Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish: Steve Jobs' famous

speech (Steve Job - the founder of Apple Computer, co-designer of Macintosh )

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the
world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college
graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another
18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and
she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college
graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that
when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who
were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy;
do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had
never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to
sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I
would someday go to college.

And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as
Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six
months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how
college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had
saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty

scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped
out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones
that looked interesting.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned
coke bottles for the 5 deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every
Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I
stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give
you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout
the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had
dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn
how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between
different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical,
artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were
designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It
was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in
college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since
Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never
dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not
have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking
forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So
you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the
difference in my life.
My second story is about love and loss.
I was lucky - I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents' garage
when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage
into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the
Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a
company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run
the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future
began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with
him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was
gone, and it was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of
entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David
Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure,
and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me - I
still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but
I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.

I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have
ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a
beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my
life.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell
in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world's first
computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the
world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we
developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful
family
together.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting
medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose
faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to
find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a
large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work.
And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking.
Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great
relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't
settle.
My third story is about death.
When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last,
someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33
years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my
life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too
many days in a row, I know I need to change something.
Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make
the big choices in life. Because almost everything - all external expectations, all pride, all fear of
embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly
important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking
you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly
showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was
almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three
to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for
prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to
tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy
as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.
I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope
down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a
few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed

the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of
pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades.
Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a
useful but purely intellectual concept:
No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet
death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because
Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to
make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will
gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma - which is
living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your
own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They
somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one
of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in
Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal
computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras.
It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and
overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its
course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their
final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself
hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It
was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished
that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

How Steve Jobs spent his last days

Charles Duhigg, NYT News Service | Oct 8, 2011, 12.06AM IST
Over the last few months, a steady stream of visitors to Palo Alto, California, called an old friend's
home number and asked if he was well enough to entertain visitors, perhaps for the last time.
In February, Steven Jobs had learned that, after years of fighting cancer, his time was becoming
shorter. He quietly told a few acquaintances, and they, in turn, whispered to others. And so a
pilgrimage began.
The calls trickled in at first. Just a few, then dozens, and in recent weeks, a nearly endless stream of

people who wanted a few moments to say goodbye, according to people close to Jobs. Most were
intercepted by his wife, Laurene. She would apologetically explain he was too tired to receive many
visitors. In his final weeks, he became so weak that it was hard for him to walk up the stairs of his own
home anymore, she confided to one caller.
Some asked if they might try again tomorrow. Sorry, she replied. The man who valued his privacy
almost as much as his ability to leave his mark on the world had decided whom he most needed to see
before he left.
Jobs spent his final weeks - as he had spent most of his life - in tight control of his choices. He invited a
close friend, the physician Dean Ornish, to join him for sushi at one of his favorite restaurants in Palo
Alto. He said goodbye to longtime colleagues, including the venture capitalist John Doerr, the Apple
board member Bill Campbell and the Disney chief executive Robert A Iger. He offered Apple's
executives advice on unveiling the iPhone 4S, which occurred on Tuesday. He spoke to his biographer,
Walter Isaacson. He started a new drug regime, and told some friends that there was reason for hope.
On the days that he was well enough to go to Apple's offices, all he wanted afterward was to return
home and have dinner with his family. Mostly, he spent time with his wife and four children - who will
now oversee a fortune of at least $6.5 billion, and, take on responsibility for tending to the legacy of
someone who was as much a symbol as a man.
"Steve made choices," Ornish said. "I once asked him if he was glad that he had kids, and he said, 'It's
10,000 times better than anything I've ever done.'"
"But for Steve, it was all about living life on his own terms and not wasting a moment with things he
didn't think were important. He was aware that his time on earth was limited. He wanted control of
what he did with the choices that were left."
In his final months, Jobs's home - a large and comfortable but relatively modest brick house in a
residential neighborhood - was surrounded by security guards. His driveway's gate was flanked by two
black SUVs.
On Thursday, as online eulogies multiplied and the walls of Apple stores in Taiwan, New York,
Shanghai and Frankfurt were papered with hand-drawn cards, the SUVs were removed and the
sidewalk at his home became a garland of bouquets, candles and a pile of apples, each with one bite
carefully removed.
"Everyone always wanted a piece of Steve," said one acquaintance who, in Jobs's final weeks, was
rebuffed when he sought an opportunity to say goodbye. "He created all these layers to protect himself
from the fan boys and other peoples' expectations and the distractions that have destroyed so many
other companies. But once you're gone, you belong to the world."
Jobs's biographer, whose book will be published in two weeks, asked him why so private a man had
consented to the questions of someone writing a book. "I wanted my kids to know me," Jobs replied,
Isaacson wrote on Thursday in an essay on a website. "I wasn't always there for them, and I wanted
them to know why and to understand what I did."
Because of that privacy, little is known yet of what Jobs's heirs will do with his wealth. Unlike many
prominent business people, he has never disclosed plans to give large amounts to charity. His shares in

Disney, which Jobs acquired when the entertainment company purchased his animated film company,
Pixar, are worth about $4.4 billion. That is double the $2.1 billion value of his shares in Apple.
Many people expect that attention will now focus on his wife, Laurene Powell Jobs, who has largely
avoided the spotlight, but is expected to oversee Jobs's fortune. A graduate of the University of
Pennsylvania and the Stanford Graduate School of Business, Powell Jobs worked in investment
banking before founding a natural foods company. She then founded College Track, a program that
pairs disadvantaged students with mentors who help them earn college degrees.
Jobs himself never got a college degree. Despite leaving Reed College after six months, he was asked
to give the 2005 commencement speech at Stanford. In that address, delivered after Jobs was told he
had cancer but before it was clear that it would ultimately claim his life, he said the benefit of death is
you know not to waste life living someone else's choices. "Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown
out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition."
In his final months, Jobs became even more dedicated to such sentiments. "Steve's concerns these last
few weeks were for people who depended on him: the people who worked for him at Apple and his
four children and his wife," said Mona Simpson, Jobs's sister. "His tone was tenderly apologetic at the
end. He felt terrible that he would have to leave us."
As news of the seriousness of his illness became more widely known, Jobs was asked to attend farewell
dinners and to accept various awards. He turned down the offers. When one acquaintance became too
insistent on trying to send a gift to thank Jobs for his friendship, he was asked to stop calling. Mr. Jobs
had other things to do before time ran out.
"He was very human," said his physician Ornish. "He was so much more of a real person than most
people know. That's what made him so great."

Steve Jobs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Steve Jobs

Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide

Developers Conference 2010

Born

Steven Paul Jobs

February 24, 1955[1]
San Francisco, California,
U.S.[1]

Died

October 5, 2011 (aged 56)

Palo Alto, California, U.S.

Alma mater

Reed College (one semester in

1972)

Occupation

Co-founder and CEO, Apple

Inc.

Years active

19742011
$8.3 billion (2011)[2]

Net worth

The Walt Disney Company,[3]

Board member of
Apple, Inc.
Religion

Buddhism[4]

Spouse

Laurene Powell Jobs

(19912011, his death)

Children

Relatives

Mona Simpson (sister)

Signature

Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (February 24, 1955 October 5, 2011)[5] was an American computer
entrepreneur and innovator. He was co-founder,[6] chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc.[7]
Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the
board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney.
In the late 1970s, Jobsalong with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula[6] and others
designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal
computers, the Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial
potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the
Macintosh.[8][9] After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from
Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the highereducation and business markets. Apple's subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the
company he co-founded, and he served as its interim CEO from 1997, then becoming permanent CEO
from 2000 onwards.[10] After resigning as CEO in August 2011, Jobs was elected chairman of Apple's
board of directors and held that title until his death.
In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd, which was spun off as Pixar
Animation Studios.[11] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer.[12] He remained
CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in
2006.[13] Consequently Jobs became Disney's largest individual shareholder at 7 percent and a member
of Disney's Board of Directors.[14][15]
On October 5, 2011, Jobs died in California at age 56 of pancreatic cancer, seven years after being
diagnosed.[16]
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, he was widely described as a visionary,[17]
pioneer[18] and genius[17][19][20]perhaps one of the foremost[21][22]in the field of business,[22][21][23]
innovation,[24] and product design,[25] and a man who had "profoundly"[26] changed the face of the
modern world,[24][19][18] revolutionized at least six different industries,[17][24] and an "exemplar for all
chief executives".[17][22][23] His death was widely mourned[27][28] and considered a loss to the world by
commentators across the globe.[20]

Contents
[hide]

1 Early years
2 Career
o 2.1 Founding of Apple Computer
o 2.2 NeXT Computer
o 2.3 Pixar and Disney
o 2.4 Return to Apple
o 2.5 Resignation
3 Business life
o 3.1 Wealth
o 3.2 Stock options backdating issue
o 3.3 Management style
o 3.4 Inventions
o 3.5 Philanthropy
4 Personal life
o 4.1 Health
4.1.1 2008 development
4.1.2 2011 medical leave and resignation
o 4.2 Death
5 Honors
6 In the media
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
o 9.1 Articles
o 9.2 Interviews

[edit] Early years

Jobs was born in San Francisco[1] and was adopted by the family of Paul Jobs and Clara Jobs (ne
Hagopian) of Mountain View, California.[29] Paul and Clara later adopted a daughter, Patti. Jobs'
biological parentsAbdulfattah John Jandali, a Syrian Muslim immigrant to the U.S.,[30][31] who later
became a political science professor at the University of Nevada and is presently a vice president of
Boomtown Hotel Casino in Reno, Nevada,[32] and Joanne Schieble (later Simpson), an American
graduate student[33] of Swiss and German ancestry[34] who went on to become a speech language
pathologist[35]eventually[when?] married. The marriage produced Jobs' biological sister, novelist Mona
Simpson; the two of them first met in 1986 as adults and enjoyed a close relationship since, with Jobs
regularly visiting Simpson in Manhattan. From Simpson, Jobs learned more about their birth parents
and he invited his biological mother Joanne to some events.[36][37] Jandali claims that he didn't want to
put Jobs up for adoption but that Simpson's parents did not approve of her marrying a Syrian. Jandali's
few attempts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful;[38] Jobs did not contact his biological father either.[39]
Jandali gave an interview to The Sun in August 2011 when Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple; Jandali also
mailed in his medical history after Jobs' pancreatic disorder was made public that year.[40][41]

Steve Jobs at the WWDC 07

Jobs attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California. He
frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was
later hired there, working with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee.[42] Following high school
graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after
only one semester,[43] he continued auditing classes at Reed, while sleeping on the floor in friends'
rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna
temple.[44] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the
Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[44]
In the fall of 1974, Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of the Homebrew
Computer Club with Wozniak. He took a job as a technician at Atari, a manufacturer of popular video
games, with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to India.
Jobs then traveled to India to visit the Neem Karoli Baba[45] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College
friend (and, later, the first Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. He
came back a Buddhist with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing.[46][47] During this
time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most
important things [he had] done in [his] life".[48] He later said that people around him who did not share
his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[48]
Jobs returned to his previous job at Atari and was given the task of creating a circuit board for the game
Breakout. According to Atari founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari had offered $100 for each chip that was
eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little interest in or knowledge of circuit board design and made a
deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of
chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight
that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. According to Wozniak, Jobs told Wozniak that
Atari had given them only $700 (instead of the actual $5,000) and that Wozniak's share was thus
$350.[49]

[edit] Career

[edit] Founding of Apple Computer

See also: History of Apple

Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: All Things Digital conference (D5) in 2007
In 1976, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne,[50] with later funding from a then-semi-retired
Intel product-marketing manager and engineer A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr.,[6] founded Apple. Prior to
co-founding Apple, Wozniak was an electronics hacker. Jobs and Wozniak had been friends for several
years, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak
to 16-year-old Jobs. Steve Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer and selling it.
As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help
manage its expansion.
In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out
to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Steve Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as
Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come
with me and change the world?"[51] The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television
commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional
Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as
"pandemonium".[52] The Macintosh became the first commercially successful small computer with a
graphical user interface. The development of the Mac was started by Jef Raskin, and eventually taken
over by Jobs.
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time
had described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. An industry-wide sales slump towards the
end of 1984 caused a deterioration in Jobs' working relationship with Sculley, and at the end of May
1985following an internal power struggle and an announcement of significant layoffs because of
disappointing sales at the timeSculley relieved Jobs of his duties as head of the Macintosh
division.[53][54] Jobs later claimed that being fired from Apple was the best thing that could have
happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner
again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life."[55]

[edit] NeXT Computer

See also: NeXT

The NeXT used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN that became the first server in the World Wide Web.
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985 with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was
running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually,
he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.[56] NeXT
workstations were first released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation
was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the educational sector
for which it was designed.[57] The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief
among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the
financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new
technologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port.
The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990 also. Jobs touted it as the first
"interpersonal" computer which would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail
multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the
first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionise human communications and groupwork",
Jobs told reporters.[58] Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the
development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[59] This put considerable strain on
NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned
fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[60] The company reported its first
profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[56] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for
web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used
to build and run the Apple Store,[60] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.

[edit] Pixar and Disney

In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics
division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[61]
The new company, which was originally based at Lucasfilm's Kerner Studios in San Rafael, California,
but has since relocated to Emeryville, California, was initially intended to be a high-end graphics
hardware developer. After years of unprofitability selling the Pixar Image Computer, it contracted with
Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films, which Disney would co-finance and
distribute.
The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio
when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the

company would produce the box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc.
(2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E
(2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up
and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in
2001.

Steve Jobs on computer graphics. Interview excerpt from 1995.[62]

In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief
executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[63] and in early 2004 Jobs
announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films once its contract with Disney
expired.
In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations
with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase
Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt
Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately 7% of the company's stock.[14] Jobs'
holdings in Disney far exceed those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and of Disney family member Roy E.
Disney, who until his 2009 death held about 1% of the company's stock and whose criticisms of
Eisnerespecially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixaraccelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs
joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger. Jobs also helped oversee
Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses with a seat on a special six person steering
committee.

[edit] Return to Apple

Jobs on stage at Macworld Conference & Expo, San Francisco, January 11, 2005
See also: "19982005: Return to profitability" in Apple Computer, Inc.
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late
1996,[64] bringing Jobs back to the company he had co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after thenCEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July. He was formally named interim chief executive in September
1997.[65] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a
number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees
developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a
job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs' summary executions were rare, but a handful of
victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[66] Jobs also changed the licensing program for
Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products,
most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs' guidance the company increased
sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing
designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs
officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[67] Jobs
quipped at the time that he would be using the title 'iCEO.'[68]
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances.
With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes
Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007,
Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display
cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser,
revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his
employees that "real artists ship",[citation needed] by which he meant that delivering working products on
time is as important as innovation and attractive design.

Jobs speaking with journalist Walt Mossberg at the All Things Digital conference in 2007.
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which
has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches
(colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers
Conferences.

In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the U.S. by
lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April.
However, a few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The
Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University
graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[44] The banner read "SteveDon't be a
mini-player recycle all e-waste". In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any U.S.
customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly
disposal" of their old systems.[69]

[edit] Resignation
Wikinews has related news: Apple executive Steve Jobs resigns

In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained at the company as chairman of the
company's board.[70][71] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped 5% in afterhour trading.[72] The relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was
associated with the fact that Jobs' health had been in the news for several years, and he was on medical
leave since January 2011.[73] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a
negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[74]
In after-hour trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5%.[75]

[edit] Business life

[edit] Wealth
Even though Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[76] he held 5.426 million Apple shares, as
well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he had received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of
Pixar).[77] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one
meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance. [78] Forbes estimated his
net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.[79]

[edit] Stock options backdating issue

In 2001, Steve Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an
exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been backdated, and that the exercise price
should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of
$20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a
result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case is the subject of
active criminal and civil government investigations,[80] though an independent internal Apple
investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that
the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[81] On July 1, 2008, a
$7 billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for
revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[82][83]

[edit] Management style

Jobs demonstrating the iPhone 4 to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on June 23, 2010
Steve Jobs was a demanding perfectionist[84][85][86] who always aspired to position his businesses and
their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends,
at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the
Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007 by quoting ice hockey legend Wayne Gretzky:
There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it
has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always
will.[87]
Much was made of Jobs' aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered
one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[88] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found
in Mike Moritz's The Little Kingdom, one of the few authorized biographies of Jobs; The Second
Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L.
Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of
NeXT. Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were
unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs' office replied that his personality had
changed since then.[89]
In 2005, Steve Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response
to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[90] In its 2010 annual earnings report,
Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[91]
Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France,"
alluding to Jobs' compelling and larger-than-life persona.[92]
Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the
creative process of the filmmakers.[93]

[edit] Inventions
Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 338 US patents or patent applications related
to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including
touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and
packages.[94][95]

[edit] Philanthropy
Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine opined that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association
with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates' efforts.[96] After resuming control of Apple in 1997,
Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs.[97]

[edit] Personal life

Jobs married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991. Presiding over the wedding was the Zen Buddhist
monk Kobun Chino Otogawa.[98] The couple have a son and two daughters.[99] Jobs also has a daughter,
Lisa Brennan-Jobs (born 1978), from his relationship with Bay Area painter Chrisann Brennan.[100] She
briefly raised their daughter on welfare when Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later
acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[100]
In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that
Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at
Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure
because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). The
biography also notes that Jobs went out with actress Diane Keaton briefly.[citation needed] In another
unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors
suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the
couple could have children.
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was
interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60
Minutes, he replied:
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies
in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in
business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[101]
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a
politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess
Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs
spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it
almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs had never moved in.[102][103]
In 1984, Jobs purchased a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion,
designed by George Washington Smith, in Woodside, California (also known as Jackling House).
Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost
ten years. According to reports, he kept an old BMW motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill
Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood
of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996,
at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[104][105] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a
Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[106]
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a
smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In

June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition
that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore
it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property,
but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began
seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007 Jobs was denied the right to demolish the
property, by a court decision.[107] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010 and the
mansion was demolished beginning February 2011.[108]
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by St. Croix, Levi's 501 blue jeans, and
New Balance 991 sneakers.[109] He was a pescetarian, one whose diet includes fish but no other
meat.[110][111]
His car was a silver 2008 Mercedes SL 55 AMG, which does not display its license plates.[112][113]
Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting[when?] when Jobs first
criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[114] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner
Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-troubled Apple
Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."[115] In 2006, Steve
Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email
read:
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock
market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different
tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[116]

[edit] Health

Jobs at the 2008 Macworld Conference & Expo

In mid-2004, Jobs announced to his employees that he had been diagnosed with a cancerous tumor in
his pancreas.[117] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor; Jobs, however, stated that he
had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[117] Jobs resisted his
doctors' recommendations for evidence-based medical intervention for nine months,[118] instead
consuming a special alternative medicine diet to thwart the disease, before eventually undergoing a
pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004 that appeared to successfully remove
the tumor.[119][120] Jobs apparently did not require nor receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[117][121]
During Jobs' absence, Timothy D. Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the
company.[117]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers
Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[122][123] together with
his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media
and Internet speculation about his health.[124] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report,
WWDC attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".[125] Following the keynote, an Apple
spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[126]
[edit] 2008 development
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs' 2008 WWDC keynote address.[127] Apple officials
stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[128] while others surmised his
cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.[129] During a July conference call discussing
Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Steve Jobs' health by insisting that
it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know
more, given Jobs' hands-on approach to running his company.[130] The New York Times published an
article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "while his health issues
have amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug,' they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't
have a recurrence of cancer."[131]
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate
news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily
stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's untimely
death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[132][133]
intensifying rumors concerning Jobs' health.[134] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock
keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."[135] At a subsequent
media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood
pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[136]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the
company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions
about Jobs' health.[137][138] In a statement given on January 5, 2009 on Apple.com,[139] Jobs said that he
had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[140] On January 14, 2009, in an
internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related
issues are more complex than I originally thought" and announced a six-month leave of absence until
the end of June 2009 to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who had previously acted as
CEO in Jobs' 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[141] with Jobs still involved with "major
strategic decisions."[141]

In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute
in Memphis, Tennessee.[142] Jobs' prognosis was "excellent".[142]
[edit] 2011 medical leave and resignation
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced
that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees,
stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave,
Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be
involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[143][144] Despite the leave, he made appearances at
the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the
Cupertino city council (June 7).[145]
Jobs announced his resignation from his role as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. In his resignation
letter, Jobs wrote that he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO".[146]

[edit] Death
Jobs died at his home on October 5, 2011. His death was announced by Apple in a statement which
read:
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today. Steve's brilliance, passion and
energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is
immeasurably better because of Steve. His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our
hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts."[147]
Jobs' family released a statement saying that he had "died peacefully".[148][149]
Also on October 5, 2011, Apple's corporate website greeted visitors with a simple page showing Jobs'
name and lifespan next to his greyscale portrait. Clicking on Jobs' image led to an obituary that read
"Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those
of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an
inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will
forever be the foundation of Apple." An email address was also posted for the public to share their
memories, condolences, and thoughts.[150] [151]
Jobs is survived by his wife, Laurene, to whom he was married for 20 years; their three children, Reed
(born 1991), Erin (born 1995), and Eve (born 1998); and by Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a
previous relationship.[152]
Statements reacting to Jobs' death were released by several notable people, including U.S. President
Barack Obama[153], Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[154] and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger. Wired
News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.[155] Other statements of
condolences were issued by the likes of Steven Spielberg, Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Wozniak, Alan
Sugar and George Lucas.[156][157][158][159]

[edit] Honors
Partly due to his youth and charisma,[verification needed] after Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of
his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the
magazine published a long profile of Steve as "the most famous maestro of the micro".[160][161]
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1984 with Steve
Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[162] and a Jefferson Award for Public
Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as
the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[163] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful
person in business by Fortune Magazine.[164] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold
Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located
at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[165]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by
Junior Achievement.[166] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune
Magazine.[23] In September 2011, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful
People.[167] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending
its essay by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran
Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a
wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and
sold as a consumer product.' How wrong can you be".[168]
After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of
his time.[169][170]

[edit] In the media

Jobs was prominently featured in four productions about the history of the personal computing
industry:

Triumph of the Nerdsa 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home
computer/personal computer.
Nerds 2.0.1a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds)
which chronicles the development of the Internet.
Pirates of Silicon Valleya 1999 docudrama which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft.
He was portrayed by Noah Wyle.
The Machine that Changed the World (1992)Part 3 of this 5-part documentary, called The
Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.