CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1

Communications through vast distances have now become very important due
to continuous globalization and integration of systems in business, government and
other organizations essential to people. It is also important to individuals apart to be
able to stay in touch with each other despite long-distance separation. Through years
of studies and experimentations, microwave communications have been developed
and explored.
Microwave Communication refers to the technology of transmitting and
receiving information by the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently
measured in small numbers of centimetre. This part of the radio spectrum ranges across
frequencies of approximately 1 GHz to 30 GHz (wavelengths from 30 cm to 1 cm).
Point-to-point communications uses microwaves in transmitting information
because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in
narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. From this
principle, microwave equipments are allowed to use the same frequency without
causing interference with each other, which is the systems advantage compared to
communication systems where lower frequency radio waves are used. Another
advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very
large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times
that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it. Microwave systems can handle
transmission and reception of information over bodies of water, mountain peaks and
other possible barriers (these may affect the quality of information and system design).
Microwave communication is more preferred than wired communication over
reasonably long distances because it can accommodate large amount of information
with:

high reliability

low power consumption

low-maintenance cost

durability against different weather conditions

The system can be used to transmit voice signals, telegraphs and data signals
concurrently. With proper equipment (which determined the number of channels,
usable bandwidths, data transmission rates and similar quality parameters), it can also
carry wide-band signals for facsimile, high-speed data and high-quality audio. Even
television signals can be carried through microwave system. Aside from its capability to
transmit information in large amount, microwave transmission also offers high degree of
privacy.
Nowadays, microwave communication is considered as a reliable means to
transmit and receive information from two distant locations. Its long-distance
communications applications extend from public telephone network, military
communication to government agencies and specialized private communication
network. Types of microwave systems are classified into two according to the distance
it can accommodate:

Intrastate (feeder service) systems- categorized as short haul radio systems

which are used for relatively short distances

Interstate (backbone route applications) systems- known as long haul

radio systems which operates in relatively long distances.

Typically, terrestrial microwave system can operate in distances from 15 to 4000

miles. The system capacity ranges from less than 12 voice band channels to more than
22,000. Microwave systems today carry pulse-code modulated time-division multiplexed
signals which involves modern digital modulation techniques like QAM (quadrature
amplitude modulation) and PSK (phase shift keying).

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

CHAPTER 1

The designers aspire to build a consistent and effective wireless link through
microwave system that will connect VIVO Telco Tower located at two distant sites: site
A at Villanueva, Bautista, Pangasinan and site B at Lawak, Santa Maria, Pangasinan,
which approximately 30 km apart.
The proposed project details the construction of 240 digital voice-grade
channels that will be available for telephone use and for mobile phone use if
demanded. Voice-grade channels have sufficient bandwidth to support voice
telephony and may also be able to support data transmission through dial-up internet
access or fax (facsimile). As specified in the design, the microwave link will operate at 4
GHz within the C band designated in the IEEE radar bands or the SHF (super high
frequency) designated in the ITU radio bands.
The design specifies 16-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) as the
modulation scheme to be used. The modulation scheme offers a high data rate
transmission at four bits per symbol without having to maintain a higher signal-to-noise
ratio to meet the required bit-error rate.
The reliability of the microwave link is fixed at 99.999%.
The design also provides:

A microwave link design appropriate to the demand of the location.

A high-quality system which is determined by meeting the defined parameters

throughout the construction process.

An effective but low cost and low maintenance system.

OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 1

The aim of the designers is to construct a microwave design which transmission

and reception is available from site A to site B of the two towns, Bautista and Santa
Maria, of the province of Pangasinan. The design particularly comprises the following:

To present the transmission and reception of information between distances long

enough without using any forms of cable wires.

Act in accordance to the rules and regulations and standards prepared by the
National Telecommunications Commission and ITU-R Recommendation

To show that the microwave communication link will be available from Site A to
Site B even after all the obstructions and hindrances.

To present the calculation of microwave link budget and the reliability of the
communication.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER 1

Wireless communication plays a significant role as the progress of technology

inclines to a higher level. People expect technology to be easy to handle as much as
possible. For the benefit of the people in Pangasinan, the engineer designers desire to
place a microwave link for the convenience of the community of the said area.
Installing the microwave link assure the community to have a reliable transmission
of messages. Mobility of the devices such as mobile phones and laptops is guaranteed
as well. For places which are impossible to install cables, connection is made possible
through the wireless communication. However, the wireless communication is subjected
by physical obstruction, climate conditions (e.g. rain) and interferences by other
wireless device.
Due to obstructions and interferences, the design is made ready for these
hindrances. The design will cover the analysis, planning guide, design parameters,
calculation for efficient transmission and the cost the design will cover.

SCOPE & DELIMITATION

CHAPTER 1

The design of Microwave line-of-sight Communication deals with complicated

process that may go through many redesign phases before the required quality and
availability are achieved. The whole process can be broken into some parts
Frequency Planning, the microwave link budget, the reliability of the system, and
equipment information.
After the location assessment, the design covers the following:

Frequency planning - determining a frequency band that is suitable for the

specific link (path length, site location, terrain topography and atmospheric
effects).

Microwave link budget - calculation involving the gain and loss factors
associated with the antennas, transmitters, transmission lines and propagation
environment, to determine the maximum distance at which a transmitter and
receiver can successfully operate.

Reliability of the system - A system consists of components which determine

whether or not it will work. There are various types of congurations of the
components in dierent systems:

Series System- a system in which all the components are in series and they
all have to work for the system to work. If one component fails, the system
fails.

Parallel System- a system that will fail only if they all fail.

Series-Parallel System- a system where some of the components in series

are replicated in parallel.

However, the design limits the area coverage to 30 km for the transmission and
only caters the province of Pangasinan. It doesnt embrace the installation, and does
not cover the management and maintenance services.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER 1

Analog Microwave

It defines from digital microwave system basically with the nature of the signal it
carries. It uses filters to enhance the quality of the analog signal and remove
noise.

Antenna

A metallic device that converts electromagnetic waves into high frequency

current and vise versa.

Cross Polarization

The most common path related interference which occurs when the main lobes
of two links having the same band of frequencies intersect. This causes the
formation of one link to jump to the other, resulting in phase and amplitude
distortion on both links.

Diffraction

The ability of electromagnetic transmission to bend when partially obstructed by

an edge.

Digital Microwaves

Uses binary algorithms to ensure that the information carried does not have errors
during the transmission stage.

Digital Wave Transmission

Traditional line-of-sight microwave transmissions were the path distance is less

that the radio horizon.

Distortion

Is the type of interference which occurs when the signal itself undergoes
changes as it passes through blocks in the system.

Ducting

The time of day creates variation in the index of refraction of the atmosphere in
a given place. During the transition between night and day, the slowly warming
air pushing against the colder air which is still sinking. This interaction between
warm and cold air movement causes and area where the temperature is called

the atmospheric duct. And this duct may trap radio waves in it, bend the
direction of the propagation, and inject sources of multipath interference.
Duplex Spacing/Separation

Since microwave links are two-way communication system, two carrier

frequencies are utilized, each carrier being the transmitter of one link and the
receiver of the other. Duplex separation gives the difference between both
carriers, the mid-frequency being used as the reference frequency for single link
budget computations.

Duplexer

Allows transmitting and receiving signal of different frequencies on a single

antenna.

Earth Bulge

The number of feet or meters an obstacle is raised higher in elevation owing to

earth curvature.

Fade Margin

Is a quantity directly proportional to the reliability of the microwave system. The

larger the fade margin, the higher the reliability. This is because the input power
to the receiver is farther away from the receiver threshold. This means low level
fades may still be permitted without signal degradation.

Fading

Occurs when the receive level from the free-space calculated levels for a given
far-end transmitter output. It is the random increase in path loss during abnormal
propagation conditions.

Free Space Loss (FSL)

The amount of loss, expressed in dB, indicating how much signal density reduces
as it travels in free space.

Frequency Diversity

A form of diversity in radio link system which utilizes the phenomenon that the
period of fading differs for carrier frequencies separated by 2% to 5%.

Freznel Zones/Clearance

Derives from electromagnetic wave theory that a wave front has expanding
properties as it travels through space.

High Band Transmitter

The station whose transmit frequency is higher than the receive frequency
(transmit frequency to the other end).

Interference

The ability of two electromagnetic transmissions to intermix when they cross earth
others path.

K Factor

A unit less value is the ration of a hypothetical effective earth radius over 6370
km, which is the true mean earth radius. It is a parameter which considers wave
bending on the earths curvature. If K factor is greater than 1, the ray beam is
bent toward the earth, which essentially allows us to shorten radio link towers. If K
is less than 1, the earth bulge is effectively increased, and the path is shortened
or the tower height must be increased.

Link Budget/Path Calculation

Is basically the summary of all possible losses and gains that the signal may
encounter along a microwave path. It also shows how reliable the link is over a
period of one year.

Low Band Transmitter

The station whose transmit frequency is lower than its lower frequency.

Man Time between Failure (MTBF)

Expressed in hours, it represents the average period of time the unit will operate
without failure, considered an infinitely alone period of time.

Microwave Communications

A high radio frequency link specially designed to provide signal correction

between two specific points, also called LOS (Line-of-Sight) communications,
radio link, point-to-point communications.

Multi-Path Fading

This type of fading is due to interference between a direct wave and another
wave, usually a reflected wave.

Narrow Band

Digital channels having medium speed transmission. Channel bandwidths may

be between 6 to 10 MHz.

Noise

Is a type of interference which occurs when unwanted signls of the same nature
as the carrier of baseband enter the system.

Overshoot

For links which are cascaded, this occurs when the power used is high enough
that it interfaces with the far end of another link.

Parabolic Reflector

The reflective surface of the parabolic dish. This would send any incident wave
into parallel waves forward of the antenna.

Path Length

The total point-to-point distance covered by the radio link from the transmitting
to the receiving sites.

Path Profile

Is the plot of elevation of the earth as a function of the distance along the path
between the transmitting and receiving sites.

Rain Fading

Any form of precipitation in the atmosphere, such what occurs in the clouds to
form rain, causes attenuation of the signal received due to refraction.

Reflection

The ability of electromagnetic transmission to bounce off a relatively smooth

surface.

Reflectors

Are more commonly employed to purposely bend the path around obstruction
which cannot avoided. There are two common forms used today: billboard
reflectors and back-to-back reflectors.

Refraction

The ability of electromagnetic transmission to bend when the density of the path
it travels on changes.

Reliability

Expresses the performance of the system versus outage time, where the outage
time is the time that the requirement will not be meet.

CHAPTER 2

OVERVIEW OF THE PROVINCE

CHAPTER 2

DEMOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 2

Pangasinan is a province of the Philippines. Its official language is Pangasinan or

Pangasinense and its provincial capital is Lingayen. Pangasinan is located on the
western area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf and South China Sea. It has
a total land area of 5,451.01 square kilometres (2,104.65 sq mi). According to the 2010
census, it has a population of 2,779,862 people.
The Pangasinan people, like most of the people in the Malay Archipelago, are
descended from the Austronesian-speakers who settled in Southeast Asia since
prehistoric times. Comparative genetics, linguistics, and archaeological studies locate
the origin of the Austronesian languages in Sundaland, which was populated as early
as 50,000 years ago by modern humans. The Pangasinan language is one of many
languages that belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the
Austronesian languages family.
After the declaration of Independence in Manila on July 4, 1946, Eugenio Perez,
a Liberal Party congressman representing the fourth district of Pangasinan, was elected
Speaker of the lower Legislative House. He led the House until 1953, when the
Nacionalista Party became the dominant party.
Pangasinan, which was historically part of the Central Luzon region, was made
part of the Ilocos Region (or Region I) in the gerrymandering of the Philippines by
Ferdinand Marcos, despite the fact that Pangasinan has a distinct primary language,
which is Pangasinan. The political classification of Pangasinan as part of the Ilocos
Region has generated confusion among some Filipinos that the residents of Pangasinan
are Ilocanos. Pangasinan has a distinct primary language and culture, its economy is
bigger than the predominantly Ilocano provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, and La
Union, and its population is more than 50 percent of the population of Region 1. Many
people of Pangasinan prefer to have their own Pangasinan Region.

Pangasinan is located on the west central area of the island of Luzon in the
Philippines. Pangasinan borders La Union and Benguet to the north, Nueva Vizcaya and
Nueva Ecija to the east, and Zambales and Tarlac to the south. To the west of
Pangasinan is the South China Sea. The province also encloses the Lingayen Gulf.
The Pangasinan people (Totoon Pangasinan) are called Pangasinan or the
hispanicized name Pangasinense, or simply taga-Pangasinan, which means "from
Pangasinan". Pangasinan is the third most populated province in the Philippines. The
estimated population of the indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language in the
province of Pangasinan is 1.5 million and is projected to double in about 30 years.
According to the 2000 census, 47 percent of the population are Totoon Pangasinan
and 44 percent are Ilocanos. Sambal settlers from Zambales also predominate in the
westernmost municipalities of Bolinao and Anda. The Pangasinan people are closely
related to the Austronesian-speaking peoples of the Philippines, Malaysia, and
Indonesia.
The province is 170 kilometers (105.633 mi) north of Manila, 50 kilometers (31.0685
mi.) south of Baguio City, 115 kilometers (71.4576 mi.) north of Subic International Airport
and Seaport, and 80 kilometers (49.7096 mi.) north of Clark International Airport. At the
coast of Alaminos, The Hundred islands have become a fmous tourist spot.
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported several
inactive volcanoes in Pangasinan: Amorong, Balungao, Cabaluyan, Cahelietan,
Candong, and Malabobo. PHIVOLCS reported no active or potentially active
volcanoes in Pangasinan. A caldera-like landform is located between the towns of
Malasiqui and Villasis with a center at about 15 55 N and 120 30 E near the Cabaruan
Hills.

SITE INFORMATION
CHAPTER 2

Santa Maria, Pangasinan

Santa Maria is a fourth class municipality along the Agno River in the province of
Pangasinan, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 31,091
people.
Population census of Santa Maria

Area

Year

Pop.

1990

23,793

Population (2010)

1995

25,278

+1.22%

Total

31,091

2000

27,860

+1.96%

Density

450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)

2007

30,721

+1.41%

2010

31,091

+0.40%

Total

69.50 km2 (26.83 sq mi)

Time zone

PST (UTC+8)

ZIP code

2440

% p.a.

Source: National Statistics Office

Bautista, Pangasinan
Bautista is a fourth class municipality in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines.
According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 30,193 people. Bautista is called
the The Walis Tambo (broom) Capital of Pangasinan. It is honored as the "Lupang
Hinirang".
Bautista is located east of Pangasinan part of the Pangasinan's Fifth
Congressional District with a land area of 8,213 hectares and 32 kilometers off
Dagupan. Bautista is bounded by Alcala, Pangasinan, north; Bayambang, south, Agno
River and Moncada, Tarlac, east.

Population census of Santa Maria

Area

Year

Pop.

1990

21,280

Population (2010)

1995

23,375

+1.90%

Total

30,193

2000

27,066

+2.98%

Density

650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)

2007

28,094

+0.53%

2010

30,193

+2.43%

Total

46.33 km2 (17.89 sq mi)

Time zone

PST (UTC+8)

ZIP code

2424

% p.a.

Source: National Statistics Office

CHAPTER 3

ROUTE & SITE SELECTION

CHAPTER 3

A. Order of Procedure
As a starting point, it is assumed that preliminary facility planning (including operational
requirements, traffic studies, expansion potential, reliability requirements, and cost
studies) has been completed to such a degree that the points to be served have been
fixed, and the required system capacity has been determined.
Preliminary studies for site location can usually be made from maps and aerial
photographs prepared by other agencies; however, the final site selection must be
made from fields surveys and the profiles and noted thereby derived.
B. Sites
Terminal sites are more than not locations of existing structures or facility terminals, but
the intermediated sites are located with considerable emphasis on factors having to do
with propagation over the intermediate paths, and the possible interference from
sources internal or external the system.
Site Considerations:
1. A full description of each site by geographical coordinates, political subdivision,
access roads and the physical objects with which it can be identified.
2. Any unusual weather conditions to be expected in the area, including maximum
expected wind velocity and range of temperatures
3. A description of the physical characteristics of the site, indicating the amount of
leveling required, removal of rocks, trees or other structures, etc

4. The relationship of the site to any commercial, military or private airport within
several miles. It is very important to determine the relationships of the site to the
orientation of runaways where planes may be taking off or landing.
5. The mean sea level elevation of the site at the recommend tower location and
the effect on that elevation of any necessary leveling.
6. A full description or recommendation for an access road from the nearest
improved road to the proposed building location.
7. There is a possibility that the building code restriction may be involved. Such sites
should be avoided if practicable.
8. The nearest location where commercial electric power of suitable secondary or
distributed voltage may be obtained, and the name and office location of the
power company.
9. If the telephone communication is desired, the nearest telephone facility should
be indicates together with the name of the company and the type of service
available.
10. Any other facts that can be determined at the time of the survey which might
bear on the proposed construction.
A. Influence of terrain and obstruction
The microwave beam is influence by the interference by the intermediate terrain
between station and by obstacle. It tends to follow a straight line in the azimuth unless
intercepted by structures in or near the path. The amount of this refraction varies with
time due to changes in temperature, pressure and relative humidity, which control the
dielectric constant.
In order to minimize diffraction losses, line of sight microwave paths are planned to
have better than grazing clearance even under the most adverse atmospheric
conditions.
Most typical objects in the line of sight will tend to block the beam, causing loss of signal
at the receiver. Deciduous trees, which may cause relatively less loss in winter, can

totally block the path in summer when the leaves are out. In all case, trees should be
considered as blocking when in the path line, unless the beam has ad equate
clearance over the trees.
An important concept in analyzing microwave propagation effects, particularly those
or diffraction, refraction, reflection, and the effects or terrain and obstruction, is that of
the Freznel Zone.
B. Influence of Weather
Although a microwave beam in conventionally shown as a line, the actual method of
propagation is as a wave front, and the important portion of the wave front involves a
sizable transverse area. In order to ensure free space propagation it is essential that all
potential obstruction along the path are removed from the beam centerline by at least
0.61F1, where F1 is the radius of the 1st Freznel at the point of the obstruction.
For the reason, it is necessary to provide path clearance over the intermediate objects
which is somewhat greater then the line of sight. Because refractive bending varies in
cycles daily and changes erratically at times, the clearance over the intermediate
terrain must be adjust to minimize the losses at the extreme bending conditions.
Normally, as mentioned previously, the beam is bent downward by atmospheric
refraction so that the radio horizon is effectively extended.
C. Influence of Rain and Fog at higher Frequencies
A t microwave frequencies up to 6 and 8 GHz band, rain attenuation as such is not
considered sufficient to warrant special considerations in the design of the paths,
except in every extreme situations. Under saturation rain conditions, a 30 mile path
might suffer only a few dB attenuation at 6 GHz. Uniform fog conditions can be
considered in much the same light.

However fog conditions often result from the atmospheric conditions such as
temperature inversion, or very still air, accompanied by stratification: the from tends
to negate clearances, and the latter causes severe refractive or reflective shorter
paths and adequate clearances are recommended.
D. Influence of Objects in azimuth
The influence of objects in azimuth is not confined entirely to those which are directly in
the path. While the microwave energy is concentrated in a fairly narrow beam, it tends
to spread gradually as it propagated through the atmosphere.
There are also minor lobes of the antenna which, although having as much less power
than the main lobe, are transmitted different directions. The potential problem with offpath objects is reflections, and usually turns out to be from buildings. Energy traveling
the longer reflection path lags behind the main beam.
E. Atmospheric Absorption
Atmospheric absorption due to oxygen and water vapor also exist. The magnitude
of the effects is quite small at the lower frequencies and is usually neglected. Even in
the higher bands the effect is relatively small, but not entirely negligible. Since the
amount of attenuation from this phenomenon is
directly proportional to path length, it is usually significant only on longer paths.
F. Sources of path data
1. Maps
Maps are the principal sources of basic data both for office study which usually
precedes the field survey, and for the field survey itself. Experience shown that
maps covering a large area in the general territory to be surveyed, represent
good work and record sheet which, when posted as the map survey progresses,
illustrate the progress, general location angles and place names.

2. Aerial Photography.
It is often useful in rough terrain it can show more of the details of a prominent
terrain feature than a topographic, and also shows trees and other obstructions.
It is also used in the process of preparing path profiles by the technique known as
photogrammetry.
G. Microwave Path Design
For many wireless carriers, microwave is becoming a popular choice over wire line
transport. It is an attractive option for many reasons, especially as radio equipment
costs decrease. Low monthly operating costs can undercut those of typical T1
expenses, proving it more economical over the long term.
Carriers also are attracted to its modular and expendable characteristics. Network
operators like the fact that they can own and control microwave radio networks
instead of relying on other service providers for network components.
Like many carriers, you may be planning to jump on the microwave bandwagon.
But before you move forward, make sure you understand all of the design
considerations that will affect your deployment.
Frequency Options:
First, it is important to understand the relationship between capacity, frequency
band, path distance, tower heights, radio equipment and antennas. In the United
States, there are numerous licenses to operate microwave radio, including 2Ghz,
6Ghz, 7Ghz, 8Ghz, 10Ghz, 11Ghz, 13Ghz, 15Ghz, 18Ghz, 23Ghz, and 38Ghz
frequency bands.
Wavelengths in lower frequencies are longer, which is important because the
wavelength determines how atmosphere affects transmission. The atmosphere may
refract longer waves. Refraction can reduce the length of the path, or microwave

hop. In developed countries, such as the United States, much of the available
frequency spectrum already is in use. Competition for these frequencies has pushed
use into higher bands, such as 38Ghz.
Radios in the 2Ghz frequencies can transmit over longer a distance, which makes
them more suitable for rural areas. High Frequency radios are better fit for suburban
environments. For example, a low frequency radio could carry a signal for more
than 12.5 miles, while a high frequency radio, such as 23Ghz radio, could cover a
path distance of more than three miles.
A microwave system includes an antenna, radio, multiplexers, waveguide (hollow
metal conductor connecting the RF equipment to the antenna) and feed cables.
Based on capacity and radio equipment, antenna size, tower heights and terrain
elevation will play a major role in how you plan and construct the system. These four
factors also will dictate system reliability, multi-path fading, fade margin
calculations, Freznel zone clearance, interference analysis, system diversity and
long-distance specifications.
You will use a large antenna (low Frequency) when the path is longer. Large
antennas require large towers and have higher wind and ice load factors. As a
result, you also must consider existing tower loads to ensure that you can implement
the design on existing or planned tower structures.
You also must take into account attenuation, the reduction in energy as a signal
travels through equipment, transmission lines or air. The term often refers to the
impact of rain, snow or fog as well as normal signal loss in the waveguide and
microwave system itself. Fog, snow, sand and dust have minimal influence in the
frequency bands above 8Ghz. Rainfall rates and storm duration can affect the
availability pf the path at 23Ghz and 38Ghz.
In many cases, design engineers can calculate rain effect to ensure customer
requirements are met. However, the rate on the path will vary. Raindrops also vary in

shape. For example, large drops change shape as they fall. As a result, a radio
wave with vertical polarization is less attenuated than a wave that is horizontally
polarized.
Ice and snow have little effect on high frequency radio links, and antenna radomes
are designed to prevent snow accumulation. In the United States, the National
Weather Service Library provides detailed data on rain rate and drop-size
distribution. Also, do not forget to consider temperature.
In some cases, you will need to locate an antenna indoors. Transmitting through
glass causes attenuation. The attenuation will depend on metallic content, any
exterior coating on the glass and the angle of incidence of the radiated beam. You
will get the best results by placing the antenna at least 12 inches from the window at
10-degree angle.
System Design Options:
The object for any microwave system is to provide the best distortion-free and
interference-free service. Overall, reliability or service continuity depends on
equipment failure rates, power failures and propagation performance of the
individual paths. This involves antenna sizes and elevations, frequency or space
separations

in

diversity

systems,

path

length,

and

frequency

attenuation

relationships. It also includes fade margins, which are affected by noise figure,
transmitter power and waveguide attenuation, and filter arrangements. Distortion
also may occur in the radio path.
Interference experience in the radio system can be classified as external
interference and internal or self-interference.
Self-interference in the radio system can be introduced through antennas,
waveguides, cabling and radiation or by spurious products within radio equipment.

External Interference depends on many factors and typically is expressed in one of

two ways. It can be expressed as an absolute value of the interfering signal power
not to be exceeded at the input to the interfered receiver. The signal power ranges
from as low as -125 dbm to -100 dBm. It also can be expressed as a value of S/I
ration with typical values ranging from 60db to 95db.
Generally, microwave propagation is referred to as line of sight. It often is
thought of as a straight line in space from transmitting to receiving antenna.
Actually, the path is not a line and is not straight. The propagation is like
electromagnetic waves represented as functions of sine and cosine. The
propagation also influences path clearance.
When traveling through the atmosphere, it usually follows a slightly curved path, or
refracted path, in the vertical plane because of height variation, the earths
curvature and dielectric constant of the atmosphere. In general, refracted index,
reflective index, weather fronts, rain attenuation and various K factors affect
propagation.
Although the atmosphere and terrain that a radio beam travels have little affect on
path loss, there is, for a given frequency and distance, a characteristic loss. This loss
increases with both the frequency and distance. It is known as free space loss and is
defined as the loss created between two isotropic antennas in free space, where
there are no ground influences or obstructions. Spreading energy primarily causes
the loss as the wave front travels through the space.
The free space formula is A=96.6 + 20log 10F +20logD, where A= free space
attenuation in dB, F= frequency in GHz, and D=path distance in miles.
Terrain also plays a significant role in microwave propagations. To reduce terrainrelated losses, you must satisfy path clearance with 0.6F1, where F1 is the first Freznel
zone.

You can calculate the first Freznel zone at any point in the path by using
Fn=72.1*SQRT((n*d1*d2)/fD), where Fn=nth Freznel zone radius in feet,
d1=distance from one end of path to reflection point in miles, D=total length of path
in mile, d2=D-d1, and f=frequency GHz.
The choice of clearance criteria for a microwave route or path is important
because it can affect the cost and quality of performance profoundly.
There are two basic sets of clearance criteria that are commonly used. Heavy route
is used for systems with the most stringent reliability requirements. Light route is used
for systems with slight relaxation of the requirements.
The radio path, waveguide system or the radio equipment can cause delay
distortion, which creates noise distortion in the received message. I the propagation
path, delay distortion is caused by reflected energy that reaches the receiving
antenna but is delayed by a number of wavelengths as compared to the direct
signal. You can use sweep instrumentation to detect and delay this distortion.
Waveguide echoes are another source of delay distortion. They result from
impedance mismatches or equipment irregularities.
Multipath fading also affects microwaves. You can implement space and
frequency diversity to either eliminate or to reduce fading.
Diversity reception decreases the chance that a signal will be lost by combining
signals from two or more antennas (space diversities) or by transmitting the same
signal on two or more frequency channels (frequency diversity)
Space and frequency diversity use redundant hardware but also decouple the path
used by microwave transmissions. Frequency diversity is not allowed in

the many markets because spectrum is scarce. By adding path diversity schemes to
a radio design, you can increase path availability, which improves overall system
reliability and availability.
You also must consider reliability when planning your network. For example, data
networks carrying critical information may demand higher reliability than other
applications.
Equipment and the radio path itself affect reliability. Reflections in the atmosphere,
interference from other radios and atmospheric conditions can affect transmission
performance.
Microwave network design can take different physical forms, point to point, a star
and ring configurations.

A ring configuration protects against site failure and

provides alternate transmission paths to maximize network protection.

If you want to follow appropriate design processes, you should visit the planned
transmission sites to conduct a walk-through of existing facilities and obtain zoning
information. Geodetic survey maps and photos are useful for subsequent planning
from an office location.

Equipment Selection:
When selecting equipment, determine the amount of power the radio uses to
transmit and receive signal. More power usage equates to higher operating cost.
System planners should perform path calculations to establish fade margins and
system gain, taking into account an estimate of system downtime for the locale of
the planned radio (average rainfall). Fade margin is the allowance made to
accommodate estimated propagation fading without exceeding a specified
signal-to-noise ratio.

To increase equipment reliability, you may want to select hot standby, allowing for
full redundancy. In case of an equipment failure, redundant processors allow for
automatic cutover to allow transmission to continue.
With careful attenuation to link gain power, antenna height, receiver sensitivity, free
space loss, attenuation and availability requirements, you can integrate microwave
radio affectivity into virtually any wireless system.
H. Antennas and Propagation
Antennas
An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors used either for radiating
electromagnetic energy into space or for collecting electromagnetic energy from
space.
In a two-way communication, the same antenna is often used as the transmitter and
the receiver. This is because the antenna characteristics are essentially the same
whether an antenna is sending or receiving electromagnetic energy.

PLANNING GUIDE
Step1: Determine the conditions for putting up a microwave link. Establish the purpose
of the microwave link. What kind of information should be transmitted and the general
transmission path.
Step2: Obtain the product specification sheet of a microwave radio which meets the
given requirements.

Step3: Obtain a topographical map which both sites are contained. Maps are
available in different scales. For long paths, a 1:250,000 scales can be used. For short
paths, 1:50,000.
Step4: Determine Frequency Band Required. Once the path length has been identified,
select a preliminary band which to select based on available band allocated to
Operational Fixed or Common Carrier Users.
Step5: Determine Channel Plans available. The channel plans are based on the
frequency band and the bandwidth (multiplexed digital rate) of the traffic being
carried. These can be taken from technical specifications set by CCIR or sometimes,
the equipment specifications themselves.
Step6: From the Channel Plans or specifications available, select a frequency pair
which would be used for the actual computation of the hop.
Channel Plans are available, from CCIR or from the government regulatory agency.
1. Should channel plans be unavailable, divide the smaller bandwidth between the
High Band and Low band with channel bandwidth.
2. Then select any arbitrary channel number less than the number of channels.
3. Multiply the channel bandwidth with the selected channel number.
4. The high band transmit frequency is equal to the sum of the lower limit of the
high bandwidth and the product of 3. The low band transmit frequency is equal
to the sum of the lower limit of the low band bandwidth and the product of 3.
Step7: Compute for the minimum elevation at site A and site B which would clear earth
curvature. Inspect the topographical map and select a location whose elevation is
greater than the minimum clearing height at site A and site B.
Step8: Create a table plotting points along the path and identifying possible sources of
reflection and obstruction.

This is the point microwave planner conduct a site survey. This is to determine, among
other things, if there where an existing building or tower which can be used, or a new
independent tower is needed. For economic purposes, it would be preferable to install
on building rooftops as the expenses for the erection of tower or monopole is reduced.
There is also which a tower already exist, meaning free location on this tower can be
selected.
Compute for the reflection points on site B based on the elevation of one site A. This
applies only if site B has a higher elevation than site A.
Those with a grade or slope which is positive means that with compared to the previous
point, the elevation is higher or the elevation is going up. Those with a negative grade
or slope are those whose previous distance is higher or the elevation is going down.
It is important to consider this since slopes with a positive grade may shield reflected
rays if the reflection point is lower.
To avoid the presence of reflective points, it is necessary to identify peaks and bodies or
water which are visible from both ends of the link.
With reflective peaks, the corresponding reflection point on the affected site is
computed and this elevation is avoided as the location of the corresponding antenna
height.

h1

h2

d1

d2

As shown in the figure, should there be a large reflective surface between the link, a
range of reflective height can be solved. The corresponding antenna location or the
affected site is then placed below or above this reflective range.
Step9: From the table, construct the figure which shows the path profile including the
earth curvature and elevation along the path.
Step10: Construct a new figure which shows the path profile with the earth curvature,
elevation along the path and line of site. Note the places where the terrain along the
path is closest to the line of propagation.
Step11: Using the figure and table as reference, determine the following:
1. Point along the path terrain that is closest to the line of sight.
2.

Possible reflection points.

Should the current antenna elevation prove to be obstructed possibly a point where
reflection may occur, either or both site would have to increase their height to
compensate.
Step12: Using the data on the table, determine the clearance of each site with regards
to obstruction.
Should the current antenna elevation prove to be obstructed or possibly a point where
reflection may occur, either or both sites would have to increase height to
compensate.
Step13: Determine the clearance of each site with regards to reflection
Conditions:
1. Reflective surfaces are bodies of water, marshland, rice fields and the peaks of
obstruction.

2. Do not compute reflective surfaces which are already obscured by obstruction

along the path.
3. Urban areas and timberlands may create reflections points. However, it is
assumed that they have a tendency to diffuse any multi path propagations.
Should the current antenna elevation prove to be obstructed or possibly a point where
reflection may occur, either or both sites would have to increase their height to
compensate.
ONCE A PATH HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED TO BE FREE OF OBSTRUCTION AND REFLECTION
POINTS, THE LINK BUDGET IS THEN COMPUTED
THERMAL FADE MARGIN
Step14: Solving for the thermal fade margin requires identifying the configuration of the
microwave radio used. Should the radio be an indoor RF module mounted, then a long
waveguide is used to connect the RF module to the parabolic antenna introducing a
large waveguide loss. If the RF module is installed behind the dish, either by a 0.6 meter
waveguide or directly on the horn feed, then the losses due to the waveguide is
reduced if not eliminated. Check the equipment data sheet on this manner.
DISPERSIVE FADE MARGIN
Step15: Dispersive fade margin is basically the average depth of multi path fade which
cause the link to go down. This depends on the equipment itself and path conditions.
Equipment specifications may give the actual dispersive fade margin itself, or the
average depth of multi path fade. The actual dispersive fade margin may be given in
the radio specification sheet itself.
INTERFERENCE FADE MARGIN
Step16: Interference fade margin can be defined as the electromagnetic condition
along the path that can cause the link to go down. In depends on the characteristics

of the receiver and the conditions of the path. It may viewed as additional losses in free
space which causes the signal to fade.
RAIN ATTENUATION
Step17: There are 2 methods to compute for the attenuation due to the effect of the
rain. The CRANE method and the CCIR Recc. 530 methods.
Step18: Insert 0.5 dB loss overall in the link budget to compensate for the equipment
misalignment of the antenna during installation.

DIFFRACTION LOSSES
Step19: Determine if there is a need for computing diffraction losses. In determining if
there is a need to compute for the diffraction losses, find out if any point along the path
comes closes than 150% the first Freznel zone
CLUTTER LOSSES
Step20: Determine if there is a need for computing Clutter losses. Clutter can be
described as attenuation due to trees and buildings in the front of the antenna. They
have the same thing clearing factor as diffraction, 150% of the first Freznel, and they
should be within the near field of the antenna.
ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES
Step21: Compute for the Atmospheric losses.
1. Oxygen Absorption Loss- Attenuation due to the absorption of radio frequency
energy by oxygen molecules in the atmosphere.
2. Water Vapor Loss- Attenuation due to the absorption of the radio frequency
energy by water vapor in the atmosphere.
Step22: Arrange all computed data into a systematic table
Step23: Calculate the Flat Fade Margin

Step24: Calculate the composite or effective Fade Margin.

Step25: Based on the Effective Fade Margin of the link, the link reliability can be
calculated.
Step26: Once all parameters to the link have been calculated, place the information in
a Path Data Sheet, as given in the figure.

CHAPTER 4

COMPUTATIONS
CHAPTER 4

EARTH CURVATURE COMPUTATION

EC = 0.078*(d1*d2)
EC = Earth Curvature
d1 = distance from Site A (km)
d2 = distance from Site B (km)

d1 = 0, d2 = 30;

d1 = 6, d2 = 24;

EC = 0.078 * (0 * 30)

EC = 0.078 * (6 * 24)

EC = 0

EC = 11.232

d1 = 1, d2 = 29;

d1 = 7, d2 = 23;

EC = 0.078 * (1 * 29)

EC = 0.078 * (7 * 23)

EC = 2.262

EC = 12.558

d1 = 2, d2 = 28;

d1 = 8, d2 = 22;

EC = 0.078 * (2 * 28)

EC = 0.078 * (8 * 22)

EC = 4.368

EC = 13.728

d1 = 3, d2 = 27;

d1 = 9, d2 = 21;

EC = 0.078 * (3 * 27)

EC = 0.078 * (9 * 21)

EC = 6.318

EC = 14.742

d1 = 4, d2 = 26;

d1 = 10, d2 = 20;

EC = 0.078 * (4 * 26)

EC = 0.078 * (10 * 20)

EC = 8.112

EC = 15.6

d1 = 5, d2 = 25;

d1 = 11, d2 = 19;

EC = 0.078 * (5 * 25)

EC = 0.078 * (11 * 19)

EC = 9.75

EC = 16.302

d1 = 12, d2 = 18;

d1 = 22, d2 = 8;

EC = 0.078 * (12 * 18)

EC = 0.078 * (22 * 8)

EC = 16.848

EC = 13.728

d1 = 13, d2 = 17;

d1 = 23, d2 = 7;

EC = 0.078 * (13 * 17)

EC = 0.078 * (23 * 7)

EC = 17.238

EC = 12.558

d1 = 14, d2 = 16;

d1 = 24, d2 = 6;

EC = 0.078 * (14 * 16)

EC = 0.078 * (24 * 6)

EC = 17.472

EC = 11.232

d1 = 15, d2 = 15;

d1 = 25, d2 = 5;

EC = 0.078 * (15 * 15)

EC = 0.078 * (25 * 5)

EC = 17.55

EC =9.75

d1 = 16, d2 = 14;

d1 = 26, d2 = 4;

EC = 0.078 * (16 * 14)

EC = 0.078 * (26 * 4)

EC = 17.472

EC = 8.112

d1 = 17, d2 = 13;

d1 = 27, d2 = 3;

EC = 0.078 * (17 * 13)

EC = 0.078 * (27 * 3)

EC = 17.238

EC = 6.318

d1 = 18, d2 = 12;

d1 = 28, d2 = 2;

EC = 0.078 * (18 * 12)

EC = 0.078 * (28 * 2)

EC = 16.848

EC = 4.368

d1 = 19, d2 = 11;

d1 = 29, d2 = 1;

EC = 0.078 * (19 * 11)

EC = 0.078 * (29 * 1)

EC = 16.302

EC = 2.262

d1 = 20, d2 = 10;

d1 = 30, d2 = 0;

EC = 0.078 * (20 * 10)

EC = 0.078 * (31 * 0)

EC = 15.6

EC = 0

d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
EC = 0.078 * (21 * 9)
EC = 14.742

GROUND ELEVATION COMPUTATION

CHAPTER 4

GE = PE + Ec
GE = Ground Elevation
PE = Path Elevation
Ec = Earth Curvature

d1 = 0, d2 = 30;

d1 = 8, d2 = 22;

GE = 17 + 0

GE = 24.8 + 13.728

GE = 17

GE = 38.528

d1 = 1, d2 = 29;

d1 = 9, d2 = 21;

GE = 17 + 2.262

GE = 24.8 + 14.742

GE = 19.262

GE = 39.542

d1 = 2, d2 = 28;

d1 = 10, d2 = 20;

GE = 17 + 4.368

GE = 20 + 15.6

GE = 21.368

GE = 35.6

d1 = 3, d2 = 27;

d1 = 11, d2 = 19;

GE = 19 + 6.318

GE = 24.8 + 16.302

GE = 25.318

GE = 41.102

d1 = 4, d2 = 26;

d1 = 12, d2 = 18;

GE = 19 + 8.112

GE = 24.8 + 16.848

GE = 27.112

GE = 41.648

d1 = 5, d2 = 25;

d1 = 13, d2 = 17;

GE = 19 + 9.75

GE = 28 + 17.238

GE = 28.75

GE = 45.238

d1 = 6, d2 = 24;

d1 = 14, d2 = 16;

GE = 19 + 11.232

GE = 28 + 17.472

GE = 30.232

GE = 45.472

d1 = 7, d2 = 23;

d1 = 15, d2 = 15;

GE = 19 + 12.558

GE = 28 + 17.55

GE = 31.558

GE = 45.55

d1 = 16, d2 = 14;

GE = 39 + 8.112

GE = 53.472

GE = 47. 112

d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
GE = 53.238

GE = 45.318

d1 = 18, d2 = 12;

d1 = 28, d2 = 2;

GE = 36 + 16.848

GE = 39 + 4.368

GE = 52.848

GE = 43.368

d1 = 19, d2 = 11;

d1 = 29, d2 = 1;

GE = 36 + 16.302

GE = 47 + 2.262

GE = 52.302

GE = 49.262

d1 = 20, d2 = 10;

d1 = 30, d2 = 0;

GE = 38 + 15.6

GE = 47 + 0

GE = 53.6

GE =47

d1 = 21, d2 = 9;

d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
GE = 52.726
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
GE = 39 + 12.558
GE = 51.558
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
GE = 39 + 11.232
GE = 50.232

d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
GE = 39 + 6.318

GE = 39 + 13.728

GE = 36 + 17.238

GE = 51.742

d1 = 26, d2 = 4;

GE = 36 + 17.472

GE = 37 + 14.742

d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
GE = 39 + 9.75
GE =48.75

OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT
CHAPTER 4

OH = GE + OB
WHERE:
OH = Obstruction Height
GE = Ground Elevation
OB = Obstruction along path
Trees = 10m
Building = 20m
Densely Build up Areas Houses =06m

d1 = 0, d2 = 30;

d1 = 7, d2 = 23;

GE = 17 + 6

GE = 31.558 + 0

GE = 23

GE = 31.558

d1 = 1, d2 = 29;

d1 = 8, d2 = 22;

GE =19.262 + 0

GE = 38.528 +0

GE = 19.262

GE = 38.528

d1 = 2, d2 = 28;

d1 = 9, d2 = 21;

GE = 21.368 + 6

GE = 39.542 + 6

GE = 27.368

GE = 45.542

d1 = 3, d2 = 27;

d1 = 10, d2 = 20;

GE = 25.318 + 6

GE = 35.6 + 0

GE = 31.318

GE = 35.6

d1 = 4, d2 = 26;

d1 = 11, d2 = 19;

GE = 27.112 + 0

GE = 41.102 + 0

GE = 27.112

GE = 41.102

d1 = 5, d2 = 25;

d1 = 12, d2 = 18;

GE = 28. 75 + 0

GE = 41.648 + 0

GE = 28.75

GE = 41.648

d1 = 6, d2 = 24;

d1 = 13, d2 = 17;

GE = 30.232 + 0

GE = 45.238 + 0

GE = 30.232

GE = 45.238

d1 = 14, d2 = 16;

GE = 50.232 + 0

GE = 45.472

GE = 50.232

d1 = 15, d2 = 15;

d1 = 25, d2 = 5;

GE = 45.55 + 6

GE = 48.75 + 0

GE = 51.55

GE =48.75

d1 = 16, d2 = 14;

d1 = 26, d2 = 4;

GE = 53.472 + 0

GE = 47. 112 + 0

GE = 53.472

GE = 47. 112

d1 = 17, d2 = 13;

d1 = 27, d2 = 3;

GE = 53.238 + 0

GE = 45.318 + 0

GE = 53.238

GE = 45.318

d1 = 18, d2 = 12;

d1 = 28, d2 = 2;

GE = 52.848 + 0

GE = 43.368 + 0

GE = 52.848

GE = 43.368

d1 = 19, d2 = 11;

d1 = 29, d2 = 1;

GE = 52.302 + 0

GE = 49.262 + 0

GE = 52.302

GE = 49.262

d1 = 20, d2 = 10;

d1 = 30, d2 = 0;

GE = 53.6 + 0

GE = 47 + 0

GE = 53.6

GE =47

d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
GE = 51.742
d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
GE = 52.726 + 10
GE = 62.726

d1 = 24, d2 = 6;

GE = 45.472 + 0

GE = 51.742 + 0

d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
GE = 51.558 + 0
GE = 51.558

LINE OF SIGHT COMPUTATION (LOS)

CHAPTER 4

LOS = d1 *(tan ) + TH + GE
WHERE:
LOS = Line of Sight in meters
GE = Ground Elevation in d = 0(meters)
TH = Tower Height in d = 0(meters)
tan =

tan = [
tan = 1.333

d1 = 0, d2 = 30;

d1 = 6, d2 = 24;

LOS = 0 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 6 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 47

LOS = 61

d1 = 1, d2 = 29;

d1 = 7, d2 = 23;

LOS = 1 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 7 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 53.5

LOS = 62.5

d1 = 2, d2 = 28;

d1 = 8, d2 = 30;

LOS = 2 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 8 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 55

LOS = 64

d1 = 3, d2 = 27;

d1 = 9, d2 = 21;

LOS = 3 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 9 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 56.5

LOS = 65.5

d1 = 4, d2 = 26;

d1 = 10, d2 = 20;

LOS = 4 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 10 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 58

LOS = 67

d1 = 5, d2 = 25;

d1 = 11, d2 = 19;

LOS = 5 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 11 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 59.5

LOS = 68.5

d1 = 12, d2 = 18;

d1 = 30, d2 = 8;

LOS = 12 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 30 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 70

LOS = 85

d1 = 13, d2 = 17;

d1 = 23, d2 = 7;

LOS = 13 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 23 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 71.5

LOS = 86.5

d1 = 14, d2 = 16;

d1 = 24, d2 = 6;

LOS = 14 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 24 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 73

LOS = 88

d1 = 15, d2 = 15;

d1 = 25, d2 = 5;

LOS = 15 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 25 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 74.5

LOS = 89.5

d1 = 16, d2 = 14;

d1 = 26, d2 = 4;

LOS = 16 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 26 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 76

LOS = 91

d1 = 17, d2 = 13;

d1 = 27, d2 = 3;

LOS = 17 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 27 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 77.5

LOS = 92.5

d1 = 18, d2 = 12;

d1 = 28, d2 = 2;

LOS = 18 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 28 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 79

LOS = 94

d1 = 19, d2 = 11;

d1 = 29, d2 = 1;

LOS = 19 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 29 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 80.5

LOS = 95.5

d1 = 20, d2 = 10;

d1 = 30, d2 = 0;

LOS = 20 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 30 *(1.333) + 30 + 17

LOS = 82

LOS = 97

d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
LOS = 21 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 83.5

1ST LARGER FRESNEL COMPUTATION

CHAPTER 4

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((d1*d2)/(f*PL))

Fr = 1st Larger Fresnel in m
d1 = distance from Site A in km
d2 = distance from Site B in km
f = Lower frequency in GHz
PL = Path Length in km

d1 = 0, d2 = 30;

d1 = 7, d2 = 23;

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((0*30)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((7*23)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 0

Fr = 11.18012991

d1 = 1, d2 = 29;

d1 = 8, d2 = 22;

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((1*29)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((8*22)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 4.74496

Fr = 11.68934686

d1 = 2, d2 = 28;

d1 = 9, d2 = 21;

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((2*28)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((9*21)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 6.593680896

Fr = 12.11336529

d1 = 3, d2 = 27;

d1 = 10, d2 = 20;

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((3*27)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((10*20)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 7.930059052

Fr = 12.46088562

d1 = 4, d2 = 26;

d1 = 11, d2 = 19;

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((4*26)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((11*19)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 8.985672412

Fr = 12.73817042

d1 = 5, d2 = 25;

d1 = 12, d2 = 18;

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((5*25)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((12*18)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 9.851195059

Fr = 12.94973221

d1 = 6, d2 = 24;

d1 = 13, d2 = 17;

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((6*24)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((13*17)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 10.57341207

Fr = 13.09875589

d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((14*16)/(12.85*30))

d1 = 15, d2 = 15;

Fr = 11.18012991

d1 = 16, d2 = 14;

Fr = 10.57341207

d1 = 17, d2 = 13;

Fr = 9.851195059

d1 = 26, d2 = 4;

Fr = 13.09875589

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((26*4)/(12.85*30))

d1 = 18, d2 = 12;

Fr = 8.985672412

d1 = 27, d2 = 3;

Fr = 12.94973221

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((27*3)/(12.85*30))

d1 = 19, d2 = 11;

Fr = 7.930059052

d1 = 28, d2 = 2;

Fr = 12.73817042

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((28*2)/(12.85*30))

d1 = 20, d2 = 10;

Fr = 6.593680896

d1 = 29, d2 = 1;

Fr = 12.46088562

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((29*1)/(12.85*30))

d1 = 21, d2 = 9;

Fr = 4.744963881

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((21*9)/(12.85*30))

d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((25*5)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((20*10)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 13.18736179

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((19*11)/(12.85*30))

d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((24*6)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((18*12)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 13.21676509

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((17*13)/(12.85*30))

d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((23*7)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((16*14)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 13.18736179
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((15*15)/(12.85*30))

Fr = 11.68934686

d1 = 30, d2 = 0;

Fr = 12.11336529

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((30*0)/(12.85*30))

d1 = 22, d2 = 8;

Fr =0

Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((22*8)/(12.85*30))

CLEARANCE 1ST FRESNEL COMPUTATION (C)

CHAPTER 4

C = LOS (OH + Fr)

C = Clearance 1st Fresnel
OH = Objection Height
Fr = 1st Larger Fresnel

d1 = 0, d2 = 30;

d1 = 8, d2 = 22;

C = 47 (23+ 0)

C = 64 (38.528+ 11.68934686)

C = 24

C = 13.78265314

d1 = 1, d2 = 29;

d1 = 9, d2 = 21;

C = 53.5 (19.262 + 4.74496)

C = 65.5 (45.542 + 12.11336529)

C = 29.49303612

C = 7.844634709

d1 = 2, d2 = 28;

d1 = 10, d2 = 20;

C = 55 (27.368 + 6.593680896)

C = 67 (35.6 + 12.46088562)

C = 21.0383191

C = 18.93911438

d1 = 3, d2 = 27;

d1 = 11, d2 = 19;

C = 56.5 (31.318 + 7.930059052)

C = 68.5 (41.102 + 12.73817042)

C = 17.25194095

C = 14.65982958

d1 = 4, d2 = 26;

d1 = 12, d2 = 18;

C = 58 (27.112 + 8.985672412)

C = 70 (41.648 + 12.94973221)

C = 21.90232759

C = 15.40226779

d1 = 5, d2 = 25;

d1 = 13, d2 = 17;

C = 59.5 (28.75 + 9.851195059)

C = 71.5 (45.238 + 13.09875589)

C = 20.89880494

C = 13.16324411

d1 = 6, d2 = 24;

d1 = 14, d2 = 16;

C = 61 (30.232 + 10.57341207)

C = 73 (45.472 + 13.18736179)

C = 20.19458793

C = 14.34063821

d1 = 7, d2 = 23;

d1 = 15, d2 = 15;

C = 62.5 (31.558 + 11.18012991)

C = 74.5 (51.55 + 13.21676509)

C = 19.76187009

C = 9.733234913

d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
C = 76 (53.427 + 13.18736179)

d1 = 17, d2 = 13;

C = 27.19458793

d1 = 18, d2 = 12;

C = 30.89880494

C = 79 (52.848 + 12.94973221)

C = 13.20226779

C = 91 (47.112 + 8.985672412)

d1 = 19, d2 = 11;

d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
C = 34.90232759

d1 = 27, d2 = 3;

C = 15.45982958

C = 92.5 (45.318 + 7.930059052)

d1 = 20, d2 = 10;

C = 39.25194095

d1 = 28, d2 = 2;

C = 15.93911438

C = 94 (43.368 + 6.593680896)

d1 = 21, d2 = 9;

C = 44.0383191

d1 = 29, d2 = 1;

C = 19.64463471

C = 95.5 (49.262 + 4.744963881)

d1 = 22, d2 = 8;

C = 41.49303612

C = 85 (62.728 + 11.68934686)

d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
C = 89.5 (48.75 + 9.851195059)

C = 83.5 (51.742 + 12.11336529)

C = 11.16324411

C = 82 (53.6 + 12.46088562)

d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
C = 88 (50.232 + 10.57341207)

C = 80.5 (52.302 + 12.73817042)

C = 9.340638208
C = 77.5 (53.238 + 13.09875589)

C = 23.76187009

d1 = 30, d2 = 0;

C = 10.58265314

C = 97 (47 + 0)

d1 = 23, d2 = 7;

C =50

C = 86.5 (51.558 + 11.18012991)

60% FRESNEL CLEARANCE COMPUTATION (CL)

CHAPTER 4

C = LOS (OH + 0.6*Fr)

C = Clearance 1st Fresnel
OH = Objection Height
Fr = 1st Larger Fresnel

d1 = 0, d2 = 30;

d1 = 8, d2 = 22;

C = 47 (23+ 0.6*0)

C = 64 (38.528+ 0.6*11.68934686)

C = 24

C = 18.45839188

d1 = 1, d2 = 29;

d1 = 9, d2 = 21;

C = 53.5 (19.262 + 0.6*4.74496)

C = 65.5 (45.542 + 0.6*12.11336529)

C = 31.39102167

C = 12.68998083

d1 = 2, d2 = 28;

d1 = 10, d2 = 20;

C = 55 (27.368 + 0.6*6.593680896)

C = 67 (35.6 + 0.6*12.46088562)

C = 23.67579146

C = 23.92346863

d1 = 3, d2 = 27;

d1 = 11, d2 = 19;

C = 56.5 (31.318 + 0.6*7.930059052)

C = 68.5 (41.102 + 0.6*12.73817042)

C = 20.42396457

C = 19.75509775

d1 = 4, d2 = 26;

d1 = 12, d2 = 18;

C = 58 (27.112 + 0.6*8.985672412)

C = 70 (41.648 + 0.6*12.94973221)

C = 25.49659655

C = 20.58216068

d1 = 5, d2 = 25;

d1 = 13, d2 = 17;

C = 59.5 (28.75 + 0.6*9.851195059)

C = 71.5 (45.238 + 0.6*13.09875589)

C = 24.83928296

C = 18.40274646

d1 = 6, d2 = 24;

d1 = 14, d2 = 16;

C = 61 (30.232 + 0.6*10.57341207)

C = 73 (45.472 + 0.6*13.18736179)

C = 24.42395276

C = 19.61558292

d1 = 7, d2 = 23;

d1 = 15, d2 = 15;

C = 62.5 (31.558 + 0.6*11.18012991)

C = 74.5 (51.55 + 0.6*13.21676509)

C = 24.23392205

C = 15.01994095

d1 = 16, d2 = 14;

C = 28.23392205

C = 76 (53.427 + 0.6*13.18736179)

C = 14.61558292

C = 88 (50.232 + 0.6*10.57341207)

C = 31.42395276

d1 = 17, d2 = 13;

d1 = 24, d2 = 6;

C = 77.5 (53.238 + 0.6*13.09875589)

C = 16.40274646

C = 89.5 (48.75 + 0.6*9.851195059)

C = 34.83928296

d1 = 18, d2 = 12;

d1 = 25, d2 = 5;

C = 79 (52.848 + 0.6*12.94973221)

C = 18.38216068

C = 91 (47.112 + 0.6*8.985672412)

C = 38.49659655

d1 = 19, d2 = 11;

d1 = 26, d2 = 4;

C = 80.5 (52.302 + 0.6*12.73817042)

C = 20.55509775

C = 92.5 (45.318 + 0.6*7.930059052)

C = 42.42396457

d1 = 20, d2 = 10;

d1 = 27, d2 = 3;

C = 82 (53.6 + 0.6*12.46088562)

C = 20.92346863

C = 94 (43.368 + 0.6*6.593680896)

C = 46.67579146

d1 = 21, d2 = 9;

d1 = 28, d2 = 2;

C = 83.5 (51.742 + 0.6*12.11336529)

C = 24.48998083

C = 95.5 (49.262 + 0.6*4.744963881)

C = 43.39102167

d1 = 22, d2 = 8;

d1 = 29, d2 = 1;

C = 85 (62.728 + 0.6*11.68934686)

C = 15.25839188

C = 97 (47 + 0.6*0)

C =50

d1 = 23, d2 = 7;

C = 86.5 (51.558 + 0.6*11.18012991)

d1 = 30, d2 = 0;

150% FRESNEL CLEARANCE COMPUTATION (CL)

CHAPTER 4

C = LOS (OH + 1.5*Fr)

C = Clearance 1st Fresnel
OH = Objection Height
Fr = 1st Larger Fresnel

d1 = 0, d2 = 30;

d1 = 8, d2 = 22;

C = 47 (23+ 1.5*0)

C = 64 (38.528+ 1.5*11.68934686)

C = 24

C = 7.937979705

d1 = 1, d2 = 29;

d1 = 9, d2 = 21;

C = 53.5 (19.262 + 1.5*4.74496)

C = 65.5 (45.542 + 1.5*12.11336529)

C = 27.12055418

C = 1.787952063

d1 = 2, d2 = 28;

d1 = 10, d2 = 20;

C = 55 (27.368 + 1.5*6.593680896)

C = 67 (35.6 + 1.5*12.46088562)

C = 17.74147866

C = 12.70867156

d1 = 3, d2 = 27;

d1 = 11, d2 = 19;

C = 56.5 (31.318 + 1.5*7.930059052)

C = 68.5 (41.102 + 1.5*12.73817042)

C = 13.28691142

C = 8.290744365

d1 = 4, d2 = 26;

d1 = 12, d2 = 18;

C = 58 (27.112 + 1.5*8.985672412)

C = 70 (41.648 + 1.5*12.94973221)

C = 17.40949138

C = 8.927401691

d1 = 5, d2 = 25;

d1 = 13, d2 = 17;

C = 59.5 (28.75 + 1.5*9.851195059)

C = 71.5 (45.238 + 1.5*13.09875589)

C = 15.97320741

C = 6.613866159

d1 = 6, d2 = 24;

d1 = 14, d2 = 16;

C = 61 (30.232 + 1.5*10.57341207)

C = 73 (45.472 + 1.5*13.18736179)

C = 14.9078819

C = 7.746957312

d1 = 7, d2 = 23;

d1 = 15, d2 = 15;

C = 62.5 (31.558 + 1.5*11.18012991)

C = 74.5 (51.55 + 1.5*13.21676509)

C = 14.17180514

C = 3.124852369

d1 = 16, d2 = 14;

d1 = 24, d2 = 6;

C = 76 (53.427 + 1.5*13.18736179)

C = 88 (50.232 + 1.5*10.57341207)

C = 2.746957312

C = 21.9078819

d1 = 17, d2 = 13;

d1 = 25, d2 = 5;

C = 77.5 (53.238 + 1.5*13.09875589)

C = 89.5 (48.75 + 1.5*9.851195059)

C = 4.613866159

C = 25.97320741

d1 = 18, d2 = 12;

d1 = 26, d2 = 4;

C = 79 (52.848 + 1.5*12.94973221)

C = 91 (47.112 + 1.5*8.985672412)

C = 6.727401691

C = 30.40949138

d1 = 19, d2 = 11;

d1 = 27, d2 = 3;

C = 80.5 (52.302 + 1.5*12.73817042)

C = 92.5 (45.318 + 1.5*7.930059052)

C = 9.090744365

C = 35.28691142

d1 = 20, d2 = 10;

d1 = 28, d2 = 2;

C = 82 (53.6 + 1.5*12.46088562)

C = 94 (43.368 + 1.5*6.593680896)

C = 9.708671563

C = 40.74147866

d1 = 21, d2 = 9;

d1 = 29, d2 = 1;

C = 83.5 (51.742 + 1.5*12.11336529)

C = 95.5 (49.262 + 1.5*4.744963881)

C = 13.58795206

C = 39.12055418ss

d1 = 22, d2 = 8;

d1 = 30, d2 = 0;

C = 85 (62.728 + 1.5*11.68934686)

C = 97 (47 + 1.5*0)

C = 4.737979705

C =50

d1 = 23, d2 = 7;

C = 86.5 (51.558 + 1.5*11.18012991)

C = 18.17180514

REFLECTION COMPUTATION AT SITE A

CHAPTER 4

HR = [((TH+EB OHR)*(PL DR))/DR] + OHR

WHERE:
HR = Reflection Height
TH = Tower Height
EB = Elevation at Site B
PL = Path Length
OHR = Obstruction Height at point R
DR = Distance to Reflection Point

d1 = 0, d2 = 30;

d1 = 5, d2 = 25;

HR = [((30+47 47)*(30 0))/0] + 47

HR = [((30+47 48.75)*(30 5))/5] +

HR = 47

48.75

d1 = 1, d2 = 29;

HR = 190

HR = [((30+47 49.262)*(30 1))/1] +

49.262

HR = [((30+47 50.232)*(30 6))/6] +

HR = 853.664

50.232

d1 = 2, d2 = 28;

d1 = 6, d2 = 24;

HR = 157.304

HR = [((30+47 43.368)*(30 3))/3] +

43.368

HR = [((30+47 51.558)*(30 7))/7] +

HR = 514.216

51.558

d1 = 3, d2 = 27;

d1 = 7, d2 = 23;

HR = 135.1531429

HR = [((30+47 45.318)*(30 4))/4] +

45.318

HR = [((30+47 62.728)*(30 8))/8] +

HR = 330.456

62.728

d1 = 4, d2 = 26;

d1 = 8, d2 = 22;

HR = 101.976

HR = [((30+47 47.112)*(30 4))/4] +

d1 = 9, d2 = 21;

47.112

HR = [((30+47 51.742)*(30 9))/9] +

HR = 241.384

51.742
HR = 110.6773333

d1 = 10, d2 = 20;

d1 = 18, d2 = 12;

HR = [((30+47 53.6)*(30 10))/10] +

HR = [((30+47 41.648)*(30 18))/18]

53.6

+ 41.648

HR = 100.4

HR = 65.216

d1 = 11, d2 = 19;

d1 = 19, d2 = 11;

HR = [((30+47 52.302)*(30 11))/11]

HR = [((30+47 41.102)*(30 19))/19]

+ 52.302

+ 41.102

HR = 94.96218182

HR = 61.88505263

d1 = 12, d2 = 18;

d1 = 20, d2 = 10;

HR = [((30+47 52.848)*(30 12))/12]

HR = [((30+47 35.6)*(30 20))/20] +

+ 52.848

35.6

HR = 89.076

HR = 56.3

d1 = 13, d2 = 17;

d1 = 21, d2 = 9;

HR = [((30+47 53.238)*(30 13))/13]

HR = [((30+47 45.542)*(30 21))/21]

+ 53.238

+ 45.542

HR = 84.31138462

HR = 59.024

d1 = 14, d2 = 16;

d1 = 22, d2 = 8;

HR = [((30+47 53.472)*(30 14))/14]

HR = [((30+47 38.528)*(30 22))/22]

+ 53.472

+ 38.528

HR = 80.36114286

HR = 52.51781818

d1 = 15, d2 = 15;

d1 = 23, d2 = 7;

HR = [((30+47 51.55)*(30 15))/15] +

HR = [((30+47 31.558)*(30 23))/23]

51.55

+ 31.558

HR = 77

HR = 45.38817391

d1 = 16, d2 = 14;

d1 = 24, d2 = 6;

HR = [((30+47 45.472)*(30 16))/16]

HR = [((30+47 30.232)*(30 24))/24]

+ 45.472

+ 30.232

HR = 73.059

HR = 41.924

d1 = 17, d2 = 13;

d1 = 25, d2 = 5;

HR = [((30+47 45.238)*(30 17))/17]

HR = [((30+47 28.75)*(30 25))/25] +

+ 45.238

28.75

HR = 69.52658824

HR = 38.4

d1 = 26, d2 = 4;

HR = [((30+47 27.112)*(30 26))/26] + 27.112

HR = 34.78707692

d1 = 27, d2 = 3;

HR = [((30+47 31.318)*(30 27))/27] + 31.318

HR = 36.39377778

d1 = 28, d2 = 2;

HR = [((30+47 27.368)*(30 28))/28] + 27.368

HR = 30.91314286

d1 = 29, d2 = 1;

HR = [((30+47 19.262)*(30 29))/29] + 19.262

HR = 21.25296552

d1 = 30, d2 = 0;

HR = [((30+47 23)*(30 30))/30] + 23

HR = 23

CHAPTER 5

GRAPHS AND TABLES

CHAPTER 5

Ground Elevation vs. Path Distance

Distance
from SITE
A

Distance
from SITE
B

Path
Elevation

Earth
Curvature

Terrain
Type

Obstruction
along path

Ground
Elevation

30

17

Rice Field

17

29

17

2.262

Rice Field

28

17

4.368

Rice Field

21.368

27

19

6.318

Cultivated
Land

25.318

26

19

8.112

Rice Field

27.112

25

19

9.75

Rice Field

28.75

24

19

11.232

Rice Field

30.232

23

19

12.558

Rice Field

31.558

22

24.8

13.728

Rice Field

38.528

21

24.8

14.742

Cultivated
Land

10

20

20

15.6

Rice Field

35.6

11

19

24.8

16.302

Rice Field

41.102

12

18

24.8

16.848

Rice Field

41.648

13

17

28

17.238

Rice Field

45.238

14

16

28

17.472

Swamp

45.472

15

15

28

17.55

Cultivated
Land

16

14

36

17.472

Rice Field

53.472

17

13

36

17.238

Rice Field

53.238

18

12

36

16.848

Rice Field

52.848

19

11

36

16.302

Rice Field

52.302

20

10

38

15.6

Rice Field

53.6

19.262

20

39.542

45.55

21

37

14.742

Cultivated
Land

22

39

13.728

Woodland

23

39

12.558

Rice Field

51.558

24

39

11.232

Rice Field

50.232

25

39

9.75

Rice Field

48.75

26

39

8.112

Rice Field

47.112

27

39

6.318

Rice Field

45.318

28

39

4.368

Rice Field

43.368

29

47

2.262

Rice Field

49.262

30

47

Rice Field

47

51.742
10

52.728

Line of Sight vs. Path Distance

SITE
A

SITE
B

Path
Elevation

Earth
Curvature

Ground
Elevation

Terrain
Type

Tower
Height

Obstruction
along path

Obstruction
Height

Line
of
sight
(LOS)

30

17

17

Rice Field

20

23

47

29

17

2.262

19.262

Rice Field

19.262

53.5

28

17

4.368

21.368

Rice Field

27.368

55

27

19

6.318

25.318

Cultivated
Land

31.318

56.5

26

19

8.112

27.112

Rice Field

27.112

58

25

19

9.75

28.75

Rice Field

28.75

59.5

24

19

11.232

30.232

Rice Field

30.232

61

23

19

12.558

31.558

Rice Field

31.558

62.5

22

24.8

13.728

38.528

Rice Field

38.528

64

21

24.8

14.742

39.542

Cultivated
Land

45.542

65.5

10

20

20

15.6

35.6

Rice Field

35.6

67

11

19

24.8

16.302

41.102

Rice Field

41.102

68.5

12

18

24.8

16.848

41.648

Rice Field

41.648

70

13

17

28

17.238

45.238

Rice Field

45.238

71.5

14

16

28

17.472

45.472

Swamp

45.472

73

15

15

28

17.55

45.55

Cultivated
Land

51.55

74.5

16

14

36

17.472

53.472

Rice Field

53.472

76

17

13

36

17.238

53.238

Rice Field

53.238

77.5

18

12

36

16.848

52.848

Rice Field

52.848

79

19

11

36

16.302

52.302

Rice Field

52.302

80.5

20

10

38

15.6

53.6

Rice Field

53.6

82

21

37

14.742

51.742

Cultivated
Land

51.742

83.5

22

39

13.728

52.728

Woodland

62.728

85

23

39

12.558

51.558

Rice Field

51.558

86.5

24

39

11.232

50.232

Rice Field

50.232

88

25

39

9.75

48.75

Rice Field

48.75

89.5

26

39

8.112

47.112

Rice Field

47.112

91

27

39

6.318

45.318

Rice Field

45.318

92.5

28

39

4.368

43.368

Rice Field

43.368

94

29

47

2.262

49.262

Rice Field

49.262

95.5

30

47

47

Rice Field

47

97

10

30

Table of Reflection
SITE
A

SITE
B

Path
Elevation

Earth
Curvature

Ground
Elevation

Terrain
Type

Tower
Height

Obstruction
along path

Obstruction
Height

Reflection
at Site A

30

17

17

Rice Field

20

23

47

29

17

2.262

19.262

Rice Field

19.262

853.664

28

17

4.368

21.368

Rice Field

27.368

514.216

27

19

6.318

25.318

Cultivate
d Land

31.318

330.456

26

19

8.112

27.112

Rice Field

27.112

241.384

25

19

9.75

28.75

Rice Field

28.75

190

24

19

11.232

30.232

Rice Field

30.232

157.304

31.558

135.15314
29

23

19

12.558

31.558

Rice Field

22

24.8

13.728

38.528

Rice Field

38.528

101.976

21

24.8

14.742

39.542

Cultivate
d Land

45.542

110.67733
33

10

20

20

15.6

35.6

Rice Field

35.6

100.4

11

19

24.8

16.302

41.102

Rice Field

41.102

94.962181
82

12

18

24.8

16.848

41.648

Rice Field

41.648

89.076

13

17

28

17.238

45.238

Rice Field

45.238

14

16

28

17.472

45.472

Swamp

45.472

15

15

28

17.55

45.55

Cultivate
d Land

16

14

36

17.472

53.472

Rice Field

51.55

84.311384
62
80.361142
86
77

53.472

73.059

17

13

36

17.238

53.238

Rice Field

53.238

69.526588
24

18

12

36

16.848

52.848

Rice Field

52.848

65.216

19

11

36

16.302

52.302

Rice Field

52.302

61.885052
63

20

10

38

15.6

53.6

Rice Field

53.6

56.3

21

37

14.742

51.742

Cultivate
d Land

51.742

59.024

22

39

13.728

52.728

Woodlan
d

23

39

12.558

51.558

Rice Field

51.558

24

39

11.232

50.232

Rice Field

50.232

25

39

9.75

48.75

Rice Field

48.75

10

62.728

26

39

8.112

47.112

Rice Field

47.112

27

39

6.318

45.318

Rice Field

45.318

28

39

4.368

43.368

Rice Field

43.368

29

47

2.262

49.262

Rice Field

49.262

30

47

47

Rice Field

30

47

52.517818
18
45.388173
91
41.924
38.4
34.787076
92
36.393777
78
30.913142
86
21.252965
52
23

Tabulation of Data

SITE
A

SITE
B

Path
Elevation

Earth
Curvature

Ground
Elevation

Terrain
Type

Tower
Height

Obstruction
along path

20

3
0

17

17

Rice
Field

2
9

17

2.262

19.262

Rice
Field

2
8

17

4.368

21.368

Rice
Field

2
7

19

6.318

25.318

Cultiva
ted
Land

2
6

19

8.112

27.112

2
5

19

9.75

2
4

19

2
3

Obstructio
n Height

Line of
sight
(LOS)

Larger 1st
Fresnel

1st Fresnel
Clearance

60% Fresnel
Clearance

150% Fresnel
Clearance

23

47

Fr

24

24

24

19.262

53.5

29.49303
612

31.39102
167

27.12055
418

27.368

55

4.7449
63881

21.03831
91

23.67579
146

17.74147
866

31.318

56.5

6.5936
80896

17.25194
095

20.42396
457

13.28691
142

Rice
Field

27.112

58

7.9300
59052

21.90232
759

25.49659
655

17.40949
138

28.75

Rice
Field

28.75

59.5

8.9856
72412

20.89880
494

24.83928
296

15.97320
741

11.23
2

30.232

Rice
Field

30.232

61

9.8511
95059

20.19458
793

24.42395
276

14.90788
19

19

12.55
8

31.558

Rice
Field

31.558

62.5

10.573
41207

19.76187
009

24.23392
205

14.17180
514

2
2

24.8

13.72
8

38.528

Rice
Field

38.528

64

11.180
12991

13.78265
314

18.45839
188

7.937979
705

2
1

24.8

14.74
2

39.542

Cultiva
ted
Land

45.542

65.5

11.689
34686

7.844634
709

12.68998
083

1.787952
063

10

2
0

20

15.6

35.6

Rice
Field

35.6

67

12.113
36529

18.93911
438

23.92346
863

12.70867
156

11

1
9

24.8

16.30
2

41.102

Rice
Field

41.102

68.5

12.460
88562

14.65982
958

19.75509
775

8.290744
365

12

1
8

24.8

16.84
8

41.648

Rice
Field

41.648

70

12.738
17042

15.40226
779

20.58216
068

8.927401
691

45.238

71.5

45.472

73

12.949
73221
13.098
75589

13.16324
411
14.34063
821

18.40274
646
19.61558
292

6.613866
159
7.746957
312

51.55

74.5

13.187
36179

9.733234
913

15.01994
095

3.124852
369

53.472

76

53.238

77.5

13.216
76509
13.187
36179

9.340638
208
11.16324
411

14.61558
292
16.40274
646

2.746957
312
4.613866
159

13
14
15
16
17

1
7
1
6
1
5
1
4
1
3

28
28
28
36
36

17.23
8
17.47
2
17.55
17.47
2
17.23
8

45.238
45.472
45.55
53.472
53.238

Rice
Field
Swam
p
Cultiva
ted
Land
Rice
Field
Rice
Field

18
19
20

1
2
1
1
1
0

36
36

16.84
8
16.30
2

52.848
52.302

38

15.6

53.6

14.74
2

51.742

21

37

22

39

23

39

24

39

25

39

9.75

48.75

26

39

8.112

47.112

27

39

6.318

45.318

28

39

4.368

43.368

29

47

2.262

49.262

30

47

47

13.72
8
12.55
8
11.23
2

52.728
51.558
50.232

Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Cultiva
ted
Land
Woodl
and
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field

10

30

52.848

79

52.302

80.5

53.6

82

51.742

83.5

62.728

85

51.558

86.5

50.232

88

48.75

89.5

47.112

91

45.318

92.5

43.368

94

49.262

95.5

47

97

13.098
75589
12.949
73221
12.738
17042

13.20226
779
15.45982
958
15.93911
438

18.38216
068
20.55509
775
20.92346
863

6.727401
691
9.090744
365
9.708671
563

12.460
88562

19.64463
471

24.48998
083

13.58795
206

12.113
36529
11.689
34686
11.180
12991
10.573
41207
9.8511
95059
8.9856
72412
7.9300
59052
6.5936
80896
4.7449
63881

10.58265
314
23.76187
009
27.19458
793
30.89880
494
34.90232
759
39.25194
095
44.03831
91
41.49303
612

15.25839
188
28.23392
205
31.42395
276
34.83928
296
38.49659
655
42.42396
457
46.67579
146
43.39102
167

4.737979
705
18.17180
514
21.90788
19
25.97320
741
30.40949
138
35.28691
142
40.74147
866
39.12055
418

50

50

50