +13"55'- Determine the lenglh of lhe lir)e
AB and the dif ference ln el*volion between the lwo ground sio?ia:t mork$'

Tobuloied Solution
$TA

$cc

HOR

ola

DIST

0Bg

t4 t . Ec)6

23r

79

7C.0S8

e8. 984

Sublrrao

t2s.7rs
t4t.4flt

2!.73S

q--

Lln. Dl Slght'-'- ---'

I

Tho

2 76,

303

29

7.agt

lirHi, " l.?;lm

I

e tlg

Ju

I
I

-+

I
I
I
I

:f-

*,qff',l,fv'#S"

!ine llB,Wefe feCofdefl eS. 44ta?.t' 8i,'l ,i:i'i:i", ri),ii..,r.ri.iirirrj./

lenglth cf AB,

-.'''.

-.i.-

odollta
I
I

A Z -rnclei li;:-.,., i1 11.::.1 ;..1 ;.Jr il{s

firsl set up of A ond subssqucrll! ct E, und iij.i,: :ii,l,::r..ri-i1 ;.:rl,+!e:.i io inri
bGr, os rer:d fro,.n o tlread*!i1e pclii!:rr;.;d s.Ji'flerJlicii.-r .:1!+r;q 1i:p n:!dcile of

& SU&fglY$g S4ffi

[r,or

.' = +e,rtl'l,. .-_--)-'

78 "i$4

.A,

TIGURE 6-4,

23t.3$9

058

t89. ? 7I!
3?8. 309
3?9, t24
?76. l4 I
2

0?

88 693

3t..696

r .y. v95

foIEAN

Ftofi Dtgr
(rn

r.Jgf,:;-rrr,rrir_.

ilro

SALUTION,
t)

i-';u

--i..{J"
IOfli-l

f;

horlzontol dleiti.:i'rn ira rL

i h:oColltE rj I ar i,r *iti;i!ir:
bar Bt Si

SALUTIOI,I.

!-.) F;'om

"c " T; ib-'.r?,

I

a_l
*r

{/;

.!-

- "1;;1.;;rvrr \vb/;l

,./n

t<lls?cnco froirl itr

theodollts tc Al

TAft

i<iislonce {rom

'tl'-

th66dollts to B)

ih&

trlqr.jgto a A'C

11: =

-l-=
:-t

rrr,C

t)

- l}-rn\ T-',

5r
i-sil

= 162.54 Ton (1i"56')

' 40-32 m ,fii:"rrl.rft"r:nc. b.tw..n

ort, o,

rh.odoUr. ond

cmr.r

o,

SOLUTION CHECK,

lD.,

HD - 16?.54
C
cotil*ET,

Cos

; 167.47 m

ilncllnod dlrronc. from ccntcr o, ln3frumcn? ,o 3ubtcnsc bor)

,r.={rir#i-r*F

-m

= 167.47m (chcckrl
Since lD, is equol ro ,1o",
solullons sre cdrrecl .

c)

ir

con be sofery qssumed thot rhe

preceding

,Frorn lhe f igure l? con olso be seen lhol

DE+HB=VD+Ht
DE=VD+Hl-HB
= 40,32 + t.48 -l.Zz
(dlffcrrnco ln .l.y6tlon
' 4O- 58 m
morlt

bof

.r..ir |h. lwo ground ,?oilon

PLANE TABLE

sumrErs
Pa*t Il: I"esson Nos. 7 Tlriru to

ffiEGEHER

SU ffiY[N6
fAclf&!ftE