Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
OF
THE
OF AMERICA
STATES
UNITED
DURING
THE
SECOND
THOMAS
ADMINISTRATION
OF
JEFFERSON
BY
ADAMS
HENRY
VOL.
NEW
CHARLES
I.
YORK
SCRIBNER'S
1890
SONS
1890
Copyright,
BY
CHARLES
SCRIBNER'S
SONS.
-I
#32.
JOHN
WILSON
AND
SON, CAMBRIDGE.
VOL.
OF
CONTENTS
I.
PAGE
CHAPTER
I.
INTERNAL
IMPROVEMENT
II.
MONROE'S
DIPLOMACY
CABINET
VACILLATIONS
III.
22
54
.
IV.
FRANCE
BETWEEN
AND
80
ENGLAND
....
THE
FLORIDA
VI.
THE
TWO-MILLION
VII.
JOHN
103
MESSAGE
V.
126
ACT
147
SCHISM
RANDOLPH'S
VIII.
IX.
MADISON'S
BURR'S
XI.
BURR'S
172
ENEMIES
DOMESTIC
X.
....
197
AFFAIRS
219
SCHEMES
245
PREPARATIONS
........
XII.
ESCAPE
XIII.
CLAIBORNE
XIV.
COLLAPSE
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
295
THE
CONSPIRACY
1806-1807
OF
BERLIN
MONROE'S
268
MASSAC
WILKINSON
AND
OF
SESSION
THE
FORT
PAST
344
DECREE
370
TREATY
REJECTION
OF
392
MONROE'S
TREATY
415
....
XIX.
BURR'S
TRIAL
441
OF
HISTORY
UNITED
THE
I.
CHAPTER
of
delivered
that
neither
triumph
of
New
The
the
over
and
by
the
part
it
and
the
roused
which
greeted
intended
was
principles
of
Inaugural
applause
voice
part
any
he
more
low
so
the
at
procession
once
in
"
second
nor
in
first, although
heard
was
bitterness
the
of
as
vanishing
cry
power
England.
Jefferson's
Among
curious
which
the
The
loftiness
of
III.
task
thought
Diary
"
of
1
the
guide
J.
government
in
that
Q. Adams
report
recall
deserved
of
the
should
and
ideas
declared
Inaugural
second
principles,
reached.
VOL.
to
were
hands,
these
first
preserved
the
explaining
the
As
he
manuscripts
memorandum
address.
of
it
auditory."
crowded
the
of
half
by
address,
inaugural
an
not
citizens
other
and
militia-men
appeared
formalities
due
with
escorted
Capitol,
Jefferson
President
time
SECOND
STATES.
the
all
the
philosophy
(March
the
results
lican
Repubsuccess
already
command
4, 1805), i. 373.
this
ples
princi-
eloquence
could
and
;
pronounce
their
renewed.
The
of
his followers
leading
the
was
success
of
Moses
world's
their
1.
the
doctrines
could
he
democracy,
into
and
eyes,
his
that
one
Cn
polityvictorious
reaffirm
him
privilegeof hearing
STATES.
democratic
respectable in
and
home
at
made
had
for Jefferson
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
and
be
never
had
the
promised
and
glory
quered
con-
Canaan.
foreign policy:
soundly calculated,
that
just nation
had
to
will
wars
asserted, that
its
and
to
taken
its word
on
of the
had
which
questions
a
to
bridle
his
witness
Without
already
become
but
in
is
find
the
just
nation
was
been
still
fact,
the
dwelling
of
redemption
ferson's
Jefin
which
the
taken
more
actual
interest
to
was
tion
condi-
this
on
on
plexed
per-
unjust, which
in
one
of
themselves
involved
fact
recourse
many
asked
other
any
the
to
when
from
others."
nation, just or
by
interests,
our
inseparable
word,
have
must
world.
of his
councils
they
the
name
its
could
President
word;
on
have
must
history they
found
excellent
were
followers
what
be
history bears
and
sentiments
individuals,
ever
is taken
armaments
The
with
as
; and
duties
moral
professions of
"
nations,
"With
our
the
began by renewing
Jefferson
topic,
in
the
practical
of debt, advanced
idea.
new
"Redemption
thereby
States
liberated
and
be
once
may,
effected," he
by
corresponding
applied, in
time
said,
"the
revenue
of peace,
to
of
the
the
tion,
Constitu-
INTERNAL
1805.
others,
or
as
State.
each
the
same
the
be
aided
past.
War
works,
and
of
progress
Ten
denounced
the
sentiment
by
had
wonder
might
what
had
imperialism
annual
fund
the
of
States
the
only
for
of
future
debts
of
of
the
useful
return
peace
the
to
"
an
and
to
assume
to
of
stride
to
in
public works,
putting
instrument
was
the
of
order
to
for
Northern
the
to
hands
to
far
Roman
advise
create
the
of
the
a
an
cation,
edu-
people
distributed
corruption,and
or
dolph
Ran-
arts, for
as
be
first
and
as
him
stipendiariesof Congress.
his
fast
hear
manufactures
in
from
John
denounced
ever
which
for
principle,his
so
been
That
powers
part
him
see
generally
gratify the
to
ington,
Wash-
designs.
; but
to
fund
been
already proved
for such
a
of President
also
but
Constitution
for
States,thus
government
the
have
corruption;
even
might want,
the
and
the
and
of
and
expenses
suspension
concessions
many
Administration
of
the
rights
monarchical
government,
State-rightsassociates
change
all
the
on
mouth
willing not
was
central
toward
increased
"
reserved
year
would
of
proof
as
democrats
war,
selves
our-
by population
with
but
state
earlier,in
this
the
to
injustice, by
improvement."
years
Jefferson
the
objects
great
resources
them
be
then
return
other
encroaching
will
if
"
produce
within
generations by burdening
other
increased
by
meet
without
year
war,
sometimes
will
and
of
time
must
crisis,it may
that
of
In
revenue
consumption,
and
education,
arts, manufactures,
within
IMPROVEMENT.
to
central
making
Every principle
come,
was
put
to
nought by
first annual
of Jefferson's
will
principles
fellow-citizens
our
happen
to
know
we
not
timent
sen-
industryof
treasure
for
which
might
when, and
wars
not
the
temptations offered by
pregnant as this new
principle
Yet
treasure."
the
1.
Sound
"
message
accumulate
but from
perhaps happen
that
to
CH.
the famous
taxing
justifyour
not
STATES.
contradicted
policywhich
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
should
which
fund
his
to
government
wage
of the
written
memorandum
the
Indian
"
friend
philosophy
they
led
him
to
philanthropyto disguisean
Every respecter
every
explain
to
that
reasons
with
if
this
unusual
medium
for
"
chose
and
would
the
the
rightsof
overborne,
recover
advance
of the
occasion
some
justified
the
attack
politicalreformation,
to
be
use
address
clared
de-
mask
of
servatism.
con-
upon
indignation
would
despotism
of
his
The
the
hue-aud-cry
man
and
; and
it
must
have
raised
served
ob-
against
reallyseems
as
public understanding.
discountenance
I have
of these
by
the
thought
the
lost
anti-social
INTERNAL
1305.
doctrines,
best
in
admits
warfare
direct
say what
to
but
some
myself
is
inference
by
seemed
Europe
Ages
Middle
of
method
Jefferson's
included
the President
to his
the
commiseration
the
faculties
love
and
which
directed
march
If the
Boston
their
they had
he
to
had
teach
in order
claim
done
the
independence,
but
desire
no
homily
these
England.
countries," said
I have
"
which
regarded
with
and
to
be
rhetoric,this
other
not
sentence
; but
in
emotions.
agricultureand
them
for
not
themselves
try
coun-
the
regions
new
"
also
met
was
a
few
He
other
conditions
honorable
with
of ridiculing
weary
humanity required,and
Indians
undisturbed,
from
were
to feel other
what
occupying
shores."
newspapers
to prepare
the Indians
the
the
warfare
direct
of New
of
jaded amusement
reason
of
despotism of
to
the churches
these
on
Jefferson's
rouse
the
Pitt,
hardly dignified
overflowing population
itself
only,
great audience,
the
left them
of
stream
Indians
their
libertyand
of
it
thought
back
occasion
aboriginal inhabitants
"The
mit
com-
and
to
Napoleon
bigotryand
this
but
the
to
turning
on
the
renewing
and
time
bent
of
lead
the
not
general extension."
more
; but
them, I have
on
directlyapplied
truth, under
In
IMPROVEMENT.
fitted to
moments
said that
had
tried
industries
of
life,
to
"
him.
obstacles from
'They
combated
are
and
interested
of
inculcate
persons
their
of
and
its
under
advance
to
duty
remain
is to
as
of
find
all their
the
faculties
duty
of
to
made
dread
improving
did
toms
cus-
must
guide,
In
danger.
action
in
and
their
short,
action
counter-
have
too
their
keeping things
and
ascendency
and
reason
our
the
; that
reformation,
the
maintain
These
false
of
them, ignorance
interest
an
them,
physical,moral,
bigotry ; they
in their
their
the
seen
and
sense
who
anti-philosophers,
over
is
them
they
is
full of
knowledge
friends, among
my
for
reason
Creator
their
ence
influ-
other.
any
perilous innovation
is
politicalcondition,
or
the
present order
whatsoever
counsel, in
3.
bodies,
among
reverence
; that
all time
through
done
be
in
nothing
; that
ancestors
the
in
sanctimonious
their
individuals
crafty
to become
fear
things, and
of
Cn.
something
feel themselves
who
habits
the
by
their minds,
prejudice of
STATES.
UXITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
exert
of
habit
obeying
its
mandates."
Gallatin
to
New
resist the
than
the
and
habits
England
once
sense
Gallatin,whose
that of Jefferson, must
blankets
of
New
the
President
the
temptation to strike
travesty of
againstthis allusion
in vain
remonstrated
England
Choctaws
and
serious
was
that
the
people of Massachusetts
were
held
in darkness
and
that
1
he
more
was
old
the
not
mies.
ene-
keener
amused
been
under
Jefferson
never
his
more
of humor
have
could
by
war-paint
Kickapoos ; but
than
in believing
and
Connecticut
men,"
medicineby a few interested
could, without committing him-
Gallatin's
"
Writings,i. 227.
INTERNAL
1805.
IMPROVEMENT.
squirarchyof
keen-witted
"
"
inference
by
New
the world
the
as
equivalent to
so
savages.
many
The
of
rest
Inaugural
stronglyin regard to
himself
and
hinted
even
of libel
the
it
that
Jefferson
that he would
appliedto punish
had
let
us
them
of their fellow-citizens.
cherish
them
justice,and
with
to
see
disregarded as
"
mass
glad
ceived,
re-
cess,
politicalsuc-
He
political
urged doubting
weapon.
and
give up their fears and prejudices,
the
had
the offenders ;
no
might safelybe
he
be
to
expressed
the slanders
that slander
pointed out
and
chieflydevoted
was
its licentiousness.
but
to
clergy,lawyers,and
England, thus held up
"
brethren
to
joinwith
to
In the
"
mean
patientaffection
let
time
do
us
than
in all compejustice,
titions
of interest."
Finally,as though to silence
the New-England pulpit,he closed with a few words
the clergy might perhaps think
which
misplaced in
"
of
mouth
the
that
Israel
all the
with
earnest
in whose
Being
as
so
more
of
deist,
hands
we
old,"
necessaries
to
and
invocation
an
"
are, who
the
"
led
our
of
fathers,
fore-
country flowing
comforts
of
life,
.
and
in
to
goodness
I ask
you
to
join with
me
supplications."
The
in the
of
whose
Second
path
of
Inaugural
strode
democracy,
away
far
from
beyond
the
the
first
landmarks
HISTORY
UNITED
THE
OF
STATES.
CH.
1.
asserted,and which
forget principleshe had once
he would
some
day again declare vital,the quality
to cover
amiable
shortcomings ; but
as
so
was
many
its influence
national
on
of his
end
the
reach
to
next
Heath
General
to
of 1804, which
Massachusetts
is
This
brother
truly
the
It is but
is found.'
Massachusetts
now
too
by committing
subsiding ;
and
be
us
peace
; and
abroad
if
true
while
our
smoothing
our
till
war
with
respect
preserve
this
citizens,whom
principles,I
and
in the
shall
we
seek
we
With
France
it.
in the
most
always
Other
be
we
shall
of
found
hope yet
All
will
itself
now
home
and
prosperitymay
leave
we
ing
noth-
us
in cordial
are
ing
perfect understand-
bickering,but
nations
view
Should
enjoy the
our
we
and
divided, rallyto
to
member
practice of justice
public happiness,
so
be
not
all is
at
shall
England
friendlyanxiety.
state
path
and
tranquillity
our
; but
ocean
wanting
not
could
century opened
boisterous
our
lost,and
was
affection.
new
is
and
This
'
say,
Union
morbid
abroad.
from
of
congratulations
respectable
so
are
in
"
may
that
The
moderation,
fear
tion
elec-
autumn
electoral vote
again ;
on
we
friendship; with
Spain
; with
at
we
ten
writ-
under
was
rights.
to
come
he,
is alive
pronounced entirelysound
as
said
wherein
case
dead, and
was
disaster.
"
of Massachusetts
the return
"
letter
the
the
him
gave
sincerelyjoin you,"
"I
after
soon
desire,
without
term
puted.
dis-
be
not
last
one
He
on
but
cherished
Jefferson
could
growth
be
to
their
comfort
never
course
able
see
to
our
genuine
of
that
and
to
sing
at
dimtttis,Domine,
with
me,
could
He
want
a
the
but
desire
of
share
last
been
has
generalgood-willwhich
from
so
close
the
unfeelinglywrested
of
great
to
audit."
impatience to
Niinc
leaving nothing
England clergytheir
New
with
the
term
my
satisfaction
forgivethe
not
IMPROVEMENT.
INTERNAL
1805.
ever
looked
he
ward
for-
he should
when
the moment
small
so
ber,
enjoy universal applause and respect. In Decemdent
this letter was
written,he felt confi1804, when
last unchecked
that his splendid triumph would
the prize of
of his public career
to the end
; but
almost
then
which
seemed
general good-will,
won,
ber,
The election of Novemcontinuallyeluded his grasp.
followed
1804, was
by the session of 1804-1805,
and betrayed
in Virginia,
which stirred bad blood even
a
spiritof
faction
of
At
Massachusetts.
Strong as
Even
Leib
set
and
governor,
friends
to
up
majority in
with
McKean,
the
Jefferson
Jefferson to General
few
weeks
by
35,200 against
the
among
of their
Jefferson's
own
Dallas,and
Federalists
balanced
Legislature.
of 1805
in the autumn
candidate
forced
unite
elect McKean.
1
of about
vote
Pennsylvania divisions
in
increased,until
and
Federalist
its mixture
by
governor
33,800,with
augural
In-
the
the result of
reversed
within
answered
was
bitter-sweet,
with
March, 1805,
of
Address
His
among
lowers
fol-
Duane
choice
for
Gallatin's
in order
to
re-
anxiouslybetween
Jefferson
MSS.
10
Randolph,
John
the
drew
nor
of moderate
mass
STATES.
UNITED
warring factions,tryingto
these
nor
THE
OF
HISTORY
even
CH.
offend
neither
Burr,
while
Federalists
to
1.
Duane
he
still
sympathize
in his views.
the
Thus
Presidential
new
it little sign of
with
continued,
were
with
Cabinet
and
Robert
; but
Smith
asked
some
request and
one
old
arrangements
exception. Madison,
to be
from
transferred
the
hesitation
Attorney-General'soffice.1
Jefferson yielded to Smith's
consented
to
to
Navy Department
After
but
The
in
remained
Smith, and Dearborn
Attorney-GeneralLincoln resigned,
Gallatin,Robert
the
change.
began, bringing
term
the
the
transfer.
As
Smith's
in the
but
the
to the
Robert
President
nevertheless
Senate, March
Smith,
"
now
sent
the
nomination
Secretary of
the
Navy
that
of
to
be
Jefferson to Robert
Crowninshield
State
Department
to
Archives.
Secretary of
old
for
June
He
declined.
Mason,
Thompson
Jefferson
length
he
general,and
issued
him
the verbal
consented
offered
act
as
request
to retain
who
also
attorney-generalunder
and
Robert
Smith,
Navy
authority.
to
the
which
tucky,
Ken-
attorneythe
was
same
Dec.
2, 1805, Breckenridge
temporary commission,
had
ceased
confirmation
Senate
making
occurred
had
been
named."
respectively
to
of
President
granted
"
Secretary
apparent
no
sent
for
nominations
during
One
be
his successor,
secretaryunder
acting as
had
commissions
who
the
on
3, was
office of
7,
him.
was
March
the
accept
John
August
Breckinridge of
When
of the
declined.
Senator
to
it,July 14, to
temporary commission
to
then
to
wrote
asking
day
At
to
his
who
continued
Navy, probably by
the
President.
of the
Smith
Robert
office,and
the
11
IMPROVEMENT.
INTERNAL
1805.
the recess,
persons
sage
mes-
cies
vacan-
for which
to the persons
of these
was
herein
John
of
Kentucky to be Attorney-General
of the United
was
States,and the nomination
duly
confirmed.
commission
Breckenridge's permanent
Breckinridge
bore
date
These
that
dates
Robert
of the
be
Jan.
17, 1806.
and
facts
Smith,
who
were
had
for the
curious
ceased
to
3, 1805, ceased
Navy, March
attorney-general on the confirmation
reason
Secretary
necessarilyto
be
of Breckin-
12
THE
OF
HISTORY
ridge,and continued
without
authority of
his
send
either
commission
to .act
The
CH.
the
President
issue
Senate, or
permanent
STATES.
Secretaryof
as
law.
to the
name
UNITED
to
Department
Crowninshield
of
not
new
On
temporary.
or
Navy
did
him
1.
the
State,not Robert
Secretaryof the
3, 1805, till March
7, 1809, when
Navy from March
his successor
inshield
was
appointed,although Jacob Crowndied April 15, 1808, and Robert
Smith never
ceased to act as Secretaryof the Navy from
his appointme
in 1801
to his appointment as
Secretary
of State in 1809.
ferson's
During the whole period of Jefsecond
his Secretaryof the
administration,
authorityexcept the verbal
Navy acted by no known
request or permissionof the President,
In perfectquiet,disturbed
of wars
only by rumors
to summer,
summer
abroad, spring crept forward
Peace was
restored with Tripoli
ripenedto autumn.
;
Smith
but
commerce
Jacob
000 ; the
Treasury
of
diffused
and
check
itself
the
future increase.
the
apace;
grew
to
was
revenue
near
rose
surfeit ;
immense
the
through
was
every
President
In 1804
he had
sign
no
peared
ap-
prosperitywhich
rivulet
could
to $ 14,000,-
see
sent
in
no
out
the
limit
ness,
wilderto
its
expedition
explore the
an
Lewis
to
Captain Meriwether
Louisiana
of the Missouri
purchase along the course
River.
May 14, 1804, Lewis and his party began
their journey from
St. Louis, and
without
serious
reached
the
Mandan
dred
difficulty
towns, sixteen hununder
and
nine
miles
from
the
startingpoint,where,
1, 1804,they
Nov.
sending
This
the
had
only of
told
tribes
and
Sioux
of the
had
to
In
rivers.
restless and
the
prove
government
line of the
contributions
such
derous
mur-
sity
immen-
people. Other
been
Washita
the
Jefferson's
which
American
the
to
by
it served
world
quarters. April 8,
disturbed
but
new
given
his
of his
report
report
Indian
into winter
went
resumed
Lewis
1805,
13
IMPROVEMENT.
INTERNAL
1805.
tions
exploraRed
and
human
to
explorationsof
the
commerce
knowledge.
territory
beyond
little immediate
had
of
field of
the
widen
to
activelyengaged
4, 1805, William
in
the interests
bearing on
the
agriculture
; but
or
government
of direct
measures
the Mississippi
was
value.
July
of the
Henry Harrison, Governor
Indiana
Territory,closed a bargain with the Wyandots, Ottawas, and other Indian tribes,by which the
Indian
title
over
The
Indians
State of Ohio
north
Within
tract
of land
River, which
of the whole
its mouth.
These
obtained
at' a
of
guished.
extin-
was
within
the
Sandusky
and
in southern
made
held
west
master
were
part of Ohio
thenceforward
annuity a
Ohio
another
the
bank
concessions,of the
cost.
trifling
small
Indiana,along the
United
north
"
The
States
ment
govern-
of the
Ohio
utmost
average
to
value,
price
14
paid for
sold
through
to
Oconee
and
Creek
was
also
and
Cherokee
Besides
Cumberland
that
forward
thence-
to Nashville
horse-roads
country,
the many
millions
improvement,
strategicvalue
in
fail to
see
passed
of
case
of
that
the
through
from
both
the
Mobile
treaties
war.
No
in
their
the
Knoxville
River.
thus
acres
these
defenceless
were
the
for
made
Georgia to
immediate
could
Cherokees
In
central
from
and
and
to
Indian
no
induced
years,"
amount
Tennessee, so
land.
i.
not
the
between
Knoxville
from
road
the
in
rivers
Tennessee
and
district
large
very
does
"
CH.
last four
Chickasaws
The
per acre."
cent
one
the
Secretary of War,1
the
wrote
within
lands
Indian
the
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
gained for
had
little
no
foreigncountry
tlements
setoutlying American
isolation.
Even
fort and
when
The
principlesof
danger
of
merely
1
v.
;
2
at
such
care
Dearborn
to
of
garrisonsin
the
said
government,"
arose,2 "leading
moderate
take
Indian
last
our
post, and
Eobertson, March
to
us
time
to
20, 1805
of
a
Jefferson
the
ment
employas
peace
reliance
; State
on
may
the
Papers,vol.
Affairs,i. 700.
Message
of
Affairs,i. 752.
Jan.
30, 1808
State
Papers, vol.
v.
Indian
militia
neighboring
of
the
these
posts
this
such
Indians
from
as
its
for
might
support
the
obtain
to
neighborhood
the
militia
first moments
important
in
cession
maintain
in
be
it would
thought
I have
war,
15
IMPROVEMENT.
INTERNAL
1805.
of
proportioned
to
object."
"
This
principleof
protect the
should
government
our
the
not
army,
"
that
army
the
tlers
set-
the
tlers,
set-
enable
it would
hear
from
of
In
strong
boundary
the
Louisiana
an
spiteof
was
in
so
within
six
in
an
weeks
to
emergency
from
the
spatch
de-
order.
these
still
immense
tion
gains,the militarysitua-
The
extremely weak.
force
the
between
running from
Ohio, Indiana, and
line
government
country
west
them
and
Lake
Erie
of
Illinois to the
held
Sandusky.
the whites
south
Indians
and
was
west
The
mere
across
neighborhood of St.
Louis.
named
were
These
ville,
GreenDirectlyon this boundary line,near
lived the Shawanese, among
whom
warrior
a
Tecumthe, and his brother called the Prophet
acquiring an influence hostile to the white men.
Indians, jealous of the rapid American
croachment
enmaintained
relations
with
the
British
16
into
enter
States
United
nothing
other
every
certain
more
post
remained
to be
in
Even
River
the
as
Gulf
the
Kentucky
and
of
1.
between
likelyto
were
unless
case
the
control
Lake
Erie,
that
Detroit
and
the
fall into
must
militarypossession
Great
Whether
to surrender
her
Britain
conquests
seen.
the
; and
Chickasaws
them
be forced
afterward
could
with
CH.
war
beyond
Northwest.
of the whole
this
than
Lakes
the
on
hands, and
British
In
could
government
was
of
case
alliance.
British
STATES.
England they
and
States
United
the
in
and
Canada,
officials in
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
country
the
between
still belonged
Mississippi
south
of the Tennessee
Mexico, and
to the
east
River
nessee
Tento the
as
far
Ocmulgee, all
These
tribes
spiltthe blood of a white man."
maintained
relations with the Spanish authorities
friendly
never
at
Mobile
Americans,
of
Northwestern
and
nese
and
who
were
Indians, dreaded
driving
them
Shawa-
the
the
grasping
westward.
In
with
Orleans
Spain, should New
give
trouble
and
invite a Spanish garrison,the Indians
might be counted as Spaniards,and the United States
government might be required to protect a frontier
suddenly thrust back from the Floridas to the Duck
River,within thirtymiles of Nashville.
case
The
new
his
war
President
might well
him
militaryposts
see
within
and
his
with
nearer
relief every
reach
of
proconsular prov-
INTERNAL
1805.
incc at New
Orleans.
natural,for
he
settlements
on
in
the
probable.
than
Anxiety
with
to do
New
caused
the
both
of this
immediate
an
and
New
between
spot
more
probablymuch
mind
democratic
the
rather
United
than
States government
which
territory
which
toward
dwarfed
its most
important
a
foreign populationgoverned
Old political
theories had been
in the orin the purchase and
ganization
point contained
by militarymethods.
aside
was
posts was
occupants
President's
1803
of
owner
these
perilshad
and
States themselves,and
thrown
war
safe.
of the
improvements
Virginiaprinciples.In
the
hardly
these
internal
their
was
was
by
bent
became
of
Orleans
Mackinaw
and
dread
capture of
massacre
danger, and
incessant
Orleans
the
war
the
certain,and
he should
That
was
of sudden
case
17
IMPROVEMENT.
New
World
at
; their
observance
in
was
national
and
territory,
through it on the States in
their relations to Washington.
New
England was
thrown
of the political
to the verge
system ; but
New
York
and Pennsylvania,
Georgia and Tennessee,
Ohio and Kentucky found
interests which
new
many
the central government to assist,and
they wanted
and
Virginia,holding the power
patronage of the
central
these
government,
demands.
VOL.
III."
had
every
inducement
to
satisfy
18
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
Jefferson
CH,
i,
up his
Virginia
Gallatin's ideas.
They were
both
jealousof the army and navy; but they were
witli comparative liberality
willing to spend money
happened that
dogmas, and adopted
So it
internal
on
improvements
view,
forts
canals
and
roads
the
in
intended
suggestionwas
entire
debt
and
half
could
and
an
annual
to
year
1808
Address.
1817, only
1809
these
and
use
the
next
the
he
old
system,
his
with
promised
to
hasten
to
convert
in
use
years
other
Gallatin
and
foreign nations
to relax
his
it into
pecially
es-
; but
severity,
for purposes
The
rapid
confidence
decision
as
to
President
alreadydecided
thereafter
three
to
of
and
ten
pal
payments of princi-
$3,500,000 for
peace
calculation,and
ten
ately
immedi-
to be
The
public for
Although the
discharged;
maintain
preserve
purposes
ing
$ 8,000,000 to 14,500,000,freeof
sum
During
anxious
after the
from
proposed
war
remained
his annual
reduce
interest
to
and
of
the
before
year
be
the
economy.
paid
By the
would
might
directions.
was
this
than
necessary
prepare
of bonds
millions
half millions
Gallatin
be
not
dealt with.
a
more
to
Gallatin's
of
relaxation
were
of
militarypoint
change was
improvements and
second
Inaugural
internal
for
described
in
wisdom
of
first evidence
fund
the
ships.
or
The
and
Even
evident.
was
course
gave
permanent
in
the
had
re-
INTERNAL
forward
looked
He
fund.
*ve
expressed it, he
he
the
of labor
mouth
which
when,
canals,
upon
talked
of
shall restrain
which
shall
it has
"
men
leave
them
pursuitsof indus-
own
shall not
and
bread
begin
longer
no
another,
improvement,
and
"
regulatetheir
)therwise free to
y
He
frugal government
injuringone
)m
to the moment
could
ids, colleges,etc." 1
dse and
19
IMPROVEMENT.
take
from
"
earned
the
he rather
this
only what
all
if he
at
with
the movement
see,
at
every
the
No
hope
that
first.
his
doubt
He
his
second
it would
obstacle
his concessions
he did
consistency,
minds
kept pace
So far
promised
serious
no
whose
of their time.
of
to
and
done
threshold
reason
than
had
men
to his
cost
some
; but
parted
company
to
of John
militarymeasures
1
Jefferson
232.
to
might
this Jefferson
with
the
"
had
ful
success-
annihilate
in
his
sition;
oppo-
path.
Federalists
a
few
uneasiness
arouse
could
spiritof nationality,
in
and
Republicans,
more
seemed
to the
he
term, he
be
to
as
State-rights
among
resigned himself.
mere
and
metaphysical
old
He
tleties"
sub-
29, 1805
GaUatin's
Writings,
20
HISTORY
nearly
where
UNITED
THE
OF
STATES.
had
Washington
President
CH.
stood
ten
before.
years
New
The
at heart
with
the
could
aggressivemovement,
every
keep control of
State
their
himself
flattered
Randolph
the
ists
Federal-
John
governments.
that
if Jefferson's
from
removed
authoritywere
the
sonal
per-
scale,
Virginia
certain
to
use
it.
At
Independence had
seemed
so
promisingas
the stride of the
future,no
coming
in the
spring of 1805.
as
the
measure
four years
With
for the
standard
possibleeffects
extending the
in
was
prospects of nationality
man
the
was
time
no
of
the
1.
of
of the
powers
tion.
developingthe prosperityof the naGallatin alreadymeditated
of internal
schemes
improvements, which included four great thoroughfares
the Alleghanies,while Fulton was
across
nearly
The
Floridas could not
ready with the steamboat.
Even
New
England
escape the government's grasp.
must
at last yield her
prejudicesto the spiritof
democratic
nationality.
government
No
one
and
could
turned
by the splendorsof
by nature,
secure
be
the
blamed
if Jefferson's
wonder
he
felt that
grandeur of
for
his
putting a
such
every
head
a
what
some-
was
guine
promise. San-
day made
destiny. He
high estimate
could
on
more
scarcely
the
value
what
ask
[y
for
services,
his
in
his
for
own
to
put
Had
he
Had
modern
or
what
Edward
truer
to
had
the
far
its
the
and
kings
into
hopes
Louis,
where
the
?
interests
to
the
be
what
one
and
be
had
racy
democ-
What
who
boldly
sonal
per-
?
the
of
Antonine,
or
care
had
ruler
or
his
Was
of
unselfish
ideal
virtues
canons
swayed
so
conceive
republican
to
loftier
to
domain
more
found
order
experiment
Trajan
who
noblest
future
highest
was
stand
the
charged
statesmen
future,
of
intrusted
himself
could
in
model
times,
or
proposed
empire,
he
of
reasona-
would
first
been
national
against
could
merit
ancient
the
theories
the
doubled
offence
of
succeeded
not
might
history
not
the
government
what
With
in
he
practice
he
not
his
not
in
he
modesty
qualities
Had
statesmanship.
and
all
recorded
name
than
'her
21
IMPROVEMENT.
INTERNAL
Among
was
Who
all
of
power
looked
grappled
so
with
II.
CHAPTER
national
the
from
Southern
relations
or
States
the
in
the
Among
so
certain
varied
constant
which
Floridas,
in
government
the
Northern
favoritism,
subject,
Floridas
detail
Florida
more
the
of
Southern
of
in
influence
at
moments
decided
of
matters
the
public, though
neither
but
were
which
failed
control
Southern
turned
discussed,
in
no
over
in
concerned
the
the
North,
South,
character
and
and
none
acquire
the
of
the
interest
Southern
of
study
to
this
it
purpose.
local
If
North.
exercised
over
the
the
were
the
yet
whenever
away
though
as
Florida.
action
cared
nor
way
interest
to
the
complaining
impatiently
ence
indiffer-
to
to
utmost
understood
know
ambition,
wish
the
thinking
regard
the
of
to
their
Southern
as
ern
North-
the
were
and
in
foreign
people
States
marked
forms
its
unwilling
directions,
particularly
was
almost
region
understood
which
The
trolled
con-
the
to
be
to
in
sympathy.
seemed
people
doing
was
little
main
Especially
by motives
guided
felt
Northern
what
stand-point.
were
people
only
son,
Madi-
and
the
peculiar
and
Potomac,
in
was
interests
and
the
of
south
government
ideas
by
Jefferson
of
administrations
the
DURING
the
ment
govern-
Neither
MONROE'S
politicsof
the
could
events
and
summer
the
nor
understood
subject of
as
Union
the
be
23
DIPLOMACY.
development
without
of
treatingFlorida
first
the
of
autumn
"
publican
Randolph justlyregarded as the turning point of Readministration, Florida actuallyengrossed
"
of government.
attention
the
found
arrivingat Madrid, Jan. 2, 1805, Monroe
Charles
Pinckney waiting in no happy temper for a
decision in regard to himself.
Pinckney's recall was
On
then
determined
was
anxious
only
being
excluded
From
this fear he
to
from
to
in
acted
his
put
name
the
He
relieved.
to take
part in
Monroe
the
shared
conferences,
to the notes.
The
two
ministers
month
consumed
in
the
necessary
was
advanced
until
that
Jan.
Monroe
could
matters
present
his
note.1
the
"
of
last humiliation
negotiationby Monroe.
new
soon
him
preliminaries. Not
far
the
chosen.
successor
harmony.
Nearly
so
his
escape
was
and
upon,
; the
Bravo.
claim
With
note
New
Florida,and
of West
the
losses
the
two
envoys
first
all
the
resulting
Orleans
in
the
Monroe
Papers, ii.
and
636.
Pinckney
to
Cevallos,Jan. 28,
1805
; State
24
concede
Spain to
also Texas
Floridas,and
Bravo
Rio
district
the
leaving
as
She
was
that
might
not
also
take
no
for
of
tled.
set-
arranging
and
cognizance
the
and
further
be
the
Colorado,
Colorado
to
2.
lent
equivaboth
Rio
the
commission
CH.
cede
to
entrepot claims
be made
States
United
as
offered
the
between
create
to
should
far
as
border-land
spoliationand
the
point,and
Spain was
every
mention.
worth
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
this
mission
com-
all claims
government.
this note
that
Americans
would
in
first examine
proceed
the
and
to
claims
accordance
each
their
wish
proposed
to
he
then
and
point separately,
negotiation. He
convention
with
begin
with
of
August, 1802.
American
Commonly nothing gratified
diplomatists
than
to discuss
more
questions which
they were
ordered
to take in charge. Yet
shown
the readiness
this instinct struck Monroe
as
by Cevallos to gratify
bad sign ; he saw
a
danger of lowering the national
of becoming ridiculous,
if he allowed
tone, and even
the
which
claims
Spaniards to discuss indefinitely
the United
States had again and
again asserted to
be too plain for discussion.
He felt too the influ1
Cevallos
to
Papers,ii. 636.
Monroe
and
Pinckuey,
Jan.
31, 1805
; State
25
DIPLOMACY.
MONROE'S
"of
tcussion,
had
Pinckney, who
could
ing
fear
except through
cut
should
rallos meant
began,
Monroe
in which
French
the
by
inform
to
be
not
ultimatum
imposing an
our
duty to
for the
the
intention
; and
done
of
advantage.
31
by
consider
it
January
We
"
Excellency that
your
which
contest
every
once.2
at
arrangement
any
the
preciselywhat
was
Spaniard had
Spanish note
the
repliedto
consent
short
discussion
the
refuse
not
short.1
promptly cuttingit
To
could
it with
into
that
to urge
Spanish government
He
force.
or
entered
he
but
the
with
done
be
ceased
never
does
cannot
we
provide
not
"
which
to subsist
are
in future
the two
between
the
and
Cevallos,leaving the ultimatum
spoliationsunnoticed, rejoinedby discussing
nations."
French
the conditions
to
ratifythe
opinion of it,and
by
the
"
of 1802.3
should be annulled.
motives
and
Cevallos
to
Papers,ii. 541.
of
withdrew
The
to
Madison, May
23,
Monroe
to
Cevallos, Feb.
5, 1805
and
his
King's
complaintin respect to
Pinckney
Monroe
Taking
Monroe
sent
con-
he
Nevertheless,he
Papers,ii. 667.
2
Pinckney and
Papers,ii. 640.
8
placed on his
President.
well-founded
1
had
convention
Act,
his
demand
King
claims
up
the
which
Pinckney, Feb.
1805
that
; State
State
10, 1805;
State
26
in
them
keep
States
the United
convention
of
this
to
time
STATES.
CH.
still exist,"he
Act
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
; but
be
it relates to
as
satisfied in
this
he
spoliations
question of French
to
given by
the
ratifying
2.
from
respect." The
reserved
for separate
discussion.
repliedbrieflyby referringto
Monroe
and
; but
in his next
spoliationclaims
Orleans.1
To
and
Talleyrand dated
that
the
ground
The
deposit at New
he
first,
produced a letter
poleon
July 27, 1804, in which Na-
neither
deposit of
interrupt,nor was
of
the
it the
Orleans, suspending
produce in
intention
to
that
city,did not
gation
interrupt,the navi-
vessels
in their cargoes
opinions
American
of New
the
injuriesare
which
loaded
at
the
were
Cevallos
Papers,ii. 643.
to
Monroe
in
the
instead
stream
wharves.
If
...
formed
complaints published
1
of
"
the
time
right
the French
States
"
note, discussed
the
the
rebut
announced
to
tum,
ultima-
of boundaries
from
his
in the
in the
and
the
United
papers
Pinckney,
of
for
of
short
taking
erroneous
States,if
your
Feb.
pretended
16,
country,
1805
the
"
State
MOXROE'S
false
they
as
Mississippi
le
which
of
name
mid
form
not
)rleans
in
inconveniences,
other
to internal
causes,
such
and
served
to
Spain,
of
by
the
the
most
the
various
writers
ignominious,
satisfied with
who
persons
and
same
mentioned,
violence
of
which
the
The
truth.
and
to
ernment
Gov-
absurdities
Majesty
the
in
of this
the
lead
mis-
sentiments
most
his
and
rebuttal,Cevallos
complained
sued
pur-
exasperate and
divulge
the
ideas,
erroneous
individuals
to
thusiastic
enon
irregularconduct
other
went
of his
this
the
false,
accredited
added
that
inconvenience
trifling
Orleans
the
been
centre
of
the
and
and
suffered
or
occurrences
errors
adapted
was
pointed
disap-
of
"had
four
conceal
these
by
other
justiceto complain
States, which
United
the
in-
New
at
were
attribute
to
the
States
passed
produce,
to
the
United
the
writingsbefore
far from
so
prejudicesoccasioned
in
the
as
partisans,
occasions
ought
their
of
they ought
"
that
what
inflammatory falsehoods,
filled with
those
of
led
tarnish
uncertainty,they
extraction
the
and
of
writings
which
causes
were
idea
correct
navigation
virulent
territoryof
if, in this
and
Spain,
western
a
the
government
of
that
the
heated, and
was
American
the
of
ibitants
interrupted, if
was
the
mpromit
"
public mind
the
that
repeated,
were
27
DIPLOMACY.
some
of those
scandalous
most
which
it is not
individuals
have
contraband
improbable
in
but
part received.'*
28
Intendant's
the
Finally,he affirmed
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
CH.
2.
right to prohibit
deposit.
the
hesitated whether
receivingthis paper, Monroe
to the
break off the negotiation
; but quickly came
On
to
decision
not
authorized
a
to
him
do
His
so.
entrepdtclaims ; while
French
in the
spoliations,
the
on
expressly
the
to abandon
rupture founded
instructions
threats,was
rupture with France
Talleyrand's
exceeded
his authority.
well as with Spain, and
as
that every
to go on, although he saw
concluded
He
dangers.
new
step involved new
had
Before Monroe
prepared a replyto the sharp
letter on the claims convention,Cevallos wrote
again.1
dated
In this letter,
February 24, he discussed the
Florida boundary, and contented
West
himself with
stating the Spanish case as it stood on the treaties
face of
public evidence.
points,but was
and
new
into
Americans
His
evidentlyintended
endless
directness
Cevallos
the
the
contained
to
no
lure the
Monroe
discussion.
was
led.
February 26
claims.
ning
Begin-
repliedto
with
argument
not
met
with
American
Cevallos
to
Papers,ii. 644.
Monroe
and
1805
; State
29
DIPLOMACY.
tMOXROE'S
American
whole
called
had
"ing Charles,
"
for
been
to have
us
after
discuss
to
no
of the
note
which
could
two
American
have
envoys
spoliationclaims,
"
premeditated outrage
on
was
intended."
After
French
presumption that
the
freedom
with
"
received
the
the
league
unexpected/'the
more
began
the
in
being
as
attacked
he had
igglers
; that
is, and
people
the
French
spoliations,
delicate point
reached
the most
Monroe's
next
note
order of Napoleon forbidding
in discussion, the positive
Treating the order
recognitionof the claims.
as
only an expression of opinions,
though it were
Monroe
sideration
said, We have received them with the conwhich
is due to the very respectableauthority
On
all treaties
which
from
they emanate.
each party has a right
between
independent Powers
its own
to form
opinion. Every nation is the guardian
honor and rights; and the Emperor is too
of its own
is due to his own
tains
sensible of what
glory,and entertoo high a respect for the United
States,to
a
long argument
on
"
"
justsense
Appealing finallyto
to abandon
them
wish
of what
is due
to
the
positiveorders
of his own
repeated that on
government, Monroe
insist.
Cevallos repliedwith
these claims
he must
of
disavowal
a
premeditated outrage ; and there,
March
1, 1805, after Monroe had passed two months
their
own."
"
"
Monroe
Papers, ii.
and
646.
Pinckney
to
Cevallos,Feb.
26,
1805
; State
30
loss how
to
forward
go
"
condescend
of
spoliationclaims
he
that
for
him.
humiliate
received
plain,not
perhaps only the
to
irritation
he
undertook
March
1, 1805,
under
the
wrote
It cannot
be
prevailedon
very
glad
of
doubted
our
especially
to
show
take
of
care
regard
to
question with
promote
principlesinsisted
to
this,she
1
are
that of
to take
must
Monroe's
by
on
our
diary
at
but
would
her
between
Aranjuez,
March
are
if
we
weight
the
clined
inare
to
in
into
the fair
on
To
16,
cerns,
con-
so, and
us
Government.
that
our
be
resolved
do
us
throw
clearlyunderstand
"
We
care.
his
could
all
and
only able
adjustment
an
of
France
us
its
Spain
was
account, and
equal confidence,
not
had
he
; but
Government
our
under
almost
we
for he
Paris ; 2
at
to this
scale
our
that
be
funds,
believe, with
firm, and
that if
it would
it,as
entrap and
full consciousness
give ground,
to
and
terrifyNapoleon.
to
Armstrong
to
French
own,
that
on
angry
documents
to
his
was
in his
he
situation,
the
past
rude, warning
say
more
these
combined
fault
The
discuss the
to
even
from
year
had
Spanish governments
or
; and
nearly a
of listening
to pay
French
be
at
starting-point,
he next
"
Spain to
"
2.
recede.
to
or
order
Talleyrand's
saw
his
at
CH.
letter of Dec.
to
STATES.
received
Monroe
Florida
himself
found
Spain,he
in
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
bring
her
negotiation
1805
Monroe
MSS.
2
ment
Monroe
to
Archives.
Armstrong,March
1, 1805
; MSS.
State
Depart-
tbout
to break
she
When
with
for many
us
first,as
against
fact, I
do
itself to the
It is not
:
reasons
literal
will expose
it.
resultingfrom
that the
taken
this is the
government
her
that
think
that
sees
to the
entirelyowing
is
ire
without
up
31
DIPLOMACY.
MONROE'S
prepared
we
are
not
quences
conse-
quarrel
to
republic,and
recentlyoverset there,and
in its stead
too
established
feebly founded, to
the one
the Emperor ; second, as
it a desirable object with
make
she relies altogetherfor supplies on our
flag,and on our
other
and people for many
merchants
friendly offices in
that
system
the
of
way
trade, which
no
there
are
other
much
and
come
These
considerations
us
is
to
an
event
trade
interests of
the
to
advantages
rupture
with
us
third,
respects,a system
with
of the
France,
if there
fourth,
were
but
"
incline
which
we
"
should
with
other
those
a
render
can
by prohibitingour
pursues,
friendlyaccommodation
most
she
others
none
in many
and
St. Domingo,
too
government
government
our
as
of
of
us
to
think
all others
she
England.
that
least
rupture
seeks
at
the
Pursuing
; and
that
this train of
it is
reasoning,Monroe
tested
its
of the French
and
government.
final ; it was
Their
answer
was
prompt
instantlyreportedby Armstrong
to
32
in
Monroe
letter1
of its sentences
two
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
STATES.
with
pregnant
so
may
2.
meaning
that
decided
the
be said to have
administration
CH.
"
On
"
of
interruptionhad
the
which
of
offer
given) they would
mitted
reparation for spoliationscomFrenchmen
by
commerce
our
on
that
On
opinion.
no
been
within
the
tory
terri-
Catholic
of
and
opinion, and
an
would
question,What
in
the
We
answered,
take
of
event
be
the
was
of
course
; and
doubt
us
intended
to
this
and
it.
the
Spain? they
"
of
To
government
hesitate,
nor
note
our
change
to
cause
rupture between
Spain
no
neither
can
part with
see
the 30th
communicate
must
we
Frimaire
and
press
im-
this idea."
This
left
Monroe
helpless. To
Madrid
without suffering
some
personal
escape from
mortification
his best hope ; and
was
fortunately
Godoy took no pleasurein personalities.The Spaniard
his
was
as
willingto let Monroe
escape as soon
defeat should
be fairlyrecorded.
The
of
month
March
had
received
nearly passed before Monroe
Cevallos
consumed
Armstrong's letter; meanwhile
the
time
stern
in
At the end
1
Armstrong
ii. 636.
message
to
month
Monroe,
Florida
Monroe, fullyaware
March
12 and
boundary.
at last
MONROE'S
1805.
situation,
attempted to force
of his
to Cevallos
30 he wrote
"
It neither
mission
than
it furnishes
with
well-founded
his Catholic
issue.
an
weary
delay: 1
of
expectation
with
the
that
the
produced it,on
cherished
March
to continue
States, is
United
was
the
friendlypolicywhich
just and
the
that he
comports
its duties
nor
33
DIPLOMACY.
the
part of
views
same
by
Majesty."
that
on
point must
placed on
be
record
by
Spain.
Monroe
"
what
ered
Cevallos,April 9, that he considterminated
negotiationas essentially
by
wrote
the
to
alreadyoccurred.2
has
think
it will the
rest
responsibility
United
to, any
States
proper
are
crisis which
Pinckney and
Papers,ii.657.
2
Monroe
and
be
issue,on
consequences.
"
omits
Three
withdraw
the
from
character
agreeableto ourselves."
Monroe
Majesty's
another
for the
occur."
to
his
not
may
he
Should
to invite
government
The
to
Cevallos,March
days
a
later
situation
of
our
Cevallos
30, 1805;
ernment,
gov-
State
Pinckney
to
Pinckney
to
Papers,ii. 658.
8
Monroe
and
Papers,ii.660.
VOL.
III.
"
34
took
notice
no
threats,and
of the
repellingthe
with
in
regard
the
Texan
the
to
rest
upon
of
him.
CH.
2.
himself
breakingoff
Nevertheless
the
to record
he hastened
contented
negotiationshould
the
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
of the
last claim
United
States,"
boundary.
leyrand.
again Cevallos followed the guidance of TalThe
between
Louisiana
and
dividing-line
tween
Texas, he said,ought to be decided by the line beand
the French
The
Spanish settlements.
French
post of Natchitoches,on the Red River,was
distant seven
leaguesfrom the Spanish post of Nuesde los Adaes
tra Senora
; and therefore the boundary
of Louisiana
should run
between
these
two
points
southward, along the watershed,until it reached the
Here
Gulf
of Mexico
casieu,
boundary
"
States not
could
as
Monroe
leave
he
consumed
complaintsof
Louis
included
not
that
Texas
XIY.
"
to
was
Cevallos'
was
the
close the
week
tory
terri-
he
negotiation,
ingly
reply; and accordin preparing more
dilatoryconduct, and
included
United
important
an
Cal-
the
State of Louisiana.1
without
another
and
deprived
in the
this note
in the
grant
in proving
made
by
posing
Anthony Crozat in 1712. After disof that subject,
he again begged for a conclusion.
As every point has been thus fullydiscussed,
to
flatter ourselves
we
which
afterward
Eager
Marmentou
the
between
Cevallos
Papers,ii.660.
to
that
Pinckney
and
we
shall
now
be
honored
Excellency'spropositionsfor
ith your
vain;
business."
whole
of the
ent
He
attempt,
onroe's part by
the
with
week
himself
May 1,
promise
some
the usual
afterward
oblig-
he
made
reply, followed
same
offer to concede
an
arrange-
answer.
an
result than
; a
Spanish expressions
the
flattered
tried to obtain
privateinterview,he
action,without better
.nother
ten
35
DIPLOMACY.
MONROE'S
the
even
on
point
States ? "
United
would
be
ended.2
the
and
:atum
cede
premature,
had
Monroe
as
the
no
choice
had
not
was
yet
through
wound
sent
step
himself
general ulti-
to the
the
August, 1802,
and
boundary, the
United
a hundred
territory
the Colorado,from
of Louisiana
cession
of West
the
accept
miles
wide
the Gulf
and
on
as
the
establish
the eastern
to the northern
the
assume
French
Texan
neutral
bank
of
boundary
spoliation
the
Colorado
States would
; would
claims,abandon
he
the
but to break
12, 1805, he
length,May
such
discussion
in which
diplomatic net
at
repliedthat
Cevallos
new
part
of Louisiana.3
Pinckney
to
Pinckney
to
Madison,
Monroe
to
Cevallos,May
State
Papers,ii. 662.
2
Monroe
and
Papers,ii. 668.
8
Pinckney
Papers,ii. 665.
and
23
May, 1805;
State
36
this
To
various
in
respects
receive
of
das, half
Texas,
obtained
to
of
assent
to
Spain
little conformable
Three
For
days
once,
Monroe
the
; and
which
American
government
States, he
she
to the
rightsof
later Monroe
did
not
will
not
have
as
desired.
the
vantage
disad-
Majesty
on
consider
may
his
part
them
as
his Crown."
demanded
showed
his
cannot
he do less than
can
nor
anxious
however
United
Cevallos
could
of claims
propositions so totallyto
on
the
them,
concessions
"
insist
please
to
convention, while
justice of
The
permit it
be
claims
equivalentfor these
abandonment
an
the
and
an
as
acknowledge
"
ward
days after-
that this
objectionsin the comment
everything and
required Spain to concede
give up both the Florinothing ; she must
scheme
only
2.
letter,objecting
ming
offers,and sum-
Monroe's
to
CH.
his
up
she
decided
but
courteous
STATES.
replied three
Cevallos
note
by
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
much
Without
his passports.
promptness
as
expressing a
Cevallos
Papers,ii. 666.
to
Monroe
and
State
detaining Monroe
could
lich
it of
be
proving
iblishingit
; he
to the
had
from
wrung
the
37
DIPLOMACY.
MONROE'S
defeat
won
the
of the
world.
For
advantage
situation,except
every
United
this,he
States
could
by
trust
Lonroe.
After
writing an angry
at Madrid, Monroe
letter to the
French
ambas-
his way,
ing
May 26, leavthe forms
of diplomatic
Pinckney to maintain
the
relations with
Spanish government.
Pinckney
had
still more
to suffer before
escaping from the
of his diplomatic trials. The Spaniards began
scene
to plunder American
commerce
spoliationsof
; the
renewed
1798 were
Florida
garrisonsin West
; the
reinforced ; Cevallos paid no
and Texas
tion
attenwere
In October
to complaintsor threats.
Pinckney
took leave and
returned
to America, and
George W.
London
sent from
to take charge of the
Erving was
legationat Madrid.
Erving made an excellent representative
lor
within
him
as
little to
mere
the
went
field of action
narrow
but
charg6 d'affaires;
the
of
he
open
could
to
do
Spanish desperation.
The
Prince of Peace, driven by France, England, and
America
and
to the
nearer
nearer
precipice that
yawned for the destruction of Spain,was
willing to
the world
see
embroiled,in the hope of finding some
last chance in his favor.
When
Erving in December,
five months
after Monroe's
strate
departure,went to remonagainst seizures of American
ships in flagrant
violation of the treaty of 1795, Godoy received him
with
the good-natured courtesy which
marked
his
stem
current
38
to have
we
How
"
manners.
?"
war
or
peace
affairs ?
our
go
"
he
Erving
The
late seizures.
to the
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
CH.
asked
called
Prince
"
2.
are
his attention
repliedthat
it
vessels
impossiblefor Spain to allow American
But we
have a treaty
to carry English property.
that right,"repliedErving.
which
tainly,
Cerus
secures
was
"
"
I know
have
you
treaty,for I made
Pinckney," rejoinedGodoy
Mr.
frankness
entire
to
; and
he went
that
announce
it with
the
"
with
on
"
free-goods
"You
thing to
same
will go
war
the
this
if
now,
think
you
from
or
the
I advise
for
Europe
if you
and
moment,
is best
in
'T is the
war.
candidly,that
us.
that
will be made
which
peace
certainly is
possessions
our
peace
me.
war
take
may
to
to
either
choose
may
you
to
you
; and
you
will leave
go
then
us
two
at war."1
Defiance
openly
said
Florida
remaining
his reach.
commerce,
Floridas
and
Erving
Archives.
at
to
States
to leave
the
war
Florida
and
the Prince
had
Spain
the
was
and
brought
indifferent to
President
Mexico
peace.
could
price he
Cuba
only
asked
were
yond
be-
Meanwhile
for the
due
money
In
Elsewhere
United
point as
further.
no
the
consequences.
seize
for
go
that
such
things to
the
could
old
still
and
Texas,
Madison,
"
Dec.
preserved her
title
title to
which, at least
7. 1805; MSS.
State
as
the
con-
Department
Such
was
War
Aspectto Spain.
Spain ;
with
war
ike
England
this
Monroe
Meanwhile
who
of
the
the real
of
was
danger
force
should
must
pursued
be
States
where
his French
to
course
Italywith
Milan
the
the
iron
Napoleon
clear to both
France
to
their
was
he
was
envoys.
interfere
on
and
on
object;
more
points,Armstrong's ideas were
those of Monroe, Madison, or Jefferson.
many
left
Monroe
sketched
simply
northern
to
bank
at
bring Spain
giving
the
received
outline
of
letter
decisive
"
take
limit in statu
without
Madrid, he
in which
eastern
and
in
absent
That
Armstrong
once
He
proper
kings.
from
the
the
on
Lombard
before
of
had
with
at
Even
It is
26
United
definite than
was
and
received
element
on
Jefferson
Paris,
to
Armstrong
May
of the
this,as
and
France.
returned
with
policy which
behalf
ideas
policyshould
acquaintances in conference
l)e pursued. Talleyrand was
Emperor,
must
coalition
the
to
irritated
and
who
result.
its natural
crown
Charles
King
in
outcome,
Napoleon,
general recurrence
whether
decide
lext
with
war
with
^asperatedSpain
"
or
diplomacy
"recedents
plan
sooner
only natural
its
was
cause
common
dth
must
extinguish.
iter
to
Americans
Floridas,the
the
srned
39
DIPLOMACY.
MONROE'S
of
quo.
to
the
Rio
stroke
reason,
either
and
strong
room
and
to
prompt
possession
the
Bravo,
leaving
of
kind
would
to
her
rescue,
quarrel.
You
France
this
might
40
Cn.
the
negotiate,and shape
then
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
as
2.
you
pleased."1
untouched,
; for
bought
been
never
had
Texas
Florida
West
Texas, leavingWest
at all.
been
bought
and
beyond
doubt
had
Armstrong
in
yielding
the
tacitly abandoned
Monroe
that
"
is
There
shade
no
Armstrong
wrote
Paris,2
"and
regard
to
whole
may
to
Spain
that
be
reduced
Spanish posts
the
intention
to do
the
of
operationsto
Louisiana.
that
we
Madison
it is
to
in West
with
after
such
as
Spain
an
and
this
been
before,
that
(from
may
some
have
of
assailing
growing
more
restrict
Emperor)
been
established
degree
of
on
commercial
colonies,would
The
indicatingan
even
our
at
with
noticing.
instead
the
arrival
pursued
motives
of
opinions,"
our
be
to
Florida, or
embargo
her
in
Monroe's
course
the character
This, with
meditate
had
years
scarcelyworth
I would
so,
out
particularly
difference
of
little in the
so
same
arguments
he
two
the
it.
belonged to Louisiana.
Florida
West
to
his
to
weak
to attack
ground
take
persuaded by Livingston to
the
saw
and wished
point of Napoleon's position,
trouble in bringing Monroe
He
had
no
conclusion, although
ida
Flor-
the President
the
was
properlytake
could
of
seizure
Evidently the
in
demonstration
compel
course
interthis government
and
with
interpose promptly and efficiently,
dispositionsto prevent the quarrel from going further."
to
Armstrong
to
Monroe, May
4, 1805; MSS.
State
ment
Depart-
State
ment
Depart-
Archives.
2
MSS.
these
Throughout
41
DIPLOMACY.
MONROE'S
1805.
Spanish negotiationsran
terious
mys-
not
corruption which probably came
from Cevallos,Godoy, or King Charles; for Spain was
was
always
always the party to suffer,and France
of
note
the
to
party
its
jobbery had
for he
Godoy
was
briberyin
the
the
Napoleon
sense
nor
they were
pecuniary motives
Yet
their acts.
on
such
That
improbable,
was
Neither
it.
that small
in power
influence
from
to
open
sacrifices.
origin in Napoleon
suffered
too
high
so
profitby Spanish
Treasuries
had
no
both
of
in .trouble,and were
seeking
Spain were
That
resources.
Talleyrand had private motives for
conniving in their expedients cannot be proved ; but
in 1805, as in 1798, every attempt to turn negotiation
from
into a job came
Talleyrand's intimate circle,
of the French
the subordinates
Foreign Office.1 In
France
and
found
June, Monroe
preceding
autumn
which
tone
alluded
16, and
[Texas],to
to
take
to do
1
2
withheld
has
France
what
favor
our
he
he
much,"
I
hints
at
the
irritated
him
in
the
he
said,2 u
gather
her
opinion
on
pretensionswhen
does
the
of
believe
to
the
she
man
gentle-
December
western
thinks
not
think
our
Government
with
led
am
in
weight.
Bordeaux
Cf.
Madison
to
them
gave
can
in the
same
wrote
letter from
to in my
from
had
and
that
showed
conferred
I have
the
Paris
which
of money
influence
at
that
limits
proper
it proper
so
acts
321.
MSS.
State
ment
Depart-
42
to
as
so
then
; and
act
CH.
2.
He
thinks
she will
Spain apply to her.
settlingthe Spanish spoliation business as
treaty of 1802,
the
by
make
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
and
getting all
of
cared
be
can
dollars
administration
If Jefferson's
that
got for
expected)
are
commit
to
an
error
"
"
Had
Monroe
been
not
exhausted
his
have
been
used
it in
reserve.
discomfited
arsenal,this
for
Monroe
23
found
himself
of American
United
States
has
recrossed
would
weapon
final blow.
before
if
certainly
Cevallos
still held
embroiled
the
beyond
Channel, and
again in London.
diplomatichistorya
seldom
Cevallos
ever
During
minister
within
tanglement,
disen-
July
a
tury
cen-
of the
six months
MONROE'S
?ered, at
two
great Courts,
itment
had
then
as
should have
returned
and
much
by
November
to
the
have
could
step
late ; the
his
time
lost in
In
Spain
and
his
which
the two
That
should
to
already disturbed
the American
for six
months
leave
have
power,
done
this
matter
was
in
own
longer
his
of amazement.
avoid
been
other
an-
temper.
at any
time
in obedience
post,even
surprising;
1804, after
had
too
public,than
more
his
interests
taken
was
in London
minister
instructions,was
to
should
had
very
notice
gave
Paris
at
was
to
sail at latest
to
it
plan,and he could no
defeat more
serious,and even
fatal to
It
"
his
wiser,but
been
That
for escape
ship,and
Office.
Foreign
lot.
England, meaning
to
1, he selected
British
contemptuous
anxious
for America.
quicklyas possible
wish/' he wrote.1 Hoping
my
sail as
no
such
fallen to Monroe's
mortified
been
He
natural.
was
43
DIPLOMACY.
but
that
he
Pitt's return
Monroe
pected
ex-
"
the
of
possibility
later,although the
had
become
such
attitude
change."2
of the
Four
British
months
ministry
Monroe
started
for
threatening,
Madrid, leavingPitt in peace, unwatched, to take his
and
to fix beyond recall his change of
measures
minister
policy. July 23, 1805, when the American
at last returned
from his Spanishjourneyand arrived
more
Monroe
to
Monroe
to Madison.
1805
; State
3, 1805
; State
Papers,iii.106.
Papers,iii. 93.
44
after
London,
in
such
of affairs
state
phlegmaticof
most
had
made
During
the
winter
several
Acts
Pitt
free
Indies
good
Britain
the
extended
system
with
through
on
These
the French
American
the
engaged
were
America
Sir William
1
Act
Orders
of
of
in
commerce
Great
British
by requiring that
all
be carried
into
of the
British
direct
rules
of
colonies,the
providing the
Scott
which
their
for
Orders
and
of
nel
chan-
attack
Parliament
and
legislation
hostile
other
dise
merchan-
into
islands should
While
the
the
in
Spanish colonies
were
secondary to
taking charge of
and
there
enemies
intended
were
the
enemy's
provided
Acts
with
West
ports alone.1
commerce.
devised
trade
and
all
; but
Other
concluded
free
measures
further
licenses,by
French
the
the
to
Indian
the
enemy's produce
of
passed
West
to
open
Act
the
ships.
allowed
subjectswere
neutral
vessels,and
their trade
Parliament
thrown
this
British
in
absence.
encouraged to bring
colonies,receivingBritish
importationof
the
the
Throughout the
hands.
were
return, while
in
Monroe's
were
their
produce of
alarmed
all the
draw
to
British
vessels,which
of
use
of 1804-1805
ports
Paris,he found
have
might
as
Cij.2.
men.
tending
into
commerce
lost at
weeks
some
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
on
cil
Coun-
and
necessary
for
Cuba, Martinique,
Lords
law
of
necessary
Appeals
for depriving
trade.
same
Instructions
of
June
29, 1805;
the
mdon,
mid
by something
prove,
custom-house
been
entry,
weeks
American
ships by
warning
; neutral
British
merchantmen
applauding the
energy
scheme
blunted
; but
by
the
the
an
American
the
of
William
of
few
the
and
royal
in
navy
Pitt.
morality something
should
have
his
desperationof
did not
seized without
doubled
with
excuse
same
evidence
in
was
for
surprising,
not
was
the
originalintention
were
vied
Pitt
That
be said.
owner
decision,within
matter
as
his
scores
insurance
Of the decision
been
case
neutral
than
voyage
of this
consequence
the
more
that
the
terminate
to
In
might
unless
good prize
was
port.
the
"
ie
iad
rulingin
the
his
Setting aside
Essex."
"
45
DIPLOMACY.
MONROE'S
planned
moral
his
had
political
gle
strug-
apply to
law
quarrel between
lies deep. Perhaps
sense
such
Sir William
historyis old,
and its source
no
good historian
a
ever
was
good lawyer
good lawyer : whether
any
could be a good historian
might be equallydoubted.
of a
The lawyer is required to give facts the mould
theory ; the historian need only state facts in their
Scott.
The
In
sequence.
as
of the
one
to any
a
"
pride.
In
man
of the
in whom
historyhe
See First
made
was
ever
considered
sat
on
the
imputation on
lawyer
1
Scott
English bench,
sensitive
Sir William
law
and
the
his
judicialindependence,
whole professiontook
himself
and
Administration,ii. 400.
his court
46
OF
HISTORY
secret
law
The
defends
was
the
a
certain
this,and
may
him
STATES.
carrying out
CH.
2.
act of
piracy.
by throwing responsibility
upon
an
bound
to make
chiefs who were
political
sation
compenif compensation
to the plundered merchants
claring
The
due.
judge'sduty began and ended by delaw.
what
Experience had proved that
was
evidence previously
requiredto convince the court
the
of
for
instrument
UNITED
THE
be the
no
fact
insufficient.
was
more.
The
judge
said
strictly
professional
aspect of
it
this famous
political
act, and
As a political
known
was
by the judge to be such.
its character
was
measure
equivalentto a declaration
of war, and did not materiallydiffer from the more
violent seizure of the Spanish treasure-ships
by Pitt's
The lawyers justified
order in the previousOctober.
that seizure also ; the King's Advocate
defended
it
of Commons
in the House
by the simple explanation
not in the habit of declaringwar,
that England was
but usuallybegan hostilities by some
act of force.1
whom
Pitt had entreated,only a few
Lord Grenville,
months
before, to join the new
ministry,and who
to Pitt himself,
was
certainlyconsidered
as, next
the highest political
not
authorityin England, was
deterred
by this reasoning from
denouncing the
seizure of the Spanish galleonsas an
atrocious
act
of barbarity,contrary to all the
law
of nations,
which
stamped indelible infamy on the English name.
judgment,
1805
Speech
in its nature
of Sir
; Cobbett's
John
Nicholl
Debates, iii.407.
was
Feb.
(Advocate-General),
11,
Grey, another
high authority,stigmatizedit as
faith.
and
bad
The
finingviolence, injustice,
American
of the
seizure
tits
far
so
to throw
descended
b he
ships was
in
only
nature
Sir
as
Scott
William
of the
London
his
Lord
Essex."
"
the very
on
pronounced
making
position,
fatal
he
Except
as
character
for Lord
way
friend
and
; and
Lord
had
from
the
attention
to the
Monroe
to
to
unknown.
was
be
portance
im-
self
him-
addressed
assured
was
Yet
of
United
to
this and
when
been
Monroe
of American
naval
officers who
State
an
sured
as-
issued,
do
the other
score
take
States ; he
had
the
remote
more
disposed to
was
in
me
than
orders
to arrange
seizure
His
without
wholly
He
the
new
Channel, by British
themselves
1
toward
satisfaction."
new
abilities.
moderate
nothing
his Government
"
that
no
The
slow
also that
another
of Pitt's ministers
of his Government
views
unfriendlyattitude
that
he
the
in
longer presided
Mulgrave.
seemed
been.1
ever
explicitterms
in the
the
as
most
me
Pitt
Sir
when
day
taken
Mulgrave, Monroe
found
he
discuss, and
Cevallos
of
opinions
To
to
ermine
the
no
had
and
Scott
decision
Harrowby
Foreign Office ;
the
over
to
William
it in advance
over
different
act
an
wore,
jtvlonroe reached
case
47
DIPLOMACY.
MONROE'S
every,
points
called
his
vessels
declared
Mulgrave
Papers,iii. 103.
48
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
did
Government
his
of 1756
the Rule
quietlyrepliedthat
and
that
the
slightestdegree
from
STATES.
not
CH.
2.
good law,
was
relax
to
mean
in
the
Scott's decision.1
indifference
felt the
had
Monroe
Lord
Lord
Mulgrave
The
experience.
but
was
one
rough
accepted
challenged at
to
or
and
Spaniard.
trouble
himself
States.
and
caring
Government
"
was
Cambrian,"
station
any
in
who
for
the
the
had
to
by
the
had
man
Frenchwish
no
the
United
pressmen
im-
only sign of
of
his
Captain Bradley of
the
measures
recalled
been
of
wide
questions of
his
and
excuse
regard
he
showed
about
way
which
of the
Mulgrave
commerce
or
that
hands
discuss
not
explain
to
Lord
in
would
He
the
that
of Monroe
repetitionof
was
varietyof
treatment
Englishman
Cevallos
more
of
contempt
or
from
the American
of
violations
neutrality. Monroe
complained that Bradley had since been given a ship
of the line. Mulgrave explainedthat the command
of a line-of-battle ship was
not necessarily
a
tion,
promoactive officer accustomed
to an
to the
especially
Cambrian's
independence and prize-moneyof the
cruisingground.
"
"
With
the
this
1804-1805
year
he
seemed
result
drew
Monroe
to
to
came
from
little likely
to
to persevere
Monroe's
it
diplomaticactivityfor
end.
The
an
clusion
only-con-
was
adopt.
He
in its course,
Jefferson
which
one
urged
and
to
his
ment
Govern-
threaten
war
iii.105.
Madison, Aug. 20, 1805; State Papers,
MOXROE'S
1305.
upon
probably shall
each
on
the
with
England
able
be
never
without
Power
either
with
49
DIPLOMACY.
once.1
at
settle
to
pushing
greatest decision.
"
We
concerns
our
just claims
our
...
strong
am
of the Lords
of
The
interests of America.
of
rules,the extension
new
please
to
the navy
market.
and
warehouses
The
overfilled with
might
convey
had
in
sugar,
the chance
For
it to France.
the French
but
how
could
to be
were
that neutral
five years
production;
when
on
the Thames
on
was
they
the
due
check
ships
to
nists
colo-
excess
production
and
Monroe
Monroe
to
to
Colonel
Taylor,Sept.10, 1810
Department Archives.
VOL.
III.
"
1805
; State
Papers,iii. 106.
; Monroe
MSS., State
50
goods, could
unsalable
with
the
than
in
Sir
trade.
tral
neu-
had
that, honest
universal
almost
This
famous
pamphlet
not, it should
or
after the
Essex
"
Madison
to
"
found
prayer
that
In
effect.
abilityand
rarelyhad
October, 1805,
decision,while
harder
press
of
than
more
War
in
Disguise;
The
Flags."
from
two
him
or,
author
less remarkable
which
hundred
two
expressionin
an
equal for
has
the
than
for his
Frauds
own
Junes
to
ing
advisall the
on
in London
of
the
with
the
Stephen,a
than
qualities
book
title :
Neutral
man
not
for those
have inherited
generationsof descendants
these abilities,
though elevatinghim
; but
months
was
ever
pages,
James
was
three
Monroe
Powers, appeared
great belligerent
"
the
out
stopped.
be
cerned
con-
merely required
its honesty ; England with
of
demanded
voice
one
were
States,agreed
crush
to
Scott
William
proof
additional
an
who
United
the
government
callingupon
in
cessation
England, except
merchants
with
commerce
of
classes
and
manufacturers
the
the
son
rea-
interested
the
All
loaded
better
no
2.
The
demand.
discover
CH.
also
were
rivalryfor
neutral
same
Continental
of
warehouses
whose
Company,
India
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
bar
Stephen
his
was
land
Eng-
America
so
liar
pecu-
highest distinction.
high-minded fanatic,passion-
path
a
in
to
the
MOXROE'S
51
DIPLOMACY.
slave-trade
of the
"lerance
; and
this curious
thesis
Europe,
and
done
refuse her
to
of which
the
of
esteem
he
countries
two
in
prayed
abolishing the
it
that
and
in
harmony
settled
quence
conse-
between
the
on
slave-
impossible
was
England,
be
might
example before
an
an
the
as
up
that
assert
to
she had
trade
America
hold
courage
firmest
foundation.
insular and
This
of many
robust
of
dogmatism, characteristic
minds, Stephen carried into the question
neutral
in the
career
He
trade.
West
honest
had
Indies,and
learned
the
himself
begun his
the prize-court
-at
in
secrets
of neutral
merce.
-com-
greater part
at
French
1
all,but
or
New
of the
was
neutral
fraudulent
trade
for
not
business,in
was
in
tral
neu-
which
French
abolishingthe Slave-Trade,1807.
or
52
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
CH.
2.
of systematic perjury
by means
Spanish ships,was
American
flag.
protectedby the prostituted
of this charge was
true will never
be
How
much
tions.
Stephen could not prove his assercertainlyknown.
merchants
denied them.
The American
stoutly
Alexander
Baring,better informed than Stephen and
that the charge was
affirmed
far less prejudiced,
untrue, and that if the facts could be learned,more
British than
enemy's property would be found afloat
under the American
flag. Perhaps this assertion was
the more
annoying of the two ; but to prove either
the other was
the one
or
needless,since from such
able to draw
of
number
a
premises Stephen was
startlingconclusions which an English public stood
the
ready to accept. The most serious of these was
certain ruin of England from
the seduction
of her
seamen
inevitable
decay of
her
service ; another
merchant
marine
was
the
still another
"
War
in
Disguise,
pp.
131-133.
of the
conscious
not
justice
done
have
British
Thus
bring Great
carried
who
in
war
"
from
Spain
The
conclusion
inevitable.
was
Stephen;
of Pitt and
measures
the
Scott,was
urged by Stephen
he
the
begged
language,
so
The
restraint.
of
Stephen
bitterness
could
with
their
with
war
the
opportunity
1
Bosanquet,
United
to
that
should
be
Causes
of the
of
self-
such
no
height
looking
the
his
for
moment
had
where
mingled
; but
States
able
reason-
protection
America
toward
simply
the
itself at
he
and
; while
religiousconviction
denunciations
than
Bibles, said
almost
and
beyond
of Sir William
used
writers
trade
far
great force
for
Rule
neutral
temperate
war
maintain
his
accustomed
less
the
austere
personal animosity
no
to
make
Other
fraud.
gross
to
navy.
the
went
decision
in
Americans,
not
off the
with
on
British
Enforce
"
"cut
Americans
rescuing France
the
policy, which
This
altogether!"
of
pressure
soon
carrying
of
to
that
must
the
were
purpose
the
lost
England
which
that
commerce
the
cried
of 1756!"
ruin, and
for the
disguise
and
the
this
on
of
in accord.
in
fraud
was
to
could
was
were
established
was
Britain
humor
point
Stephen
and
trade
alone
pecuniary sanctity
this
on
conviction
American
the
"
the
to
the
Cobbett
caricature.
; but
peerage
53
DIPLOMACY.
MONROE'S
come,
followers,
motives
for
and
seized.1
Depreciation,etc.
its
p. 42.
in
going
that
III.
CHAPTER
letter
to
blunt
announcement
every
step
of
in
the
had
been
Jefferson
was
but
Madison
"I
that
main
peaceable
let
said
the
Mobile,
case
wish
as
question
to
crisis
present
but
decide,
in
thither
that
"
else
the
to
right
wit, whether
pass
away
Jefferson
to
Madison,
March
23,
1805
Madison
to
gating
navi-
of
further
await
we
ticipate
an-
as
have
shall
we
without
settlement."
to
may
failure
may
then
even
Europe
the
wrote
we
its
settle
"
France,
Charles.
He
On
everything
been
desperate.
was
may
and
not
King
him.
mission.
he
oppose
to
and
President,1
his
proceedings
difficult
followed
the
of
effect
had
by
its
Madrid,
at
Louisiana
France
with
to
meant
Monticello,
at
Monroe's
object,
the
of
to
Paris
consider,"
the
refused
then
arrived
Florida
retrocession
from
documents
West
the
Talleyrand's
negotiation
that
hear
to
disaster.
Napoleon
Monroe's
lowed
fol-
President
began
21, 1804,
Dec.
3,
which
when
Madison
that
declaration
its
ill-temper
European
March
expired,
impeachment,
Armstrong,
included
the
of
mutterings
with
and
Secretary
and
Jefferson
first
of
failure
the
hardly
confusion
the
amid
1805,
had
Congress
Eighth
THE
MSS.
will
a
and
The
taken.
attempt
everything might
his
retrace
more
singularletter of
Monroe's
the next
He
of
ters,
disasbe
step to
Florida
navigation of
the
Mobile.
vague
steps.
month
through ish
Spanfirst impression was
that
before,if the Spaniards
as
free
still
was
on
go
to
consent
Madison
to obtain
fears had
would
foresaw
speculateupon
to
began
the
early as
as
President
the
March, 1805,
to
that
letter showed
This
55
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
1805.
wrote
President
the
to
was
a
contradictions.
27,1 that
entirelydespair," said he, March
to
Spain, notwithstanding the support given by France
to West
her
claim
Florida, may
yield to our
proposed
"
I cannot
"
scale.
her
and
If
all
can
ground,
the
such
"
will
be
such
national
to
would
1
decide
Madison
France
as
of
would
as
at
by
law
principlesof
that
to
France
be
which
having
our
different
with
all when
equity.
sold
us
that
be
those
little weight in
at
none
by
right
supported by
have
part
approved
not
If
force.
universal
Jefferson,March
be
derstanding
un-
no
very
would
all,it must
technical
was
on
not
certainly as
States,
the mutual
Florida
claim
our
United
been
have
soon
the
to
West
maintained
place
probably
world, and
approbation
that
Spain
it
Louisiana,
it to
prove
with
of
Florida
sell West
right to
above
as
may,
Britain
her
despairsof
our
consideration
this latter
that
her, partly
of Great
the interference
apprehension of
an
to
the
The
posed
op-
world
of
territory
56
having
to
France
on
remit
and
procure
3.
party
transaction,
whole
limited
was
the
convey
price, or
the
tanto
pro
States
United
the
CH.
rightto sell,that
no
against the
remonstrated
even
right of
the
had
she
party, which
third
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
to
territory,or
dissolve
to
demand
the
to
bargain
altogether."
eighteen
For
months
French
every
Madrid
had
assured
remonstrance
language varying between
insult,that Spain had not ceded West Florida
and
that
France
had
been
refused
claim
of
to
of the State
records
; the
France
had
Jefferson
that West
Spain ;
he
brought Monroe
government
on
fresh
in his
that if France
could
the world
had
acted
any
case
was
That
to
claim
sion
posses-
and
government
to
ish
rupture with the Span-
issue,
"
he
prove
decide
regard
received
record
satisfactor
Randolph thought unIn spiteof
Mobile Act.
was
mind,
would
without
the
that
to
had
part of Louisiana ;
against France, but against
Florida
and
obligedto explain,in
himself
committed
this,Madison
the claim
and
of the
the words
ventured
he
been
Gallatin
which
Florida
not
when
Florida
West
to
Department proved
for West
asked
language
he
Spanish
in
Madison,
and
to
to West
lections
yet with these recol-
suddenly told
of
matter
common
the United
that
law
Jefferson
States
equity,while
or
Florida
riety,
noto-
in
against Spain
as
mistake.
Madison
so
should
was
singular,
have
less
followed
train of
surprisingthan
that
soning
rea-
he
57
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
1805.
advanced
far without
showing
sign
that he was
preparedfor the next step. Knowing as
defeated,
early as March, 1805, that his plans were
have
should
might expect
he
that
and
France, he selected
be
to
South
from
of
the
"
Our
he
and
wrote.1
"That
was
that
should
swum
has
rested
sunk
want
met
our
on
depending
now
relations
with
her
hostile.
but
have
this
are
still
to
bottom,
nothing
what
this
peaceable
desire.
will
and
of
is hers
; but
malice,
return
she
and
of
decide
would
have
hers, and
whether
sincerelyfriendlyor
and
idea
ours
should
unworthy
trial,and
us
earnest
jealousy, secret
under
wish,
of
hemisphere
possess
be
the
President's
disposition,our
want
its last
to
be
most
same
between
ceased
Jefferson to
on
to
patience
now
same
with
advances
Our
dispositionis
nation
since
ing,"
vitallyinterest-
are
our
the
We
the
should
been
the
on
together.
other
no
ill-faith.
is
existence
her
have
or
with
us
nation
they
has
friendly character
met
that
change.
that
with
Spain
interval
month's
suffered
relations
Had
we
in the
had
pacificviews
of
governor
Talleyrand's manifesto
of
arrival
of
Bowdoin
wrote
implied that
letter
cessor
prede-
Jefferson
announcing
celebrated
was
of his
James
and
Pinck-
career
that
as
Carolina, was
Massachusetts, son
State.
noisy
as
Spain
succeed
to
whose
diplomatist,
futile if not
as
repulse from
minister
new
This
Madrid.
at
ney
so
our
nently
perma-
cherish, the
expect it."
mer,
for-
58
of
faculty,peculiarto
the
had
Jefferson
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
wished
he
seeing what
Few
he willed to believe.
believingwhat
to
CH.
certain
peraments
tem-
and
see,
3.
of
other Americans
pire
seriouslytalked of the Spanish emin America
as
swimming or sinking with that of
United
States; but Jefferson,for the moment,
could have
the
thought
that
the
earthen
of
pot
Spanish
dominion
itself to float
trust
"
"
at
till
war
seek
we
it ; "
and
wrote
to Bowdoin
were
leadingto permanently
had
not
that
her
six
secret
months
malice
hostile
ill faith
and
relations.
much
later he
tain
to main-
his
that
authorityamong
rulers,the war
till he sought it must
be sought.
come
never
As
Monroe's
overthrow
evident,the President
from
of
August
one
grew
device
Monroe's
to
became
uneasy,
another.
more
and
In
He
would
and
more
turned
lessly
rest-
the first
days
despatches arrived,announcing
1
See p. 8.
CABINET
1805.
from
alone
from
had
an
with
at
awkward
refusal
any
of
offer
a
of
The
review
was
as
Madison
tion
questhis
they seize
if
nothing, as
and
this
the
of
war.
Emperor,
tions.
ques-
claims
without
tone
in
perseverance
be
may
extraordinary, a
haughty
"has
serious
some
mission
in
He
result.
drawing
with-
admitted
be
to
sonable
manifestly unrea-
strong appeal
to
the
country."
from
this somewhat
mild
Monroe, Armstrong,
ingston
Liv-
or
recommended.
as
was
communications,"
militarystatus
1
drawn
such
not
1 find that,
former
terms,
of
sensibility
conclusion
One
no
absence
inadmissible, form
had
"
and
ex
feeling
stipulatedprovision for
and
and
of
overtures
other
of
dangerous than
he
the
parade
our
place,
tween
government stood be-
more
termination,
the
all
just, without
honor
the
and
Mon-
at
took
men.
reached
Madrid,"
in
expected, particularly
should
long
Napoleon ?
humiliation
business
The
"
phia,
Philadel-
was
should
decided,
admitting that
and
war
fluctuations
of the two
first reflections
Madison's
President
the
day
to
to be
was
to break
moment
shrank
day
the characters
peculiarto
by
interchange of letters
brisk
marking
The
offers had
in
was
detained
was
lameness.
troublesome
ticello.
wife
his
where
all his
Madison
rejectedby Spain.
been
that
had
he
that
59
VACILLATIONS.
quo
to
in the
apprehended
continued
controverted
Jefferson,
Aug. 2, 1805
from
the
the
tenor
secretary,
the
districts,
; Jefferson MSS.
"
of
the
navi-
60
gation
spoliationssubsequent
had
a
place in
never
the
have
passed,
to
points
had
be
to
force,
idea
includingthe
This
hither.
the
on
with
the
have
mission
for
convenient
us
to
what
territorial
also, if
not
or
in what
would
has
tions,
ques-
tion
condi-
so
country,
made
not
question
is to
resort
mode.
haps
Per-
improved by
sequel of business
of
it would
as
Executive
be
appearance
more
this
the
fail, the
be whether
should
transferringthe
of
would
the
within
to Bowdoin
instructions
the
Bowdoin
spoliations,on
extent, and
what
to
of
utmost
Legislaturemust
the
discussions.
1802
yielded,with an incorporation
1802
with
quent
a
provision for subse-
experiment
this
If
purview.
of
be
is the
This
claims.
with
of
convention
the
of
the
3.
Florida, and
convention
French
the
deposit,and
those
that
the
to
suspension
propose
the
West
CH.
with
instructed, consistently
be
perhaps
may
STATES.
running through
rivers
the
of
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
and
an
advance
be
attended
would
be
by Spain
most
pretext
delay."
for
one
"
tures
over-
another
be
The
terized
slightlypatronizing air which characJefferson's attitude toward
Madison, but which
he never
betrayed toward Gallatin,was
explainedby
this want
of directness in Madison's
nature, and by
invited.
the
habitual
slowness
of
suggested by Madison
into
the
hands
of
his
threw
France.
opinion of Jefferson,whose
news
alarm.
from
Pinckney
to
The
decisions.
the
control
This
mind
state
at
least
action
of
was
events
the
wrought by the
of steadilygrowing
was
CABINET
the
think
"
uld
status
igust 2.1
le
against
which
to
propose
Three
had
"
increased
The
the
should
and
the
take
immediately
not
years) a
shall
war
France."
again, and
Wrote
his
alarm
2
"
enclosed
now
papers
opinion of
make
he
Spain
dress.
re-
treaty of alliance,to
(within
or
days later
ought
before
provide
to
war,
such
in
both
to
eventual
an
whenever
of
think, therefore,we
we
of
cause
worthy
purpose,
ought
whether
take
England
into force
come
we
peace.
consideration
into
to
of
sufficient
letter of
refusal
refused, the
ratification
show
acts
conclusion
be
of itself
these
not
receiving Madison's
even
withholding a
Yet
France,
it
is not
limit
is the
"r
Should
"
already proposed,
through Bowdoin," wrote
offered
4, before
Ferson, August
if
quo,
immediately
be
61
VACILLATIONS.
expediency of
to
you
confirm
treaty with
me
in the
PZngland,but
ful
doubt[to Spain] more
light on
; the
correspondence will probably throw
that question. From
the papers
already received I infer
reliance on the part of Spain on
the omnipoa confident
tence
of Bonaparte, but a desire of procrastinationtill
in Europe shall leave us without
an
peace
ally."
the
Ten
of
the
days more
evident;
became
to
rose
offer
status
quo
the
feverishness.3
He
mortification
anger
wrote
to
and
alarm
Madison,
gust
Au-
17,"
am
anxious
with
to receive
Spain, as
Jefferson to
Jefferson to
Jefferson to
; Madison
;
MSS.
62
advisable
be
that
before
the
Were
it
of
next
bounds
of
for
eligible
the
language
can
keep
her
arms
will,to which
she
foresees
does
venture
on
therefore
and
should
not
ourselves
permit
not
be
to
cause
and
found
she
enforce
mandate
off
as
and
"
if
that
by
truckle,
will not
we
within
her,
to
were
Spain
of
means
the
as
for
us
"
she
till peace,
insulated
us
as
peace
it,
confirms
is
conduct
settle with
is to
France
of
view
not
delay.
for
expedient
other
cavalier
the
France
that
evidence
do
But
us.
necessarily,
un-
Congress
be
this
as
3.
question only
Louisiana, I should
I consider
choice.
our
the
Were
spring.
day
result before
war,
more
lay their
CH.
postponed
be
not
may
we
rise
they
about
should
they
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
now.
We
our
guard
friendless."
and
President's
The
could
Madison
Pitt
wish
was
to
natural
not
; but
Pitt
price he
and
to
was
the
on
Executive
should
"
An
of
laying her
Madison
to
doing
ask
the
what
Floridas
ments
com-
British
treaty
but
under
alliance
eventual
Britain,if attainable
possible measures
chance
of
Madison's
proposed
from
conditions,would
all
States
conquering
States.
United
President's
this
pointed out
for
should
United
might reasonably
receive
for the
Texas
the
was
gratuitousfavors, and
Jefferson
That
see.
be
I
do
her
for
us
not
without
the
see
obligationsto
Jefferson,
Aug. 20, 1805;
with
admissi
in-
best
the
be
Jefferson MSS.
of
least
called
correspondentobligations
part." Objectionto the President's plan
to a plan of
the secretarycame
but when
force
into
was
easy
his
at
our
on
own,
he
to
renew
than
63
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
1805.
will without
our
suggest nothing
could
moderate
would
Merry, which
and
alarming France
from
Spain,
"
coquetry
side
the
have
Great
with
communication
of
degree
vigorous
more
with
of
advantage
whom
the
would
Britain
ing
grow-
be
not
concealed."
Such
such
less favor
with
met
proposed
own
had
the
in
met
of alliance
with
bent,
moment
and
this
Madison.
the
of the
and
American
for
the
the
writer's
Madison
had
make
peace
without
the
spoliationclaims to
co-operationin the war
sufficient inducement
be
treaty
objectionsby
that
complained
Florida
while
was
livelytraits of
He
England
Upon
Madison's
than
eyes
with
President
stipulatenot
securing West
would
alliance
met
the nature
should
America,
he
showed
sanguine temper.
misconceived
of
eyes
Jefferson's
in
one-sided
England
that
arguments
England
against
heelless
as
President
his
effective
as
Napoleon
Merry
doubt
no
was
weapon
to
her
for
making
contract.1
''Another
motive
induce
ill humor
1
may
much
England
at
Jefferson to
times
more
to
go
have
powerful
much
been
would
further.
tably
indubiWhatever
expressed against us
; Works
iv. 585.
64
HISTORY
individuals
by
of
sides
ministers
against
do
with
the
as
think
would
nation
the
to
as
King
the
his
or
into
enter
weigh
not
every
fightingby
more
could
nor
popular
so
The
us.
give
would
be
could
ance
alli-
an
ation
consider-
their
us
At
make
not
obtained,
the
calling up
it
possible,as
situation
our
we
might
await
receive
our
her
and
ure
fail-
such
one
convenience
own
think
it
overture
an
might prevent
If
worse.
foederis.
casus
should
England
that
act
an
Floridas.
for
France
once
us
of
3.
consider
it
by grains and scruples ; they would
price and pledge of an indissoluble friendship. I
it possible that for such
a
provisional treaty they
would
the
see
CH.
first wish
the
country,
is to
heart
Englishman's
their
that
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
important
as
listeningto
early
as
terms
of
peace."
If
Jefferson
right
in
"
Madison's
he
the
the
scheme
equallyunpromising, because
had
made
of Merry, on
whom
a
personal enemy
of Madison's
tactics depended. Each
success
of
two
of the
high authorities felt the weakness
other, and
the
in courteous
unpractical:
"The
more
active
more
was
secretary even
language,that
went
so
far
as
the President's
hint,
to
idea
was
"
I reflect
I feel the
value
on
of
friendshipof Great
the
some
papers
eventual
Britain,but
Madrid,
the
securityfor
the
from
the
more
see
at
her of
securityto
be
such
guaranty, unless
in
certainly
her
commercial
objectionsof
to obvious
be
can
suggested
of
In this state
the
Cabinet
the
course
written
devised,
is
as
one
the
be
of
few
from
papers
last letter."
in my
Unless,
occurred
not
such
than
course
liable
days
President
the
Gallatin
an
of
in
received
Robert
and
to
were
pretty
us
kind.
has
other
no
see
her?
bargain
serious
most
arrangement which
therefore, some
her
satisfactory.To offer
concessions
on
points in the
payment for aids which might
required,would
or
join
to
to involve
as
must
we
equivalent
as
offer
like
be
not
certain
received
be
never
as
bound,
accept
we
can
shaped
so
regulationsor
nations
of
law
she will
What
without
that is to
"
would
war,
be
thing,
what
obligation.
is to
she
same
to do
or
"
an
mutual
me
If
ours.
so
in the war,
to
of obtainingit
difficulty
the
time
same
65
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
Smith.
was
in his eyes
been
of his
rested
on
bluntness
have
relished.
"
to
demands
have
which
from
Madison
Gallatin
to
to
the
made
no
cealment
con-
whole
negotiation
he told Madison
as
much,
Spain
were
too
independent
scarcely
French
inter-
Jefferson,
Sept.1, 1805; Jefferson MSS.
Madison, Aug. 6,
i. 237.
TIL"
He
war.
opinion that
expected, even
VOL.
Southern
blunder ; and
with
"The
1805
Gallatin's
Writings,
66
OF
HISTORY
ference,
only
be
might
any
success
hoped
that
of
of
reputation.
be
eligibleto
again
the
If
for
risk of
by
that
on
lowering
national
the
has
already been
produced,
endangering
peace
will
to
be
not
before
this
at
the
serious
we
ment
mo-
manner
in
that
effect
character
save
it may
importance
conducted
how
loss
some
opportunity
been
negotiationhas
the
of
ground,
strength may
by pretensionswhich our
permit us to support. If from
which
could
our
productive
better
It
3.
negotiators
pension
relinquishment or sus-
safe
are
CH.
negotiation.
render
claims
we
STATES.
assumed
tone
our
wait
the
run
from
to
as
of
some
UNITED
the
such
be
not
THE
and
out
with-
difficult
question."
words
These
Monroe's
despatches.
was
put
into
to
Madison
returning it
the
had
business
When
not
ended
could
Gallatin sent
in
substance
to the
an
of the
criticism
not
ended
President
argument
have
and Pinckney
Monroe, Livingston,
take
badly
bore
admitted
much
and
in
that
he
as
double
that
worse.
remarkable
for peace,
grounds which
it,and
comment
so
phrase
must
have
dry
quite
The
previouslysupposed.1
Madison
meaning, for even
business
the
seen
dence
correspon-
read
he
made
had
he
whole
the
hands
his
had
the
before
written
were
paper,2
in tenor
Jefferson,Madison,
had
thought proper
in
their
"
Madison
Gallatin
i. 241.
to
to
Jefferson,
Sept. 1, 1805; Jefferson MSS.
Jefferson,Sept. 12, 1805; Gallatin's Writings,
jt
boundary
on
)vernment
was
67
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
United
Louisiana, the
to
from
debarred
States
of its
fault,
own
jither
justice,war
jtract
Sabine
Perdido
and
under
arrangement
and
convention,
which
making
on
Pending
spend
consequence."
step, with
proper
and
acceptance
quo,
of
newal
Rethe
temporary
against
the
of the
tions
spolia-
new
Spanish privateerswere
and
American
in the West
commerce
daily
Indies.
million
negotiationCongress might
the militia,
and might appropriate
on
money
dollars
annually
build
to
ships
of
line.
Gallatin
effect,
threw
opinionof Robert
existed
Navy.
his influence
againstthe President's
of Gallatin's
the
status
insistence
French
some
of Madison
The
the
subversion
fine,a
natural
ance
in alli-
In
the
The
condition
Spanish
in
"
as
of Florida ;
the value
boundaries
as
defended
be
entangle America
our
the
exceed
and,
to
be recommended.
not
would
result
political
with
England
the
all
loss would
and
expense
could
it
policy,
of
matter
not
was
Smith
in the Cabinet
Hardly
three
embarrassment, Gallatin
semi-warlike
reasoning. Already
the side
on
views.
the force
sion
perceptibledivithe
Treasury and
months
before the Spanish
had spoken to the President
between
68
THE
UNITED
of Robert
Smith's
OF
HISTORY
in
strong terms
had added,1
STATES.
CH.
3.
and
administration,
"
"
than
the
subject,
On
this
the
object seemed
"
accountability,
"
in
harmony
to
of
Navy greater
merely
nominal
preserving
councils, however
your
grating
to
fect
per-
my
uniformly silent."
present views
Smith's
and
irritation,
in his
require,and
almost
feelings,been
the
of
expense
to
tended
to
confirm
Jefferson
reconcile
Gallatin
to
doning
aban-
much
presumed
had
and
peace,
by land
working
the want
on
or
on
American
on
of
He
by
water.
her
fears,and
recommended
to
means
predilectionfor
to annoy
her
either
that
provide additional
Congress be
gunboats,to put
all the
"
Gallatin
to
Jefferson,May
i. 233.
2
Robert
Smith
to
Jefferson,
Sept. 10,
1805
; Jefferson MSS.
the
of
loss
consequent
reputation,and
Smith
peace-policy.Robert
high tone, and to arm.
true
a
it
it
his neck
bow
France
that
such
to
His
Spain.
and
plan
agreed
caught
solve
his
what
to
Spain
and
rived
September, arpation
advising the militaryoccu-
of the
well
at
it with
with
himself
gestion
sug-
President's
relief of
the
who
views
unable
man
hears
that
another
explain
inexplicable. Jefferson
is
result to
uniting
Madison
it with
his
the
true
as
to
seized
nounced
an-
own,
solution
"
worst
pass
acts
intercourse
new
with
l
:
difficulty
the
should
the
problem,
own
Supposing
in
of intercourse
first well-considered
the
was
so
the
of
cessation
Armstrong's idea,and
as
United
and
pursued ;
the
the
some
for
yet made
us
of
yoke
middle
the
moment,
of Texas
without
President
Armstrong's letter
he
posed
pro-
imposed.
At
it
Not
President.
the
to
struggle could
States
Gallatin
that
"
humiliation
inward
instincts
mortifying,and although he
he could
little abrupt as
not
possible,
it was,
from
a
severe
seeming what
as
prevent
to maintain
Jefferson's
path
to
and
hard
was
made
the
return
wished
All
Gallatin ; but
with
were
69
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
1805.
previous alliance
event,
with
Spain
of
England
Executive
at discretion
Spain
that
propose
establishments
Jefferson to
I should
with
between
to
guard
Congress
to
pend
sus-
(2) to dislodge
the Mississippi
70
HISTORY
Bravo
and
appointed October
reunite
should
explained at
"With
ought
we
of
from
will
Spain.
see
bind
positively
to bind
refuse
indeed,
in lieu of
advantage
yet
regard
nothing
to
At
not
to
of
turning
public
1
or
our
that
she
while
we
unless,
"
war.
our
part
No
such
to
us
and
had
except negotiationwithout
end.
I think
Armstrong
the
to
to
went
on
ought
to receive
French
controversy
private;
Madison
war,
be admissible
would
clude
pre-
attainable,
peace,
into the
ject
sub-
England, therefore,Madison
extinguish in
to
if
yieldedon
were
to enter
the
on
chance
make
think
will not
as
make
to
to
positively
as
propose
Paris
advised,
President.
adjustment,
war
her."
satisfactoryto
In
herself
occurs
soon
his views,
he
of the
project,
so
know
engagement
as
return
course
in the
positiveadvantage
an
the
his
understanding
an
coalition
ourselves
some
not
that
intermediate
an
the Cabinet
Britain," he said,1"I
far into
as
eventual
an
us
with
to go
Great
to
respect
President
to consider
should
length
some
which
on
he could
widely from
differed
which
day
in order
he
the
as
The
discussed.
Washington
at
and
"
be
repliedthat
but Madison
and
could
which
of action
8.
plan, uncertain,indeed,
British help,but still a scheme
length was
dependent on
at
because
CH.
to examine
ascertain
Here
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
with
leave
"
government
Spain
them
into
under
tions
instruc-
every
hope
French
job,
apprehensions
Jefferson,
Sept.30, 1805; Jefferson MSS.
; and
Ireat Britain
leave
To
Bonaparte
several
jk which
[ployinghalf
in
Spain."
"
apprehensions
diplomacy
armed
which
but
by civilitiesto Merry.
After this decision,
nothing
"
then
were
accomplish,
to
men
to
was
Paris,
at
European governments
success,
and
change
any
objects with
our
under
million
without
utherto
to
Madison's
objectof
the
"
of
advantage
favorable
Cabinet
French
take
to
States
the United
between
connection
eventual
an
71
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
Madison
hoped
to
feet
)ut
of
line
of the
;ourse
died ; but
44
As
regard
Bowdoin, the
summer
minister,had
new
learning the
to Paris
went
continued
Madison,
his
fortunate, and
any,
what,
or
with
embraced
by
as
the
or
intercourse
with
the
last
to
as
be
may
Spain
the
of
fall within
Armstrong,
it will
effect of
shall
occurrences
may
the
the
the
be
be
taken
for
the
path
within
be
to
the
opportunity of
in
any
we
not
or
Britain
by
him
to
whether
cation
communi-
points
not
question my
other
marked
out
than
for
sphere of Claiborne's
Casa
of
impressions
government
is
the
this
one
aided
invite
step whatever
any
Marquis
best
be
question, however,
Spanish government on
late negotiation. On
disapprove
may
the
should
steps
the
reflections
such
nicest
The
Spain.
that
until
aloof
keeping
and
Bowdoin
ought to proceed
question is, whether
to Madrid.
My opinion is that his tripto Great
was
the
Madrid.
visiting
Spain herself,"
to
In
Spain.
to
he
negotiation,
to mark
but
on
without
mdon
in
conduct
of Monroe's
dlure
remained
Calvo.
Perhaps
all for
ing
convey-
wish, without
respect
more
than
mitting
com-
may
72
OF
HISTORY
advisable.
be
Claiborne
In
it
general
hold
should
UNITED
THE
STATES.
to
seems
me
CH.
proper
3.
that
that he should
particularly
go every length
the law will warrant
and his project of
against Morales
be not
If Congress should
sellinglands.
indisposed,
and
cases,
may
effectual
that
on
as
their
meeting
there
what
ought
be
to
authorized
be
proceedings
well
as
will be
suggested
Having brought
the
that
other
time
to
will
be
points ;
consider
perfectly
but
more
before
fully
government
"
an
attitude of indifference
Madison
proposed
no
more
to threats
or
vigorous
entreaties,
"
than
measure
"
"
every
go
"
Jefferson to
; Jefferson MSS.
CABINET
vision
whether
are
England,
with
during
the
Itimatelywith
to
of
present
us
the
opinion
and
important
the
declaration
of the
send
shall
we
these
aid
your
and
war
foederis
casus
Yrujo,
away
instruct
Bowdoin
But
are
orders.
first of
event
in
engaged
shall
we
in the
only
we
but
on
counsel
all
is too
questions
difficult to be decided
consideration, in which
the fullest
should
be
for."
waited
Madison
Again
six
force
for
provisional alli-
become
we
till further
that
too
into
into
4 ;
of it : 2
the Executive
on
press
; whether
Madrid
to
go
war
whether
Calvo, Morales
'asa
corne
leaving the
"tth France,
not
to
October
nothing came
shall enter
we
held
was
that
only questionswhich
The
it
meeting
Madison
reportedto
it he
ice
Cabinet
The
"ssness.
73
VACILLATIONS.
wrote
had
months
back
his
elapsed since
opinion. More
the
mission
than
President,March
alternative
; every
been
"
Scott's decision
Sir William
"
"
Essex
arrived
England began
and
Austria
August
1
27
seizures
of
in the
American
Napoleon
Jefferson to
broke
up the camp
of the
case
ships by
with
the
at
Russia
field,and
Boulogne
74
and
Upon
Madison's
acted
as
Rhine.
nothing : 1
"
long-intended movement
his
began
her
Considering
probability of
the
such
questionablewhether
especiallyas
overtures
little
in the
felt
somewhat
be
shape
for
admissible, and
be
abortive
of
that
States, the
United
the
toward
would
elsewhere
for
vulsion
con-
doing
the
time
may
the
of
the
have
may
on
uncertaintyof
an
arrangement
possible
her,
to
delay
mean
I think
effects
it very
be
not
expedient,
English pulse will
discussions
the
by
extension
an
influence
the
and
effectingwith England
alone
the
European
reason
3,
"
temper
as
CH.
across
this
mind
additional
an
against France,
war
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
now
foot
on
by
Monroe."
Mr.
and
so
left it.
Madison's
habit
showed
the
issue,in
order
Madison's
his
chief
and
measures
of
toward
conduct
avoiding
as
difficulties at
This
diplomatistled
home
and
of
heart
the
character
Europe
abroad
every
mark
him
;
of
into
but
the
ness
Spanish imbroglio of 1805 first brought the weakhe
recovered
into public notoriety,and
from
fortune.
the subsequent revelation
only after years of misThe
commercial
ho
same
habit
restrictions
as
of mind
made
of coercion.
disregardedArmstrong's
1
Madison
to
Oct
Jefferson,
means
idea
of
him
favor
So
seizing Texas,
of his
warmly approved
it
embargo
"d, if
it
the
globe
to
mental
trait
was
of
This
it is
be
cannot
be
can
weapon
and
more
all the
force
can
larter
embargo
an
hand,
Executive
lat
to
"
commercial
passing suggestion as
of
efficacy
The
75
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
nations
In-
properly shaped
colonies
for
to
apparent
more
having
respect
doubted.
me
in this
rights."
our
closelyconnected
son's
Madi-
with
source
good qualities, it sprang from the same
his caution, his respect for law, his instinctive
"
as
of the
sense
dangers
delusion
when
could
do Jefferson's
him
to
be forced
by
was
his wish
for
belief that
Napoleon
meant
in order
to attack
reasonable,could
plunged into
he
receive
of
now
44
The
have
man
pin-prickto
mere
us
Madison
to
Jefferson
to
of
indecision.
; and
this
on
in
peace
He
the
Europe
idea,never
very
no
letter of October
his
our
16,
than
he
plan.
an
certain," he
gives
believe that
to make
extensive
strange
of
probability
almost
to
tastes ;
English alliance
an
America
Madison's
again changed
"
conservative
weary
rested
had
Union, his
will.
himself
Jefferson
and
the
defects,it led
or
it caused
Napoleon
threatened
radical
its merits
but whatever
like
of
mixture
curious
that
wrote
war
for
October
on
some
23
the continent
time
to
past, is
Madison.2
In
truth
Jefferson,
Sept 14, 1805; Jefferson MSS.
Madison, Oct. 23, 1805; Jefferson MSS.
it
76
OF
HISTORY
THE
We
for
it
than
by
we
Paris !
At
that, and
western
for
bait
of
peace,
obtain
can
mean
we
we
it
We
need
the
sum
not
of
terms
and
roe
Mon-
who
care
had
we
the
willingto
on
settlement.
thought
of
Guadeloupe as the
of Spain ; providing
effectual way.
that determined
are
gives us time,
Armstrong
France, while
to France
it whenever
Madrid, certainly.
at
the
to preserve
that
to
of
it unembarrassed
It
announce
may
means.
enlargement
an
the
be
the
as
as
now
questionable
peaceable
or
year
be
retire from
Not
through Armstrong,
Floridas
may
done?
be
negotiators,France
as
the
this
should
Where
3.
tion
negotia-
we
pursue
to
for
effort
one
of
year
terms.
separate
our
another
make
to
too,
obtain
can
of
more
not
free
CH.
Should
much
should
we
alliance,and
any
other
one
become
it is
whether
was
certain
are
arrangements.
peace
into war,
forced
STATES.
UNITED
not
making
other
whether
see
which
ask
to
one
We
her
tice
juseffort
position
inter-
think
we
just ;
see
what
may
be the
issue
same
day
to Gal-
to
Robert
of
her
interference."
letter
similar
latin; and
the
next
sent
was
on
the
day Jefferson
Smith, suggestingthe
same
wrote
idea,with
some
teristic
charac-
additions.1
Jefferson's
years
1
of
war
idea
seemed
Jefferson to Robert
that
Napoleon
would
reasonable; for
how
require two
could Jeffer-
Jefferson MSS.
would
Austerlitz
that
peace
with
the
In truth
which
be
would
be
had
already surrendered,
fought within six weeks,
before
restored
seemed
had
he
even
His
alliance.
when
conduct
to his
abandon,
to
most
in
the
new
terrible
reallyclung
earnest
that
sense
than
to
for
was
ever
peace
which
a
and
year,
policyof
but
that
he
British
at
least
son,
hardly be said for Madieven
though the President apparentlyyieldedto
which
Of all the pointson
advice.
secretary's
So
consistent.
the
Ulm
that
know
son
77
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
1S05.
Madison,
and
much
Monroe
could
in obedience
stronglyinsisted,even
most
to the
to his
orders,had
extent
ing
of offend-
that under
cumstanc
cirno
Talleyrand,the strongest was
should the Florida negotiationbe turned
As
late as
into a bribe to France.
September 30,
net,
Cabito guide the
in writing the opinion intended
Madison
asked authority to extinguish in the
French
troversy
congovernment every hope of turning our
with
vate."
Spain into a French job,public or pril
The
President's
suggestionof October 23
avowedly turned the controversy with Spain into a
become
French
privateas
job,which must inevitably
well as public.
"
Madison
made
no
protest. He
soon
returned
to
Madison
to
Jefferson,
Sept.30, 1805; Jefferson MSS.
78
unusually complete, of
than
Cn.
3.
better
episode illustrating
traits of character
the
and
Madison,
an
of
peculiarities
the
other
any
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
Jefferson
and
commonly
most
their faults.1
allegedas
the
Present,
12.
Nov.
"1805,
The
subject,Spanish affairs.
Europe leaving us without
"
four
extension
danger
of
secretaries;
of
of
the
sudden
in
war
peace,
ally,I proposed we
it
to France, informing her
ourselves
address
should
with Spain, and
settlement
last effort at amicable
was
a
of money
for
Offer to her, or
through her, (1) A sum
the rights of Spain east of Iberville,say the Floridas
;
depriving
chance
of the
us
an
The
France,
who
for those
hypothecateto us
Guadeloupe to Rio
to
Spain, which
It
be offered
Gallatin
fixed
did
not
like
advantage
1
of
an
Cabinet
to
be
exciting
motive
the
for
arrears
secure
from
us
to
bond
press
; the
be
ployed.
em-
with
subsidies, and
going
into
we
five million
should
thought
this
Florida
be
the
chants.
mer-
to
sum
Mr.
dollars.
under
thought
in
an
prehensi
ap-
fact to
overweighed by
opportunitywhich
Memoranda;
she
fide, because
unanimously, and
might
Jefferson MSS.
not
the
with
purchasing
lest
We
peace.
Armstrong
exceed
to
not
of war,
purchase
Bravo
agreed
was
country
would
Rio
the
Bravo.
is in
to
; the
France
the
to
also
glad
England
scale of
to
was
Spain
whom
to
will b.e
claimed
first
payments
ing
tak-
occur
to
getting
of
again
that
agreed
was
he
whether
be
made
will
to
to
are
Claiborne
resign
pensions
not
going
understand
to
to
become
and
to
remain
his
be
let
and
that
and
all
his
to
any
friendly
if
they
if
as
choose."
ones
also
Dallas
he
not,
at
departure
depart,
It
through
Spanish
the
and
peace
Mississippi.
presence
desired
citizens,
the
and
away,
that
our
sounded
be
should
Yrujo
to
of
commerce
Morales,
Calvo,
Orleans
is
the
agreeable,
be
not
Casa
of
essential
country
security
the
79
VACILLATIONS.
CABINET
1805.
Washington
is
officers
with
remain
women
should
expected.
at
New
discretion
who
will
receiving
CHAPTER
his
retrace
can
what
say
Sabine
and
have
had
ordered
have
probably
Louisiana
had
without
if
indeed
taken
this
other
this
declared
have
he
measure,
into
then
have
about
impressment
would
had
France
with
vanished
seized
in
Florida;
neutral
have
United
President
fallen
continued
two
of
and
leon
Napo-
defence.
had
Godoy
had
by
no
ging
drag-
States,
Jefferson's
and
ficulties
difHe
an
instant.
his
controversies
trade,
to
have
Napoleon
the
with
war
have
could
embarrass
to
of
try,
coun-
no
but
strong
Armwould
whole
rights
war
the
purchase
required
step
as
theories
the
to
policy succeeded,
England
war
such
than
would
with
succeeded
August,
act
the
by
one
cross
an
Constitutional
to
extreme
France
might
approved,
in
to
the
as
the
No
Bravo,
Such
been
then
motive
Rio
supported,
Jefferson
might
the
been
regard
Spain
to
had
was
if
troops
advised.
Louisiana,
in
proclaimed,
his
1805,
which
policy
happened
Texas
Monroe
October,
Administration.
second
might
occupy
and
had
his
Jefferson
1805,
reverse
repeatedly
and
of
turning-point
and
steps
publicly
been
in
decision,
JEFFERSON'S
PRESIDENT
to
IV.
blockade,
and
ground;
and
the
years,
until
Spain
raised
Napoleon and once more
of popular liberty,
Jefferson
standard
of
yoke
off the
threw
81
ENGLAND.
AND
FRANCE
BETWEEN
1805.
Europe the
agreement with
might perhaps have effected some
then have
stood at
and would
the Spanish patriots,
the head of the coming popular movement
out
throughin
world,
the
the
"
destined
party were
plain,even
for
acts
at
whole
Godoy, Napoleon,Pitt,
the
Randolph, and even
combined
seemed
to drag
so
path. Its advantages were
early moment, as to overmaster
that
summer
to
of force.
After
step,and
by peace
on
his
and
into this
him
drive
or
Federalists
England
he
to resist.
which
movement
the
was
easy, for he
could
nation
had
better
held
ever
afford
that
loss of
that loss
he allowed
dignitythan a war ; but even
of dignitywould
he could
not
cost something, and
foretell what
equivalenthe must pay for escape from
Neither
Jefferson
Gallaa Franco-Spanishwar.
nor
tin could
expect
positionwas
reckon
to be
than
worse
with
wholly"spared;
but
Madison's
theirs,for he had
his
still to
"
"
mate, Turreau.
Turreau
the
III.
"
kept
his eye
fixed
repeatedlyhinted,in
on
a
82
He
evasions.
here, but
it
by
it.
only by
his
enough
the
said
4 '
United
States.
the
be believed
the
words, he
that
impression
The
of
tenor
less
doubt-
certainly
dent
Presi-
the
impression was
General
to
In
tone
wrote
Moreau's
to
Madison
reception in
excessively
militaryhe
"
General
of
Moreau
residence
the
it is proper
in the United
which
Turreau
1805) ; MSS.
to
not
(ne
object of
honors
ought
services
his
; and
adjourned
foreign country,
him
could
afterward, Turreau
regard
the
command.
in
note
weeks
few
be
at
or
for
taste
of the
to obedience.
; correct
natural
A
force
the
reduced
was
shall
although Turreau
; but
Talleyrand
to
'
this remark
gave
lately, since
me
overstated
affected
discontent
any
arrangement
made
Jefferson
That
to
me
been
time.'"
favorable
more
to
Jefferson
it, the
wishes
Emperor
shown
not
Mr.
Well,' said
'
to
have
negotiationswith
have
has
Spain
no
sures
mea-
sufficient
were
4.
of cool
tone
Emperor's
in the
of France
intervention
The
in
the
Florida
of
protection
for the
that
said
9 he
CH.
to tolerate
meant
Talleyrand
to
wrote
July
confidence.
"
frank, that he
extremely
manner
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
would
the
26
the
formerly have
States should
passes
point)
which
(il convient)that
Madison,
State
doit
bounds
Department
Archives.
be, in
ration
conside-
drawn
upon
be
of
Thermidor,
to
marked
by
no
his
monstrat
de-
hospitality."
An
xiii.
(Aug. 14,
BETWEEN
Madison
so,
ventured
not
the
to
resent
styleof
The
in
present
is
and
will receive
who
Meanwhile
Madison
whom
soothe
in his
the
speaks with
toward
the
States
He
the
he
has
assurances
the
in
and
to
Madison
that
Turreau
affection,
the
sitions
dispo-
fested
uniformly mani-
Madison
toned
intended.
hardly
he
resented
says,"wrote
; and
these
before
was
undertook
letter,
are
resided
ness
busi-
Powers
Emperor,
such
had
it
those
not
"
six
announced
war
would
in
drivingfrom
months
in
the
Talleyrand
that any
politicians
to
office the
party which
"
Jefferson to
Madison
to
Turreau
to
Archives
had
President,2
of all American
it : 3
who
by
conviction
made
but
of
not
are
the
end
Spanish
even
Upon
had
in the
greatest respect,and
severityhe
Turreau
United
the
it is certain
to me."
down
"
the Administration
which
in
mandates."
irritation.
the
France
"
the offensive
letter to
next
we
niece
showed
had
injury. But
notice
justify some
Smith,
his
they
done
would
execute
General
repudiationof
the
to
which
of
indiguation;
have
understand
to let them
order
conduct
excite
encouraged
that
ground
the
might
and
interference,
President
The
government
to
case
this
express
that
that
which
at
83
ENGLAND.
negotiation: 1
calculated
was
case
on
Monroe's
igardto
' '
it.
resent
to
do
AND
indignant
was
posed
to
FRAXCE
584.
Jefferson,
Sept.1, 1805; Jefferson MSS.
Talleyrand,20 Messidor,An xiii. (July 9, 1805);
des Aff.
"r.,MSS.
84
HISTORY
To
"
such
CH.
Administration
itself to
be
States
have
government
it,although
sure
of
beginning
their favor.
And
no
one
to
depends only
war
need
party leaders,
all the
President,
such
"
Turreau's
vulnerable
and
States
naval
the
universe.
In
brief, it
the
weakness
of
the
will avoid
to
war.
But
here
at
first
does
the
agree
with
sight;
and
succeed
the
actual
character
and
tion
ambi-
to
should
he
throw
think
as
the
made
officers.
her
tary
mili-
United
no
cealment
con-
Americans
The
ignorant navigators in
to
seems
that, considering
me
concealment
no
serious
difference
constantlyshow
system
the
suggested
"
the most
makes
will
the
most
militaryconstitution, the
every
aggression,and
who
government
trained
to-day the
which
and
are
government,
did
Their
boldest
and
it is shared
people. Neither
new
lack
They especially
undertake
have
France
power
formidable.
the
Madison."
of its weakness
"
hopes
of
character
those
by
was
indisposition
Jefferson, for
even
where
point
as
Mr.
war
public opinion in
and
interesting,
strengthagainst this
nor
outraged
to
that this
of American
sketch
long
was
Mr.
as
it with
personal
well-founded
pretensionsand
dared
not
think
the
on
philanthropicprinciplesof
by
vinced
con-
they care to
generally felt here for Spain, against whom
last year quite openly provoked, the members
United
4.
the
day by
every
it allows
fact, that
this
of
STATES.
actual
is the
extent
an
UNITED
THE
OF
of
temper
yet unless
so
of this weakness,
which
itself
encroachment
?
pacific
circumstances
Federal
might
an
lead
to
enemy
which
vails
pre-
Certainlynot,
change,
the
FRANCE
BETWEEN
1805.
To
in
will succeed
States
United
without
conquer
politics(Conquerir sans
the
reconciling
is the
war
tion.
contradic-
first fact
voilti les
guerre,
85
ENGLAND.
AND
in
their
premiers faits
"
politiques.}
reflections
These
before
and
war,
failure
Monroe's
discuss
Turreau's
disguisehis objectsor
occasion
I took
in
Turreau
the
schemes
the
appeared
Scotia,
the
the
south, while
and
convenient
has
will fall of
did
have
so
ripe.
"
not
itself.'
The
an
left alone
and
an
the
sword
asked
to
he
phrase
be
States
always
directed
still in
When
that
United
the
the
north
Canada,
as
portant
im-
Nova
'
secretary,
the
Spain
why, then,
the
Florida
with
the
supposed
was
admission
invitation
wrote
astonishment
my
were
little
made
replied the
come
no
is
pear
but
ripe
it
"
answered,
if
!'
had
Madison,"
territories,such
yet
shaking
because
"
have, should
there
Doubtless
Turreau
violent
must
'
etc.
moment
Had
to
Mr.
which
aggrandizement
sures.
mea-
methods.
to
express
despatch,
same
of
government
toward
to
dent
Presi-
the
he
but
to
Spanish
of warlike
thought
keen,
was
begun
before
months
short-sightedness.Madison
for
effort to
"
vision
had
policyof
the
the
abandoned
wholly
excuse
and
three
than
more
Cabinet
his
and
President
the
written
were
an
that
had
of France.
candor,
same
Florida
admission
Florida
as
to
Turreau
gave
so
pear-tree,Madison
the
been
to Turreau
Madison
he
to
be
pear
and
would
strong
that
an
tion,
invita-
have
as
been
England
interposewith safety
could
not
doubt
the
86
effect of
had
his
the
July, 1805,
these
he
that
Floridas
the
in
stop
can
arrest
also
Cuba
and
American
check
alone
to
of
petty larcenies
confident
Madison
told
only
not
4.
already become,
minister
French
new
CH.
So
interference.
blunt
own
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
into
aggression.
can
Ameri-
these
such
Madison
as
had
yet
never
from
heard
experience
diplomaticagent, although the secretary's
Neither Yrujo nor
Merry
was
already considerable.
in giving to their remonstrances
succeeded
or
had
requests the abruptness of Napoleon's style.
The
Federalist newspapers
during Jefferson's first
for charging him with
had found so little reason
term
subservience
nearlylost
had
whose
nor
the
had
thought
that
British
Napoleon
1805-1806
a
the
or
did
certain
and
his
outraged by
their while
led
was
share
doctrine
of
until
but
detested
in
proach
re-
the New
withdraw,
newspapers
love
of French
of France
to
to press
strength;
friends,who
the conduct
Not
stale
plundered,
British
astray by
Empire.
the
had
consented
or
and
Neither
France
government
it worth
Jefferson
this old
weight.
Jefferson
claims
and
its
whom
merchants
England
that
France,
to
the
or
the
charge
of
winter
influence
as
of
fear
John
Madison,
cover
re-
dolph
Ranwere
Spanish affairs,
FRANCE
BETWEEN
AND
the whole
In
jmingo.
iw
of
vote
both
Domingo
colony of
France.
of
)risoners
war
which
rested
to
their
Although
St.
with
the
was
and
name
trade
the
victim.
in international
Rochambeau
sur-
his few
and
to
of Federal-
exasperated by
Madison
still in
himself
jndered
regard
cases
was
body
the power
and
slaves,were
in
of France
mduct
St.
the South
hated
:s, who
87
ENGLAND.
the
remaining troops as
English in November, 1803 ;
"
in turn
West
other
which
in company.
General
armed
number
York
; but
of
with
it was,
even
than
more
Indian
carried
it
usuallyarmed,
were
In the winter
Turreau's
with
because
arrival
eighty cannon
seven
cargoes
of
at
and
1804-1805,
and
sailed
soon
after
Washington,
carryingcrews
hundred
men,
which
included
set
sels
ves-
flotilla
to
sail from
contraband
the
New
of
war
HISTORY
for
A
him
assured
who
STATES.
that
would
law
CH.
with
remonstrated
Turreau
of all kinds.
UNITED
THE
OF
correctingthis abuse.
Bill was
accordinglyreported;
Madison,
be
soon
it
but
4.
reported
prohibited
and
commerce
put the trade under
only the armed
To answer
Turreau's
heavy bonds for good behavior.
objectthe trade must be prohibitedaltogether. Dr.
Logan, one of the senators from Pennsylvania,who
democrats, with
amendment
Burr
and
amendment,
the
of the
return
celebrated
the
drank
Another
Hayti.
in
health
Ferrand
stronglyagainstFerrand.
Turreau
1805)
2
to
Archives
State
Talleyrand,30
des Aff.
Papers,ii.728.
of the
Vice-
One
given
were
themselves.
New
York,
to
the
severe
Madison
armed
of
government
reported to
Germinal, An
Etr., MSS.
his Government.1
to
flotilla to
issued
matters
expedition was
General
closely
still open.
merchants
Haytian
a
so
was
public,and
the
event
commerce
trade
were
notoriety by
company
of
ate.
Sen-
accordinglypassed, March
unarmed
facts
The
they
Bill
the
voice
Turreau
needless
his
gave
the
kind
to
as
an
before the
came
Senate
the
; and
Domingo
President.
On
it
port,
sup-
moved
negroes,
proposed to prohibitevery
St.
divided
Haytian
Bill when
the
to
He
with
the
hostilityto
in
the "Aurora's"
be
paring.
pre-
tions
proclamaremonstrated
American
xiii.
ves-
(April 20,
FRANCE
BETWEEN
carried
had
il,which
three
taken
was
[aytians,
[alifax,and
AND
by
British
condemned
there
of
cargoes
89
ENGLAND.
British
the
hy
from
in his
Italyand
Turreau's
received
request
minister
from
accredited
the
judgment
to
him
that
to
[at Halifax] ;
so
for
you
thing
that
enter
can
or
no
the
copy
declare
part in
good prize
ports of
with
be
to
St.
ence
indiffer-
against
allows
government
Americans
take
see
evidentlydirected
American
will
the
longer
it
to
leave
American
to
I will declare
; that
shall
armaments
the
and
(indigne)in
brigands and to
scandalous
everything which
Domingo ; and
the
this
join
it is shameful
provide supplies
commerce
for
will
tion.
atten-
my
the
to
wrote
"
fixed
note
You
me.
it is time
that
finisse);
send
to
has
turned
re-
Boulogne,
at
camp
had
immediately
Washington
you
of
its
to the
despatch,and
from
despatch
dis-
protecting themselves
gone
to
were
own
"The
which
return
Madison
and
court
trade.
'rench
to
of
problem
the
ung
Jefferson
while
and
into
cruiser,sent
to the
powder
France
made
in
ports."
In
this
law
did
outburst
became
not
confused.
could
1
not
Napoleon
1805)
tradingwith Hayti :
or
of
do
to
the
so, and
American
seize
for this
vessels
he
reason
Talleyrand,22 Thermidor,
xi. 73.
; Correspondance.
government
American
was
difficulty
of
An
made
xiii.
the
(Aug. 10,
90
that
demand
American
the
STATES,
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
CH.
should
government
4.
help
doing what
in
he
was
"
"As
the
of
seriousness
the
everythingwhich
the
occupied by
illicit and
once
of
take
will
States
and
that
the
to
its
put
tolerance
repressiveand
an
end
last
good prize
as
Domingo
he
it.
this
United
the
of
government
the
must
this
all the
to
to
occasion
consider
to
part, against
contrary
nations, all
proper
and
on
which
rebels,
himself
persuades
facts
principlesof
authoritative
This
system
at
commerce
measures
of
impunity
no
law
the
durer
davantage) ."
For
third
the
the
used
word
States.
he
must
he
was
stop
which
should
1
no
"
the
to
six months
the
President
President
had
Talleyrand
of the
been
told
still
trade
which
would
within
must
Once
abandon
show
must
"
time
told
his
more
that
authoritatively
France
continue
in
was
British
Talleyrandto Armstrong,
1805) ; State Papers,ii. 726.
29
unable
hands
to
if
ted
Unithat
that
;
he
he
finally
must
stop, and
Congress
Talleyrand directed
Thernridor,An
xiii. (Aug.
16,
FRANCE
BETWEEN
lonstrance, and
the identical
ear
is
"
words,
last
must
indignation,received
his
to
letter,
91
ENGLAND.
at
repeat
to
irreau
AND
longer."l
no
no
answer
or
"tice.
Thus
the
at
2, 1805,
j.
luct of
serious
Spain
was
captured American
rights;
land
on
from
indignation.
in
difficulty
Britain
by
met
During
At
property
without
As
resistance
short
whole
year
the
"
York
"
Leander
the
England, and
board
named
the
Basil
mode
"
Turreau
State
to
Napoleon
had
not
without
enough
Powers, Great
two
could
declaration
conduct
worse.
The
be
of
of
properly
war.
England
blockade
"
intolerable,exasperating
had
most
Leander
Hall,
were
who
to
"
was
Madison,
Jan.
Papers,ii. 682-695.
of
and
even
naturallyfriendlyto
dread from a quarrel.
a
midshipman
young
in later years
and
service,
3, 1806
not
demands
hear
not
the
blockade,coming from
sions
incurconduct
"
of the
cruisers
The
for
which
of
class,who
who
con-
frigates Cambrian
two
became
mercantile
On
the
by
The
pressed abrupt
these
the
it.
forces made
could
attitude
an
meet,
regard to treaty-
though Congress
changed steadilyfor
New
also
with
to
at will.2
Jefferson
dealing
was
Spanish
sea
armed
Texas
and
as
also took
no
hostile.
Spain,but
such
own
awaited
equally menacing,
was
onlysustained
of his
Congress
problems
Spanish
Florida
of France
when
moment
described
whose
British
; State
the
account
source,
was
Papers,ii. 726.
92
HISTORY
of
we
ship
that
running
was
leisure
to
send
what
she
was
league
made
off
two
or
tide, and
their
boat
sometimes
dozen, and
a
CH.
the
authorityto
4.
charge
saw,
'
American
STATES.
exaggeration.
"
"
any
UNITED
THE
OF
worse
the
hours, sometimes
in
heave
to,
board
on
of.'
'
to
have
couple
or
of
wait
until
see,' in
we
had
lingo,
our
a
frequentlyknown
dozen, ships lying
the
than
whole
all their
day,
market,
before
our
for
many
search
was
completed."
suspicionof French
ter
ownership, a chance expression in some
privateletfound and opened in the search, insured seizure,
a
for months, heavy costs,
to Halifax,detention
voyage
indefinite damage to vessel and
at best
cargo, and
demnation
release,with no small chance of re-seizure and coninformalityin
An
under
reach
some
new
were
incident
vexations
of New
merchants
York
to
in truth
commerce
found
vexations
secured
These
the
on
courts
1
R.
whole
created
disliked
ship could
port.
Such
the
papers,
state
of
them, the
to resent
its interest
If
war.
chants
mer-
them
in submission.
neutral
profits
; and
British
the
frigatesand admiralty
comparatively little scandal by in-
ice, while
the
Gallatin, and
the
nor
such
on
profitor popularity
the
to
bitterness
extreme
nothing
said
or
"
seaman
every
more
into
grow
the
have
cantile
mer-
risked
fortunately
severe,
whom
they had
In
submission.
officers took
of
and
gain by
to
stake ; but
steadilybecame
their
in
meanwhile
had
officers
British
manders
com-
probably have
would
government
York
exercise
belligerentright by prescription.Neither
class
the
British
moderate
blockade
of neutral
habit
the
States would
United
the
the
practice. Had
plained
com-
of New
blockade
satisfied with
been
power,
grumbled and
neutralitysoothed
the
and
fixed
already a
allowed
and
profitsof
merchant,
offended
protectionfrom the
France.
Madison,
newspapers
the
but
their
as
privateersof Spain
iical
was
served
they
93
ENGLAND.
AND
FRANCE
BETWEEN
had
to
reason,
Hall's
of American
out
they
Basil
or
reason,
"
consider
sels
ves-
posed
sup-
British
vessels
often
were
cast
away
or
short-handed, and
foundered.
greatlyirritated ;
were
owners
left
In
but
were
such
times
some-
cases
the
commonly
the
asperation
ex-
had
at
twenty
best
years
most
no
reason
to
afterward, when
love
her.
Basil
More
Hall
than
revisited
94
HISTORY
New
of
he
York,
ship, the
Not
only were
frankly admitted, they
until
"
Pitt's return
had
citizen
Madison
he
obtain
seized
ordered
The
but both
British
seamen,
year
or
Gallatin's
to
of
two
year
not
and
marine
at the rate
; and
of the
Gallatin to
five hundred
lost two
and
hard
to
service,
was
the
ber
num-
large
daily
so
were
the
mitted
ad-
national
largelymanned
by
dispense with them.
of about
Jefferson,April16, 1807
seventy
annual
two
increase,
British.
were
thousand
nage
ton-
four thousand
thousand
had
citizen
sailors who
were
to
man
American
calculation,1
after 1803
tons
men
could
and
increased
two
of disease
States
birth,
them
if the
died
mercantile
of
ralty,
British Admi-
the
American-born
the
of the United
hundred
his
sent
or
of British-born
marine
thousand
defence
subjectfor impressment,and
actuallytaken was never
persons
the number
According
the victims
prove
and
inquiry;
an
neither
American-born
an
to
but
no
of such
British
them
Among
year.
outrage ;
could
who
after
likely,
was
impressed ;
Where
transmitted
who
to be
about
liberties.
release.
thousand
people,nor even
body to fight in
killed in action
been
usage,
which
as
as
been
on
Monroe,
not
cared
rights and
their
impressments increased
to power
President,Congress, nor
themselves,
harshly performed.
were
of intolerable
cases
were
4.
them
Cn.
not
was
his old
After
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
If the
five hundred
;
Works, i. 335.
men
States
United
uist
to
thousand
it ten
all her
they would
marine
mercan-
she
then
result
have
of
by sending
war
back
could
America
whom
seamen
protect
for whom
immediate
British
strengthen the
to
war
repart necessarily
most
The
employer.
other
no
to
seamen
flag,because
old
to their
the
for
fightingmust
good
hand, if
other
lose
same
seamen
made
navy
the
would
these
; and
le marine
irn
thousand
went
government
America
British seamen,
On
loss.
the
ily a fraction of
le
in the American
year
95
ENGLAND.
AND
FRANCE
BETWEEN
,.
no
longer employ.
Nations
rarelysubmit to injurywithout a motive.
the Republican party, if Timothy
If Jefferson and
Pickering and
New
and
of war,
idea
rejectedthe
it
themselves,
seamen
they found
because
was
This
regarded England,
consisted,as
in
realized
protectedthis
navy
said
Americans
in the
but
of
summer
seaboard, from
Machias
and
do
"
The
news
Pitt
of
for
long
as
the
not
ish
Brit-
the
wealth,
impressments
thought
that
they knew
to ask
large profits
proper
demanded
something,
they seemed
1805
the
interest
of American
source
little about
and
this source,
in
freights.So
neutral
of Boston
merchants
to
but
struct
ob-
American
President
what, but
into
citement,
ex-
should
at moments
war.
Sir William
Scott's decision
in
the
96
HISTORY
of the
case
"
OF
Essex
THE
"
UNITED
reached
STATES.
America
CH.
in the
4.
month
was
long
blow
the
Administration
so
severe
time
realized
to
its violence.
Their
minds
or
that
Madison
intent
were
on
"
"
Merry
to
MSS.
British Archives.
BETWEEN
1805.
FRANCE
AND
lat the
jruisers
terry,who
lade
had
who
The
"
leasy.
excited
the
the
by
the
mtrary, considered
linst
altered
arrived
its rules in
that
them."
British
[adison could
position
own
it alreadywas,
and
clamor," he
became
wrote,1
England (which
such
on
cargoes
has
to
be
usual
premium) is rendered
events
expected,
having been totallyunmerchants
here having,on the
themselves
as
perfectlysecured
Merry
that
saw
of peace
midst
the
his
see
than
insurance
greater by such
and
to
from
news
id in
wish
no
sensation
this
by
ilreadycaused
ie
despatch,news
and
carrying-trade,
uncomfortable
more
information."
were
*ave, and
the
to
government had
the neutral
jgardto
credit
this
97
ENGLAND.
hardly fail
taken
his
a
denounce
to
Government
which
measure
as
act
an
of
ister
Dreading a violent explosion,the British minwaited
anxiously; but, to his surprise,nothing
happened.
Although I have seen Mr. Madison twice
war.
"
since
the
engaged with
mention
to
account
this
it to
for
taught to
this
England
1
2
Merry
in
to
III.
to
the
Madison
overawe
Ibid.
VOL.
has
"
been
so
much
thought proper
me."2
At
first Merry could not
he
silence; only by degrees was
that
order
public has
he
object,
it with
connect
understand
to
of the
attention
not
Spanish quarrel,and
hoped to conciliate
In this play
France.
;
MSS.
British
Archives.
98
government : 1
to this
the
British
"
had
I
place [Washington],
Madison,
alarm
to
4.
versation
con-
of Philadelphiato
quittedthe vicinity
Before
"
calculated
not
CH.
of Madison's
Merry's account
of cross-purposes
was
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
having
respectingthe
who
interview
an
received
then
detention
return
with
Mr.
from
accounts
Mr.
his
Majesty's ships
of their being
vessels in consequence
of several American
loaded with the produce of the enemy's colonies,brought
that subjectto me,
forward
speaking upon it,however,
Monroe
by
"
much
with
moderation
more
the sensation
and
country, I
this
for
is unnecessary
to
to endeavor
which
sentiments
his
of
this
on
which
observe
with
cargoes
which
procure
which
were
might
his
by
to
afterward
should
turned
had
Spain toward
less reserved
1
liberation
stopped
before
be
the
in
just been
some
efficacious
the
vessels
well
Our
; MSS.
trade
the
in
conversation
recent
Madison
sentiments
and
of those
as
regard to
Mr.
as
system adopted
new
received, of the
expressinghis
and
Monroe's
circumstances, the
of
generallyknown.
upon
part
delivered
Mr.
far
me
place.
former
State
that
alreadydetained,as
Majesty's government
question
of which
be
the
taken
has
great temper,
by expressingonly a wish
it might prove
remonstrances
so
upon
least
to
principleupon
in the
concluded
at
the
Secretaryof
subject
ing
detail-
he made
vessels
those
to
American
this letter,the
of
Lordship by
your
improprietyof
the honor
I had
As
...
produced out
throughexpected on his part. It
observations
detention
bility,
irrita-
it had
have
the
his natural
from
to trouble
me
to prove
the
which
could
the several
you
than
than
accounts
conduct
was
on
of
much
former
British Archives.
FRANCE
BETWEEN
1805.
occasions, and
gave
AND
the
me
99
ENGLAND.
detail of
the
perfidious and
the
in
information
Havana,
supposed
to
be
destined
Orleans
two
of
toward
the
with
the
a
port
re-
considerable
Louisiana,
differences
still
governments
from
reinforce
to
Florida, and
four
quantityof militarystores
with
"
troops with
hundred
the
could
ing
subsist-
difficult of
more
accommodation."
This
conversation
took
the
place about
middle
to
a
of
esce
acqui-
result of
"
"
On
"
in
person
of
this
the
subject it
confidential
American
proper
been
situation
remarked
here
that
vessels
to
the
me
by
United
consideration
Merry to Mulgrave,Nov.
States
of the
3, 1805
and
of
the
detention
happened very
the people of the
from
has
has
of
Government
grievancesand injuries
:
MSS.
British Archives.
100
HISTORY
which,
they
have
Government
the
actually taken
the
that when
States
the
and
state
other
laid
is considered
mentioned, of what
proceeding
the
on
effect upon
the
feelingswhich
of
the
conduct
this
country."
"
Jefferson
part
so
unfriendlya
of
"
person
Madison
Samuel
be
the
that
body by blunting
have
been
would
otherwise
excited by
Spain, supported by France, against
confidential
and
to
Great
of
resolutions
the
same
Kobert
which
United
the
4.
before Congress
by the President
aboveapproaching meeting, the circumstance
their
The
had
and
CH.
Spain, and
from
conceived
he
between
be
should
Powers
at
; and
STATES.
UNITED
disposed
were
relations
the
THE
experienced
to resent
measures
of
OF
Smith
on
usually employed by
such
errands
was
either
"
"
in
arrival
Two
wonder.
no
was
AND
FRANCE
BETWEEN
had
years
since
elapsed
when
Washington,
101
ENGLAND.
he
had
his
been
hly treated without sufficient reason, by Presient, Cabinet, and Congress ; and on returningto the
of 1805, immediately after
same
place in this autumn
cordiality.Immediately
20, he called at the White
British
Not
genial humor.
close concert
Upon
produce
lamented
his
on
view
to
most
British
existence
England
of
and
the
to
this
fleet from
proceed
to
to
it
the
my
me
with
had
they
to
this
ness
frank-
country
the
lation
accumu-
sustained
Congress
part of
the
hostile
situation of
naval
not
been
crossing the
with
render
and
force
might
to resent
affairs,he
He
Atlantic.
it necessary
great caution
the
and
; MSS.
said
for the
to
state
periority
su-
vigilance
possible to prevent
Merry
great
possiblethat
was
the
to
return
on
affairs between
of
Majesty's
experience would
States
his
unfortunately [notwithstanding]the
officers,it had
enemy's
that
spoke
injurieswhich
that
of
he
state
resolution
With
them.
order
saying
the
of
this
finding
about
the
assumed
President
seeing the
my
Spain
his
of
in
said
was
alliance between
and
respecting the
of
Jefferson
find
word
October
States i1-
United
"
surprising
Instead
House.
with
on
delighted to
was
received
nation, as
Merry
States
United
on
in
the President
war
himself
he found
commerce,
made
had
Government
his
the
that
United
gain time,
of
in
defence,
British Archives.
102
of
had
he
which
for
already given
successively
and
which
in the
the
being
as
be
preservation of
the
Such
kept
be
longer
no
reported them
as
intended
Spanish
to
in
engaged
rule
new
would
be attacked,
however,
pressed
ex-
be
for
till it could
Power,
dishonor."
practical as
to
affect
but
government,
the
without
comment,
plan
in
or
State
book,
by Great
adopted
of
case
of
Secretary
pamphlet,
would,
to
Britain
,
act
an
was
Such
12, 1805,
Nov.
diplomatic
when
the
on
so
Monroe.
within
Congress
that
to
time
order.
that
was
the
Washington,
at
the
purchase
persistentlyrecommended
irresponsible creatures
to
of international
adopted Jefferson's
negotiations for
line
steadily rejected
situation
Cabinet
the
plan of reopening
Florida
violation
difficult.
not
was
the
was
faith,in
of bad
task
The
law.
the
and
of
and
Mexico,
President's
the
Florida,
constantly
Mulgrave
composing
the
that
so
Meanwhile
war.
would
event
Louisiana
He,
American
to Lord
express
them.
every
not
the
to
might
absolute
speculationswere
he
prove
with
without
Merry's antipathy
was
to
of
the
4.
possession
of
Gulf
voice
peace
the
Cuba,
island
that
individual
his
that
West
defence
conquest
easy
an
and
East
the
to
key
in which
manner
In
of
the
for
necessary
was
Florida,
Island
the
CH.
directions.
that
considered
he
hostilities
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
of
Talleyrand,
by
moment
to
meet
in
diplomatic
chaos
by
and
Madison
three
so
and
weeks,
must
of
be
and
duced
re-
Y.
CHAPTER
Madison
from
character
of
let him
that
In
broke
up
he
details of imminent
his
Considering the
of the
Ulm
at
Powers
to
once
who
will
Austerlitz.
and
his armies
war
diplomatic
vast
"
at
was
toward
motion
in
the
it material
think
not
are
we
his orders."
Emperor
Jefferson,writing to
Monticello, said
Bonaparte, I
see
receive
army
President
27, 1805,
AUGUST
and
the
thousand
in
were
tember
Sepmotion,
taking
militaryplans were
shape.
do
to watch
except
Emperor's
the
visit from
who
but
minister
the
at
gentleman
with
who
him
arrangement
United
The
note
tone
1
and
the
between
Paris
had
little to
of events, when
course
absence
brought
at
Boulogne
had
he
the
outlines
States
and
written
of
that
Jefferson to Madison,
would
Aug. 27,
1805
awaken
Spain
Writings,iv.
an
Spain.
official position,
no
United
during
received
memorandum,
in
States
United
The
other
an-
in
from
585.
104
HISTORY
her
indifference.
should
a
STATES.
of
the
persistencein
his
course,
the
United
join with
CH.
Prince
the
this note
In
warned
be
follow
UNITED
THE
OF
Peace
that
consequences
and
of
5.
would
should
be
couraged
en-
States in
referring
in dispute. In case
to Napoleon the matters
Spain
would not unite 'in asking the good offices of France,
be sent by Armstrong to
of the note must
a
copy
Talleyrand,with a request for the good offices of
refer to the
decision
more
Napoleon. "The
you
and
of the Emperor, the more
sure
easy will be the
If Spain,on the Emperor's representasettlement."
tions,
to part with the Floridas,as she
should consent
to
no
would
doubt
terms
Louisiana;
Colorado
Rio
the
fall
into
Mississippi,as
the
boundary of Louisiana,
with
Florida
line
in
as
wardly,
northwest-
of all those
headwaters
including the
which
and
ing
follow-
the
propose
in
privileges
Commercial
would
do, France
the
rivers
western
each
thirtyleagues on
remain
to
States to
Spain.
the
on
spot.
Armstrong rejectedthe conditions
They sacrificed,he said,the whole country between
the
claim
the
Colorado
to
of
estimated
They
Rio
the
Bravo
claim
to
Florida, the
West
violation
claim,
and
gave
entrepot at
at
six
to
New
Spain
an
damages
Orleans,
millions,for
the
abandoned
French
accommodation
and
from
the
tions.
spoliafor
FLORIDA
tTHE
for
ars
the
exacted
they
what
beyond
payments
'
but
the
enormous
amount
to
two
arrangement
as
Is not
Spain.
of
On
of
and
thus
million
the
the
half
three
or
altered
orous
vig-
shoe
pinches.
dollars ; '
on
Spain
millions.
would
within
sum
Paris,
Frenchman
million
ten
to
sides
undisputed claims
a
this
both
but
where
see
Your
of ten
Napoleon's return
sum
seven
say
"
required;
expensive province,
pressed ;
was
by saying :
herself
sum
followed.
conversation
)ng
she
enormous
and
barren
105
MESSAGE.
leave
the
The
four
for
limits of moderation
?"
government,
not
on
unsigned
an
"
any
This
form
preferred on
proof of
of
the
who
authority from
document
of
seemed
Armstrong
in
of
account
minister's
rather
to
Archives.
his
To
an
claim
to
credit
the
Emperor, but on
Talleyrand'shandwriting.
communication
nothing else."
have
rested
he
said
greater security;
had
it
been
was
habitual
and
circumspection,
most
it might
Frenchmen
example of Talleyrand'ssup-
1805
MSS.
State
partment
De-
106
posed
for
taste
had
the
be
he
such
of
unused
what
of
States
did
the
not
5.
ernment
gov-
likelyto
Armstrong
was
; but
overtures
and
intrigue,
to
CH.
United
the
know
comprehension
the
above
to
reason
STATES.
UNITED
jobbery,and
outcome
not
was
THE
OF
HISTORY
affect virtue
societyin
which
lived.
A
his
the
the
day
same
Washington, Napoleon
to
13
November
and
captured Ulm,
On
its way
still on
was
Vienna.
entered
despatch reached
United
the
States.
Jefferson's
barely come
to
to its
12
November
Florida
negotiationas
Talleyrand's memorandum
bargain, when
the
his terms.
Naturally,
fixing definitely
supposed that Florida might thenceforward
his
as
upon
At
own.
the
Cabinet
next
of their deliberation
French
arrived,
President
be looked
; and
in
recorded
was
the
his
own
"
'November
equivalent to
seven
fears
in order
1
sult
re-
Present
19.
the
same.
Since
"
of
ours
million
Spain by
to induce
Cabinet
nearly,except
her
He
dollars.
a
to
as
to
the
advises
vigorous language
join us
Memoranda, Nov.
in
sum,
that
and
appealing to
last
our
General
received a letter from
have
meeting we
containing Talleyrand'spropositions,which
the
cided
de-
he laid Armstrong's
hand
had
long-disputedconclusion,and
the
reopen
of
council
Cabinet
we
strong
Armare
he
quiring
re-
alarm
conduct,
the
MSS
inter-
FLORIDA
THE
of
jrence
the
possible.
'loridas
belt of
}ttle all
)illson
shall
our
that
agree
We
agree
colonies.
We
convention.
simple
after
three
years,
order
within
which
patrolthe country
River
being
as
in
aggress
; he
protect
and
to
settlement
the
unless
disturb
citizens
our
agree
and
Sabine
to
in
Natchitoches
at
sions
inva-
all
last,after
than
more
; to
his
executed."
be
otherwise
cannot
of
they
repel all
the
of
At
is not
he
ofif the
We
it.
pay
officer
the
about
redeemable
stock
can
Spain by
five millions
the
possession,except
our
Pierre, which
is to
we
on
Bayou
orders
time
kept
shall
broke
which
to pay
credit, by
commanding
the
to
of
vote
it to be
nothing
to say
propose
boundary,
from
payment
us
prop-
commissioners
joint
to take
to his
side of
each
vote
delivered
western
former
take
agree
and
spoliations,
her
French
to
We
be
for the
by Spain,
country.
our
much
as
dollars
orders
thirtyleagues on
We
msettled.
the
to his
and
Colorado
the
"ition that
id
of
ratified
Congress,
from
surrender
the
"r
them
treaty is
the
modify
to
agree
five million
to pay
agree
as
now
accommodate
to
as
We
soon
as
We
Emperor.
so
)ropositioiis,
107
MESSAGE.
six
of
months
hesitation,
fixed ; and
since it conceded
Spanish policy was
had
been
required by France, the
every point which
President might reasonablyhope that his difficulties
a
were
an
to
Armstrong
Congress was
to
to
He
end.
at
pay
meet
so
did
at
within
once,
venture
because
to send
the
tions
instruc-
authorityof
before
needed
large a
not
sum
few
of
weeks,
and
Jefferson
could
108
OF
HISTORY
no
Britain.
was
Baltimore
and
despair,hearing
not
was
with
meddle
not
them
yet
the
than
England
talked
felt that
soon
with
but
under
first he
wish
had
he
The
which
that
Americans
held
which
ing-trade
carry-
Jefferson
should
commerce
did not
That
he should
alliance with
England
for
for
with
war
relied upon
; and
Great
no
had
to
object,did
From
coerce
when
come
natural
was
Britain.
his power
the time
incline to
the
her
by
some
coercion
the
quite appalling,
about
circumstances, and
no
peaceablemeans
that
seizures,which
new
then
sum
matter
peace.
Spain in
war
and
rage
belong to
far stronger against
publicanger was
papers
against Spain,and although the newsincessantlyof a Spanish war, Jefferson
in prehe should find great difficulty
serving
a
British
Jefferson
to
quarrel,for
to
day of
with
carried
cared
frantic
were
every
losses
their
swelled
and
be delayed
of this
could
not
5.
Year.
the New
President
The
CH.
instructions would
the
that
safelyassume
beyond
STATES.
UNITED
THE
must
be
purpose.
When
he
or
Merry next
heard nothing more
the advantages of
about
a
the
Department
of Spain
misconduct
powerfulBritish
navy.
FLORIDA
THE
"
"
livelysensation
The
109
MESSAGE.
produced by
the
seizures,wrote
to have
2,
Mulgrave,1 December
appears
the honor
of writing
icreased considerably since I had
The
commercial
Lordship by the last mail.
your
have
held
lies at Philadelphia,Baltimore, and Norfolk
this subject,and
to resolutions
iblic meetings on
come
[erry
"
to
transmit
Government
the
to
may
their
In
been
addition, my
excite
Madison
that
he
serious
light than
At
last
my
that
he
to
the
in
has
he
interview
had
flattered
your
liberation
of
and
sightin
that
with
taining
sus-
those
of
great
the
ure
meas-
view,
to these
as
national
treated
had
this
at
with
Lordship
circumstances, I
subject in
with
much
that
would
vessels
days
two
Mr.
not
ago,
Monroe's
only have
which
should
have
Mr.
more
first represented it to
him,
himself
conversations
recent
my
all the
be
organs
a
ticular
par-
Britain.
Lord,
find
to
sorry
the
as
suspected,to
States
United
sorry to add
am
of late lost
indignationagainst Great
"
considered
are
have
the
their trade.
daily in
Government
the
of
statements
of
he
me.
said
strances
remon-
produced
have
been
detained
Merry
to
; MSS.
British
Archives.
110
HISTORY
though
not
strongest
apprehend
to
reason
made
be
writing should
STATES.
quarter, which
official
an
UNITED
THE
OF
the
on
subject,it
5.
him
the
reply at
all in
gave
if any
that
CH.
would
contain
nothing satisfactory."
"
sufficient
to
this
country,
effective
whatever
be
very
two
the
the
as
same
was
citizens
of
the
feared
he
considerable."
be
taken
to
seek
He
that
hinted
redress
these
that
would
measures
and
"
"
At
the
about
called
which
the
the
tility
hos-
although he
these measures,
not then foreshadow
Merry read
National Intelligencer
days afterward in the
and
Resolutions
Madison, in
speech in which
restrictions
1794, had urged commercial
year
States against the
the true policyof the United
British outrages. The motive of republication
plain.
would
did
of
government
of commercial
that
and
of it; and
consequence
the
act
an
have
States would
United
that
"
committed
had
on
Mysterious
authentic quarter was
scarcely
so
abrupt a change, but Merry
this point. The
on
secretary
minister
British
England
for
him
press
the
told
an
for
ground
awkwardly.
tone
"
from
information
failed
his
raised
Madison
in the
desk
"
time
same
Examination
course
of every
of the
senator
Madison
of the
coming
and
British
session
member.
Doctrine,"
was
The
laid
on
book
creditable to his
and scholarly
qualities.
literary
Clear,calm, convincing,it left the British government
was
no
excuse
without
reason,
THE
Ill
MESSAGE.
"hn
it
FLORIDA
tipsof
That
war.
Pitt
could
was
British
occasionallybe
certain ; but
was
it
had
no
con-
reasoners
vinced
coneffectually
ever
him.
President
the
Meanwhile
all Jefferson's
Of
than
Ninth
the
writings
Annual
the
had
none
Message
The
Congress.
his
prepared
Message.
livelier interest
the
meeting of
Inaugural, nine
at
Second
months
looked for
surprises.
political
those
who
Second
The
Inauguralseemed
old Republican principlesto the common
to sweep
sage
Mesrubbish-heap of out-worn
politicaltoys. The
went
to announce
even
further, and seemed
that the theory of foreign affairs on
which
the
must
be
RepublicanAdministration
began its career
Jefferson
abandoned.
intended
it to
carry
such
meaning.
"The
love
of
peace,"
begun
is
entirelyin
left cheek
be
must
become
make
of
whea
right has
when
plunder
which
Jefferson to
are
to
of
been
and
smitten.
just occasion
all nations.
of
one
Europe
1
the
corrected
the
no
an
wrote
sincerelyfeel
we
produce
to
he
profess,
our
arises,or
of those
moral
has
the
opinion
we
shall
duties
governments
habituallybelligerent."
old
ment
govern-
will turn
This
The
his
Jefferson MSS.
112
HISTORY
OF
STATES.
UNITED
THE
to
the
to
discuss
The
of
greater scourge
"
has
and
watched
harbors
our
of
; some
without
them
others
commissions,
The
commissions.
carried
in
neither
founded
of nations.
issue.
Louisiana
of
seized
and
and
the
former
and
this
the
their
the
by
give
orders
readiness
to
the
that
of
belligerentPowers,
the
ciples,
prin-
nations,
in the
up
that
at
to
to
repel by
arms
the state
of
moderation,
the
length
be
in
any
between
another
injuries from
ernment.
gov-
necessary
things
subject of
of
by Spain,
frontier
details
been
parts
very
that
Other
these
have
it necessary
on
roads
In-
...
territories of
soldiers of
and
shall be the
the
delivered
found
reviewing
of
to.
citizens
our
future.
full information
great
acceded
citizens and
our
the
ment
acknowledg-
or
had
into
made
troops
.similar aggressions in
for your
been
not
therefore
protect
has
negotiationsfor
our
actuallybeen
our
our
satisfactory
daries
adjustingamicably the boun-
regular officers
to
but
their
New
usage
property plundered
I have
to
ships,to
not
Mississippi;
had
which
the
have
recently been
have
Orleans
have
legal form,
the law
legal
il-
with
some
commerce.
Spain
Propositionsfor
With
differences
of
settlement
sels
ves-
seeking enemies,
interpolatedinto
been
authority of
armed
our
justicenor
of
the
color of
by public
been
too, have
have
coasts
system of hovering on
oppression of
and
annoyance
those
beyond
under
on
the
by private armed,
with
same
harbors,
and
also
been
yellow
lations
foreign re-
our
commissions,
committing piraticalacts
coasts
of
last
our
5.
"
Since
infested
war
CH.
some
munication.
com-
of
firmness, and
produce
all be
that
time,
interest
of
estimate
correct
Legislaturewill
still to
ought
We
action.
the
of
wisdom
the
justicewe
the
113
MESSAGE.
FLORIDA
THE
1805.
are
hope
well
as
bound
as
to
of
called
and
into
more
character, will
; but
expect
should
appoint
by false calculations, and dismust
that
join in the unproexpectation,we
fitable
do the other
of trying which
contest
party can
harm.
Some
of these injuriesmay
the most
perhaps
is competent
that
admit
a
peaceable remedy. Where
it is
of
lead
itself
deceive
nation
any
the
most
to be
met
always
nature
desirable.
force
by
But
of
some
only,and
them
all of them
are
may
to it."
From
this
infer that
preamble
measures
the
of force
public would
to be
were
the
naturally
objectof
Spanish
promised in regard to
specialmessage
aggressions.As though to leave no doubt on the
ports,
subject,the President urged the fortification of seathe buildingof gun-boats, the organizationof
and
militia,the prohibitionof the export of arms
the
; and
ammunition
added
that the
materials
for building
hand.
on
shipsof the line were
All this formality
of belligerent
languagewas little
Jefferson
could hardly be
better than
comedy.
charged with a wish to deceive,since he could not
wear
the mask
of
amused
deception.
friends and
mies
ene-
naturallyhe betrayed
which his plan required should be concealed.
objects
In the first draft of the Message, sent for correction
to Gallatin,
the financial prospect was
as
pacificas
the diplomaticwas
warlike ; the Message not only
announced
a
surplusfor the coming year, but sugwere
VOL.
III.
"
to
see
how
Both
114
THE
OF
HISTORY
diminish
and
million
hint
the
at
it out.1
struck
parts of
in
and
"As
time
same
made
draft for
"On
with
revisal,
reviewing
Britain
and
with
notice
of
toward
have
found
the
lessen
Spain
was
therefore
the
been
effect which
given
more
once
ous
seri-
us
recommend
we
at
resources."
The
returned
the
"
it too
to
for
latter,and
meant
at
think
can
our
greater enormity of
the
right might
note
had
what
Spain,
compared
of
As
foreignnations, it
intended
by other
and
corrections,
a
dollars to
dollars.
They never
if
to resist,
these
its estimates
taxes, Gallatin
diminution
nue,
reve-
still further
thousand
fifty
of
5.
pointed out
increased
it relates to
intentions
any
CH.
affect the
seventy thousand
Message.
the
President
had
will
the
alone would
reduction
Gallatin
taxes.
navy
six hundred
from
one
the
while
it;
STATES.
of retaliation would
measure
any
UNITED
prepared
soft
toward
that
so
British
the
to
Great
the
mer
for-
temperate
invasions
of
strong language
produce
at
force
the
to
as
the
Tuileries.
strictures
on
Britain."
In
guage
the strong lanstudying "the effect which
toward
meant
to produce at the
Spain was
Jefferson had in mind
the effect which
hi*
Tuileries,"
strong language produced at the Tuileries in 1803.
1
Gallatin
to
Nov.
Jefferson,
i. 261.
2
Jefferson
i. 264.
to
Gallatin,Nov.
THE
playeda
[e
and
honest
an
was
alike
him
taken
the
have
told
would
he
Powers
of
would
the
publicinto
to
war
to
ports, abandon
her
and
implied no
disgrace;
alternative
to
would
if
the
great
injure America,
her
let the
Such
world
elsewhere.
the
the
radical
an
doctrine
she
shut
commerce,
rob
; and
war
that
continent,and
own
son
Jeffer-
circumstances
no
but
an
false ;
and
he
confidence,
under
the
Gestures
If President
his
combined
Europe
murder
putting on
Garrick.
and
ridicule.
to
consent
herself within
outside
face
Talleyrand,he resembled
people that
close her
in
unnatural,awkward,
were
they exposed
and
man,
imitating Talma
tones
had
of
appearance
lateur
in the
Besides
itward
safe
derided
jtrayed or
ifferson
hardly
was
lesse
115
MESSAGE.
of finesse
game
like
men
FLORIDA
avowal
the
of the
lost.
was
To
two
it,an
policies,
"
ostensible
public and
and
of the
real
Annual
a
one.
secret
; or,
The
Message
put forward
as
he
warlike
were
the
called
mendations
recom-
public
116
HISTORY
and
ostensible
in
OF
coming
this
his
attention
only
; but
he found
his
had
he
replieswhich
Congress
at
After
writing a
secret
in
the
turned
had
double
return
two
not
to
measures
series of
him.
to
He
in
answers
asking for
message
pressed
ex-
quickly involved
to
5.
advance.
next
series of
was
be
to
creating. He
frame
to
combine
first to
tried
himself
CH.
was
President
own
Congress, but
one
announced
double
STATES.
real
the
message
recommend
to
the
message,
complicationsof
in
UNITED
policy;
secret
To
THE
one.
money
to
and
once,
Senate
their
by
do
"
and
pledge their
lives and
the free
and
"
fortunes
tain
to main-
navigationof
should
might
these
Resolutions
Clearlythis
to set the
The
"
to take
lie in the
moneys
into
would
matter
whatever
to the
blend
the
which
have
three
unappropriated
Treasury in
order
to
carry
effect.
do;
not
and
Gallatin
undertook
right.
in framing
apparent difficulty
he wrote
States,
President,2
"
arises
objects together.
induced
the
Jefferson to Gallatin:
President
the
from
Resolutions,"
the
The
send
attempt
same
to
reasons
two
distinct
Spanish Resolutions,1805;
Gallatin's
to
Writings,i. 277.
2
Gallatin
i. 278.
to
Jefferson,Dec.
3, 1805; Gallatin's
Writings,
should
Congress
that
affairs,which
steps which
appear
should
not
be
only to
effect
to the
the
public Resolutions
from
the
with
of
the
President
necessary
those
the
the
proceedings
sense
take
to
on
Spanish
national
the
to express
immediately
private ones
posture
war
enable
to
mixed
an
that
distinct
intended
are
subject, and
that
on
relate
which
those
be
117
MESSAGE.
it necessary
render
messages
of
FLORIDA
THE
1805.
the
frontier,
calculated
accommodation."
Secretaryof
the
Treasury frequentlycorrected
hinted a correction.
and still more
his chief,
frequently
passed since Jefferson had
Only a few days had
spoken to Gallatin of the
strong language toward
meant
to produce an
effect at the TuilSpain as
and spoke of the
eries." Gallatin ignored this object,
Spain as intended to express
strong language toward
the national sense, and as restricted in its bearing to
for protectingthe
the steps immediately necessary
frontier.
The difference was
worth
noting. Evidently
Gallatin felt no
great confidence in producing an
The
"
"
"
the
effect on
"
The
Tuileries.
course
preciselythat
the
when
.
House.
President
to this
in the
he
purchase
To
follow
best, but
will
also,
smoothest
mode
of
as
going
was
in very
course
founded
doing
the
adopted by
the
brought in a
justifythe
support and
to
similar
tion
public Resolu-
while
mean
appropriation law
and
is
ness
busi-
Louisiana
A
by Randolph,
report sufficient
in the
an
added.
moved
committee
confidential
withdrawn.
"
continued,
in the
followed
was
deposit was
was
which
he
recommended,"
now
to
attempt,
general
appears
on
business
terms
not
precedent,
in
be
and
was
only
the
Congress."
118
double
messages
double
The
which
secrecy
act with
it had
shown
of its readiness
and
to
could
nations
Yet
about
swing
the
so,
quickness
same
no
gress
Con-
out.
in the Louisiana
do
wrought
to
expect.
to
anger
little was
and
gone
had
written
the
not
course
on
led
been
been
5.
and
business
in the Cabinet
one
to doubt.
seemed
had
CH.
sketched
were
answers
to
only
had
STATES.
DOTTED
President
The
THE
OF
HISTORY
individuals
readilyas
oppositeto that
so
The
American
publiclyknown.
Marquis Yrujo had
; but
the
they
public had
Of
against Spain.
in newspapers
which
Monroe
the
had
tiations
negocome,
remonstrated, and
rightsand
wrongs
Washington,
The
all
make
light of
which
misled
had
the
for
power
England's
to
would
as
not
conduct.
Gallatin,Dec.
at
shown
British
the Federalist
party in
Jefferson
i. 281.
late
the
England such
of
had
Government
the
looking toward
newspapers
same
from
hints
followed
had
press
at
first
seizures,
"
press
never
seemed
The
into
have
wish
a
a
to
course
denunciations
risked
been
gize
disposedto apolocountry
at
large
THE
hear
prepared to
ras
119
MESSAGE.
FLORIDA
President
the
advise
rupture
Message
this
strength to
on
icssage
lent
No
could
The
ippear.
in
[uarrels,
last session
which
factions ;
party
partiesin
public knew
the
3yond
Three
As
he
that
stage
done
session
Yazoo
the
of
rational
"
had
series of
almost
been
nothing to
had
much
done
"
Aurora
reunite
to
announced
before the
torn
between
of
Congress ;
question
"
had
and
argument,
and
the
passed
had
be-
personaldevotion,the stepping-stone
proscriptionwith
or
by
the
next
election of 1808
Virginia feud,
"
President.
Congress was
struggle for
John
should
1809.
in
first
"
the next
years
already
power
ended
distinctions
Already the
the test of
favor
tone
tions,
the relato determine
question was
the characters,and the strength
principles,
of
to
would
Yazoo
the
jome
confusion
contrary, it
the
on
had
had
summer
might
change of
secret
the
where
doubt
forgotten. The
ie
Jefferson
his followers.
among
one
give additional
in the special
immediately afterward
Spanish affairs would produce bewilder-
taken
be
sudden
to
and
expectation
;
that the
foreseen
ive
certain
was
retire at the
Without
his successor,
close
strong personalattachment
4,
as
insured
120
THE
OF
HISTORY
STATES.
UNITED
CH.
5.
ecutive
weight of Exwhole
influence.
The
needed.
weight was
The
qualities,was
secretary,with all his amiable
controllingthe voice of Virginia. His
very far from
the Northern
democrats,
strength lay rather among
Yazoo
semi-Federalists,or
men," as they were
called,who leaned toward him because he, of all the
least Virginian. His dipprominent Virginians,was
lomatic
triumph in buying Louisiana had given him
his rivals ; but even
his reputaan
tion
easy advantage over
might sink with the failure of the Spanish treaty
and the aggression of England.
the
to
State
Secretary of
whole
the
No
of
course
President
on
timid
not
Madison
question,as
same
pardoned
who
as
Randolph
when
to be
he
dalliance
Madison
modest,
with
quiet
marked
taste
for
character
wrote
of
with
Federalism
was
in
malice
closet
person
in
his
should
Madison
always
was
on
the
Administration,
irritant.
an
apt
was
followed
had
Madison's
Virginia Resolutions
the
himself.
or
Jefferson's first
surprisethat
John
Randolph
cautious, if
and
the men,
feel
could
act
knew
who
one
both
sides
the
"
1798
in
was
in
tremes.
ex-
of the
Federalist
;
no
"
Randolph
one
but
small, retiring,
humor, and with
politicsand
delicate
agement;
man-
Jefferson
pt.
could
one
deny
Madison
Just
the
as
of the
seemed
him
to
criticism
out
of
as
where-
House,
place
a
no
was,
much
White
in
himself
was
seemed
Randolph
that
"
declaimer
the
back-stairs
the
place on
man."
back-stairs
regard to what
influence, We
back-stairs
as
this while
heard
never
in
remarked,
soon
denounced
Randolph
121
MESSAGE.
FLORIDA
THE
else.
nowhere
read,
Randolph must
Spanish papers, which
tary
his respect for the Secrenot likelyto increase
were
of State ; while
Madison's
a
candidacy made
for
those
counter-movement
Virginians
necessary
not be dragged at the heels of the Northern
who would
democracy.
of December
Long before the month
Randolph
foresaw the coming trouble.
The Yazoo
in the
men
Ninth
than ever
more
numerous
Congress were
; and
credited
with
the wish
to ejectSpeaker
they were
The
from
Macon
the
in
democrat
Committee
Randolph
look
"I
with
no
wrote
to
forward
very
Gallatin
an
to
the
of
the
spectator.
Mr.
Jefferson's
resolution
the
premature
annunciation
Jefferson
to
to
the
session
say
of
hope
to
be
of
"
Congress
as
of
the
acquired,
ders
blun-
quiet,
if not
regret exceedingly
retire,and
that
Bidwell,July 5, 1806
bickering and
...
of
25, 1805,
nothing
well
as
of the
head
Oct.
To
place, natural
which, however,
Northern
some
Bizarre
ensuing
pleasant feelings.
unconcerned,
put
from
anticipatea plentifulharvest
; of
to
Randolph's place at
of Ways
and
Means.
disadvantages
I
chair, and
almost
as
determination.
Writings,v.
14.
much
It
122
HISTORY
almost
Monroe
the
it will set
succeed
would
House, but
must
CH.
to
foot.
on
him, my
5.
ing
say nothIf I
were
regret would
could
dissension
Intrigue and
STATES.
his purpose,
of
diminished."
much
very
UNITED
intrigueswhich
the
that
be
THE
revision
precludes a
of
sure
OF
spread
the
to
be
not
confined
Senate,and
to
could
the Cabinet.
While
Galhardly fail to affect even
latin's personalsympathies were
with
Madison, his
the
bias was
old
The
on
opposite side.
political
Republicans,with John Randolph at their head, had
agance
protectedthe Treasury from jobs and extravsteadily
their help Gallatin would
lie at the
; without
of the Northern
hind
not bedemocrats, who were
mercy
the Federalists in their willingnessto spend
He
the
might expect an alliance between
money.
Northern
democrats
controlled
the
he
Smith
the
and
To
Navy Department.
foreseen
have
must
faction
that
such
which
a
Madison
bination
com-
would
yield.
In
face of such
the
hazardous
more
Madison's
latent feuds
than
interests,a
the
could
when
moment
begin
Madison
was
even
on
the
with
war
upon
responsiblefor
would chargehim
without
1
such
Adams's
upon
secret
would
be
dollars,at
required
England.
these
with
attacks from
Kandolph, p.
measures
the
his
161.
that
assurance
five million
Congress
commercial
his enemies
and
bribed
be
Congress, in
tortuous, complicated
new,
Spanish policy,turning
France
spring
to
nothing could be
to
Whether
or
not,
responsibility
;
own
party,he
THE
ras
FLORIDA
strugglingwith
123
MESSAGE.
enemies
enough
to have
crushed
in
drama
Fefferson himself.
the
actors
act
in
the
tragi-comedyof
With
his old sanguine hopes,
icreasinginterest.
the President
)ut not with all his old self-confidence,
them
watched
slowlyarrive, Democrats, Federalists,
Southern
Republicans,all equally ignorant of what
had been done, and what
they were
expected to do;
and
but more
curious, better-informed,
more
sharpsighted than these, the three diplomatists,Turreau,
Merry, and Yrujo,waiting with undisguised contempt
what
to see
to be employed
species of coercion was
againstEngland, France, and Spain.
To impose on
hostile forces and interests the compulsion
of a singlewill was
the task and triumph of
which
the true
had
been
politician,
accomplished,
a
"
under
difficult
conditions,by
politicalleader
of
men
be
might
acters.
opposite charcombative
and
success
depended
more
In the winter
on
of 1805-1806
dealt
with
been
required to solve.
with
violent
ranks
such
face
party ; but
hostile
as
Other
oppositionboth
of their
obligedto
time
problem
character
no
than
on
President
few
other
Jefferson
Americans
Presidents
within
vres.
manoeu-
and
have
without
President
have
met
the
has been
lent
minority,together with viofactiousness in the majority,and
at the same
a
spiritof aggressionshowing itself in acts of
a
124
from
war
what
By
of
three
the
Jefferson
skill
crisis
"
"
Some
1805.
All
might
could
three
The
go
if
well
governments
three
hand,
driftinginto
becoming
the Federalist
ever
it
in December,
was
alone
faction at home
England, France,
obliged to respect
be
President
abroad.
violence
and
If
5.
Europe.
energeticimpulse could
country from
the
save
close at
seemed
of
from
foretell.
chaos,only a prophetcould
CH.
character
or
this disorder
to restrain
was
Powers
greatest
of
resources
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
envoys
law.
Jefferson's
was
waited
to
To
Spain
restrain
most
what
see
and
these
need.
urgent
act of energy
he
devise to break
"
"
One
"
the
true
escaped
4
President
with
see
of the
sense
the
able
to
Turreau
"tr. MSS.
balance
from
'
that
we
our
no
to
here.'
with
have
kind
of
be
me.
dency
ten-
interest
agricultural
essentially
be
never
In
...
people
to
which
words
some
other
should
will
yet agriculture
interest
regard
private conversation
which
commerce
and
secondary
in
in
inferences
some
Message
pain,'he said,
toward
will be
draw
perhaps
may
more
than
preceding
Archives
inter-
des
Aff.
invited
President
the
view
After
affairs.
and
protection which
the
Jefferson
regard
in
Americans
within
consequence,
these
steps, and
could
not
It
etc.
for the
five
that
his
to
Jefferson,
had
never
depart
trols
pain
As
point.
have
been
that
they
have
could
been
at
with
America
try,
In
'
war
against
as
that
neutrality should
hand,
we
do
not
respect,' added
shall
we
respected.
and
"
icans,
Amer-
and
everywhere,
be
war,
the
which
commerce
want
detested,'
so
reproaches
me
two
iards
Span-
these
this
on
the
they
our
not
him
principles from
have
subalterns
between
'
replied
; that
everywhere
other
the
ships
rights.
people
our
ours
authorized
few
added,
and
not
assured
they
have
we
Spanish
government
in vain
would
'
their
has
destroy neutral
Mr.
he
but,'
American
England
of
contradict
He
harm
more
of
had
differences
complaints
hundred
griefs of
Louisiana.
mistakes
to
serious.
taken
done
true
easy
English,
more
yet
not
was
much
have
the
stupid (Mtes),
so
are
is
That
'
the
excursions
territoryof
serious
produce
Powers.
on
to
provisionallyestablished, and,
the
that
Spanish privateers
Spain granted
expanded
some
Spanish
of
about
Spanish government
the
doubtless
that
to
limits
the
beyond
discussion
complaints
some
particular,Mr.
in
to
me
125
MESSAGE.
FLORIDA
THE
On
the
all this
is very
have
affected
"
embarrassing.'
Turreau's
the
these words
on
policyof Napoleon, as
weight
"
the
comment
If
man
enough
with
Talleyrand:
your
Excellency
and
his
to enable
to
certainlyhave
it must
had
"
was
not
government,
you
may
judge
already acquainted
with
would
be
this
the
last
one
phrase
and
the other."
CHAPTER
Ninth
THE
Congress
VI.
2, 1805.
Dec.
met
During
no
did
left out of
oppositionwere
gress
view, the American
people had in the Ninth Conhardly a single representative,
except John
Randolph, capable of controllingany vote but his
In the Senate, when
own.
George Clinton took his
few
if the
seat
Federalists
in
Vice-President,he
as
before
saw
him,
the
among
New
York,
B. Giles of
Jackson
of
or
Samuel
Georgia.
to their
gave
back
to
it.
Smith
day,like
of
These
men
office than
them
more
Baldwin
the
were
whose
to their
weight
Dr. Mitchill
Maryland,
Virginia,or Abraham
in his
influence
or
the
they
Breckenridge of Kentucky
James
leaders
genius ;
than
William
and
influence
of the
was
due
ment
Govern-
could
had
of
give
become
his
and
attorney-general,
could
found
be
seat
Senate
whole
the
In
Adair.
filled
was
not
defend
to
competent
by John
Republican
or
have
ber
mem-
difficult
Gallatin
as
diplomaticmeasure
could have done it,or would
financial
127
ACT.
TWO-MILLION
THE
1805.
or
son
Madi-
wished
it to
done.
be
In
could count
the Administration
House
the
upon
own
and
superiority,
intellectual
of
sense
his
toward
arrogance
due
was
to
the
to
his
constant
Congress he
sent
much
"but
was
as
met
no
new
no
rival in his
own
member,
from
expected, a certain
popular speaker he never
"
liked
contest
hope of victory.
uncertain
an
saw
those
over
was
In
in which
the
Ninth
chusetts
party. Massawhose
Barnabas
can
oratory
Bidwell;
stand
rival of John
New
he
whom
as
the
of a Massachusett
Randolph," was the comment
senator
to him in the House.1
on
listening
York, New Jersey,and Pennsylvaniawere
repre1
Diary of
J.
Q. Adams
128
sented
a
by
the
who
the
sent
made
national
name
public business.
Josiah Quincy
was
and
troublesome
him
but
of
to
not
of
one
tried to master
Perhaps
ablest
the
Boston,whose
tive
posi-
vehement
abilities,and
temper, marked
made
character
who
or
details of
member
new
Southern
positionto Washington,
social
best
of excellent
men
many
6.
other
the
and
CH.
Democrats, without
of
mass
Virginia
single leader.
States
solid
almost
an
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
alism
Feder-
majorityrather
the
legislation.
to
House
met, it proceeded at once
Speaker; and the old feuds of the
out again. Fifty-four
votes
were
useful in
than
the
When
election of
broke
session
to
elect ; and
on
the
the
last
quired
re-
had
but
who
threw
their votes
away
on
candidates
from
ginia
Vir-
than
more
was
one
His
hundred.
first act
the
Ways
also
to
was
and
given to
Quincy.
President's
produced
the
Message
was
effect to be
read
December
expected. The
3V
try
coun-
it with
THE
iracy. The
:cept the
it.
use
Federalism
"
"
!"
revived
Federalist ; "
to
admire
said
the
and
bitter
dignified,firm, and
have
been
astonished,"
the "Boston
Centinel;"1
This
"
day we
a
correspondentto
President's
speech is,
nrited."
the
throughoutthe country,
"
129
ACT.
Federalist press
Washington
)te
TWO-MILLION
in
principle,almost
system. It
wholly on the Washington and Adams
of the
has puzzledthe Federalists and offended many
It is in perfectnonconformityto all the
Democrats.
of the party." The
Federalists
former
professions
exaggerated their applausein order to irritate John
Randolph and his friends,who could not fail to
that the Message strengthened Madison
at the
see
of the old Republicans. Jefferson's private
expense
sage.
languagewas not less energeticthan his publicmesAmong the favorite ideas which the President
the ocean
that of claiming for America
as
urged was
Gulf
the
far as
Stream, and forbiddinghostilities
within the line of deep-sea soundings.2 One of the
senators
to whom
Massachusetts
he argued this doctrine
inquiredwhether it might not be well, before
assuming a claim so broad, to wait for a time when
the
Government
The
President
should
have
force to maintain
it.
"
1
2
Columbian
VOL.
in.
"
130
HISTORY
would
ever
Gulf
OF
again
be
THE
UNITED
permittedto
STATES.
cruise
CH.
within
6.
the
Stream.1
Such
attitude,publicand
roused
much
private,
interest. Congress waited anxiouslyfor the promised
and
did not wait
on
Spanish affairs,
specialmessage
6, only three days after the Annual
long. December
Message was sent in,the specialand secret message
closed its doors,and the memfollowed ; the House
bers
which
listened eagerlyto a communication
they
expected to be, what it actually
was, a turning-point
in their politics.
narrated
The Message 2 very briefly
the story of the
unratified claims convention,ending in Monroe's
lomati
dipthat the Spanmisfortunes, and announced
iards
showed every intention of advancingfrom Texas,
until they should be repressedby force.
an
Passing next
mentioned
1
Jefferson to
State
to the
the
conduct
decided
sage
Napoleon,the Mespart taken by France
of
Papers,ii. 613.
9.
TWO-MILLION
THE
Inst
States
the United
131
ACT.
on
point of
every
the
Span-
lispute,
"
silence
her
differences,it
these
the
date
had
any
of
the
what
to
to
collision and
side
western
it pass
be
probable
it will
be
probably
the
to
or
for
contribute
which
it
deny.
To
their
them
then,
I look
After
more
them
to
prehensive
com-
of
well
as
as
crisis
in
settlement, and
would
it.
of
become
necessary,
protection of
it is
our
certain
It
degree.
object of peace.
I communicate
judge
for
sincere
the
so
present
such
the
the
advance
gous
analo-
will
But
of
pursued will require the command
belongs to Congress exclusivelyto yield
information,
enable
with
to
The
our
that
be
to
course
means
interposed to
and
eastern
is not
; but
of
at
taken
plan
situation
war
honor
had
availing ourselves
our
follow
citizens,the spiritand
force should
the
on
lost in
Formal
that
or
possiblethe grounds
as
pressing
unimproved,
difficult.
more
not
for
on
proposed,
Mississippi.
the
should
moment
Should
much
of
far
controversy
is favorable
Europe
not
as
had
templated
con-
believe
to
settlement
has
Spain
reason
that
Government
her
attitude
have
ministers
remove
rupture,
Paris
from
she
us
give to
to
mean
that
actual
hostile
effect
to
our
as
future
the
might
appear
to
contrary, we
disposed
was
not
last advices
our
suspicionof
On
here.
does
in
against Spain
she
proceeding
their
she
direction
Whatever
quarter.
boundary leaving
be
opinion might
her
infer
to
Western
the
to
as
the
zeal
and
the
documents
for themselves.
course
that
am
which
fact
every
To
necessary
to
their
wisdom,
and
will pursue
to pursue,
they
material
shall
approve."
was
reading of this Message the House
The
few
Federalists
ever.
perplexed than
132
OF
HISTORY
warlike
The
sneered.
THE
STATES.
UNITED
Annual
Message,
had
character,
of the
tone
CH.G.
angry.
assumed,
for
Madison's
public
Congress
required
was
had
the tone
of
political
profit,
England and Spain, while
toward
bravado
He
Randolph
John
to
overrule
Madison's
bold
Randolph
in
second
a
at
the
olson
head, his friend Nich-
its
third ;
vigorous Federalist,coming
the
Speaker
the
committee
for
useful
member
from
from
To
this
was
Barnabas
his
nor
but
while, whether
President
the
was
Smith,
or
could
recent,
democracy
was
and
of
in
depend
Bidwell, the
Bidwell's
Massachusetts.
Federalism
Randolph
whom
on
service
Federalism
it
intended
Cotton
John
number,
new
conversion
neither
kind
his
that
loved.
followed,and
Randolph
seemed
precedentwas
to
have
no
closely
excuse
THE
arned,
not
iation
of
the
essage
; that
had
been
he
could
not
consent
or
those
the
of the
Executive
purchase
measure,
for
in
the
to shift upon
his
House
the
that
; but
reserve
asked
been
proper
to
sponsibili
re-
if the
even
demanded, he should
explicitly
granting it,because, after the
failure of every
would
such
to
agree
to
without
not
been
averse
President
had
of the
money
wanted
was
the
never
money
shoulders
1
"wn
some
told
would
he
immediately,and
surprise,that an appro-
millions
two
He
orida.
because
ut
without
133
ACT.
President
the
called upon
ry, he
that
TWO-MILLION
have
total
negotiation,such a step
forever,"
with
much
to
more
attempt
at
disgrace us
same
effect,which
"
mildly
was
combated
by
Jefferson.1
The
7, the committee
day, December
met, and
Randolph,as he probablyexpected,found that Bidwell
alone
next
intended
to
venture
support
to
the
act
as
Administration.
the direct
President,but undertook
the
to construe
proposed
Message
grant
to that
as
his
on
demand
effect.
The
Bid-
mouthpiece
own
authority
for money,
and
rest of the
mittee
com-
First
August,
Letter
1806.
of
returned
Decius,
in
the
them
"
the
Kichmond
next
day
Enquirer,"
134
HISTORY
Gallatin,with
to
THE
OF
expressionof
brief
STATES.
UNITED
his
CH.
c.
decided
own
disapproval.1
committee
The
fortnight;but
permit Spain
not
that
her,
have
or
unfair
as
personal war
his
the
I considered
character
to excite
nation
out
the
last
to
of
never
to
These
had
1
of
to
of
its
moment
the
live
on
man
give
it
war."2
Randolph
;
If
made
for he
claimed
pro-
temper
and
throw
the
so
by means
sympathies of
heard
that
declaration,"
said
had
objectionsI originally
aggravated to the highest possible
it a base
prostrationof
nation
one
property
of
my
by
; and
life,my
to
money
from
that
confidence
entertainingthose
the
national
bullyanother
and
moment,
in the
sentiments
ciples
prindied,
again."
words
would
have
carried
Randolph's quarrelwith
more
Madison
conviction
not
all the
"
procedure were
degree.
end
moment
Randolph afterward,
the
French
us
for
in
unprejudicedman
From
with
declaringa publicand
Secretaryof State, which he
the
on
would
must
we
confidential words
excuse
waged thenceforward
revoltingas in the
to
that
and
Spanish
of the
use
them
"
and
money,
that France
"
Madison
every
him
tary
Secre-
and
to
wanted
France
President
the
told
Madison
of State.
an
with
several interviews
had
to
been
of
to
Congress,1805-1806,
pp. 984-985.
Annals
THE
much
break
TWO-MILLION
older
date.
down
the
President,and
In
it
now
The
was
wanted
State
had
could
had
held
; but
Nicholson
reveal.
to
means
election
As
as
he said
his confidence
"
been
never
forever."
gone
alone
of
in the press,
and
find it here.
high,
very
serious
Madison
he
thought to
penly in Congress
in the Secretaryof
but
truth
secretary'schance
he
135
ACT.
Down
was
to
which
one
23
October
and
far
could
as
be
also disliked
persuaded
would
enable
understanding that
the
to
use
its action
Although
secret,it threatened
to
would
become
the
to
policy,
only so
act, with
be adverse
situation
was
scandalous, and
the
to the
still
soon
altogether.
so
December
21
at the
who
his influence
committee
President's wishes.
became
the intended
told him
As
mounted
dishe
Randolph returned.
he was
received by Nicholson,
Capitol,
of the irritation which
his delay had
1
Deems, No.
1.
136
The
caused.
committee
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
CH.
called together.
instantly
was
he was
met
Randolph went to the committee-room
who
a
headed,
put into his hands
paper
by Gallatin,
for the purchase of Florida."
Provision
Although
Gallatin's relations with Randolph were
they
friendly,
the Secretaryof the Treasury from
did not save
a
sharp rebuff. Randolph broke out roughly: he would
not vote
a
shillingfor the purchase of Florida ; the
As
"
should
President
of
"
the odium
would
"
do
all
the publicpurse
delivering
to the
to
With
sweeping
walked
and
Gallatin
cunning
set
the
to
to be
censure
party, Randolph
and
Cabinet,
this
double
the
record
manly
and
appear
as
in fact it
instigation
;
of opinions
other
the
ostensible,
one
and
wisdom
true
Executive
at
this
"
I hold
the
on
recommending
as
while
the
principles, the
and
it ; "
Congress would
abandon
them, when
understand
not
throw
to
while
him
having forced
acting
gress
Con-
appear
vigorous measures,
was
upon
that demanded
first cut-throat
Executive
allowed
be
not
real
patible."
utterlyincomof President,
his
turned
committee-room.
back
on
There
in
he
no
trouble
needed
been
to
taken.
crushed,
but
the
not
career
Unless
only
of
the
was
frontier.
and
not
spiritof faction
the
Jefferson
fate of
himself
Madison
must
could
be
sealed,
end
in
Nothing could
failure.
in
TWO-MILLION
THE
1805.
final interview
he
that
"
be
had
too
done
the
at
with
Randolph, who
clared
House, flatlyde-
White
character
137
ACT.
support and
to
avowed
his determined
to maintain," and
principles
scheme
of buying Florida
of
to the whole
opposition
France.
cepted
Jefferson,little as he liked to quarrel,acthe challenge. Negotiationsthen ceased, and
a party schism
began.
in debate, he
If Randolph could not be overcome
might at least be overborne
by numbers
; if the best
part of the old Republican party went with him, the
rank
and
would
remain
the
more
Northern
file of
and
Western
democrats
to
committee
called
was
Once
Bidwell
together.
tions
appropriatetwo millions for foreignrelahis motion
and adopted
; the majorityrejected
of the President's
warlike
tone
a report echoing the
publicmessage, and closingwith a Resolution to raise
moved
to
Spanish inroad
and
insult,
and
laid before
This
report was
Jan.
3, 1806, when
immediately moved,
"
one
extraordinary expenses
other
term
to chastise
the
House
additional
two
in
to the House
from
same."
by Randolph
Resolutions
were
for
foreign intercourse,the
Fund
in Committee
the
"
appropriatingmoney
frontier
of the
for
were
Whole,
with
new
referred
closed
doors.
began;
and
sat in secret
138
HISTORY
OF
THE
UNITED
session,while Randolph
strained
of democrats
which
the
phalanx
STATES.
every
nerve
threatened
CH.
6.
to break
to
whelm
over-
"
Northern
The
men.
House
having recovered
six
months
Madison
after
to
Papers,iii.539.
Armstrong's despatch
Armstrong
and
Bowdoin, March
had
13, 1806
been
; State
TWO-MILLION
THE
Madison
did
Britten,
to offer France
for Armstrong
tuthority
lollars for Florida
Texas
and
ty ;
his
but
in his
unknown
tost obedient
rate almost
as
"radleymade
lerson
success
in
had
the
Bill ;
know
how
bad
it was
so
Jefferson
he
would
have
absented
of his
it,and
than
time
in the
power
had
of
all,the
that
Of
the
all
publicmind,
Diary of
"
but
in
priAn-
it was,
so
l
be ! "
it must
so
reading
"
become
that
Q. Adams
more
"
againstthe
obtained
teen
only sevenopposition.
in
gain
of Executive
;
the most
and, worst
for
of
creature
could
was
Three
Mitchill
and
voted
against eleven
this last
J.
were
Senator
himself.
ideas
political
growled
its third
had
who
men
the
to
hither-
cost
disgust. Senator
this,the malcontents
Jefferson
within
Bradley,Logan,
"
at
The
taken ;
ever
themselves
on
prompt,
victoryover
his will
and
had
Republican Senators
"
gained
public to
Devil
an
"
resistance
open
experience.
secret
Colorado,
won
as
fiercely
Randolph
no
five million
secret
point; he
was
of Tennessee
measure
been
public
all.
silenced
idolph,and
the
to
have
his
carried
Jefferson
to Paris
length send
at
139
ACT.
granted
Napoleon.
lodgment
fatal!
in
140
HISTORY
OF
either Jefferson
That
sympathies has
them
flatter and
to
be
to
6.
by French
Both
untrue.
of all the
of
belligerents
caused
them
by
Spain,France, and
threaten
to
Cn.
led
w;is
for Florida
their eagerness
and
jilikcj,
Madison
or
shown
been
STATES.
UNITED
to the violence
submitted
turns
THE
the expense
without
losses inevitable in
Jefferson
done
or
was
little of what
doing;
and
war.
President
another
"
the
piece
same
far to fix
obeyed the
The
beck
and
Annual
Message made
publicannouncement
no
Ernporor.
been
given that
in regard
wished for further legislation
the Executive
to its trade,when, Dec. 18, 1805, Senator
Logan of
Pennsylvania brought forward a Bill to prohibitthe
with
trade altogether.That he acted without concert
not to be conceived.
Madison
mitted
adwas
Logan privately
the wish of enablingMadison
as his onlyobject
no
to tell the
and
so
at
their
the
i
French
government
that
the merchants
who
was
carried it on
bidden,
fordid
Diary of
J.
Q. Adams
(Jenenil
runs.
th;it it would
close
Domingo
the
last
opening
American
wholly into
spoke against
men,
would
sure
dollars of revenue;
thousand
the
Milchill
that
which
the
with
commerce
throw
West
St..
Dr.
:md
Imndrcd
s;icri(icesevcnd
IJritisli
Smith
141
ACT.
MILLION'
oppositionshowed
The
it.
TWO
TIIK
180(5.
the
; that
the
with
commerce
British hands
new
it
was
objectsby American
endanger the property and
legislation,which would
citizens in the island; and finally,
lives of American
in obedience
to Napoleon'sorders.
done
that it was
27 the Senate called for the diplomatic
December
respondenc
corand the President commuthe subject,
nicated
on
in which
the extraordinarynotes
Talleyrand
iin
Turreau
;md
The
continue.
protest
declared
or
Senate
that the
received
remonstrance
and
"
commerce
must"
this mandate
after
not
without
long debate
p.
Act
1228.
of
Feb.
28, 1806;
Annals
of
Congress,1805-1806,
142
HISTORY
OF
the
strained
commerce,
formerly construed
all its
taken
in
among
the most
which
different
States dreaded
of the
powers
bore
of
principles
Constitution
on
in fact
as
In
parentage.
the
indifferent to the
of Napoleonic
its existence
owe
chiefly
rebel negroes
attitudes ; in this
own
to
6.
features,did
to
CH.
statutes
enacted by
ever
disgraceful
States
government. Nevertheless,this
United
measure,
the
violated
Act
law, sacrificed
international
STATES.
Napoleon'spositiveorder,communicated
President
to Congress as though
by the
the
objection,
overawe
UNITED
of
in consequence
the
THE
of
Hayti
made
instance
than
more
them
blind to
it made
to France.
charge of servility
them
The
of
Hayti enemies
of the human
too tempting to be rejected
race
was
;
and not only did the Southern
Republicans eagerly
seize it,but they persuaded their Northern
allies to
John
Randolph himself,though then
support them.
wearying the House day after day with cries that
Madison
had
to France,
which
would
nor
might
to
the
have
this act
to
made
other
any
seem
oppose
neither
the
to
Bill.
of
States
subservience,
at the
famous,
in-
vote, that
obey Bonaparte'smandate
Of
were
list,side by side
United
Administration
himself
quietlyabsented
of the
honor
alluded
never
and
he
sold
negroes
with
the
twenty-sixvoices
Quincy, Samuel
TWO-MILLION
THE
and
Jacob
Crowninshield
bitterest
sneers.
St.
with
commerce
the
for
necessary
"
Act
Two-million
"
The
of
names
Lyon, democrats
John
Randolph's
objectsof
and
deepest dye
of the
Matthew
and
the
stood
Smith,
Cotton
John
Dana,
143
ACT.
and
Domingo
could
not
at
help
his
expect
measures
the
Napoleon
conciliating
Without
forbidding
equally
Florida purchase.
St. Domingo, Jefferson
were
of
success
Act
the
Paris.
at
These
of military
togetherwith some
appearance
of foreign
completed the Executive scheme
activity,
ficult
difpolicyin regard to France and Spain; the more
of dealingwith England.
task remained
measures,
the first
When
in the
merchants
rose
of the
case
general,until
more
War
"
1805
year
Britain
had,
no
so
The
issue
make
in
war
of open
was
in
policy. War
could
and
but
ruin
war
would
Federalist
By the close of
her
Great
that
purposes,
declared
The
States
United
Any
might
short
measure
unquestionablybeen taken
would
became
Disguise,"arrived,and
submit.
ships
States.
simple.
return, or
the
steadily
anger
longer doubt
suited
as
hostilities had
their
America,
American
could
war
in
newspapers.
one
far
and
Scott's decision
at
Stephen'spamphlet,
was
reprinted in the
the
arrived
of
confiscation
the
"
Essex
"
indignant;
were
as
of Sir William
news
produce
move
him
effect
no
from
destroy American
resources,
while
any
on
into
his
his purpose
commerce
retaliation
144
short
of
would
war
be
to
THE
would
not
from
was
that
alone.
they
6.
Their
could
not
their
saw
against his
Much
CH.
but
ineffective,
prove
George Cabot
in it.
the first.
STATES.
merchants
unavoidable
so
caught
only
American
injurethe
dilemma
UNITED
OF
HISTORY
will the
fail
danger
merchants
to draw
a
placed him upon a committee
to Congress againstthe British doctrine
remonstrance
Our friend Cabot," wrote
of neutral trade.
Fisher
is much, too much, mortified that he is one
Ames,1
He
hates
of them.
hypocrisy,and respects principles;
lest the popular feelingshould
and he dreads
to deny what
he believes to be
impel the committee
of Boston
"
"
true,
for
ask
to
or
Boston
The
Lloyd,was
as
no
the
appointment of
the
hands
with
of Monroe
he
knows
Memorial," 2
cautious
asked
and
what
from
action
that
it did
at London
not
"
Britain
Memorial,"
refused
drawn
by
January,1806,
Ames
Cabot, p.
8
to
with
except
strengthen
signed it
the
standing
under-
Philadelphia"Memorial"
language, suggesting that war
Great
to
Cabot
; but
only
The
if
Government
special mission
reluctance,and
extreme
drawn
by James
erate,
popularfeelingwould tol-
as
ous."
mischiev-
be
to
closed
must
redress.
William
these
Pickering; Ames's
be
The
stronger
the
result
Baltimore
Pinkney, spoke
advice.
no
with
Toward
in
the middle
memorials, togetherwith
Works,
i. 342.
Cf.
Lodge's
315.
Boston
p. 890.
Memorial
Annals
of
Congress,1806-1809, Appendix,
TWO-MILLIOX
THE
145
ACT.
were
icrs,
to
pursue.1
fears of George Cabot
The
were
quickly justified,
the theories of the Republican
[e chieflydreaded
destructive
to
more
by,which in his opinionwere
to
mrse
Linerican
Madison
bent
were
the
British
Stephen. Jefferson
testingthe theoryof the
on
first
slave-code
treatment
would
a
commerce
"
of the
slow
as
have
selves
doctrines them-
of James
the demands
or
and
than
commerce
of South
the harshest
tion
applica-
Carolina
Georgia
or
agricultureproposed to her
been rejected
as
inhuman, for
which
on
theory of peaceablecoercion,
relied,had often been explained as a
either side counted
it
was
British
manufacturers
thousand
souls
who
Madison
"
son
Jefferduel
exhaustingits
upon
by injuringitself. As
the
maid
hand-
torture.
The
which
the
was
There
once
are
nent
oppo-
said
three
in
of
dred
hun-
live
let
by our custom:
them
be driven to poverty and
despair,and what
will be the consequence
?
The question was
more
easilyasked than answered, for in the actual condition
of Europe economical
laws were
so
violently
"
disturbed
fresh
but
that
no
man
could
extravagance might
while
1
VOL.
the
three
result from
hundred
"
10
venture
thousand
State
to
new
guess
what
delirium
Englishmen
Papers,ii.727.
146
HISTORY
would
lose
look
at
the
laborers
submit
to
to
merchant,
like
fast
the
Granting
of
in
of
States
would
alternative
and
the
British
been
sacrifice
entire
Tories
as
to
American
of
self
him-
seat
slowly
stain
certain
the
by
submission
between
Boston
might
be
not
languid.
ever
were
the
should
stimulated
be
of
had
real
that
blood
his
lish
Eng-
obliged
offender, and
could
he
Pitt,
conscience
United
that
order
conscience
the
British
the
idly
Americans
injured Brahmin,
door
conscience
Pitt's
for
submission.
death
to
the
suffering;
the
been
generations
many
would
rotting ships.
occasional
to
untrained
at
for
had
6.
Americans
and
crops,
and
warehouses
CH.
thousand
their
profit on
empty
STATES.
UNITED
hundred
three
starving,
were
THE
OF
that
sacrifice,
regarded
the
Cabot
saw
Great
Britain
no
He
commerce.
preferred submission.
The
all its
subject in
that
special committee
related
which
Smith
5, General
a
as
an
series
of
to
Senate
to
the
on
soon
waxed
On
this
hot.
behalf
national
Resolution
-
President's
seizures.
prohibition
the
referred
sage
Mes-
these
tee
commitseizures
and
independence,
of
the
British
long
debate
February
of the
denouncing
the
British
Resolutions
on
the
part of
reported
encroachment
recommending
before
15, 1806,
Jan.
Congress.
woollens,
list
of
other
began,
and
VII.
CHAPTER
ideas of
the
politicsthan
he succeeded
of the
Jefferson's life
in
NOTHING
States
United
their
saw
which
secrecy
preserving.For
in
stranger to
was
two
as
months
modern
President
the
people
representatives
go day
they revealed
ministers
not
what
to the
even
passing
was
public at large,under
knew
war
no
and
than
more
their
in the
state
House
of their
of
the
or
democratic
Frenchmen
Such
peace.
senators
foreign
; and
the
government,
destinies of
things was
contrary
Republicanparty : it could
but it could end only in explosion.
not last,
the debate
When
Smith's non-importationResolutions
on
began in the Senate February 12, the previous
taken
the
had
Spanish
struggle which
place over
Two-million
still a secret ;
Act
was
policyand the
unknown
Randolph'sschism was
beyond the walls of
the Capitol; the President's scheme
of buying West
France
Florida from
after having, as he maintained,
told.
kept, as he wished, unbought it once
already,was
knew
The
world
only that some
mysterious
to the best traditions
"
of the
"
148
HISTORY
business
attack
OF
some
attitude
commonly
men
he
"
elsewhere
bestow
; but
personal influence
he
against opposition,
his
his
and
the
representativeof
years
against Great
neutral
National
his
to retrieve defeats
reason
that he exhausted
the
Spanish policy
gress
British questionsto ConEngland was to be dealt
Jefferson
had
policyof
Britain.
To
been
of 1794
"
the lead
callingfor retaliation.
pressinghis views,even
in
declined.
regarded
commercial
revive
Intelligencer
made
was
his
such
as
his
as
tion
restric-
influence,
reprinted
were
guide for
trade
point in
success
resolutions
speeches and
in the
the
more
regard
tions,
unappreciated inven-
carry
left
and
it with
upon
past Madison
many
so
Spanish policywas
For
his
to
party. Where
with, Madison
Smith's
measures
more
dreaded
upon
its
depended on
the
became
with
uneasy.
7.
session.
in secret
President's
The
CH.
Samuel
Senator
connected
way
discussed
long
STATES.
trade
it to be in
UNITED
was
on
THE
gress
Con-
doctrines
of
text-book ; while
political
denouncing England and
He
himself
lost
no
chance
political
opponents.
T had considerable
conversation with Mr. Madison,"
wrote
of them
one
February 13, on the subjectsnow
most
important to the public. His system of proceeding
toward
Great Britain is to establish permanent
upon
"
"
Annals
of
Congress,1793-1795,
p. 155.
distinctions
iommercial
duties
her
between
and
other
"
149
SCHISM.
RANDOLPH'S
JOHN
articles
on
in
choice, and
his
By
of
defiant
almost
manner
aggravated
her."
imported from
tions,
na-
own
failure,
united
with
politicalfortunes were
coercing England through restrictions
Madison's
policy of
the
of
trade.
At
first much
Jackson
of
said
nation,"
colonies
is
months
favor
have
laid
at best
the
of
must
feet ! "
Madison
"
course.
I would
fought
had
21, againstthe
The
moral
Embargo
Americans
1
2
leave
to
England
effect
was
the
cared
to
of
supreme
Nelson's
last
risk
step
war
in
p. 571.
that
battle,
Spanish
plete
victoryso com-
triumph
with
toward
and
upon
before
looked
naval
war,
England
1805-1806,
also
arrived
French
ending
fleets,off Cape Trafalgar,
as
Randolph,
when
great
combined
nine
(if anything)
embargo party
news
and
terms,
in
and
wished,
1805,
us,
our
John
Indian
on
to
come
embargo,
your
December,
Nelson
Admiral
dependent
an
was
October
this
on
close
they
whatever
oppose
with
less
lie at your
they must
to
sure
us
with
On
starve.
or
or
more
Not
"
West
has
his
with
measure.
which
exists
"
he,
but
of this
in favor
do without
cannot
Senator
embargo.
an
vehemence
usual
of
said
was
the
ocean.
great.
was
and
few
under
any
of
Congress,
150
HISTORY
circumstances
the
allyon
an
would
; with
face.
Madison's
before
Samuel
Resolutions, February 5,
minister
Merry
membe'rs
wrote
effectual
despairing of
only to
limit the
number
and
postpone
the
to
effect,in order
take
But
"
from
Monroe
alone.
the
first :
of
the
of
their
Senate
which
prohibited,
law
the
should
specialmission
to
the
by
been, and
it has
to
clamor
are,
the
of
some
find, endeavoring
to
nation
of
to
Mr.
negotiation
brought
now
Administration,
the
that
the
on
carry
being
continues
wishes
who
President,
Matters, however,
instigationof
the
to engage
greeable
disa-
and
the
members
the
rest
tional
in exercising their constitujoin them
sion
privilegeof advising the President on the occaand that their advice to him will be to suspend any
body
to
step that
can
has
tried of
been
Merry
General
1
send
continue
should
crisis
the
by
.
to
that
learn
now
be, opposed
endeavor
of articles to be
on
the
restrictions,
resistance, would
date
partial
that
commercial
to
one
arrangement.
negotiatean amicable
had
under
been
that a specialmission
England and
Merry added
discussion
of
Government
his
to
opposed
most
the
to
no
Republican policy.
Smith
reported his
Senate, the British
the
became
7.
without
which
gentle plan
more
Senator
CH.
and
rashness
was
war
restrictions in trade
Even
undefended
harbors
ocean,
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
Merry
was
have
an
hostile
tendency
Resolutions
experiment
until the
extraordinarymission."
exactly informed
Smith's
to
as
even
; MSS.
to
the
before
of
fate
they
had
British Archives.
JOHN
1800.
RANDOLPH'S
been
number
was
non-importation,
wholly welcome
not
vere
to the
or
minority.
Adams
either
The
in
recommended
The
of
first and
Massachusetts,
the
to
three
were
by Smith.
drawn
of Senator
work
second, the
151
SCHISM.
tion
Administra-
first declared
the British
violation of
unprovoked aggression,"a
and an
encroachment
national
teutral rights,"
upon
independence." The second requested the President
and insist upon
demand
indemnity,and to make
jome
arrangement about impressments. The first
besolution,although fatal to future Federalist conunanimously adopted by the Senate,
dstency,was
February 12, almost without debate, even
Timothy
'ickeringrecording his opinion that the British government
had encroached
national independence.
upon
seizures
"
"
an
"
"
"
"
The
dictation
at
the Senate
insist ; "
but
as
The
too
was
criticised
Executive,which
induced
was
weak,
was
to the
of offence to the
cause
it
Resolution
second
although
President.
to strike
as
would
By
out
attempt
an
give just
this argument
the words
"
and
the
Resolution,thus altered,
Republican senators voted against
seven
strong.
of
this
had
been
halting movement
explained by Merry to Lord Mulgrave nearly two
weeks
before.
The
Senate stumbled
the imporover
tant
Monroe.
The
next
dential
Presipersonalityof James
three years distant,warped the
some
election,
national
policyin regard to a foreign encroachment.
Senator Samuel
Smith, ambitious to distinguishhimreason
152
self
in
Paris, wished
London, and was
failed
the
to
to
friends
The
Nicholas.
whom
depress Monroe,
Mrs.
Even
to
elevate.
of
allowed
electioneering,
STATES.
UNITED
diplomacy, having
mission
envoy
THE
OF
HISTORY
which
of
7.
the
special
supported by Wilson
Gary
of Madison
were
willing to
John
Randolph was
trying
Madison, in the excitement
herself
talk
to
;
interference
made
obtain
to
dignity
of Monroe
societyvery slightingly
reasons
CH.
in
and
from
general
there
Mrs.
were
Madison
satisfyNapoleon
to
regard
St.
to
Domingo,
was
prominent
strong
The
and
to
as
second
control
Resolution
to
response
the
to
carry
the two
Two
years
managed
senators
policy of
their
and
"
the committee
observed
Diary
Adams's
Diary
Jefferson to
of J.
Q.
that
Adams
Kandolph, p.
of J.
Q.
Adams
to
tions
Resolu-
later,in
Jefferson
impose on
own.
deliveringthe Resolutions,"
aggrieved tone,
said
entered
Jefferson4
into free
the
although
Senate
could
203.
Works,
v.
in
versation,
con-
Monroe, March
Dr. Mitchill
and
complaints,President
these
a
Smith
House.
to Monroe's
Executive
''After
an
committee
White
explainedhow
the
was
afterward,General
week
appointed a
were
Senate.
the
253.
RANDOLPH'S
JOHN
1806.
that
recommend
form
in
not
the
them
on
much
averse
set upon
well
which
failure
both, pursuing
of
nearly every
produce
his
order
to
avoid
could
be
not
claims
before
certain
of
as
friends
the
to
sibility
respon-
throw
the
I
on
opinion
it
found
opinion to
the
ral
gene-
reallyseemed
followers
to
in
minister
Smith
England, he
France.
to
commission,
by
of
and
indiscreet
firm
was
Armstrong
by his management
an
in
the President
Philadelphia. When
specialminister,with Bowdoin, to
If
bent
had
American
had
letter
of Nicklin
in
the
him.
embarrassing
to
in
waver
temporize
to
General
evils.
made
subject and
Legislature.
reduced
government
claim
here.
would
it
so
end
not
oppositionto
own
was
that
best
redress
devoted
was
the French
to the French
them."
minister
challenged attack
the
among
answer,
the
up
council, and
interested
seemed
an
represented
of the
worse
becoming
upon
these
in
most
allegiance,and
it.
it did
took
obtain
jubilee among
their
Smith
But
House
national
saw
hard
so
it.
conduct
member
the
Jefferson
Senate
them
of
to
sentiment
one
they pressed
length to yield my
at
voice of
but
other
the
us
necessary
was
and
individually,
as
myself, and
me
as
you
gave
spoke
of
members
The
it,and
to
any
and
measure,
felt it and
they
there
individuals
as
153
SCHISM.
"
written
against
Griffith,
nominated
conduct
him
the
new
Florida
the
March
17 the vote
divided,fifteen
voice alone
to
saved
was
taken
and
fifteen,
; the
Senate
was
Vice-President
Armstrong
from
equally
Clinton's
rejection.Had
154
HISTORY
Senate
the
faction
for the
STATES.
its
out
deal
whose
have
and
7.
aims, the
been
followed
shaken,
; but
tunately
for-
Secretaryof
they had to
whom
passed
temper
CH.
own
for the
with
enemies
the
one
might
President
State,among
was
UNITED
period of
THE
left to follow
been
President's
and
OF
the
bounds
of
common-sense.
confined to
was
House
The
Jan.
Means.
than
slower
to
the
relations.
the
; but
secret
Senate
Dec.
Committee
committee
same
Spanish affairs in
of British
referred
subjectwas
even
was
up the matter
the
of
the month
Until
message
session.
to take
4, 1805, the
of
Ways
was
sent
and
absent
when
On
in order
in Committee
the House
ill and
Means
the
from
to
out
day after day passed withRandolph, until Smilie of
and
to
of
of the Whole.
House, Jan.
Randolph was
29, 1806, decided
his hands.
day Andrew
from
Gregg, a member
portatio
moved
a Resolution
forbiddingthe imPennsylvania,
of all goods the growth or product or manufacture
the
of
same
Great
Britain.
Still the
House
left the
decision
discussion.
or
subject without
February
10 Joseph Nicholson
introduced
another
Resolution,
which
importation
came
Gregg's nonprobably from Gallatin.
lion
would cost the Treasury five milmeasure
Gallatin
dollars a year, and
preferreda less
sweeping prohibition.Even Senator Smith's scheme
JOHN
too
is
not
strong
for
salt
which
America
nation
any
Nicholson's
her.
British
only such
with
could
nor
supply herself,
supply
rum,
necessities
were
155
SCHISM.
Nicholson, who
woollens,Jamaica
irse
and
RANDOLPH'S
could
land
except Eng-
Resolution
prohibited
as
"
existence.
Other
Resolutions
introduced,but
were
those
of
consent
maintained
Gregg and Nicholson by common
the policiesmarked
pre-eminence; and between
by
them
as
complete or partialnon-importationCongress
had to decide.
before the
Although the subjectwas
of February passed without debate.
House, the month
Not until March
lution.
5, 1806, did Gregg call up his ResoIn doing so, he made
a
speech studiously
"
moderate.
He
seemed
and
carrying-trade,
seizures
as
disinclined
abstained
for war,
cause
were
"
"
I have
Great
question of
on
treatingthe
rather
but
manifest
the
this he
Britain
is too
too
well
threw
the
ish
Britthe
outrage
treated
of
though
unfriendlyfiscal regulation.
of
apprehension whatever
no
and
from
defend
to
well versed
in
the
acquainted with
as
war,"
business
her
own
he
of
said,
culation,
cal-
interest,
156
in this lawless
to persevere
purchases
exceeds,
merchandise
other
STATES.
at the
system
annual
whose
customers
and
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
of
CH.
hazard
her
of
7.
losing
manufactures
believe, thirtymillions
dollars."
of
to
language
and
mild
this
"in
'
moderate,
have
You
insulted
have
you
which
war
our
commerce.
we
will
hostile
the
these
no
longer.
bonds
You
of
must
not
purchasing
This
is
their
warehouses
their
expect
your
If
...
carried
at peace
to
to
;
find
so
oppression
acceding
slacken
must
have
been
us
we
in
those
your
large an
can
to
connected.
by attacking
workshops,
against
on
persist in your
you
we
we
manufactures
and
fight
to
are
absolutelyrefuse
part
firm,
country
them
we
be
to
hereafter
vulnerable
and
our
insults,and
injuries,
which
friendship by
whom
say
propositionsof compromise,
any
dignityof
compelling
much
To
if you
measures,
though manly
with
authorize
you
submit
of
us
and
but he would
peace,
ket
mar-
amount.'
them
reach
in
their
vitals."
If Pitt should
would
retaliate,
Gregg would
go further ; he
RANDOLPH'S
JOHN
could
sylvania,
rest content
not
157
SCHISM.
Gregg'sQuaker
with
ideas.
the
After
"
course
are
we
taking,"said
now
Crownin-
oppressivetreatment
up, I would
them
as
I observed
go to
other assistance
Scotia.
and Nova
She
event
and
their
than
Some
own
States,eight millions
of ten
the amount
or
Britain
But,
She
knows,
eastern
inces
provwill ask
militia to take
Indian
will
Canada
islands
will
also other
knows
millions bank
Great
to her.
of her West
give
to
war.
Massachusetts
own
fall.
four
refuse
her in
also
or
meet
believe
not
States of Vermont
; the
no
an
to
is too valuable
trade
and
seamen,
hesitate
not
before, I do
Our
war.
our
the
Louisiana
the
to
to
property?
I think
Oowninshield
sat
of
amount
put
so
much
hazard."
When
took
the
floor.
In
triumphs,no
to occur
or was
before,
moment
had
offered itself
for whatever
seemed
to him
base
or
untrue.
158
HISTORY
THE
OF
STATES.
UNITED
CH.
7.
He
"
"
sealed
were
well
as
is
"It
they do
dark
The
out
carryingon
a
chancellor
! if your
of the
and
observation
an
navigate a
he
are
finances
!
exchequer
keep
again
for the
Shall
"
leave
mad
this
not
be
he
are
The
coat,
strait-waist-
Ne
element
with
the
excited
by
Because
and
the
or
of such
take
can
reckoning, can
the
ultra
sutor
East, shall
crepidam
aside to express
:
Let
muscles
at
!"
tempt
con-
"
the
plunge
shark?
Indies
of
and
man
for
means
in the hands
are
democrats
great mammoth
and
ways
turned
Northern
his native
contest
and
public councils
and
Again
persons
"
log-book
to the West
cock-boat
of
such
serious refutation.
your
the helm
the
if these
you
war
with
at Crowninshield
help
he fell
preamble
"
statesmen
proposed confiscation
God
"
would
water-gruel,and depletion."
room,
sneer
subject
reason
anything like
for such
arguments
proper
this
:
to
the
over
palsiedtongue
with
and
of time
waste
deserve
not
and
Crowninshield
and
mere
hobble
"
but
to do it ; "
him
Gregg
upon
could
he
as
enable
American
forest
into
the water
him
stay
and
periwinkles on
in
shore,
on
strand!"
the
"
Annals
of
Congress,1805-1806,
p. 555.
would
school
;on
submit,
the form
mushroom,
trade
which
I will
"
cannot
in
actual
our
never
Leviathan
you
to
keep
to
that
do
"
of peace
first moment
would
no
"
consent
to
I deem
it
protect.
to the
with
end
nothing to protect
a
fungus of war,"
carrying-
this
the
at
not
Randolph declared
would
; he
absurd
"this
longer exist
Secretary wished
and
of resistance.
was
in the
if determined
Even
President
form
the
up
the
had
taken, if shame
have
them.
dthheld
159
SCHISM.
RANDOLPH'S
JOHN
of
the
We
for
war
that
will shed
our
if you
last
which
dignity to
unable
are
; but
element
limits,we
to
sacrifice of
no
deep
own
your
go
to
of
say
contend
within
come
drop
blood
in
their defence."
Had
carried
with
him
Republicans;
needed
the
he had
face
of
except
to
gain
overthrown,
Southern
pliantand
so
Randolph took
Jefferson
friends.
two
the
for he
opponent
an
taking this
with
sympathy of
not
enemy
been
secret
Jefferson.
as
in
have
not
but
in the
himself
contented
Randolph
he could
position,
rare
Not
ciliatory
con-
pleasure
made
never
was
one
satisfied with
and
attackingCrowninshield
Gregg, Randolph gave
full play to his anger
against the whole House, and
assailed
even
"
I have
the Executive
"
before
when
measure
Cabinet,but
the
saw
of the
of
an
gentleman's
Cabinet?
Not
Resolution
of
an
open
was,
clared
de-
invisible,
inscrutable,unconsti-
160
HISTORY
OF
Cabinet, without
tutional
Constitution.
who
not
the
first
what
measures
will
they
execute
their
opinion
the
on
subject of
opinion
of
we
therefore
that
My
too),
take
answer
they
have
(and
was
is
well
"
should
we
There
"
Cabinet
the
might
measures
Sir,
British
Congress ?
to
subject.
minister
Cabinet
its decisions.
recommend
them, and
must
the
whatever
that
knowing
from
is
men
on
of
7.
the
to
"
House,
I asked
What
was,
CH.
influence,
Journals, govern
question that
relations
back-stairs
to this
the
on
appear
STATES.
unknown
responsibility,
of
speak
bring messages
do
UNITED
THE
longer any
no
Cabinet!'"
forbidden
Though
to
he was,
as
light:
and
Randolph dragged
quacks,
political
true
Sir, I blush
nostrums.
;
of
they
resemble
lozenges ;
the
Here
send
for
Cure-all ?
To
your
result
blush
know
at
to
sole
Madrid
where
least where
remedy.
of
the
occurred
tongue-
Spanish secret
your
tell.
When
have
the
And
where
are
'
! you
and
shoe
pinches.
the disease
lies,and
To
lible
infal-
an
going
your
to
hang
tell ! "
your
King
quacks
Paris
there
to
handbills
you
anxiously demands
nation
afraid
such
not
to
vertigoes of
government,
are
and
you
resolutions
of
No
the
and
disorders
ceedings
pro-
ing
worm-destroy-
"
arcanum
are
our
advertisements
the
4
of
cough-drops
deliberations, you
You
record
the
handbills
vegetablespecific,'
nervous
the
only in
deal
but
Church's
politicalpanacea,
; your
know
all
see
you
Sloan's
your
to
'
'
politicians.
excepted
not
there
whole,
remedy
brainsick
'
to
you
nothing
patent medicines.
crown
had
Like
"
what
in secret
tied"
mention
to
head
as
You
apply
the
and
Randolph
attacked
next
161
SCHISM.
RANDOLPH'S
JOHN
1806.
He
Madison.
took
the
up
dversal
dominion,
abandon
he proposedto
policy,
"r a
interests
iputatemercantile
I
into
will send
her
naval
on
money
sal object
to
was
lowledged at the
anything,have
If
"wer.
although it
would
turned
Until I
stretched
mercantile
be
megrims
deep, we
instead
"ple believed
III.
"
taunt
of
the
they were,
It
being
in
an
my
formallyacI
would,
have
us, the
embargo.
would
got
where
the
morning,
I behold
I
hands
first
six
As
to
it."
President
this
our
In
vanish.
stand
less
when
; this would
can
a
"
to
; much
further
left among
came
on
its nation
VOL.
cut
I will
more
"
wisdom
do.
adversary's into
our
will always
hostility
all your
Before
is any
there
step toward
mce
and
she
I go
embargo
an
property home,
own
mths
laid
which
of 1783.
Peace
to
Britain.
Botany Bay,
or
limits
secure
and
money.
whatever
pretext
no
is,
will not
Great
with
war
As
"
"t launch
"ur
commerce
can
rillnot
"
to her for it !
thanks
no
"
orator
"
I had
the
been
affairs of
162
HISTORY
men
committed
"
refuse
help feeling,the
I
sir, that
know,
we
do
what
and
him.
You
State.
of
the
even
stands
He
purchases
the
at
go below
when
mate
the
responsibility
upon
now
they
when
your
they are
open.
put
may
republic:
Government
furnish
with
the
cook
in
alter my
should
him
rection
di-
but
short
vessel
and
cation
appli-
the master
not
the
; I
he
throw
cabin-boy!
say less
to
scorn
they please ;
ban
to the
of the
course."
man
so
to the
necessary
consternation
throw
the
; the
say what
may
speech from
are
give
distress,and
and
shut
were
guide
Let
individual
insignificant
an
we
measure
means
him.
ship is
Gentlemen
I shall not
such
That
may
the
doors
buy Florida,
to
rests
and
so
concern.
it from
must
money
You
means
and
helm,
him
Louisiana.
cannot
say, that
receive
the
to
feel,I
free to
as
7.
of hostilities,
depends upon
course
give
of those
said
!) ,
to
as
do
serious
do
CH
Harry,
you
of war,
and
true
were
Executive
the
to
I
politics,
say, and
may
it
independent (would
of
deep
most
and
Dick,
Tom,
to
STATES.
UNITED
retail trade
the
of
THE
OF
the
among
but had
bitterly,
as
Randolph's
done
the
little harm
no
defection
had
it not
such
been
by Jefferson
sympathy. Nay,
secret
that in
and
as
to
and
of the Cabinet.
England, like
the
resistance
The
to
ous
seri-
would
have
denouncing
Madison
he
had
regarded Gregg's
Yet
scandal.
might be, it
taken
course
much
made
the President
so-called resistance
Spain,was
sham,
RANDOLPH'S
JOHX
parties agreed
all
and
with
in
Randolph
opposing
retaliation.
serious
Nothing
his
keep
163
SCHISM.
needed
was
in
temper
could
order
trusted
be
that
but
win
to
Randolph should
triumph. leon
Napo-
give Jefferson
to
no
more
that
news
almost
The
the
at
situation
entire
policymust
follow
he
consumed
was
Thinking
arrogance.
this could
He
ideas.
that
entirelynew
an
arrived
of Austerlitz.
that
changed
invented,and
be
Randolph's
meanwhile
had
in power
with
moment
same
Fox
and
dead
was
hardly fail to
only to wait; but
had
by
the
fever
time
had
of rage
to
come
and
stroy
de-
the
insisted
been
"
that
managed
I do
forbid
who
man
under
"
speak
not
but
of
the
of
negotiated.
the terms
of the
Perdido
legislatedon
the bay 'and
shores
manner."
negotiator [Monroe]
drew
who
We
bought
Treaty of
instruction
the
Louisiana
San
from
Ildefonso.
and
our
imbecile
the
those
from
business
in the most
to the Executive
to
the
"
the
River
first claim
of
Bravo.
and
the Mobile
We
passed
into
God
"
of
the
France
ing
Accordextended
immediately
a
law
revenue
erecting
district.
164
What
fact?
the
was
Iberville
we
never
receive
to
Executive
of
STATES.
CH.
7.
were
without
legislating
been
told
the
We
Lakes.
the
and
for want
error,
had
directed
been
UNITED
That
We
information.
had
THE
OF
HISTORY
that
Laussat
country only
to
the
consequently legislatedin
information.
This
the
was
beginning."l
At
fatal
"
here,"
came
found
soon
there
in them
I found
I have
in all its
the Government
I
he
would
I
therefore
I told them
measures.
was
choice
no
be
to
left,and
destroy the
and
will oppose
Such
of
offence
in
his
hand,
triumph, Randolph
himself
within
threw
few
and
weeks
operate
co-
ter.
characman.
them."
With
every
the
his chances
to
dent
supple as Presi-
so
with
that
honest
an
But
so.
national
be
might co-operate, or
opposed,
co-operate with
to
assurance
away
delivered
weapon
to
and
the
of
found
mercy
of
the Northern
and
democrats.
SecretaryMadison
Jefferson's strong qualities
called into play by
were
of attack.
Jefferson was
not apt
Randolph's method
he
to be violent, nor
was
despotic in temper; but
he
was,
he
and
carrying with
ablest
certain
had
limits,very
of his
tenacious
purpose,
of
within
and
it
best
1
Annals
to
certain
some
of
Congress,1805-1806,
p. 961.
'
RANDOLPH'S
JOHN
President, who
the
larmed
the task of
to
jarnestly
for
irm,
Jefferson
13 the House
March
laid
taken
then
Ficholson's was
to
of
"
old
in
resources
licans,"
Repubcoaxing
specialcommittee
had
and
his
easilyheld
were
their leader.
to desert
;nt
exhausted
quietlyand
to his shattered
'irginia.As
icm
democrats
Randolph
they hated
himself
set
restoringorder
Northern
The
)lumns.
165
SCHISM.
framed
be
to
as
Bill.
busilyconciliated opposition;
of Monroe
rrote
to
of
the centre
become
his
warn
takingcommon
it
"reak
that
lied
"
the
news
of
censure
Some
of
^solutions
of
lajority
mblicans
shall
and
join
be
passed
this
place
time
to the
Jefferson to
to
im-
"
Mr.
.
of
whenever
Federalists.
Maryland
you
Monroe,
March
in
Nicholson's
Republicans against
Pinkney
are
but
you,
think
When
as
your
Britain.
be
fifteen
Re-
passed,
associate
He
authorized
will
to
yourself obliged to
return."
1
was
Jefferson,1
of
week, probably by
for
ike
task
same
friendshipfor
great injury.
twenty-seven
Mr.
The
submit
must
of
out
hundred
one
at the
friends," wrote
new
you
will
Randolph.
Monroe
16 Jefferson
necessary
old ones,
to render
way
was
certain
mission.
special
your
ittackingyour
friend
with
because
lifficult,
London,
intrigue. March
old
cause
in
166
HISTORY
THE
OF
STATES.
Cn.
7.
Two
"
Jefferson.
more
to be
best
the
better
proof
at once,
At
and
the
"
"
wrote
before
withdrew
R.
Mr.
wrote
he
UNITED
I have
the
never
question
seen
solidlyunited in doing
for the public interest.
than
the
almost
fact
so
what
of
sentative
Repre-
they
There
eminent
unanimously, be
moment
same
that
House
put,"
was
believe
be
can
leader
no
should
abandoned."
Randolph
wrote
to
Monroe
the
"
"
"
Jefferson to
Adams's
Monroe, March
Randolph, p.
199-202.
"
JOHN
ISM.
publiclife.
in
Nicholson
loved
he
On
Madison.
the
by conflicting
pathies
sym-
torn
was
other
hand
and
16T
SCHISM.
Randolph, and
by marriage
Gallatin
a
RANDOLPH'S
he
he
largefamily,Nicholson found
he
unprofitable
; and when
poor
the life of
to
with
man,
man
Congress-
offered
was
love
not
attached
was
respect.
did
seat
on
Sixth
of the
Maryland Circuit,
he accepted the appointment. April 9, 1806, his
read to the House, and the
letter of resignationwas
knew
that Randolph had lost his strongest
democrats
Bench
the
Judge
as
friend.
The
Macon
other
resource
Some
but
he
defeat
these
in
for
necessary
Jefferson
this
is
of
events
point
never
in Macon
At
1
of the
resort;
no
him.
the
and
you
can
least,on
tares
Speaker,
and
Monroe
part
not
was
as
sincere
more
friend
to
bottom
Jefferson to
last
at
tween
bethe
son
liftingNichol-
myself nothing
be
my
necessary
to
dence
confi-
part, my
unqualifiedthat nothing
was
to
doubt
to
awe
over-
out
was
not, is sowing
know
At
To
further
is
satisfaction."
threatened
of
explanation
so
my
advance
only
coax
Between
endeavors.
you
him
President
4t
opportunities
buy
to
warning
was
Bench.1
the
was
we
the
wrote
when
to
whom
enemy,
to
left than
was
us,"
moment
him
crush
dealt with.
be
to
impossible;
was
question;to
44
remained
Speaker
it
from
him
so
was
remained
Macon, March
whom
:
but
the
the
in
making
course
of
unfortunatelythe
Jefferson's
much
Macon'
than
confidence
dence
confiin Jefferson.
unpleasantthought
168
HISTORY
had
Jefferson
that
THE
OF
Republican;
to be either
ceased
chosen
had
STATES.
UNITED
friends and
other
7.
Virginian or
than
CH.
advisers
than
Macon
pursued.
treated with delicacy.Jefferson
Even
Randolph was
him
would
back, had Randolph
gladlyhave won
admitted
didacy
a hope that he would
accept Madison's canthat point no
on
compromise could be
; but
fate was
Madison's
ance.
conceived.
trembling in the balSacrifice of Madison
was
impossibleto the
isfy
satPresident,and nothing short of sacrifice would
old Republican schism
must
Randolph. The
"
"
therefore
his power
exhausted
fixed
when
out
misguided
show
had
he
of General
brother
longer
Samuel
trust
crushing
the
in the
in the
did
wavering,
House
thought,
it
of this moment
from
the
Samuel
Cabinet
Senate
was
that
to the
of
fusion
con-
Government.
an
ample
ex-
Smith.
so
near
Jefferson
Cabinet
sary
neces-
merely selfish
the
punish, by making
Senator
secrets
he
as
think
not
to
terms
in the
his
honest,and
use
could
and
Smith
Robert
made
to exact
that
showed
back
won
deference
equal
in order
these
Jefferson
men,
interests which
He
he
President
The
in
forbearingin regard to
to
be dealt with.
too
were
Gallatin
Nicholson
schismatics
itself;the
to
respectable
and
honest
left to
be
to
could
his
no
itself. After
Randolph's oppositionto
the
RANDOLPH'S
JOHN
'resident
of
ie
which
wished
assumed
plan
dder
would
and
"me,
The
defeated
that
Monroe
He
had
in-law
an
way
son
Wil-
his brother-in-law
written
even
Smith
account
of his
had
written
"Monroe
remain
his
to
assure
projectwas
and
general
of
generally
"
As
only exceptions:
shall
join
to
treaty
him
aversion
Madison.
error.
be
ought
London.
Samuel
MSS.
A
Smith
to
believe
good
to
W.
mission
merchant
to
all ; and
will
either
mind
To
of
you
Federalist
go
make
such
the
as
envoy
S.
S.
able
an
a
one
tinction
distraordinary,
ex-
Two
chant
mer-
commercial
treaty
leading
there
is
and
Mr.
you
into
intended
originally
is to
C. Nicholas,
some
President
for
were
of
"
now
to
two,
Great
wish
apologize
that
of
remain
case
leave
meant
"
Britain.
the
lie would
universally
Monroe
; in
in
I still do
by
settled,many
Great
with
rooted
say
may
disappointment: 1
and
information
desired
was
"
to his brother-
wrote
that
as
business
hopes
; therefore
in November
Britain
his
on
unexpected interference of
and
for
was
Smith's
President.
the
to
supposed
was
General
appointment,when
the
the secret
by
it
and
by a regular minister,
negotiations,by a special
to be himself; the
was
to be
was
Nicholas.
of
Nicholas
whence
aid
to
succeeded
be
minister
Gary
appointments,
minister
new
return.
special envoy
irmanent
certain
to
commercial
ssisted,for
ivoy.
London,
in
Monroe
it
that of
was
Monroe
icceed
make
requiredto
was
169
SCHISM.
succeed
Monroe,
April 1, 1806;
olas
Nich-
170
HISTORY
has
and
of
knowledge
astonished
UNITED
privatelywritten
been
the
THE
OF
his
of
mentioned
he
when
any
to
STATES.
the
by
President
Cabinet
what
he
CH.
7.
out
with-
they appeared
had
done."
strong
the
on
measure
part of Jefferson,
quite out
friends
his
to
order
factious
so
reduced
to
Smith's
General
taste ; but
of tried
conciliate Federalists
to
to
as
He
submission.
little
was
conduct
had
come
be-
reproof. Smith
warrant
had
was
dolph's
in Ran-
shared
not
of
but
against the Spanish policy,
bitterness
he
had
He
rebellion.
will
but obedience
was
simply, Buy
The
it
perfectlyhonest
Spain
coerce
was
her
to
own
no
chase,
pur-
to the
sell that
to induce
which
property,
and
fight!
or
Houses
believe
that
"
question
"The
Nicholas
to the Florida
nothing remained
that
President's
to
could be made
effective resistance
and
admitted
she
from
has
of
manner
Politicians
France
Both
'
by
will
'
money
clared
absolutelyde-
which
she
would
RANDOLPH'S
JOHN
1806.
not
of
views
our
and
to
members
adhere
their
than
session
four
conduct
President
pelled
com-
their
and
south
ever,
How-
has
for
north
Potomac
Madison
spleen.
Executive
the
own
the
east,
fall
they
discipline
daily
Republican
only
confirmed
The
few
the
with
remaining
result.
clared
de-
Randolph's
dexterity,
As
uprising.
restored,
was
victory
side.
Jefferson's
than
before.
ever
confusion,
President's
more
old
of
months
the
on
even
to
this
tiation,
nego-
allegiance."
itself
violence,
his
sion
explo-
this
little
poor
vents
by
the
the
the
he
and
round
to
after
Thus,
April
rally
From
preservation.
last
nobody,
spares
all
fatal
this
public
abortive
and
Executive
the
this
render
will
plans
Against
he
that
expects
and
make
unpopular.
from
Randolph
Mr.
part.
171
SCHISM.
Madison
was
early
as
stronger
days
of
the
CHAPTER
THE
President's
March
17, for
President
triumph
that
on
Armstrong
upon
could
no
one
knew
The
to
sleepon
session
weeks
that
which
marked
or
; and
Senate
in
assault
by Vice-
the
House,
non-importation policy
in his
John
early as
as
Smith's
in the
the
at
Jefferson's
to
although even
doubt
who
day General
casting vote
Randolph's resistance
againstEngland ended
one
decided
was
defeated
was
Clinton's
; but
VIII.
discomfiture
that
drawal
with-
and
early moment
irresistible
Randolph could
his Secretaryof
no
strength,yet
suppose
State
was
that
in
roses.
April 21
ended
intervened
; and
during
the
few
Randolph's defeat,
March
ginian
17, and the adjournment,the exasperated Virdeveloped a strange and unequalled genius.
His positionwas
The
alternation
of threat and
new.
reluctant
and
obedience,
entreaty, of loftymenace
in its
admirer
the
dealingswith
in
the
between
conduct
France
United
of the
and
States.
State
England,
When
Department
had
no
Randolph
real
nounced
de-
the
change
in
MADISON'S
1806.
victim
have
must
could
assaults
to
"
hope
every
sudden
his
of
no
Madison
the
self
him-
of
resource
abandonment
extinguish in
to
In truth
tongue-tied
;
been
excuse
furious.
so
173
ENEMIES.
of the
French
logic
mination
deter-
government
turning our
ceeded
job,publicor private." Even had he sucin excusing himself,his success
have
must
ing
proved that Randolph's crime consisted in maintainthe ground which
had been taken
and
held by
down
to
President, secretary, and plenipotentiaries
the moment, Oct. 23, 1805, when
without
explanation
abandoned.
Silence and
the ground was
numbers
the only arguments in defence of such a change,
were
forms
of logic the followers
and
to these
of the
a
French
Administration
first resorted.
at
of great astonishment
to Jefferson
Nicholas
as
have
we
and
seen
not
have
word
said
one
Toward
been
in
the
such
but
the
uttered
Gary
philippic
in
gress,
Con-
of the
justification
end
of
majority made
in the
difficulty
majorityfelt more
by Randolph in
two
months
and
energy
and
Bidwells
the
that
matter
Wilson
wrote
"
the
session
great efforts
answers
were
weaker
the silence.
Besides this
For
Randolph;
answer
than
April 2,
could
Administration."1
to
me,"
to
It is
"
W.
than
his
ever
vigor
he controlled
of will.
of New
C. Nicholas
to
nature
the
and
the
advantage enjoyed
quickness of mind.
House
by audacity
The
Crowninshields,Yarnums,
England, the Sloans, Smilies,
Jefferson,
April 2, 1806; Jefferson MSS.
174
HISTORY
THE
OF
STATES.
UNITED
CH.
8.
House
for the
but
At
itself and
member
one
he
shook
down
he
to
or
fist,and
down
go
called
ernment.
gov-
the
old toothless
an
driveller,
superannuated,and mumbling in second
dotage.1 He flung Madison's pamphlet with violent
contempt
House
itself that
hours
.two
on
Sloan
it could
House
not
; and
he
told the
decision
maintain
lobby.
of New
"
out
of his cell."
the
charge ;
trouble
three
and
but
opinion,and
extreme
of the
began
by every means
beyond them.
Annals
doubt
his conduct
none
caused
fourths
No
House
the
maniac
confusion.
to
came
attempt
in their power,
of
was
gave
Even
share
to control
they
Congress,1805-1806,
open
found
p. 1107.
to
great
after
Sloan's
Randolph
the
task
175
ENEMIES.
MADISON'S
1806.
Non-importation Bill,framed
quickly reported,and
Resolution,was
The
agreed
House
could
should
Act
the
which
not
prevent
contemptible,if
in
Never
this
the
such
witnessed
the
to be
three
object
of
Randolph
Two
of
forth
in
as
dose
These
they were
and
to
had
taken
and
it
he could
It
...
What
Ohio, who
Annals
is it?
chicken-broth
is too
to
the
excite the
feelings
of
ninety-
vote
the
on
floor felt
foreignminister
every
tone.
same
the
members
and
person,
struck
was
to
the
like Matthew
civil officer,
seat
in the
direction
Lyon, who
senator
for army
26, 1806, p.
President,
Smith, the
largecontractor
Congress,March
declaring
a
in every
House,
contracts, or John
a
of civil and
the union
Government
Resolutions
of
be
contemptible
incapableof holding a
was
to
reproof to
as
inefficiency
Europe."
under
individual
make
to
of
unconstitutional
such
as
House.
on
people of England
the world.
right,and
was
contractor
and
from
already;
consideration, or
militaryauthorityin
a
date
could
indignityand
to
days afterward
denouncing
that
the
"
my
at
the
as
he
but
immediately passed by
thirty-two
; but every man
to
25
operation. Randolph
Bill
The
that
and
hence
months
pettiestState
of the
so
of
scene
Bill !
milk-and-water
nine
not
was
course
holds
measure
taken
its passage,
March
derision.
treat it with
"
it
into
go
Government
the
encourage
15
fix November
to
Nicholson's
on
851.
sup-
176
THE
OF
HISTORY
plies. General
Wilkinson
militarypowers
; the
the
under
of the
at
of
name
by
very
points,Randolph succeeded
Bill that rendered
into
some
similar
sent
down
had
after
soon
Senate
them
censured
Government.
Beaten
two
ure
meas-
March
29
by
of its hottest
Senate
the
claims ;. it
of nineteen
vote
House
the
bringing
settlingthe Yazoo
death
the
ernor
gov-
principles
any
dilemma.
Bill for
passed the
declaratory
in carrying through the
militaryand naval officers
to be organized
sleptquietlyon
Hardly
for
these
large majoritieson
civil and
to have
was
vote
the
House
held
of the cardinal
a
CH.
against Randolph's
vote
one
Republican party ;
the
St. Louis
Michigan
sort.
same
STATES.
territoryabout
new
contravened
Resolutions
of
UNITED
to eleven
tor
opponent, Sena-
of
James
doors
This
the
of the
head
it is the
whole
of
the
weight
of
has
government
"
had
has
all the
seat
Omega,
with
me
here.
bias
it.
to
The
which
presses
whole
the Yazoo
is the
It is
Alpha.
Republican party
government
This
mischiefs
last letter of
of the whole.
cause
against
a
the
it is the
the
among
Executive
up
since I had
created
covert
the
bear
cannot
; but
divisions
and
secret
be called the
Bill may
politicalalphabet
the
We
House
White
The
it
on.
Executive
interest
originalsin
ever
which
gentlemen pretend
to
MADISON'S
impressment
the
on
irow
This
what.
is the
cause
177
ENEMIES.
of
our
of those
God
and
seamen,
mischiefs
which
knows
existed
ago."
years
sin, he
Yazoo
The
failure
of his
cause
; the
Chase
secret
said, had
in the
been
principal
one
impeachment of Justice
of Government
mechanism
would
that if
powerfullybrought to bear on members
the Bill were
postponed over
Sunday he would not
givea farthingfor the issue ; gentlemen would come
until a majority
in with speechesready cut-and-dried
dwindled to nothing. Exasperating and insultingas
did not resent
this language was, the House
it ; and
that the Bill be rejectedpassed by a vote
motion
a
while Randolph exulted over
of sixty-twoto fifty-four,
be
so
its fate.
31
contain
6, 1805, than
publicall
after
that had
moving
taken from
of his
the President's
he
occurred
the
message
this chance
in secret
injunctionof
Message, he entered
that the
relations with
own
seized
secret
session.
secrecy
into
the President
to
make
April 5,
should be,
the
and
history
Secretary
of State in the
tangledthread of Spanishnegotiations.
His remarks
that day,though severe, were
tively
compararenewed
temperate ; but when the debate was
meant
to oppose
that he
April 7, he announced
the
Government,because
VOL.
III.
"
12
he
had
to
choose
between
178
HISTORY
THE
OF
UNITED
oppositionand dishonesty.
had
tried
to
get
He
the
Treasury
negotiationwithout
and
declared
he
would
and
fix
high
would
stain
passion;
rouse
if his
up
his
vote
Randolph
beaten
was
of Madison's
On
Message
hinted
even
that
the
dollars
two
had
several
duel.
On
majority of
publishedthe
refusal to print
a
with which
sum
should
hundred
talked
House
of
be
and
one
President
The
of
much
to build
his readiness
of the
committee
that
their
and
a
of courage
want
House.
the
overawed
had
had
Virginia,
thority
point of real importance Randolph's au-
every
Annual
of
son's
Madi-
chieflycharged.
they were
the
by
he
friends,and
Message showed
the
temper.
foreshadowed
ocean
began to
equal him
not
high tone,
seventy-fourto forty-four
; but
secrets
government
G. Jackson
a
which
expressionspassed
the
in
charges
of
violence
in
brother-in-law,John
took
published,
in the
could
this
if
"
denunciations
opponents
in
His
out."
wash
not
for
Congress ;
in office which
8.
of
in the
men
some
upon
CH.
that Madison
charged
from
money
STATES.
in his
defences,and
seventy-fours.
reported Resolutions
hundred
spent
in
vising
ad-
sand
fiftythouharbors ;
fortifying
fiftythousand
and
dollars should
MADISON'S
15
dth
the
subject came
for
Bill
the
gunboats. Josiah
warning Congress
interests which
danger
was
of
West
; while
"
yet
of
the
of its
the
connection
He
been
to
while
buy Louisiana
in
and
four hundred
and
for Indian
lands,
since
expended
government
that
manence
per-
be voted
must
the
to
remarked
voted
of
sum
policy,there
prosperitybut
single session
dollars
entire
the
in
sacrifice of commercial
bottom
sake
in this
fiftythousand
the
had
for the
Florida
and
in the
Union.
millions
seventeen
that
only to
the
again
up
and
fortifyingharbors
building
a
Quincy made
strong argument,
lay at
not
179
ENEMIES.
the
dation
foun-
was
capitalharbors of the Union
only seA'en
hundred
and
twenty-fourthousand dollars. The city
of New
million dollars
York, with at least one hundred
of capitalin deposit,might at any moment
be
laid under
contribution
by two line-of-battle ships.
in mind
that the
to bear
Quincy begged the House
for the land
could not be abandoned
ocean
by the
would
thousands
people of New
England, of whom
rather
boat-hook
than all the sheep-crooks in
see
a
nine
the
world
"
[Macon] think
fact to
which
them
they
their young
deep."
so
only
much,
a
the
their
while
they
from
think
from
eyrie
skim
the
one
they
shelter
build
which
of
and
the
very
the
gentleman
hide
surface
Carolina
North
It
little.
storm,
their
or
from
is in
perch
mate
hunt
on
and
in the
180
HISTORY
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
8.
Smith
the
This
senator.
trouble
Robert
secretary,and
in
enmity alreadyshowed
Gallatin
store.
Smith's
the
to
Smiths, whose
of the
signs of
struggled in
the
serious
vain
with
olson,
Joseph NichGallatin,naturallydrew away
authorityin Maryland roused
ill-feeling.
Randolph took
because
Nicholson, the more
to
Samuel
closelyallied
from
act
an
session,and
sides
Gallatin
with
Samuel
Smith
independent part
had
had
in the
and
dertaken
un-
politics
plainlybetrayed selfish
When
motives.
Randolph, after delaying the navy
estimates
the appropriaas
long as he could,moved
tions
April 10, he took the opportunity to be more
said that an
than
He
usuallyoffensive.
tion
AppropriaBill
was
well be
might
as
would
spend
done
the year
mere
too
matter
of form
lumped together;
twice
the amount
before,and
that
; that
that
if he
the
the items
secretary
chose,as
the House
he had
would
have
MADISON'S
to make
"
the
up
deficiency.
anticipatehis wants."
Bill passed,of
The
only in
doubt
no
but
it
that
the
was
they
defence
enforced
land
nothing was
was
duced
re-
navy
the
President's
Randolph
and
his friends
of
theories
old
"
could
without
vital
good
as
be ;
ever
"
factiousness.
without
theory was
Republican
be relaxed
so
their
land,and
such
never
never
to
to
response
on
as
curse
could
enough
possiblepoint,and fiftygunboats
sound
as
fast
the
; but
strong recommendations.
believed
said he,
spendthrift,"
money
course
provided in
alone
were
lowest
the
to
"
supplied with
be
never
can
181
ENEMIES.
principles
suicide,and
defence
For
roads.
on
million
Bill
creating commissioners
road
was
the
result of
pledged
under
its
defeated
defence
that,
the
Bill.
by
Nelson's
and
land
guns
of
native
faith,so
them,
the
change
No
lash
to which
this
road
had
Congress
of four votes
more
done
was
by water, although
Trafalgar was
plundered
American
Ohio, although
land
Cumber-
Republicans opposed it
another, with John
Randolph
than
at
the
lay out
many
or
a
of
contract
pretext
one
among
State
the
to
to
American
seamen
of British
loud
as
would
for
national
the
as
echo
the
merchants,
condemned
boatswains.
to
the
have
of
plaints
com-
and
of
tyranny
182
HISTORY
The
OF
drift of
he
wanted
for
having
to
support.
to
Madison
him
That
he
taken
warlike
His
tactics
succeeded
without
almost
was
home
far
a
as
with
it
abroad
and
8.
shame
meant
never
calculated
were
make
to
by inviting
of
foreign governments.
foreigngovernments were
outrages
so
which
tone
CH.
easilyseen
Administration
the
cover
the worst
concerned
STATES.
was
Randolph's opposition
contemptibleat
upon
UNITED
THE
of course,
matter
since
even
aid
his
hardly invent
inflicted ; but
Madison
The
people share in his humiliation.
of responsibility
for
old Republicansrelieved Madison
national
able
disgrace,and made
Congress itself answerfor whatever
disasters might follow, a result
the
American
"
made
clear
To
assault.
the
by Randolph's last
purchase
of
Non-importation
Gallatin
revenue,
the
after
the
the
meet
threatened
needed
Mediterranean
peace
with
all the
Fund,
mischievous
most
five millions
Florida, at
Act
and
required
for
when
the
down
the
moment
to
cut
existing taxes,
which
ceased
by
cluding
in-
law
suddenly,without the
salt. This heavy
moved
to repeal the duty on
lars,
and unpopulartax produced about half a million doland its repealwas
so
popularthat no one dared
next day Randolph brought in a Bill
it. The
oppose
ranean
repealingthe salt tax and continuingthe Mediterhad become
Fund.
By that time members
)ut
far from
so
of
the Committee
could
iince he
sequester the
revenue
his
surplus. After
speech
leave but
to
as
so
Bill
the
keep
to
he
specificappropriations
of
limit
rithin the
proclaimed that
Government
the
force
not
Means
and
Ways
the chairman
his purpose,
disavowing
them
denounced
motives, and
factious
of his
aware
183
ENEMIES.
MADISON'S
meant
scanty
engrossed
was
dthout
of
vote
to
eighty-four
struck
lere
out ; but
session,the
le
the
Bill
mischief,not
as
to
)vernment
tean
tduced
destroy
the
exerted
in
which
House
salt tax
the
Senate
to
raimittee of conference
was
was
day
of
his powers
repeal the
Bill,and
insist upon
the
again before
produced nearly a
to
last
to the utmost
order
to
sent
came
Fund,
the
to
mutilated
much
so
was
House, Randolph
and
related
part which
The
mate.
eleven
its
so
salt
deprive
the Meditermillion.
Bill.
own
appointed;
the
He
A
Senate
ie
not
chairman
recede
of the
Ways
and
Means
Committee.
184
Never
in
than
had
worse
the
last weeks
their
of
for
8.
Washington
Madison's
undignified,
was
chance
the
not
was
Cu.
session.
this
longed
Randolph
courage.
at
seen
their attitude
that
and
irritable,
became
been
temper
friends,conscious
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
to
only
prove
enemy
personalhatred to the
In the case
task of ruining the Secretaryof State.
neither
not to blame, and
of Randolph Madison
was
the
Even
contest.
a
policy
challenged nor wished
less the
which
Randolph so violentlyassailed was
son
Madipolicyof the secretarythan of the President.
could have
did nothing to invite the storm, and
done nothing to escape it ; but another
tempest raged,
he voluntarily
to which
exposed himself.
of
The Marquis of Casa Yrujo passed the autumn
and in obedience
1805 in Philadelphia,
to instructions
tried to renew
friendlyrelations with the Secretary
of State.
During Madison's stay in the city Yrujo
who
induced
the
The
the
Spain
had
without
nothing
such
not
was
defying
attention
no
to
that
to
he
the
would
government
delay.
He
as
to
of
conduct
deter
his heart's
content
him
sent
confer
favor
by returning
well
was
hints
that
aware
ner
to din-
invitation
an
States
to
Jefferson ; and
accept
McKean, Yrujo'sfather-in-law.
President
United
the
to
Governor
marquis paid
from
of
energy
secretary
meet
to
on
the
devoted
Turreau
favors
and
to
he
on
Merry
President.
On
the
appearance
of the Annual
Message, which
MADISON'S
contained
185
ENEMIES.
of
statement
grievances
note,
as
to
of
an
St.
the
secretarymade
Executive
made
no
the President.
by
Domingo
reply.
He
note
held
communication
to
of
that
To
Congress
tice,
jus-
Yrujo's
Turreau,
the
note
the
contents
were
not
to
Turreau,
to
"
received
formal
note
the
which
roused
temper of John
him
Ran-
186
OF
HISTORY
The
dolph.
said
that
as
and
recall,
as
THE
STATES.
UNITED
CH.
8.
intimated
had
that the
marquis
wished
to
to
return
"
"
signifyto
to
me
circumstances
these
Under
him
to
dissatisfactory
himself
States
on
that
although
he
he
season,
unnecessarilypostponed
after
the
expects
this
charged
place is
cannot
departure from
your
inclement
an
has
at this
remaining
your
; and
insist
to
during
be
not
that
you
the President
mit
per-
United
it will
obstacle
has
ceased."
routine
"
"
At
or
feared
that
by
Madison
moment
one
any
the
little esteemed
was
recoil
of
policyhad
day,
in
Yrujo
contest
was
not
his
; but
a
man
had
even
to
no
had
reason
there
regard it.
to
been
fear the
cause
foreign
was
every
with
tempt.
con-
result of
for
fear,he
MADISON'S
in vain
Turreau
after
As
hatch
secretary
and
innocent
character
long
personal
add
that
respects
as
mutual
desires
to
are
be
convenience.
the
lose
and
thus
Department
still
retaliated Madison's
the
"Having
gone
just motives
to your
sir,what
than
stances
circum-
two
our
States
insult,
Yrujo
letter of the
otherwise
15th
would
inst.,I
then
the
United
orders
must
in
to
the
language
of his letter
that
sent
next
"
sole
same
United
public. January 19 he
formal
protest,couched
offensive
more
answer
the
in which
season
departure from
my
master
my
at
these
the
resides,
King
must
sight of
period
in
remaining
the
I
public
therefore
Government
of
ment
enjoy-
use
his revenge
made
you,
intend
as
an
accomplished."
Having
for
for
Making
interest
I shall not
in the full
me
the
is
here
privileges,both
in which
suit the
arrival
my
leaves
privileges,I
square,
it may
own
my
44
private individual.
miles
as
which
rights and
rightsand
city,four
time
legal act,
or
of these
or
understood,
soon
all my
of
as
him; nothing
it.
answered
the
restrain
attempted to
satisfy
Yrujo but defiance. January 16,the day
the Spanish minister
receivingMadison's letter,
would
44
1ST
ENEMIES.
receives
also
no
declare
tenor
have
envoy
of your
constituted
Majesty
except from
you, sir, that
letter
inform
now
my
extraordinaryand
his Catholic
to
must
as
near
his
I
the
eign.
sover-
consider
indecorous, and
188
its
HISTORY
object
an
THE
OF
infraction
UNITED
of
the
STATES.
CH.
attached
privileges
to
8.
my
public character."
Finally he sent to
correspondence,which
every
Federalist
had
colleaguescopies of
afterward
soon
Annual
Message,
the
note
reception
the
acknowledged by
been
never
the
this
printed in
was
together with
newspaper,
the
criticising
which
his
of
Secretary
of State.
far
Thus
but
Madison
merely called
insult.
some
share
knew
the
method
of
character
irritate and
the
upon
Perhaps
of
to do
examined
into the
last decided
his
that
head
own
in the
one
scuffle,
erable
intol-
more
in
his reluctance
Spaniard remained
Government
credit
gained no
at
to strike.
At
Washington
its worst.
The
and
Cabinet
all events,
defied the
consulted,
law,inquiredfor precedents,and
the
Government
could
not
at
expel
him.
So wrote
himself
to
remained
1
2
member
of the
strengthenthe
a
fortnightor
Diary of
Diary of
J.
Q.
J.
Q. Adams
Adams
Senate
who
alone
President's
hands.
more
at
exerted
Yrujo
Washington, and
MADISON'S
189
ENEMIES.
his leisure to
at
carrying his point returned
which
'hiladelphia.The only measure
that of refusingto
red to take was
mnication
jven
with
this defence
ground of
Among
him
was
to
or
turned
receive
Madison
hold
his
any
vencom-
letters;but
by Yrujo into
vantage-
attack.
ad venturers, then
floatingabout the
de Miranda, a native
Francesco
of
world
one
was
Caraccas, who for twenty years had been possessed
his native province,
by a passion for revolutionizing
and for becoming the Washington of SpanishAmerica.
Failing to obtain in England the aid he needed, he
York
in November, 1805, with excellent
to New
came
Miranda
had a high reputaletters of introduction.
tion
and enthusiastic ; above all,
he
plausible
; he was
was
supposed to represent a strong patriotparty in
War
with
imminent
Spain was
Spanish America.
;
the President's Annual
clare
Message seemed almost to deYork
Miranda
In New
its existence.
instantly
became
attracted about him every ruined
a hero,and
the rest a number
in society,
adventurer
of
among
Burr
himself was
Aaron
Burr's friends.
and
jealous,
spoke with contempt of him ; but Burr's chief ally
Dayton,the late Federalist senator from New Jersey,
was
other
in Miranda's
confidence.
Smith, surveyor
Federalists
swarm
American
devoted
still left in
of smaller
men,
either
patriot,
So
was
follower ;
of the
so
These,
clustered
round
William
was
of the few
port,one
office.
to
Swartwout
John
as
well
the
helphis plansor
as
Spanish
to further
190
their
"
OF
HISTORY
By Smith's
own.
Leander," owned
arms
by
; with
Captain Lewis
bought
THE
and
STATES.
UNITED
Ogden
one
hired
Miranda
advice
and
CH.
the
commanded
Smith's
enlisted
and
supplies,
8.
ship
by
next
men.
Washington. Arriving
in the first days of the
there
session,before the
and its sudden
change of policy
pacificsecret message
toward
known, he called upon the
publicly
Spain were
11 he was
received by
Secretaryof State. December
invited to
the secretary at the Department ; then
dine ; then he put off his departure in order to dine
at the White
with the President
at a time
House,
he was
when
veyor
engaged, in conjunctionwith the surof the port of New
York, in fittingout a
warlike
expedition againstSpanish territory.What
him
and
became
Madison
matter
passed between
that
of dispute. The
secretary afterward admitted
told of his negotiations
with the British
Miranda
of his hopes to
secret
no
government, and made
had replied
Madison
revolutionize Colombia; to which
Meanwhile
Miranda
to
went
"
that
aid
the
or
government
countenance
determined
the
law.
to
of the United
any
secret
interfere in
Miranda's
case
States
could
and
enterprise,
of any
not
was
infraction
of
of the
versation
consecretary's
to Smith, from
was
very different ; he wrote
Washington, letters representingMadison to be fully
of the expedition then fittingout, and to be
aware
willingthat Smith should join it. He made a parade
account
on
returning to New
the
President
York
was
and
open
secretary,
in his allu-
MADISON'S
sions
complicity of Government.
were
false,and those of
the
to
his statements
worthy
alone
of belief ; but
less
the
not
was
191
ENEMIES.
Madison
were
Secretary of State
the
opinion of
in the
compromised
Doubtless
his
enemies.
about
later the
month
he wrote
letter to Madison
departure,and taking a
leave, as though he were
"
"
He
President.
the
his intended
of formal
the
official
and
emissary of
confidential
had
ready to sail,
was
announcing
sort
when
; and
"
Leander
"
York
to New
quicklyreturned
Miranda
that
add
to
assurance
which
he had communicated
important matters"
will remain, I doubt not, in the deepest secret until
the
the
here
that
on
to
hope
the
discretion."
and
party of filibusters
Secretaryof
State
the
for
Madison, Miranda
The
originalstill
"
sailed with
Spanish main,
to
the
the
and
that
consciousness
betrayed. Fortunately
and
had
had
but
letter,
Leander
"
the
deceived
had
been
for
awoke
he
of this
acted
exactitude
with
observed
days afterward
Ten
I have
conformingmyself in everysupposition,
thing
I
intentions of the Government, which
seized and
I have
affair.
not
merely
him
left behind
letter
itself remained
exists
among
unseen;
the Archives
copy
its purport.
but
of the
the
State
Miranda
to
MSS.
192
HISTORY
that
eminent,"
and
Nw
to the
York
what
not
was
THE
OF
in
STATES.
UNITED
saying he
President's
CH.
conformed
had
Miranda
intentions,
8.
in
said
true.
Madison, after
Then
Miranda
at
was
ordered
Spanish
the
refused
city,and
to
minister
receive
the
to
him
at New
leave
the
minister's
York,
Federal
cations
communi-
had
He
driven
subject whatever.
from Louisiana,and at the
Casa Calvo and Morales
time allowed a notorious Spanish rebel to organsame
ize
in New
York
a warlike
expeditionagainstSpanish
territory.
could hardly suppose that Yrujo would
Madison
fail
him pay the uttermost
to make
penaltyfor a mistake
so
glaring. Never before had the Spaniard enjoyed
such
an
opportunity. After defyingthe secretary at
where
Washington, Yrujo returned to Philadelphia,
the
he arrived
on
evening of February 4. As he
stepped from his carriage letters were
put into his
Three
hand.
of these letters were
from the Spanish
consul at New
York, and contained
only the notice
on
any
"Leander"
that
the
this
news
with
information
reasons
events
cases
1
was,
of his
unknown
about
was
it did
not
to
compare
furnished
own
even
sail.1 Serious
in
as
importance
by Jonathan Dayton.
Dayton kept Yrujo informed
to Merry and
Turreau, and
For
of
suspected
un-
In some
by the President or his Cabinet.
he probablytried to work on Yrujo'scredulity.
Yrujo
to
MSS.
Spanish Archives.
MADISON'S
The
Miranda
,,ith whom
had
suspectingthe originof
with
him
to say
as
would
this
reserve
; but
that
he did not
would
or
could
States
but
chose
to
Miranda
as
its eyes
idea
determine
upon
to
prove
be
American
their funds
same
in
for
diversion
in
the
the
United
undertaking,
Government
to
the
would
Miranda
shut
took
the
compromise
the
secretary coincided
case
the
United
States
to
the
views
in
should
his
ernment.
Gov-
time
with
war
not
as
Miranda
offer
to
private citizens
way
States
would
of
the
government."
had
This
that
the United
the
Miranda's
if
far
so
war
suggested, the
such
At
whether
himself
on
advance
their
in
measures
that
had
to
know
first treated
at
opened
permit himself
not
asked
mission, had
last had
at
depend
conferences, doubtless
two
this
declare
not
must
step
he
aid
193
ENEMIES.
been
told
to
to
hint
far
so
as
to
Madison
himself
his
was
still
regard
Dayton
and
serious.
more
to
force
the
said
Miranda
it had
that
Besides
and
been
the
destination
agreed
Government
VOL.
communications
III.
"
13
from
him,
of
between
should
details in
exact
and
Miranda,
Madison
use
to refuse
thus
the
to
prevent
194
HISTORY
"
UNITED
STATES.
from
him
THE
OF
CH. 8.
against the
Leander."
did the idea of
effect
profound intrigue
the Spaniard'smind, than he turned
a lodgment in
of wounding the Secretaryof State.
it into a means
After writing letters the whole night,and sending off
to warn
the Spanish authorities
swift-sailing
pilot-boats
of Miranda's
tion
plans,the marquis turned his attenNo
sooner
the
to
He
secretary.
allowed
to
sent
that
Department, complaining
been
sail ; but
letter
the
the
to
"Leander"
that
knowing
had
the
Department
his letter,
decline to receive
would
he took
which
secured with certaintya hearing.
another measure
similar letter to Turreau, begging
He wrote
a
his interference.1
refuse.
could not
Turreau
No
February 7, than
Yrujo's letter,
had
and
he
which
"
reported to Yrujo
this
was
is rather
rare,
with
morning
suspicions and
my
prostration while
on
the
that
he
positiveexplanation
with
was
answered
an
effort
me
that
the
the
on
in
was
was
his
a
broke
President
the
Turreau
to
MSS.
what
him
question.
at
It
length
alreadyanticipated
to him
and,
from
silence, and
had
"
of extraordinary
state
to
my
day:2
eyes,
in
partmen
De-
secretary,
imparted
demanding
proceedings
the
to
same
sought
He
them.
went
with
Madison.
I
yours.
I met
he
interview
an
did he receive
sooner
the
be
taken
country and
Spanish Archives.
Spanish Archives.
whether
judge
satisfied
was
writing.
in
occupied
am
I leave
return.
by
abruptly
somewhat
him
should
culpritswho
the
against
195
ENEMIES.
MADISOX'S
1806.
in
this
and
answer,
order
ted
quitin
him
address
to
to
you
so."
doing
ate
To concilimight well show disturbance.
the chief object
been
and Napoleon had
Turreau
For this
his policysince the precedingOctober.
Madison
of
he
endured
had
secretary ever
had
not
and
declaimed
was
involved
that
should
Madison
the
in
delayed
its fate in
ing
appeared, demand-
as
the
in his
if
which
Miranda
of
innocent
quarrelwith France
had
Spain,while Madison
from
it
reputation
himself
prove
published
of these charges to
have
of
mind
had
allyand protector of
desk
the parting letter
would
negotiation
held
Turreau
success.
suddenly Turreau
; and
Florida
Madison's
until
can
Ameri-
other
no
Randolph
John
against it
in its
as
The
tolerated.
yet begun;
his hand
such
arrogance
Europe.
Before
many
press
from
days
to
be
indicted.
believed,sacrificed
when
save
both
caused
Indignant
Madison,
attacks
to
friends
which
was
they
of
been
and
they
Ogden
presentedby
the session,
and
exhausted
had
and
Smith
to
of Madison's
Smith
being, as
at
Congress,which were
Quincy,April 21, the last day
the House
was
alreadyirritable
memorials
Josiah
to
and
Smith
removed
President
The
at work.
alist
set the Feder-
passed,Yrujo
Ogden
sent
had
the
by
for
ance
endur-
the
so
atious
vex-
many
196
HISTORY
months
to
without
them.
John
invited
already
furious
the
in
voted
by
left
by remaining
but
at
he
his
Carlos
held
no
own
request
IY.
at
the
was
little
and
himself
sible
respon-
the
The
came.
aside,
dignity
for
minister
was
the
to
gave
the
retary's
sec-
defied
in
his
America
with
Government,
then
sent
to
of
Eugene
Court
The
return
he
year
relations
more
to
equivalent
Spanish
as
base
hustled
were
victory,
another
For
is
myself
they
what
fullest
the
into
pleases."
whom
with
it
made
majority
his
won
State
has
gentleman
secretary
power
broke
say
hold
so
from
the
assault.
enemy
the
adjourned
of
Secretary
"
or
8.
Virginia, who
Randolph,
immense
Yrujo
it ; but
of
gentleman
men
against
Congress
with
CH.
reply
to
Jackson
saying
an
the
to
charges
and
in
place
any
memorials
the
and
organ
House
which
of
G.
against Quincy.
tirade
calumny
capacity
duel
STATES.
UNITED
THE
exposed
prevent
had
OF
and
represent
Don
Beauharnais
at
Milan.
Thus
the
of the
first session
the
field, but
could
government
momentum
to
strong
of
Jefferson
inert
and
in
his
Congress
Administration
had
successor.
its
closed,
How
authority by
become
of
master
alone.
numbers
maintain
mass
Ninth
serious
long
mere
tion
ques-
IX.
CHAPTER
the members
As
beyond
Secretaryof
State
before
historyof
in the
outrages
The
drew
at
the
such
and
friend
never
dent
Presi-
publicinsults
and
alike.
enemy
other
each
quarrelled with
had
had
Government
the
and
sigh of relief;for
the
of
hands
Federalists
endure
obligedto
been
the President
Potomac, both
the
as
quarrelling,but in
bitterlyas the Republicans were
Under
Congress at least they had held their peace.
sulted
neither
their sway
England inSpain, France, nor
guine
their Presidents with impunity. Santhem
or
Jefferson
as
during two
see
longer
the
been
Congress
contempt
would
no
in
could
he
he had
sessions
disrespectboth
should the
was,
for his
not
treated
and
feel that
but
with
abroad
growing
; and
that
authorityincrease,his
tirement
re-
offer
valued
danger that, as
has
been
shown,
he
would
of his
gladlyhave changed the external appearance
ing
policy. February 18, 1806, he wrote his letter declarthat Europe must
be taught
himself
convinced
198
HISTORY
to
know
to
be
OF
her
THE
would
become
all that
he
that
dared
British
far
people,so
tremblinglest
"
The
fear
and
his
thought
such
should
of
think
proper
such
in
demonstration
station
their
on
putting a stop
at
to
to the
of
be
the
have
British
adopted
squadron
to be
noticed,
the
salutary
have
once
that
of their determination
sufficiently
great
part would
say
Message,
might
measures
reinforcement
consequence
any
war
crisis is manifestly
venture
may
can
Ameri-
force,were
declare
to make
resist whatever
the
use
President's
measure
effect of
Britain
to
the
American
meaning
in
here, by sending
the
from
that
and
government
Majesty's government,
to
on
apprehension
insinuated
menace
toward
minister
Great
great
so
should
to do
the American
both
States
The
tempt
atplunder of all nations.
made
his position
Europe her error
later,after the President had done
month
the
Europe,
corrected,the United
the
teach
9.
"
worse.
CH.
unless
to
STATES.
in
error
entirelyin
"
UNITED
ings
proceed-
of this Government."
In
view
of
speeches like
their
the
on
which
Merry
few
A
1
2
weeks
had
those
policy,such
reached
afterward
could
the
of
conclusion
not
be
British
called
minister
as
that
unjust.
found
See
p. 111.
Merry to Lord
Archives.
Mulgrave,
March
19,
1806
MSS.
British
199
AFFAIRS.
DOMESTIC
1806.
test.
April 25, 1806, soon
theory put to a severe
occurred
after the adjournment of Congress,an event
calculated
to
seemed
which
bring the two nations
The
collision.
into
Cambrian,"
Leander," the
his
"
"
"
the
and
in
were
merchant
British
the
to
to
account,
bring
them
to.
which
was
of
"
ing
Accordcourse
as
favorable
to
the
of citizens
meeting
;
leaders
to excitement
York
New
roused
the
but
to
for
murders
was
held
over
at
the
conduct
it.
Rufus
enemies
series of resolutions
outrage.
the
house
Coffee-
Tontine
the
Republicans allowed
well-known
other
reporteda
Federalist
Jefferson
ment
censuring the Govern-
recommending
that
all intercourse
squadron should
John
"
"
"
and
frigateas
Pierce
should
be
be
with
stopped,and
buried
with
the
ading
block-
advisingthat
publicfuneral.
the
"
200
HISTORY
OF
despatched
mayor
action
which
as
should
him
truth
the
of
could
be
not
President
to their
and
he
might
Jefferson
Fox,
most
who
part
tune,
misfor-
new
to
charge
aggressions.
the
their
sham.
In
chief opponents
ing
patrioticfeel-
Yet
the
matter
and
forever
to
be found
within
the
three
British
ates
frig-
and
commanders,
orderingall officers
ever
Captain Whitby wherAmerican
redressing his
own
jurisdiction.
placed
wrongs
at
States government
law,it could
Britain
this
accordingly,May 3, the
proclamationclosingthe ports and
of
manner
further
were
; and
States to arrest
of the United
This
England
of America
harbors
rest such
enemies
British
merchants
ignored;
issued
at
Federalist
his
Federalist
for the
was
might
for
responsibility
with
9.
greatlyannoyed
allowed
war
CH.
fit.
seem
was
which
upon
to
STATES.
the
by
the President
on
Jefferson
UNITED
for murder
indicted
was
THE
chose
not
expect
to offer further
was
for
the
to
make
its
appealto
the Government
satisfaction ; but
moment
more
cipal
muni-
of Great
popular
citement
ex-
important than
diplomaticforms.
Jacob
Crowninshield,returning from Washington
after the adjournment of Congress,
to Massachusetts
happened to be in New York at the time of Pierce's
the subject.
on
funeral,and wrote to the President
The
his letter at some
President,May 13, answered
length.
which
British
of the
act
territorial
a
force
of
the
Merry
the
kind
that
James's
This
of
put
u
That
His
navy.
fiftynew
New
Orleans
But
the
we
the
thousand
in
that
it
the
1
do
to
make
at
St.
future."
the
himself
in favor
line,instead
the
not
to
lost
be
have
of
sight of.
numbers, wealth,
proportionate rightto
frontier,for
western
whom
Bringing forward
men.
and
form, placing it on
the
the
first
Jefferson to
up
three
therefore,
of comparative
will
on
come
the
into
ject
sub-
presented."
Jefferson
arguments
be defended
measure,
ground
to
exposure
keep
we
to
best
was
forbearance
our
ships of
frigates,is
frontier,from
moderate
when
of
meeting
should
Mr.
building some
indifferent
prevent the
Atlantic
New
and
dental,
entirelyaccinot
to
they were
avowed
Jefferson
gestion.
sug-
was
provisions for
better
all.
not
was
of
was
present
proclamation, and
the
outrage and
the
obtain
to
most
our
in
seen
of
use
proper
York
New
our
from
the
that
of
one
to
he
the
done
received
we
assurances
at
be
unable
concluded, therefore,that
We
you have
what
York,
violation
should
thus
quarters, and
different
from
remain.
New
at
shore,"
on
frigateswas
three
were
vessels
British
three
we
solemn
most
atrocious
an
sending
While
was
question what
The
The
difficult one.
acted
were
views, yet
electioneering
with
officer
rights.
201
AFFAIRS.
DOMESTIC
1806.
should
of the
Federalist
Presidents
1806
was
; Jefierson
an
MSS.
202
HISTORY
OF
experienceworth
THE
UNITED
noting; but
there
as
CH.
9.
of statesmanship,
matter
fear that
to
reason
was
STATES.
the
change
"
with
too late.
The
consider
it my
conviction
of
which
that
be
his
should
that
from
the
with
the
of American
from
under
Merry
such
Power,
any
consider
hence
the
the
to C. J.
tensions
prebe
unjust, and
as
resistance
munity,
com-
taxes, which
with
war
the
of
salutaryeffect
respect which
would
commanding
they have
cently
re-
Britain."
citizens had
American
alreadylying beneath
1
class of
last year
portion of American
the
prominent passion
internal
a
them,
that
Great
lost toward
from
resist
this Government
the
of
of the
States,from
every
under
event
asserted
are
attended
Within
the
from
statement
is evident
Majesty's government
disposed to
therefore
only be
in
imposed
what
United
prevails among
their intolerance
and
this
accompany
part, from
my
Government,
of the
avarice
must
on
to
partiesthroughout the
division of
weakness
duty
been
flag,some
the waters
Fox, May 4,
1806
off
; MSS.
taken
large
dreds
; hun-
by force
of whom
were
Cape Trafalgar;
British Archives.
DOMESTIC
1806.
port of
the
York
New
203
AFFAIRS.
had
blockaded
been
by
British
at last
line ; and
American
within
In return
threatened
silks from
and
"
to
buy
England
; and
and
"
in the
still complain,that
whisper
of
fear
and
showed
should
protest,and
the
in
government
had
market.
he
wish
he
that
had
of observation.
was
should
this
even
American
trembling with
as
toward
England,
than
better
memory
He
Merry
talk of the
as
brian
Cam-
"
habit of procuring
to stifle
breath
fresh
the
stopped
That
should
same
fine woollens
more
in the
were
York
New
States government
"
Leander
no
killed
was
ading
of the block-
guns
the United
vegetableswhich
and
meat
citizen
jurisdiction
by the
squadron.
had
American
an
stillbrooding
his powers
over
son's
Jeffer-
twisted
becoming
was
more
and
twined
tortuous, he found
of
in
forgottenor ignored by
him
than
if it
commonly
annoyed
still more
to
him
be
the
history,and
people;
sensitive
to
be
laughed
to
but
daily
course
publicdisaster
and
that
followed
reaction
more
along
was
he
kind
felt the
of
commonly
Jefferson
social
noyance
an-
was
influences,
slandered,it annoyed
at.
He
-could
not
re-
204
HISTORY
the
and
taliate,
his
above
OF
THE
UNITED
he
more
vexations,the
STATES.
exerted
he
more
CH.
himself
to
9.
appear
exposed himself
to
ridicule.
General
Turreau, with
grim amusement,
reported
what
he saw
heard.
and
At one
moment
faithfully
Jefferson,tryingto discover some
plan for checking
broached
British authority,
to the minister
of Napoleon
for uniting all Christian Powers
in a
a scheme
novel alliance against each other's aggressions.
Excellency will
Your
"
sardonic
the
it is not
would
Turreau
war
is too
as
it is from
the
far removed
violate
all the
of
neutral
the
which
Everything
his
tends
to
philanthropicprinciples,
and
country
guaranty of neutrals
find all
then
would
Talleyrand,1" that
Mr. Jefferson
which
neutrality
from
The
wrote
saturnine
interests of his
the
inert force
should
armed
understand,"
course
established.
see
opinion.
on
to the
system of
like to
of
Powers
nant
predomi-
would
repose
against the
and
compact,
foreign ports
the
shut
whose
to
that
one
vessels
them."
incongruityof inviting
Napoleon Bonaparte not onlyto protect neutral rights,
to joinwith
but to do so by peacefulmethods, and
Turreau
Great
should
Britain
of the
Turreau
to
scheme
Had
by
the
Christian
in order
of
confederation
objectthe
its main
expense
its rashness.
MSS.
commerce,
the
in
for
have
American
humor
amused
was
to
save
protection of
President
protectingit himself
was
not
Jefferson
to
be
foreseen
which
; Archives
the
; but
compared
the
ferson
Jef-
with
future,he
des Aff.
"tr.}
suggesting ideas
from
abstained
have
would
205
AFFAIRS.
DOMESTIC
1806.
to
and
at heart
entertained
Turreau
could
one
no
likingfor Jefferson
within
come
the President's
the
the
There
There
of
way
it
"
ing
mean-
of
anger
only hypocrisy,
John
if it drove
or
of Mr.
infatuation
This
man,
whose
more
and
more
party, will
interests
of
his
sacrifice them,
accord
him
the result
at
or
his
of
least
which
less of
opinion Mr.
make
that
to
which
of
Jefferson
be
is
the
as
uncommon
seems
well
the
true
sometimes
them, when
to
they
is not
a
do
with
kindly
But
blindlyfollows.
the first of the qualities
he
lacks
; he
audacitywhich
may
know
but only of
reflection,
matured
statesman
eminent, whatever
offend
of
Jefferson
popularity,this
extreme
if he
; and
leaders
who
Mr
day
every
phy,
successfullyphilosoknows
arts ; he
the
country
with
not
in my
commonplace
qualitiesan
cultivates
; he
instruction
sciences,and
the
government.
joins to estimable
privateman
of
surprisethose
not
degree
for
the dominant
Jefferson
has
indispensable in
the form
and
little energy,
a
still
place so
of government.
The
206
not
know
even
ten
grown
worried
himself
that
further
is the
drawing
off of
diplomatic
the
French
much
made
outrages
have
affected
Neither
the
yet
second
yet Mr.
the
ments
move-
ill,and
has
reached
the
What
term.
positiondisagreeable
exception
visit
the
President.
sensible
that
the
in open
even
he
to
been
has
of
even
the
Congress
in
with
himself
his
more
information
it."
by
does
receives.
with
who,
longer
no
receives
certain
he
him
renders
he
to render
corps,
minister,
isolation
and
and
that he has
Not
contributed
war
so
has
he
older.
years
wished
balance,
9.
was
one
no
Congress
of
his
CH.
has
Jefferson
STATES.
disguisethe impression he
to
because
agreement,
lose
last session
that
foresee
to
how
the
Although
him
makes
slightestevent
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
the
of
This
reiterated
session.
extremely
these
unlucky accident
of Pierce's death,following
so long a series of political
misfortunes,could prevent the skies from clearing
with
the coining spring. If the
Southern
cans
Republifor a time
seemed, as General Smith said, to
be fallingaway
dailyfrom the Administration,the
could
the
President
still congratulatehimself
on
steadiness of the Northern
democrats, who asked for
better fortune
no
nor
annoyances
than
the
to be rid forever
pleasedwith
care
was
Turreau
MSS.
"tr.,
the
to
to
find
well
was
majority. His
parliamentaryleader who
behavior
a
dolph's
Ran-
of John
of his
Talleyrand,May
10,
1806
Archives
chief
could
des Aff.
DOMESTIC
1806.
take
Randolph's place;
leadership should
He
take
The
last
for
one
into
of
in
they
wished.
confide
much
as
It is
of
man
to
course,
ever
business
in
in
House,
as
say that
seen
and
the
support him
to
uneasy
new
have
things
truth
as
conduct
an
penetrated
taking
only a
disposed
indeed
members
phalanx
to
to
be
can
all eyes
you."
to
realized
great hope
beyond his
England should
should
had
brought
of 1806
also
elected for
England, which
control
chose
party
democratic
votes, while
was
Jefferson
in his
New
ples,
princi-
which
democrat
his
be
ginia
Vir-
April election
legislature
;
re-elected by
The
lieutenant-governor.
caused
to
democratic
In the
Strong
people
the
into power.
Governor
few hundred
likelysoon
when
anticipations,
own
Massachusetts
Federalist
seemed
only accept
not
but
only a
the
were
only speaking
Jefferson's
the
who
want
setts.
Massachu-
Bidwell,urging him
as
even
"
soon
solid
as
can
are
as
of
hands
Congress was
those
together. They
they
of
; but
views
rallied
whom
look
session
time
the
they
and
position: l
this
Virginia hands,
the
Barnabas
willingthat
was
of
fall into
to
the vacant
"
act
wrote
he
and
out
pass
it should
though
207
AFFAIRS.
was
conduct
most
favor
ually
act-
of
serious
among
the
of
were
more
America, who
patrioticthan
their leaders,
and felt by instinct that whatever
takes
mis-
in
was
1
MSS,
Jefferson to
might commit,
anarchy.
v.
port
sup-
14; Jefferson
208
HISTORY
The
their
tedious
to find
Jefferson
the
During
it,filled
of
laws
when
these
seemed
two
to
members
for the
the
of
the
Miranda's
for
cording
ac-
and
press ;
lacking.
never
expedition
which
resulted
papers.
tion
Convic-
Ogden,
of the
columns
be
was
of
acts
vilified
or
of the
division
and
men
The
extolled
1806
Smith
many
readers.
defence
of
livelyamusement
most
were
and
summer
trial of
the
9.
continued
newspapers
the
partisan
for attack
material
from
the
The
their
to
Madison
and
CH.
and
interest.
furnish
to
and
and
personalabuse
could
STATES.
Pennsylvaniafought
which
had
no
meaningless battles,
national
in
UNITED
York
factions in New
longer a
they
THE
OF
violatingthe neutrality
President's
earnest
Administration
defence,Jefferson
wish
yet
naed
subpoe-
were
ordered
them
to
obey
dis-
summons,
necessity.Had
he
been
forced
box, he
must
have
subordinate.
Before the trial began, the President
from
and
of the
removed
removed
port of New
Swartwout
Smith
York
from
the
DOMESTIC
1806.
post of marshal.
wout
by Jefferson
the
Smith
linton
in
of
which
to
whom
in
a
of
were
affirmingthat
Writ.
Holy
as
memorandum
letter,too, covering
Aristides,'and
true
punishing Swart-
second, summoned
was
His
Cabinet
marshal,
greater part of
the
for
reasons
written
"
Swartwout
"
The
given
were
209
AFFAIRS.
Determined
his
duel
with
panel
of
jurors
the
to
bitterest
eralists.
Fed-
friend
copy
fact
every
in
unanimously
it
was
that
he
be removed."
to Swartwout's
Thanks
jury and
Smith was
confidence,
in Miranda's
other
many
in
government
cases, the
to Madison's
share
acquitted. As in
prosecutionended
failure of
justice.
Spaniardseasilydefeated
The
drove
or
with
away
his
Miranda,
forces.
Events
such
secretaryand
in the
prove
of
Spaniardsshowed
States.
On
themselves
the Texan
in
tured
cap-
followed
gotten.
for-
soon
alive.
one
The
attack
which
of the United
and
noyed
an-
mained
Yrujo re-
bravado,
to the
to
will
good-
frontier the
increasingnumbers,
until a collision seemed
imminent.
Wilkinson,on his
force capable
side,could collect at Natchitoches
no
of holding the Red
River against a serious attack.
Whether
not more
Wilkinson
himself were
dangerous
than the Spaniardsto the government of the United
VOL.
III.
"
14
210
HISTORY
States
was
OF
THE
UNITED
questionwhich
STATES.
disturbed
CH.
9.
like John
men
than it seemed
to interest Jefferson.
Randolph more
as
Fortunately the Treasury was
strong as the
weak.
GalArmy and the Foreign Department were
latin made
mistakes
no
Administration
the
his
on
shoulders,and
carried
had
defied
hated
Duane
attack.
; from
held
The
in
reached
revenue
providing the
The
demands.
The
dollars
less than
$57,500,000;
Louisiana
stock
of
the
and
for
debt
this
1818.
of
least
at
could
the
the
current
included
sum
After
year
reduced
was
$11,250,000,which
year
the
beyond all
surplus of
national
ter
af-
and
appropriated for
balance
Treasury held
millions.
paid before
thousand
hundred
four
millions
two
purchase, left
Florida
four
year
to
the
not
be
1808,
Gallatin
might
gave
up
the
to
apply
attempt
to
it.
attack
Even
the
the
Federalists
management
of
seemed
to wish
Treasury; and if they sometimes
for a foreignwar, it was
chieflybecause they felt that
could shake the authorityand success
of
only a war
Gallatin.
For
wrote
past,'1
Timothy
years
many
"
Pickeringin 1814,1 I have said, Let the ship run
the
"
'
Pickeringto
Cabot, p.
535.
Gouverneur
Lodge's
DOMESTIC
1806.
aground !
The
;
her
more
once
England, by breaking
effect Pickering'spurpose.
prospect.
of
The
American
death
a
caused
without
and
1756, the
the
the
sion
acces-
quieted fear.
sense
felt of
was
agricultureand
outrage
of
Pierce
followed
who
York
New
scythe.
and
power
Little
between
even
the
Pitt
to
York.
in New
stirring men
swung
of
resolved not
deliberately
of passion which
Pierce's
outburst
that
so
Fox,
people were
interest
common
of William
James
the
join in
to
Rule
impressment of seamen,
immediate
no
Pierce,there was
death
Charles
the
down
the
York,
slaughter of
the
The
spite of
in
war,
of New
blockade
and
present pilots
with
Only war
Treasury, could
such
the
':
Of
throw
then
port.'
the
will
shock
and
overboard
211
AFFAIRS.
passed
the
was
ping
ship-
plough
but
port,
sea-
half
of
ject
foreign in populationand interests,an objealousyto good citizens,who looked askance
manufactures
at
death
of
and
seaman
was
patrioticAmerican
and
ever.
wanted
glad to be told
things to Monroe.
The
merchants
more
While
and
Russia
Napoleon,only
had
was
Europe tossed
progress.
while
Fox
had
robbed, the
been
and
prosperous
of 1806
summer
Every
with
England,
sant
promised plea-
peace
that
accidental
of alarm.
matter
no
was
Although the
at largewere
The
middlemen.
one
on
of
ple
peothan
contented
quietand rapid
her
bed
of
pain,
against
212
of
HISTORY
OF
Jena, Eylau,
moved
THE
and
steadilytoward
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
United
Friedland, the
9.
States
their separate
objects,
caring
In foreign
politicsexcept their own.
government, after threateningto break
action and
through the bounds it had set to its own
to punish the offenders of its dignity,
ended
turning
by reto its old ground and by avowing, as in 1801,
that
war
not
was
matters
one
serious
no
of its weapons.
division
of
In
domestic
opinion existed.
The
American
the result
was
matter
for
rather
census
for
than
tion,
brought into cultivahistory. The acres
the
cattle bred, the houses
built,proved no
doubt
that human
beings, like ants and bees, could
indefinitely
multiplytheir numbers, and could lay up
stores
no
evidence
than
the ant and
being, any more
of a higher destiny,or was
conscious
even
bee, was
efficient animal.
mechanicallydevelopinginto a more
far as
As
politicsproved anything, the evidence
seemed
that the American
tended
to show
already
that
the
human
to become
The
dwindled
should
narrow
and
of
1787
had
into
be
in his views
DOMESTIC
1806.
from
hardware
the
attempt
redeemed
to
and
time
long a
favored
five years
In
been
itself above
tone.
should
put
other
for
so
had
been
in these
even
cline
thought they felt a steady de-
What
to
politics
nothing
from
miseries
democracy
good fortune,and
conservatives
In
Old- World
far the
thus
constant
be
loin
pur-
of moral
seen.
to
be
The
maintain
by
cessful
unsuc-
these
triumph ; but
was
an
powerful nation
more
hand.
removed
field of
whether
purloin foreignterritoryshould
republicanism were
success
the
robbers, and
by bribing a
it at second
213
AFFAIRS.
would
happen
when
ciety
so-
violent test ?
some
that
proved
little
directions
could
progress
positiveresult
be
had
reached.
Far
in the wilderness
United
General
few men,
States
government,
of
knowledge.
Wilkinson
officer in
the
ordered
the
the
of
summer
Lieutenant
of the
pay
toilingfor
were
In
in the
Pike, a
vancemen
ad-
1805
young
first
stream
reached
"ve
the
establish
from
point two
Falls of St.
a
winter
St. Louis.
hundred
Anthony,
station.
October
and
and
December
16, 1805,
miles
thirty-three
there
10
stopped to
he
started
214
HISTORY
again
with
sleds
with
part
UNITED
THE
OF
of his
until,Jan.
STATES.
and
men
8, 1806,
he
CH.
northward
went
reached
Leech
authoritythan
both
the
visit
His
existed.
a
British
States
of
voyage
rather
was
ment
establishof formal
exploration
; but
the Indian
and
act
an
under
the
British
he struggled
on
trading-station
to
9.
he
fied
noti-
occupants of
rule of the
the
United
After
accomplishingthis object
he began his return march
February 18, and reached
St. Louis April 30, 1806, having shown
such energy
and perseverance
in this winter journey as few men
could have surpassed.
General Wilkinson
was
so well pleasedwith the success
of the expeditionthat he immediately ordered
Pike
government.
upon
another.
This
Red
rivers
time
Arkansas
and
far
Spanish settlements
as
the
15, 1806,
with
about
the
same
Osage
towns
on
the
of New
explored as
Mexico.
July
number
of
September 1
Missouri
of the
be
to
were
the headwaters
River.
men
as
reached
Striking
he marched
through a country
prairie,
filled with jealousPawnee
Indians, till he reached
the Arkansas
River, and ascending its branches, left
to his visit by giving his
a
permanent monument
in Colorado.
to Pike's Peak
name
Turning toward
the southwest,he entangledhimself in the mountains
;
and ice,at last,
and
after suffering
terriblyin snow
Feb. 26, 1807, was
stopped by the Spanish authorities
to Chihuahua,and thence
at Santa Fe*?who
sent him
across
the
DOMESTIC
1806.
him
allowed
to
215
AFFAIRS.
through Texas
return
to
United
the
States.
Both
these
subordinate
expeditions were
larger explorationof
Lewis
Clark, which
organized,and
himself
Jefferson
and
the
to
in
dent
Presi-
which
he
took
set
thirty-twomen
proved
be
to
danger ;
full of
the worst
and
; and
seen
river
and
boats
Missouri.
The
from
of the
those
the
journey
The
from
were
Sioux
murderous
canoes
bears.
navigation,and
to meet
in
perilsencountered
mountains
His
of the
headwaters
for the
April 7
out
found
divided
himself
at the
of
the waters
tlesnake
ratnot
were
the end
base
of
of the
Missouri
the
troubles
from
rose
the
of
hostility,
saw
at last the
the
from
these tribes.
which
bounded
American
tion.
ambi-
\their steps.
Creditable
energy
and
as
these
expeditionswere
they added
enterprise,
to
American
little to the
stock
216
HISTORY
UNITED
THE
OF
wealth.
Many
STATES.
CH.
9.
elapsebefore
of the Mississippicould
be
the vast region west
brought within reach of civilization. The crossing
of the continent was
a
great feat,but was
nothing
The
French
more.
explorershad performed feats
remarkable
almost
as
long before ; but,in 1805, the
still a wilderness.
Great
country they explored was
tic
gains to civilization could be made only on the Atlanthe protectionof civilized life. For
coast under
of science
many
or
to
years
doing
returned
of the
The
in the
expeditionsof
immediate
no
York
were
men
Lewis
what
headwaters
still centre
must
progress
city of New
the
in
Pike
and
must
old thirteen
Lewis
come
years
could
not
profits
; but in
activelyengaged
do, bringing the
"
within
rivers
western
of
reach
if he
Robert
of Watt
the works
superintend its
in
returned
With
use.
Fulton
Bolton
and
Fulton
and
made,
been
the
to
money
had
England
New
greatest steps
Fulton's
taken, and
Neither
of this rule.
did
newspapers
notice.
was
To
the
not
in progress
in
were
steamboat
had
York
to
of Chancellor
the hull
Livingstonhe began to construct
and adjustit to the engine.
steamboat
The
ordered
of his
often
was
private talk
an
nor
new
sciously
unconple
exam-
in the
much
coming experiment rouse
visionpublic,Fulton's idea, though ary,
his
new.
Indeed
Fulton
stood
in
immi-
of
danger
jnt
liver Evans
the
on
217
AFFAIRS.
DOMESTIC
River, while
Delaware
Stevens
the
at
In 1804
steam-
time
same
Tohn
few
the
and
proper
was
dollars
thousand
engine and
hull
who
capitalists,
from
worked
Fulton
had
with
far
So
with
little
the press
no
as
prosperous
or
the
or
public.
The
it
of
summer
1806,
ness,
seemed, betrayed uneasiwith
of
ticut
party. Except in ConnecMassachusetts, the Federalists,
as
an
ized
organ-
legitimatepurpose
and
rather
moment
encouragement
connected
mysterious political
activity,
"
of mind, politics
still
activity
concerned
for
pay
be wrung
difficulty
derided
for their folly.
cessors
support than his prede-
better
enjoyed,but
as
to
could with
were
of interest from
show
needed
the
; but
division
exist.
divided
distinctions
was
not
the
Democrats,
than
for
the
by principle
less real.
Every
added
or
make
an
in Louisiana
effort
to
under
break
fettered
some
the
adventurer, would
chain
that
privateambition.
hampered
Under
218
HISTORY
OF
the
Congress,
Boston
play
of
given
was
Orleans,
it
the
of
of
profligacy
when
action,
During
Burr
and
with
by
Aaron
the
of
the
conspiracy
strength
of
President
Burr's
panic,
his
The
his
1806
sudden
which
Pickering
Burr.
bring
autumn
roused
treated
try
to
the
tolerance
to
was
Timothy
less
the
time
press.
neered
ve-
come
the
of
test
democracy.
and
surprising
had
the
had
to
projects
conspiracy
and
and
true
sions
pas-
able
respect-
"
seditiousness
were
the
to
to
of
Virginia
from
rise
to
9.
majority
instinct
dangers
New
and
CH.
slave-owning
freer
the
but
of
the
and
postponed;
STATES.
anti-national
old
paralyzed,
UNITED
and
President
Virginia
was
THE
been
ments
move-
than
the
so
long
CHAPTER
ceased
Burr
WHEN
States,March
United
himself
connections
might
In
his
plans to
Mulgrave
in
Creole
friends,and
projects"he
of the
every
have
he
had
of
had
friend
alreadymade
of conspiracy
element
list of his
The
not
Colonel
Lord
proof to
been
Williamson
Melville.
At
support
of
deputies from
Derbigny
was
entertained.
Louisiana
the
Pitt and
British
the
The
Burr's
London,
Vice-President
optimism
easy
be
4, 1805,
with
intimate
to
X.
Williamson's
New
Orleans
to
fears.
fided
con-
ington
Wash-
Lord
negotiation.
Burr's
were
certain
acquainted with
General
Wilkinson, governor
"
whose
Territory,
headquarters
at St. Louis, closely attached
almost
to Burr
were
from
that
childhood, stood ready for any scheme
ambition.
James
promised to gratify inordinate
Burr's
was
ture.
creaBrown, Secretaryof the Territory,
Judge Prevost, of the SuperiorCourt at New
Orleans,was Burr's stepson. Jonathan Dayton, whose
term
the same
ended
senator
as
day with Burr's vicepresidency,shared and perhaps suggested the "proits."
John
Smith, the senator from Ohio, was
220
Kentucky
their
Burr
made
he
UNITED
and
STATES.
York,
with
the
In South
10.
Adair
confidence.
The
littleband
"
lead.
CH.
John
Dayton.
Wilkinson's
in
was
in New
Swartwouts
THE
of Burr
the influence
under
of
OF
HISTORY
him
"
who
ever
wher-
Carolina
Joseph Allston,
of Theodosia
the husband
Burr, might be induced
to aid his father-in-law ; and Allston was
supposed to
of
be the richest planterin the South, worth
a million
might
success.
few
the
hours
at
an
island
about
miles
two
below
was
owner
at
absent
was
home,
and
; but
invited
Mrs.
Burr
Blennerto
dinner.
The
guest
in the
house
of
Senator
Smith.
Dayton
was
BURR'S
Burr
later,after
Wilkinson
but
already there;
221
SCHEMES.
had
arrived
by
on
gone
few
land
days
Nashville.
to
Falls of
interest
which
Wilkinson
on
all.
you
We
received
he
was
one
at
filled with
Jackson
his
have
to
was
your
in
this I
merits,and
I will tell
and
Hamilton,
man
who
and
Burr
killed
for
drive
announced
of his life.
As
looked
Deposition of
Appendix,Ixviii.
No
the
the
that
the
one
world
Tennessee,
hospitality.
; but
excited
At
with
if his
port
sup-
had
killed
in favor
of the
Spaniards from
was
were
Burr.
sympathy
duellist who
this
Dinners
equalled Andrew
to Colonel
man
for
to contend
newspapers
felt
his
passionswere
should
seemed
life Jackson
had
his
in
enthusiastic
of devotion
enlisted
was
with
doings.
of his
duellist who
Nashville
drunk
were
in warmth
all times
given,toasts
Jackson
"
at the unknown
peep
the town
near
or
of best
the honor
were
Breckenridge's
; but
you
to visit me,
reached
Burr
Meanwhile
Every
have
must
understands
Prepare
you.
be
Kentucky
to
Burr,
privatelyhe wrote,
to
soon
with
me."
beyond
where
He
himself
; but
Burr
friend
my
accident.
by
reckons
from
senator
introduced
failed
Smith
Adair,
John
as
unite
to
Senator
Dayton, and
May 28, to
successor
seemed
to be
America
the mission
of the Tennessee
major-general
militia,
forward
to sharingthis exploit.
Matthew
Lyon;
Wilkinson's
Memoirs, ii.
222
HISTORY
After
spending
descended
and
in
of the
mouth
Massac,
Ohio
June
"
THE
OF
UNITED
week
or
joined General
militarypost on the
miles
with
an
with
The
"
and
elegantbarge,
suppliedhim
Daniel Clark,the
in
New
him
I refer you
and
which
Burr
Wilkinson
arrived
Two
looked
the
empire
in
Lieutenant
"
To
to New
river
to
St.
Orleans,
Louis, where
he
in
was
in the
forward
in the
; and
to
creet.
high spiritsand indisof his subordinate
officers,
Major Hunt
shared
confusion
son
Wilkin-
other."
say to any
"
he
Thus
secrets.
carry
told
Major Bruff, afterward
them, and Major Bruff's evidence
that
June."
"
can
prominent AmeriJune
nounced
9, 1805, it an-
and
Wilkinson
ten oars,
down
He
out
me
most
northward
2.
10th
would
for many
went
of the
shore
letter of introduction
Dated
bearer
turned
July
richest and
he will not
While
the
also with
the
north
Fort
at
on
Orleans.
that
Wilkinson
able,faithful hands.
ten
waiting;
was
colors,and
sails,
"
and
to the
junctionwith the
remained
togetherat Maswrote
to his daughter,Mrs.
General
sergeant
10.
its
above
boats
his ark
he
River,a few
Allston
Jackson's
where
Cumberland,
CH.
Nashville,Burr
at
more
of General
one
STATES.
he
Louisiana.
Pike's
left
of Burr
period of
States,as the
to
Eastern
that
ideas
how
intended
to
set
he
no
sounded
doubt
that
Dayton ;
anarchy and
and
result
up
mocracy
of de-
military
BURR'S
1805.
of
waters
Arkansas
the
opening
of
of Mexico.1
Wilkinson
Dayton
for
he
; that
he
severing the
reached
Claiborne
when
in
and
active
that
Mexican
Orleans
wholly wanting
never
States,was
of
of 1805
summer
of
Burr
and
they
in
their
turn
June
25, 1805,
by the
and
enemies
of
of the
Spaniards. cies
Conspiraactive and most
dangerous
most
secret; and
most
mines
conquest.
fortnight,entertained
commonly
to the
expression
or
confidence
; and
and
and
letter
the
them
New
Governor
Fe
spring
Union
were
the
gave
remained
Santa
to
recorded
was
Adair, certainlyin
this expeditionto be
objectof
projectof
his
embraced
Burr
road
during
River.
the
Every
that
showed
223
SCHEMES.
the
mark
of secrecy,
almost
this
"
Clark
afterward
; but
if his
Adair
to
declared
that
he
was
not
ber
mem-
safetyas a merchant
required him to
sociatio
keep aloof,his sympathies were
wholly with the Asand under
After Burr's arrival,
his influ1
ii.Appendix, Ixxvii.
2
Wilkinson's
Memoirs, ii.283.
Memoirs,
224
HISTORY
OF
the
and
plan;
known
well
these
in New
that
Clark's
were
included
in
an
Were
"
where
written
has
Minor
[from
news
horrid
with
be bribed
to
this and
about
of
one
the
if well
from
to
his
let
me
separate from
he
"
and
"
he
way,
has
then
employers. Inquire
know
told.
the
his
expense,
knew
libertyof
him,
on
return
my
four
or
Kentucky,
the
in
will be in three
plunder
be
to
Burr, and
take
and
us
the
State
the
I should
retailed
Cruz], which
tale is
The
Mr.
something
to extract
also
against trusting a
with
blockhead's
Vera
it seemed
"
the
Burr
Mr.
of
at
himself
amused
him,
as
endeavoring
was
line to
him.
to
all into
"
of Natchez
of
ears
though he
self
bystander annoyed at findinghimimaginary conspiracyagainst the
was
intimate
sufficiently
direct
to
writing
of
Minor
"
so
their
the
bringing them
was
letter
innocent
an
became
reach
to
as
10.
part of the
projectssoon
excite
indiscretion
Burr's
made
CH.
til
suspicions,unlater complained to Wilkinson
months
two
danger.1
and
STATES.
was
Orleans
Spanish agents
Clark
UNITED
of disunion
Mexican
THE
the
on
months.
see,
Tennes-
sippi
Missis-
Carolina, are
Spanish
countries
to
west
the Union."
This
that
and
1
that
Daniel
his indiscretion
Clark
to
greatlyannoyed
Wilkinson, Sept. 7,
1805
his friends.
;
Wilkinson's
BURR'S
Vo
e
"
Clark
Wilkinson, "you
will recollect,"wrote
You
write
Burr
the
on
of
replyhas
letter
Your
been
did, and
also
of your
extract
an
preserved:
received
and
to
Wilkinson,2
believe,through
came,
he wrote
November,"
of
6, 1806, "which
been
Brown,
desired
him."
transmit
Burr's
subject,which
brother-in-law, Dr.
his
jtter to
has
reminded
letter.1
rave
Jan.
afterward, Wilkinson
years
to
"
225
SCHEMES.
answered.
J.
Smith,
friend
Your
[Clark]
in
[Minor] named
I love the society of that person
his letter to you.
;
be guilty of the follyof conbut surely I could never
fiding
I wished
of his levityanything which
to one
not
such
to be repeated. Pray do not disturb yourselfwith
without
suspects
the
reason
person
nonsense."
Daniel
Clark
not
confided
anything
which
Nevertheless
than
to the
of the
residents
many
of New
absurd
Wilkinson
Wilkinson's
VOL.
III.
and
that
Burr
his
wild
be
plans had
knew
reports are
"
greater
for secrecy
have
must
talked
15
with
alreadycome
Louisiana.
of
Burr
levity
repeated."
far
motives
Spanish agents in
Orleans
to
abilities were
whose
sured,
as-
of his
one
not
that
the
Many
scheme,
"
circulated here,"
to
"
to
"wished
for
indiscretion,
ears
"
Minor, or
Burr
stronger,knew
extreme
"
to
therefore
were
untrue, but
was
Clark, whose
of Burr, and
those
were
Wilkinson
the tale
that
not
had
and
154.
226
HISTORY
wrote
Clark
His
friends.
schemes
was
the
to
avail
not,
or
of
any
As
secret.
Burr's
early as
before Daniel
month
General
to
it
10.
it.
no
Wilkinson,
alarmed
much
so
given
were
than
CH.
the}7shared
denounce
not
STATES.
ignorance couTcl
of
plea
UNITED
whether
and
they certainlydid
No
THE
OF
the
at
plot that he
the
Clark
British
ready
publicityal-
wrote
Lord
to
Mul-
letter,
panic-stricken
evidentlysupposing that
ruined by Burr's indiscretion : 1
scheme
was
a
grave
the
He
"
or
communications,
in their
person
in whom
confide
; for
the
the
bordering on
forming
that
Feb.
The
any
project
of
Atlantic
so
far
further
Miranda, who
1
Merry
Turreau
"tr.,
MSS.
to
had
might
It
said
to
that
States
the
of
purpose
as,
from
the
impossible."
hardly less
well informed.
to
his
departure,and
effectinga
reduce
begun
is,however, -possible
advanced
wrote
States
to
reason
now
the
some
secrecy
him
government,2
adding,"
separation
between
abreast
marches
one.
has
Mississippifor
was
Turreau
Miranda's
and
Western
be
minister
13, 1806,
mentioning
"
and
may
it,to render
French
The
Ohio
business
of
nature
they
journey
separate government.
the
his
indiscreet
betrayed by
is to
convention
that
considered
of
been
have
or
object
in the
noticed
be
they
either been
agents have
of his
some
with
the
this
by the arrival of
secondary rdle,has
first
to
British Archives.
Archives
des
Aff.
BURR'S
for the
again
et off
I
does
Government
the
the
and
where
of
division
supposed
That
to
withdraw,
from
if not
yoke
the
of
dissimulate.
is
to
we
me
commonly
England
interests
both
and
itself,
appears
place, should
seems
of
France?
not
have
confederations,
at
England?"
from
concealed
"
the
that
views,
it to
than
ferences
con-
me
it finds
States
to
to
Burr's
which
remote
several
seems
event, which
have
should
Burr
allies
take
it to
of them,
one
this
would
assuming
better chance
least
in
less
reallycontrary
favor, be
And,
penetrate
confederated
the
perhaps
but
It
placed itself,force
it has
inevitable, and
to
minister.
not
had
having
difficult circumstances
that
This
after
South,
British
the
with
227
SCHEMES.
Orleans
"
his
pal
princi-
plans which
communicated
St. Louis
in
attemptingto
people
of the
Wilkinson
part
or
evidence
between
order
to
pass
week
more
Secretary Brown.
discouraged by the rebuffs
Wilkinson
Wilkinson
so
He
and
seduce
his
subordinate
territoryinto
afterward
parcel in
swore
Burr's
the
he had
found
scheme.
in
met
officers and
solemnly that
disunion
eral
Gen-
with
the
Although
he
had
project,his
no
own
228
HISTORY
the
time
of
enthusiasm
Mr.
"
their
:
of
it would
words
or
STATES.
St. Louis
at
Western
the
moulder
said
I, my
that
to
country
Washington
friend, no
The
Western
They
ready
were
Wilkinson
that
reached
the
him
against
Burr
Burr
supposed
with
return
Congress, a
much
depend."2
to
"
Burr
hurried
who
1
had
boon
he
detained
for
surely/
mistaken.
more
the
mained
re-
government!
have
written
the
letter
the
at
Navy
never
certainlygave
Governor
which
on
to
Harrison,
the
Union
Sept.11, 1805;
and
arrived
the
"may
he
left it
East.
Two
Washington and
legation.His friend Dayton,
by a long illness in the West,
Evidence, Burr's
Wilkinson's
611.
Wilkinson's
but
to
Vincennes
British
the
been
1807-1808, p.
2
for
afterward
to
to
He
address.
St. Louis
reached
September 19,
months
have
which
suggested decline of
Territory,
the conspiracy; for it urged Harrison
the bearer
the Territorial delegate
as
of the Indiana
to
better
Secretary of
letter of introduction
sympathy
by
democracy.'"
claimed
letter to
its
to
and
Jefferson
afterward
profitedmore
ever
disaffected
time
.warning
to
this
had
was
people
To
Philadelphia;
person
the
revolt.
to
not
ernment,
gov-
natural
that
adding
effect ;
or
people
bigoted
are
10.
his
the
pieces,die
to
checked
imbecilityof
recollect
his
CH.
"
meeting
Burr, speaking of
"
the
UNITED
said
death,
THE
OF
at
Trial; Annals
of
Congress,
his
made
irrived and
229
SCHEMES.
BURR'S
report
to
days
of Great
Brit-
ifore.
conspiracy counted
The
lin,which
Burr's
that
hopes
had
answer
no
blasted
were
aid
the
be
to
was
the
on
from
received
been
the
British
know
had
British
pened
hapto
reason
government
vanished.
had
"
disappointments
These
deepest
the
Western
through
as
with
in every
because
operations.
the
such
lengths by
Colonel
and
of
month
in the
the
that
him
to afford
his
March
had
He
Williamson,
expect
been
place without
himself
1
that
Merry
Archives.
to
him
gave
to
had
verbal
the
on
be
Mulgrave,
he
said,
were
; but
in
25, 1805;
an
to
commence
room
was
explained
Nov.
to
return
to go
from
to
hope
disposed
sensible
that
well
take
subject could
communication
enough might
to
and
into
received
some
He
.
even
plan
enter
friends
Majesty's government
.
tended
at-
had
of his
he
been
completely prepared
encouraged,
their assistance.
Lord
and
communications
which
the
Orleans,
he
next, in order
been
complete understanding
no
fact
induced
associates
his
with
than
execution
for the
therefore
had
he
engagement
them
quarter
New
as
Florida, had
in
everythingwas
for, that
looked
far
as
success
more
[Burr] said,1
journey through
of West
part
much
so
his
Louisiana
and
he
him,
gave
because
concern,
country
well
as
both
packet-boat,but
hope of aid from the
the
to
and
he
nattered
this way
MSS.
to
British
230
PIISTORY
give
OF
should
he
for
with
cruise
the
the
the
10th
of
or
April next,
itself
He
independent.
consist
to
number
of
and
Clark
Daniel
of two
and
frigates,
was
receive
of the
personal
be
to
necessary
should
latest
the
there
by
until the
information
from
him
naval
ships of
three
rior
ulte-
any
recommended
continue
to
wished
or
it
10.
thorized
properly au-
Mississippi at
officer should
Mr.
from
of the
that
persons
he
which
war,
CH.
the
whom
purpose,
mouth
commanding
business, and
with
have
ships of
off the
STATES.
might safelybe
arrangements
interviews
UNITED
to the
commencement
sent
THE
force
the
in question
line,the
proportionablenumber
same
of smaller
vessels."
The
the
British minister
result of the
Burr
4 '
talked
Western
tour
to know
; but
to
mentioned
few
names.
Throughout
the
Western
country
influence
had
contribute
enterprise;
to
from
curious
vaguely,and, contrary
was
be
on
precisely
this subject
his usual
persons
engaged
of
tom,
cus-
the
themselves
the
of
the
largely toward
expense
tants
Orleans
he represented the inhabiNew
firmlyresolved upon separatingthemselves
very
at
so
their union
with
the
United
States, and
every
way
the revosure
lution
completelyprepared, that he was
there would
be accomplished without
a
drop of
in that country
force
blood
being shed, the American
to believe, enlist
(should it not, as he had good reason
with
strong to make
him) not being sufficiently
position
any opIt was
accordingly there that the revolution
of April or the beginning
at the end
would
commence,
should
of May, provided his Majesty's government
cou-
to be
sent
so
to
lend
their
assistance
toward
it,and
the
answer,
BURR'S
together with
in
arrived
pecuniary
the
time
aid which
him
enable
to
231
SCHEMES.
to
would
set
be
the
out
wanted,
beginning
"f March."
Pitt,besides
From
for
credit
said
Daniel
no
rk)lent
Clark
heart
of his
Kentucky
was
Mr.
from
ition of
send
stated
rightto
that
their
from
me
they
when
ig
been
had
"me
pointed
among
his
it to
Burr
Florida
out
Paris.
it
of
many
the
the
plan
of
also to
be
had
the
American
a
represen-
in
and
and
this
agitation
of
forming
with
having already
within
to
means
who
are
obtain
to France."
recourse
the
Britain, hav-
principal people
found
he
hope, however,
Great
having
taken
received
Louisiana
was
The
to
reason
I have
with
them,
to
impressed Merry
was
Andrew
have
under
that
connection
associates,they
ispension of
and
actuallyprepared
grievances, and
beneficial
)revailed
tour
complicity
at
reached
he
impatient
so
what
"
information
the
that
"
deputies with
more
his
say, without
barelyhinted
much
In
Creoles.
to
inhabitants
government
)f
he had
the
quarters
the
Orleans.
that
Merry clearlyto understand
not in the Ohio Valley,but
plotwas
He
laid littleweight on
the action
Tennessee
him, the point of
; with
among
be true
other
found
or
Burr
jlieve to
New
gave
Orleans.
control
Barclay of Philadel-
He
pounds, to
He
it New
)f
of
part
Jackson.
le
than
wanted
thousand
ten
of
the
on
more
force,Burr
of John
exaggeration.
the
on
and
names
iport to Merry
te
naval
hundred
one
in the
given
)hia, and
the
idea
the
that
scope
West
of his
232
OF
HISTORY
The
"
scheme.
in East
he
from
aiding
the
conspiracy with
state
which
reasons
British government
the
pressed upon
the
among
force.
of
he
for
motives
as
naval
to him
information
acquired respectingthe
countries,"were
those
10.
ence
greatest influthe
Florida,and
CH.
made
been
of the
person
West
and
otherwise
had
STATES.
had
which
overture
Orleans
at New
UNITED
THE
England
with
Spain.
One more
argument was
pressed by Burr, for no
knew
New
to which
better than he the use
one
land
Engmight be put.
then
was
"He
"
at
observed
that
when
became
Louisiana
once
which
power
rapidityin
the
wishes, he
at
could
do
to Lord
dared
give it.
Western
the
States
Eastern
the Southern
is
risen up
now
will
; and
with
no
country
separate
that
much
so
such
thus
sion,
divi-
informidable."
once
have
may
and
happen
may
hemisphere will,by
western
rendered
Whatever
he
the
immediately from
immense
be
readilyconceive
what
"
independent,
themselves
the
war
been
more
Mulgrave
Merry's sympathies
than
with
Meanwhile
report
as
Burr
the
much
was
silence
Burr's
or
versation
con-
approval as
thrown
of
into
MulgraA*e.
that the Creoles in New
Burr's report showed
Orleans,
with Daniel Clark as their financial ally,
induced
were
the conspiracyonly because
lieved
to countenance
they bethat
it to be supportedby England. Without
support, Burr could not depend on Creole assistance.
Had
have waited ; and perhe been wise, he would
haps
he might in the end have
brought the British
extreme
embarrassment
by
'".
government
accept his
to
plunderAmerican
citizens,he
calculate
might
their
by
objectof
the
that
was
the
even
the
as
cordial
from
raise
then
he
talked
Dayton
of
to
comic
departments
turned
1, 1805, he re-
try
the
task
effort
the
began
money
which
to
dinary
extraor-
of
drawing
induced
experiment,resembling the
an
opera
rather
the
than
till
British
the
toils,and
his
into
like Blennerhassett
men
he
undertook
Burr
tion
recep-
the
Dec.
the
sources
it,his
provide by drafts on
driven
conspiratorswere
shifts.
not
notorious
so
to
The
placed
although
; and
was
at
About
usual.
new
hoped
treasury.
Tories
about
and
Philadelphia,where
to
to
journey
House
as
Burr
they could
Washington
newspapers
White
at
in
Western
his
British
American
; and
more
to
offers.
week
stayed a
kidnap
positionwhere
neglecthis
afford to
Burr
in
to
to do
seeing the
on
acts
own
and
prepared
be
If Pitt intended
terms.
commerce
must
233
SCHEMES.
BURR'S
seriousness
plot
of
historical drama.
Dec.
5,1805, as
Miranda
leavingNew
was
York
to
Jonathan
secret
three
Dayton, whom
as
the Federalist
in
senator
mysterious manner,
he had
from
gave
Philadelphiafrom
known
at Washington
in
New
him
Jersey. Dayton,
to understand
that
234
HISTORY
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
10.
curious
tale.
This
"
to
of
; and
them
three
only
moment
and
had
very
various
of
Western
navigation,and
this
the
British
his
Court.
their
found
this
emancipation,
the
of
greater
London
an
Yrujo
to
as
matters
it and
sent
and
which
for
Burr
Ohio,
to
has
commerce
States
Western
New
States
idea
to
London
that
; and
project, Colonel
ideas
new
officer who
;
has
MSS.
to
been
of
prepare
States
he
only for
evidently
expedition against
an
Dec. 5, 1805
Cevallos,
it to
in
and
all these
plan
his
the
In
an
English
price of
been
sound
is
with
new
recommended
to
This
the
plan
this
the
of
pendence
inde-
this
in
disposition,not
the
making
first
despatch
"
the
extension
receive
Colonel
Mexico.
sending
ister,
min-
advantages by means
she should
soon
as
recognize
the approval of
plan obtained
favorable
most
also
desire, but
associated
to
this revolution.
for
has
after
This
Kentucky,
minds
Burr
British
part of
Mississippi Territory,in
in the
kingdom
as
minister, who
Tennessee,
be
the
these
secure
Meanwhile
Orleans,
of
Colonel
the
"
preference in
to
republic.
new
end
one
not
States,
should
treaty to be made
am
for
decisive
with
plan
republic; England
services
and
the
present
I
country.
last March
of
the
at
toward
conferences
Floridas
the
federative
her
the
that
end
proposed
the
secret
he
of
in this
persons
near
to whom
is known
"
last session
being
he,1
secret," said
occurred
the
to
us
having given
Burr
sent
Colonel
many
to
liamson,
Wil-
years
Spanish Archives.
in
country, and
this
month
six
or
received
he
return
first
The
English Cabinet,
the
by
whose
weeks.
235
SCHEMES.
BURR'S
1805.
expects within
project
and
fear
through
from
the
of
debates
delay ;
some
to
dismission
but
Mr.
office
for
particularly
the
was
he
causes
again
reason
well
known
has
suffered
his
turned
person
had
Pitt has
well
very
more
was
attention
it."
On
the
strength of
proposed
into
paying
idea
so
except
Yrujo
terrify
to
the
could
have
Carlos
from
An
mind
no
he
it was,
as
IV.
expedition.
sprung
but, fantastic
ously
seri-
Dayton
Don
and
of Burr's
expenses
fantastic
Burr's
information
this
pursued
it
weak
so
States troops
Burr
had
as
the
all in the
were
caused
them
to be
expeditionagainstMexico
to follow him.
and
in them
the
of the
Western
same
Federal
West,
sounded
; that
he did not
; that
and
in
they
doubt
the
that
United
Colonel
regard to
were
all
that there
the
ready
existed
236
HISTORY
OF
impotent forces
the
Mexico
of the
thereabout
possessionswould
To
of
reveal
that
and
be
such
Federal
CH.
revolutionized
the
made
plan
at
10.
; that
government
be disembarked
English fleet,
by troops to
or
STATES.
assailed,in co-operationwith
to be
was
UNITED
THE
the
Tampico
Spanish
republics.
to
was
destroy its
chance
presentinghimself before
the Spanish minister
Dayton appeared as a traitor
not only to the Union, but also to the conspirators
with whom
he was
engaged. Such a character was
confidence.
to create
not likely
Yrujo instantlysaw
that Burr
stood behind
Dayton; that England could
have
not
encouraged the conspiracy,for, had she
done
to beg
never
come
so, the conspiratorswould
dollars from
few thousand
a
Spain ; and that the
success
Mexican
in
and
scheme,
thus
if it
ever
already abandoned,
or
vealed.
the
Dismissing
promise
to
his Government
pointed at
Burr
drew
once
talk with
a
it would
not
him
long account
as
his information
have
doings
; and
States had
Jefferson
in the
for
West.
twenty
talked of
years
been
re*
with
the person
about
The
the
He
of the interview.
through
Mexico.
marquis
whom
Yrujo
blindness
been
and
civility
further,Yrujo wrote to
ex-senator
to Clark
have
existed, must
was
peopleof
the
Spaniardswith contempt.
was
to
iard
SpanUnited
Even
BURR'S
1805.
few
like
words,
thing
I
"
where
and
lasted
was
the
The
House
than
as
living
no
two
that
"
deceived
by
istration
Admin-
the
Colonel
Burr's
the
invites
had
ago
more
there
on
only
not
days
five
that
I know
detesting as
reason,
Cevallos,
to
wrote
let itself be
will not
wiles ; but
left
lightning,
struck.
they
sure," he
am
of
flash
237
SCHEMES.
his
to
table, but
secret
conference
hours,
and
on
with
in which
the
about
him
which
confident
am
side
one
only
there
as
was
other."
assertion
could
within
rarely saw,
denied.
be
not
The
White
few
days' interval,two
less creditable guests than Aaron
Burr, fresh from
confidinghis plans to Anthony Merry, and Francesco
de Miranda, openly engaged in a militaryattack from
the port of New
York
of Spain.
upon the dominions
Yrujo was at firstinclined to distrust Dayton ; but
Miranda's
undertaking, which crossed Burr's plans,
the means
of proving his good
gave to the ex-senator
faith. Indeed, in a few days more,
Dayton made a
clean breast,admittingthat England had disappointed
Burr's expectations,
and that Burr had authorized
the
offer to sell his services to Spain.
I
"
wrote
that
he
have
had
Yrujo
considers
him
three weeks
Colonel
necessary
with
for
Burr
will
imprudent,
an
two
very
later,1"
not
treat
and
undertaking
Jan. 1, 1806
Yrujo to Cevallos,
long conferences,"
in which
with
wanting
of
such
; MSS.
he
has
told
Miranda,
in
many
whom
qualities
magnitude
Spanish
me
as
Archives.
he
238
HISTORY
has
nothing
Colonel
the
he
zeal
disposed
named
to
itself to
Floridas, has
For
aid.
would
all the
although
execute,
to
easy
of
in view
part, that
those
States,especially
Maryland, Delaware,
New
It
York.
in this
country
is
standard
under
the
better
their lot.
friends, without
ceeded
the
Burr."
in
his
it will
the
of
the
confess, for my
it
greatest confidence
of
among
to
seems
the
me
Atlantic
is,Virginia,
and
Jersey,
there
exists
adventurers, without
revolution
discovering their
country,
localities,this
that
ready
Equally certain
his
as
without
even
irritate
"
the
on
well
as
know
plan
inclined
attack
he,
central,
York
rather
seems
Pennsylvania, New
beyond question that
of
same
intimacy with
circumstances
the
tleman
gen-
; but
infinite number
an
with
all, certain
called
capital,and
New
not
insane
almost
appear
so
correspondence,
in execution
does
who
one
plan
he
put
Pitt
raising the
that
object, which
be
the
departure another
plan, excepting
same
with
they
for
of his
verge
that
in consequence
London
to
much
me
Mr.
of
object
well known
friends,hope may
foreign
its
the
the
Burr, which
This
execute.
chief
the
on
in
in his
it ; that
despatch
to
plans
up
told
London
project
10.
determined
finding
exactness
undertook
Warton,
suggested
of
also
to
not
the
to
following
first he
at
as
were
turned
want
not
was
for
York,
very
He
sent
dr.
New
to
was
him.
ministry,
States, had
showed, by
Burr
was
Melville
Lord
Western
that
British
the
as
warm
Colonel
who
STATES.
returned
do with
to
Williamson,
for
plan
UNITED
has
finding that
at
have
THE
Miranda
hand.
on
piqued
to
OF
to
unite
which
is it that
true
these
at
promises
Burr
and
object, have
and
men,
them
once
in
to
his
sue
ing
inspir-
favor
of
-,
The
almost
"
"
insane
plan
minister
Spanish
the
to
239
SCHEMES.
BURR'S
Dayton unfolded
which
less
nothing
was
than
to
city of Washington a
well armed, who,
of men
in disguise,
certain number
to seize the President,
at a signalfrom
Burr, were
of the Senate,
Vice-President,and the President
by degrees
introduce
the
into
"
the substitute
the
all
two
in the
these
on
he
with
sail for
would
Wild
as
his followers
Orleans
New
this scheme
for the
rest
to draw
discontented
it.
sounded
He
his whole
as
in
to
more
emancipation of Louisiana
of
favorable
arrangement
an
himself ; but
not
States
individual
was,
and
it
proclaim
and
the
occupied Burr's
he
made
many
mind
efforts
into
government
Truxton,
without
ing
reveal-
Eaton, the
much
the
States.
Western
officers of the
Commodore
the treasure,
and
hero
confidence
at
Washington
at
the
manner
240
HISTORY
in
which
his
extravagant
THE
claims
were
UNITED
laid open
plan
for
STATES.
CH.
10,
treated
in ideas of his
Burr
same
OF
the whole
by Congress,and
importance. To him
own
in
secret,even
regard to
the
the
attacking Washington. The story was
which
had been told to Merry and
Yrujo.1 He
his second
in command
as
spoke of Wilkinson
; of
his son-in-law,
Allston, as engaged in the enterprise;
Orleans
the capitalof his Western
and
of New
as
an
empire, whence
expeditionwould be sent for the
conquest
the
be
of Mexico.
Alleghany
of
"If
he
his
to
interests
Decatur,
heels
out
amounted
of
an
The
and
naval
that),
and
to
was
although
declared
he
pressed
ex-
himself
Tennessee.
the
marine
commanders
would
Congress
secure
neck
and
(or
what
President
the
declare
and
corps
Truxton, Preble,
turn
doors, assassinate
of
to
himself
the
protector
energeticgovernment."
of
scheme
Burr
aid.
the
over
others, he
episodedue
an
gain
and
; and
Ohio, he
about
Kentucky
could
line of demarcation
Mountains
doubts
some
certain
The
to
was
attackingWashington
Burr's despairof British
reduced
to many
devices
was
or
merely
Spanish
in order
to
12, immediately
keep his conspiracyalive. December
after the disappointinginterview
with
Merry, and
Dayton's first advance to Casa Yrujo,Burr wrote to
his
Wilkinson
letter evidentlyintended
to conceal
a
diplomaticdisaster and to deceive his friend. He
said that there would be no war
with Spain,and fore1
Deposition of
p. 396.
General
Eaton
Life
of
William
Eaton,
BURR'S
1806.
the
told
Truth, I
from
its
that
knew
who
at
St. Louis
command
The
Ohio
audience
in
the
Denunciation
the
British
of
tender
certain
military
speculation it
tillthe whole
referred
The
believed
Government
of Burr
and
be
can
to
in
is not
cated.
communi-
letter from
auspices,however,
that
MeanwKfte
declare
to
was
squadron
revolutionary
ment
governdelegationto Natchez
delegation,composed
February."
to
of
formal
suspense.
it is
and
know
you
Wilkinson.
circumstance
remains
favorable,
send
to write
material
deemed
commander-
must
Orleans
the
of
subject
the
case
served
conspiracy,he relines,intelligible
enough to
to
that
In
"
been
He
arrival
the
make
General
to
On
"
As
New
once
to
have
you.
short
independence on
in February, and
or
it
few
would
in
assure
Virginia."
it for
those
would
warfare, Lee
in-chief.
come
of Government.1
peacefulcourse
of such
241
SCHEMES.
Wilkinson
of Adair
asked
Wilkinson
no
was
will
and
are
give
Dayton,
questions.
dangerous ;
tried
dared
officer: 2 but
confided
a
at
of the
senator
1
Burr
such
bring
not
United
States
charging Wilkinson
1807-1808, p.
VOL.
III.
597.
"
16
242
HISTORY
OF
THE
was
told in
replythat
the
writer
should
how
care
office.
in
the letter
mind
So thick
with
burned,
and
business,and
10.
and
that
take
in power
high
men
and
of
intrigue,
especially
supposed to pervade the
was
; men's
House
CH.
expedition;
was
own
atmosphere
an
Spanish matters,
White
his
meddled
he
STATES.
Miranda's
in
being concerned
with
UNITED
minds
were
befogged with
so
and
secret
Spanish war
about
private encouragement
peace, with
messages
and
Miranda
to
public punishment of Miranda's
John
friends,with
Randolph's furious charges of
duplicityand Madison's helplesssilence under these
public
that
charges,
"
until
the
President
himself
the
say
about
messages
associates
safe,and
were
might
hatch
should
and
their
in the
treason
Jefferson
President
Burr
alreadytoo
still too
had
warrant
President
continued
to
to
defeat
be
trusted
his
Burr
people could
purpose,
but
the
they
in
be
public,
trusted
people could
had
instituted
alone
made
He
an
could
attempt
set
to
first consulted
"
John
Cotton
it in
put
the
action.
President
the
The
extreme.
were
Doubtless
schemes.
for that
the
tim$ when
on
friends,to
many
countenance
allegingin privatethat
feuds
many
ident
PresEaton
General
on
with
his
guard.
two
"
word
tongue, for his solitary
his
to hold
Ivised him
243
SCHEMES,
BURR'S
ter.1
against the weight of Burr's characNevertheless,in March, 1806, he called at the
avail
rould not
House
White
After
"
removed
be
to
in it.
him.
I said
President, without
The
perhaps
person
integritythan
respect
would
to
which
manner
was
eighteenmonths
have
an
had
and
of
to
admit
Evidence
any
not
of William
put
his
such
tant,
impor-
the
the
in the
disposed of, we
of
confidence
shown
511, 512.
I said
should
to
in
revolution,
President
that
apprehensions
Eaton,
not
said
he
people
not
ceived
per-
mode, and
danger,
The
honor,
the President
shortest
the
to
his
on
fidelity.I
insurrection, if
had
had
1807-1808, pp.
in
point
the
President
he
Orleans,
and
Mississippi.
attachment
If the
the
confidence
Union,
New
of
much
too
about
doubt
disagreeableto
would
Burr
the waters
like
secure
point
my
him, if Colonel
on
too
eminence
an
subjectwas
bring him
to
a
the
Madrid.
himself
to
that
in
so
placed on
that when
and
had
ambition
where
sidered
con-
Mr.
no
asked
or
gesting
sugBurr
positive expression,in
any
Burr.
Colonel
President
England
to
to
libertyof
thought
The
to
delicacy,seemed
expressed something
integrityof
the
aimed
country, because
of
matter
and
the
from
which
I took
that
dangerous
send
he should
President.
West,
President
the
him
to the
attention
to
ought
the
saw
desultoryconversation, in
his
draw
and
Burr's
of
country
that
in
it in
to
the
kind."
the
people of
framing a form
Trial; Annals
of Congress,
244
of
for
government
closed.
year
he
them
In
afraid
was
Burr's
of
who
impudent
his
Burr
him,
of
names
down
"
the
to
fellow
ought
chimerical,
subject
1
the
members
to
be
and
his
the
merit
Deposition
of
the
Jan.
credible.
innot
veil
over
name
and
the
as
though
he
contradicted
or
Washington
and
agreed
but
thought
1807
his
that
to
consideration."
Life
of
Eaton,
p.
Mr.
believed
projects
desperate,
too
of
projects
They
serious
26,
Congress.
circumstances
of
tempt
con-
almost
at
whole
anything,
hanged,
session.
of
of
one
self,
him-
dared
freely
no
which
by
even
remained
Eaton,1
capable
Burr
and
matters
of
said
certain
to
Colonel
the
close
detailed,"
Burr
So
him.
disavowed
throw
as
That
Burr
then
President's
officers
;
of
President
to
the
used
himself
President
were
cared
Cabinet
his
belief
even
the
before
sympathy
caution
seem
that
never
He
treason.
the
the
was
to
as
Believing
touch
of
10.
hensions
appre-
himself.
Jefferson's
to
no
many
deceived
and
excited,
responded
so
he
CH.
admitted
admitted
he
truth,
STATES.
if he
and
Burr
had
career
UNITED
1806,
March,
in
the
THE
OF
HISTORY
401.
the
too
give
CHAPTER
of Pitt
death
THE
XL
possi-
attempt
had
possibility
obtain
from
money
existed.
ever
Spain
The
equally
was
information
Miranda's
and
Dayton
amounting
from
at different times
received
in
all
about
to
three
thousand
dollars,
ties
Spanish treasury. Dayton'sprivate necessirequiredmuch largersums.
also
was
New
York, where
Conspiracywas
without
to
ruined.
an
He
could
indictment
hung
easier
foreignaid was
join. Jefferson
than
too
poverty ;
wild
might
and
his
friends
that
not
over
but
scheme
at that
of money,
sums
the
Burr
men
nothing from
obtained
their
word
return
his
to
head.
conspiracy
for other
moment
have
privatelyto
be
projectsmust
dropped; but Jefferson,while closing every other
lowed
path,left that of conspiracyopen to Burr, who folit only with
much
difficulty.In order to
246
HISTORY
retain
any
an
friends
all,and
elaborate
network
knew
helped
Congress,Burr
that
and
him
aid
been
"
wrote
and
to
before
required
them
Dayton
n.
in
alone
deceive.
the
Wilkinson
to
had
Wilkinson
him
CH.
obliged to
was
falsehood.
of
he
entangle himself
truth, and
the
STATES.
followers
or
them
deceive
UNITED
THE
OF
adjournment
letter
certain
ing
imply-
conditions
"
The
execution
Want
association
could
our
is
rendered
rendered
reasons
enlarged, and
Confidence
wish.
project is postponed
in Ohio
of water
other
of
States
this
aids.
Randolph
Nothing
to
has
heard
Washington."
Burr's
wrote
replying
been
Gushing
Is
all that
to
to
us
be
few.
and
short
from
Porter
with
throughout
a
you
long
tainty
cer-
United
the
letter
deemed
which
last
Address
cember,
De-
silly.
very
Brigadier since
right?
this
more
is damned
one
the
Wilkinson
Though
move
Administration
Burr
The
delay expedient.
limited
summer.
ticable
imprac-
movement
comprises
till December.
ber.
Octo-
Burr
at
letters to Wilkinson
were
always
in
cipher,
and
ing
mysteriouslyworded ; but in this despatch nothWilkinson
afterward explained
was
unintelligible.
that he was
himself the
Brigadier,"and the two
"
names
were
those
Wilkinson's
of officers under
Memoirs,
his
command.
The
him
"
join in
to
made
from
petty
Hitherto
assistance.
ably
Prob-
efforts to obtain
into
Dayton,
Spanish
to
secretary of state,but
his
minister
the
communications
the
idea,
in my
Spain
; but
bearer
before
though by
persons,
long,
different
both
Tennessee, with
interests
of these
those
of
themselves
to
the
less
or
same
Spain
either
and
two
cumspect
cir-
will
self
my-
also
next
the
tails
de-
arrive
in
simultaneously with
three
or
from
Kentucky
object.
They
all consider
as
united
France
; but
Emperor
confidence
do
and
in
him.
to communicate
Yrivjoto Cevallos,
May 14, 1806;
MSS.
and
the
conformity
principal,or
in
the
wish
not
Napoleon's
me
respectable
very
and
principals,here
not
plan, with
There
of
very
Spain
to
return
whole
To
that
on
be
to
the
of
even
compromised
not
the
countries
correctlythe
more
have
Louisiana
the
careful
in
me
part and
our
been
of
ways,
from
confirm
on
when
more
him
; and
me
circumstances.
wanted.
be
may
with
to
certain
and
answers,
shall be
that
with
I have
manner
any
spring I
under
pecuniary aid
is wanted.
in
himself
probability,but
the
of
his success,
it,some
France
had
I have
only
not
of
facility,
insure
"
principal[Burr]has opened
The
"
to Don
wrote
to
him
lending
had
money
himself
certainlyexerted
he
would
if ever."
December,
Spanish government
the
delude
; he
sources
this letter
viting
Blennerhassett,in-
to
other
many
carried
speculation,"which
"
before
not be commenced
Burr
which
another
carried
Wilkinson
to
western
same
247
PREPARATIONS.
BURR'S
1806.
to
open
[TurConsequently,it
minister
the
matter
at all
Spanish Archives.
248
HISTORY
to that
government,
its
OF
shall not
representativehere
it ; for, I repeat,
this has
been
I
do it with
to
or
have
they
condition
STATES.
UNITED
THE
intimation
the
the least
have
in
confidence
no
imposed
CH.
on
me
11.
that
notice of
him, and
in the communications
received."
have
obstinate
refusing to advance
him
Burr
tried to alarm
by pretending to
money,
of attacking Florida
and
take up again the scheme
another
June
Mexico.
long
9, 1806, Yrujo wrote
despatch on the subject. Burr, he said,had suddenly
ceased to visit him as frequently
as
usual,and Dayton
had
explained the coldness as due to Burr's belief
in England would
Administration
be
that the new
liberal and zealous than that of Pitt. Dayton
more
added
that Burr
instructions
was
drawing up new
Finding Yrujo
for
Bollman
London
to
British
in
the
on
'Day
Spain from
he
of
told
ton
council
in
which
alter
he
the
it,would
to be
of
month
thought
plan
this
be
as
put
certain
answered
Burr
in fact
which
the
part
own
ought
observed
acted
the
as
Burr
to
in deliberation
chiefs
December
to
hold
next, and
unjust and
that
would
they
at least the
determined
are
this idea
circumstances
point, or
Spanish possessions
in
tector
pro-
New
June 9, 1806;
Yrujo to Cevallos,
should
net
cabileans
Or-
New
that
his
for
impolitic;
to
be able to
require,and
Orleans.
MSS.
in
plan
in the
always
direction
though
al-
that
assuredlythe principal,yet
(Burr) was
this nature
had
he
the
ambition.
unprincipled
Burr's
me1
send
to
co-operationfrom
attack
an
decided
even
invite
to
government
had
he
that
Williamson;
in
to be
that
given
Dayton
to
told
SpanishArchives.
that he would
me
be
to
was
such
people's also, it
garrisons
Pensacola
at
of
circumstance
used
might
be
such
project.
wrote
me
read
him
that
they
of
were
say
that
the
creating at
to
tenor
were
New
of
before
be
given
to
with
me,
starting,
Burr
had
and
Bollman,
me."
to
defence
abandoning
before
so
then
of
night
hardly
other
the
conference
indicated
of
that
for
and
idea
our
the
Orleans
the
the
reinforce
condition
this
his residence
Cevallos
and
and
Mobile,
holding
instructions
the
for
to
to
us
weighty argument
to
for
who
make
and
head,
respectable
After
note
Godoy
pay
as
well
and
our
returned
Dayton
be
would
would
to drive
order
Burr's
of
out
temptation
in
that
and
opposition;
same
measures
Wilkinson,
Congress,
the
of
strength
General
knew
he
that
member
all his
with
oppose
249
PREPARATIONS.
BURR'S
1806.
imbecile
as
to
American
new
Spanish possessionsthan
which
Jefferson presided
the peacefulrepublic over
Don
Pedro
Cevallos read Yrujo's
at Washington.
At
first he even
despatches with great interest.
empire
that
hinted
dangerous
more
if the
United
to
States
were
bent
on
ing
forc-
with
war
Cevallos
to
Casa
Yrujo, March
28, 1806;
MSS.
Spanish
MSS.
Spanish
Archives.
2
Cevallos
Archives.
to
Casa
250
HISTORY
The
OF
THE
conspiratorswere
UNITED
in
STATES.
CH.
11
garded
positionas reill-luck,
Merry's
worse
his
successor.
little cheerful
was
as
but
Merry
immediate
waited
last
his
"
did
or
not
a
think
minute
saw
this
side
himself
as
the
on
Merry
to C. J.
other;
requiredto give an
of
account
it to
He
Fox.
of his
begun
"
place [Washington]in
1
one
until Erskine's
despatches,Nov.
in the
operations
I
on
the
Fox, June
month
of
last time
the
June
1, 1806; MSS.
at this
last,when
British
Archives.
he
I had
particularinquiry whether
made
from
Government
my
at New
him
with
:luctantly,
received
any
swer
an-
propositions he
had
them, and
to
lamented
and
the
Orleans, would
now,
not, because
I had
that
the
to
to transmit
requested me
251
PREPARATIONS.
BURR'S
1806.
he,
ingly
exceednected
con-
persons
though
very
selves
necessityof addressing themHe
French
and
to the
Spanish governments.
of
added, however, that the dispositionof the inhabitants
the Western
Louisiana, to separate
country, and particularly
that
be
under
the
themselves
from
the
attempt might be
the
without
success
last words
it
to
me
with
the terror
had
become
of
only
from
but
their
; and
such
his
support,
England, Burr
and
Yrujo
impudence
to threaten
Fox
; but
until at last
lived from
How
of
prospect
shortly."
James
by the
imposture;
who
strong
so
whatever
without
or
very
day
to
flagranttheir
partly shown
in
their
of
treatment
they became
ing
day by cheatimposture was,
attempt
deceive
to
Wilkinson
far
was
dishonest.
Toward
the
all that
to
subordinate
Erick
end
of
could
July, 1806,
be
done
strenuous
were
made
of Charles
other.
been
Yrujo;
more
new
swindlers
each
has
be
their
thenceforward
petty
that, with
were
was
every
singularimpudence
needed
Dayton
with
made
receivingthis rebuff
After
Union
foreign assistance
any
certainlywould
means
American
efforts money
adventurers
Burr
plished
accom-
in the
East, and
New
Orleans.
to
had
been
in
motion.
Bollman, famous
had
for
an
raised
to
Among
attempt to
pared
pre-
By
set the
these
rescue
252
HISTORY
OF
THE
UXITED
STATES.
Cn.
Lafayette from
confinement
officer named
wout,
Peter
V.
receive
of Robert
brother
younger
of
Ogden, a nephew
when
come
De
each
orders
Of all Burr's
to the
as
role he
made
been
was
most
contained
Swart-
finally
young
The
time
had
place,and must
to play.
not only the
was
doubtful.
from
He
Since
conditions.
heard
French
his
intimates,Wilkinson
most
; and
Dayton.
take
must
actor
Olmiitz
at
n.
him,
had
October,
his last
and
objections deemed
very silly."
dated
At last a letter,
This letter
May 13, arrived.
the light; afterward,at the trial,
son
Wilkinnever
saw
Burr
of
challengedits production,and accused
in assertingthat it had been
falsehood
destroyed at
Wilkinson's
request or with his knowledge. Only
conclusion
one
might be taken as certain in regard
to its contents,
they did not suit the situation of
Dayton and Burr.
dated July 24, 1806, and was
Dayton's reply was
sent by his nephew, Peter V. Ogden, to Wilkinson.
"
"
"It
is
in
old
well
now
next
friend's
ascertained
session,"
pride
and
wrote
fears.
that
you
are
Dayton, working
will
"Jefferson
Y'ou
are
not
man
to
to be
despair,or
even
OD
affect
placed
dishis
to
yield he
know
the
despond,
when
such prospects offer in another
quarter.
especially
Are
associates
numerous
ready?
you ready? Are
your
!
Wealth
and Mexico
and glory! Louisiana
"
BURR'S
,Together
with
253
PREPARATIONS.
this exhortation
from
Dayton, Burr
famous
the key
as
cipher despatch,afterward
to the whole
conspiracy. Published at different times
with varying versions,as suited Wilkinson's
tary
momensent
objects,the
follows:
nearly as
is received.
actually commenced.
points
different
of
the
at
friends
ready
and
Wilkinson
goes his
with
and
of
this
Send
list of
mountains
their
or
any
By
of
to
forward
six
spirits.
shall
Burr
officers.
With
return.
in
will
October,
intelligent
an
confer
may
he
interestingdetails
to
of
messenger
note
orders
west
of
ing
delineat-
send
me
four
you
can
row
bor-
please ; they
movement.
Wilkinson
useful, with
months'
to my
Wilkinson
harmony
are
us
United
of choice
officers,which
you
the
given
are
to
further
your
faithfully. Already
contractor
of
Burr
known
be
his
to
It will meet
navy
host
Jamaica
to
forthwith
and
your
pretence
going
ternal
in-
protection
will follow
whom
concert
characters.
five commissions
under
with
could
Naval
never
Send
all persons
who
of
dezvous
ren-
Everything
only ;
the husband
immediatelywith
to
to Burr
worthies.
is essential
August,
friend
from
final orders
promotion
1st
confidential
shall return
the
be second
and
detachments,
pretences, will
is
It will be
daughter ;
corps
May,
have
that station.
on
join,and
to
westward
proceed
13th
and
views.
our
Truxton
followers.
shall
very
funds,
November.
Mississippi. England,
States, are
him
favors
admiral
the
with
different
1st of
is secured.
England
arrange
Ohio
obtained
Eastern
under
external
and
have
The
and
the
on
letter,postmarked
Your
length I
At
ran
"
1806.
July 29,
"
reading probably
correct
shall
given
be
to
turned
re-
the
provisions to points
254
HISTORY
Wilkinson
and
last moment,
desired.
honor,
the
best
15th
in
men,
be
to
Baton
by
people
the
of
receive
to
will
we
to
The
; their
us
for
agents,
invite
gods
we
seen
whether
we
goes
express
to
the
deserve
He
you.
with
will not
of
to
otherwise
of
disclose
He
has
to
the
imbibed
embarrassed
he
will
Had
doubt
far
as
you
be
and
plans
as
in
your
seize
for
presence
an
The
prepared
are
that
to
of
inviolable
if
of
than
pable
inca-
and
him
at
formed
in-
will
further.
no
character, and
put
this
thoroughly
Burr,
be
honor
rather
is
he
your
or
Burr
and
fidelity,
with
on
etc.
require, and
you
reverence
whether
bearer
execute
intentions
of
subject them
The
man
15th
; it remains
fortune
pose
pur-
boon.
is
the
that
Burr, say
weeks
and
of
to
of
sand
thou-
and
going
are
now
glory and
to
us
or
all expenses,
in three
that
plan
to determine
foreign Power,
dreds,
hun-
to which
country
of
Falls, on
5th
first instance
On
Burr
on
the
; there
you
Rouge.
Draw
answer.
between
in the
the
long
so
and
Burr's
constructing for
now
the
life
fortunes
the
to meet
expedient
it will be
pass
with
his
country.
our
Natchez
at
with
the
and
ll.
until
point
rapidlyfrom
light boats
there
December,
of
down
move
November,
of
to
blood
used
to
result
honor
CH.
injunctions. Our
proper
the
guarantees
with
operation is
be
not
friend, is brought
dear
Burr
shall
under
then
STATES.
UNITED
; this
name
may
object, my
THE
OF
ease,
may
and
satisfyyou."
Burr
and
Wilkinson's
a
tissue
Dayton
course,
not
felt strong
they
of falsehoods
would
such
as
reason
not
these
have
to
vented
in-
letters
contained.
So
conduct,
one
no
him
any
Dayton
to
deny
ties that
of
directed
to
on
and
Adair
see
in
their
been
letters
Bollman
New
to
Wilkinson.
started
by
sea
deception
previously
letters
Swartwout
way.
of
with
the
which
have
identical
time
same
similar
the
was
arid to deliver to
doubtless
At
almost
Swartwout, at
Kentucky,
despatches,the contents
made
known, but were
him
the
July, started
have
other
and
might
future
Burr.
or
these
with
Furnished
Wilkinson's
concerned
as
could
free from
set him
bound
far
255
PREPARATIONS.
BURR'S
1806.
never
with
Erick
despatches for
Orleans.
Pestre.
After
crossing the
mountains
he
threw
At Canonsburg,about fifteen
ordinary caution.
miles beyond Pittsburg,
he stopped at the house of an
old friend, Colonel
serted
Morgan, and there so freelyasaside
of the Federal
imbecility
government and
the certaintyof a speedy separation of the Western
States from the Eastern,that Morgan thought himself
to give President
bound
Jefferson a warning.
The
conversation
at Canonsburg took place in the
afternoon
and
evening of August 22. A few days
afterward
Burr
arrived
at Blennerhassett's
island,
where
he found the owner
waiting with enthusiasm
to receive him.
Of all the eager
dupes with whom
Burr
had to deal, this intelligent
and
accomplished
Irish gentleman was
the most
simple. After wasting
the
256
HISTORY
had
dollars
leave
to
him
Burr
the
than
and
which
"Wilkinson
; but
Wilkinson
to
which
than
one
various
this
He
that he
small
property
littleas to
so
wished
of
The
Burr
getting money
had
to
invest.
he
said to
able
actual
Blennerhassett's
success.
of
way
make
less
was
falsehood.
to
was
burned
in effect what
Blennerhassett
detect
certain
seemed
ll.
sand
thirtyor fortythou-
Blennerhassett
which
said to Blennerhassett
Burr
discovered
produced
embarrassed.
CH.
ardently
bold speculation
fortune by some
; and
more
pressingnecessitythan to obtain
no
funds
STATES.
island,he
more
in funds
his
had
UNITED
live upon;
always
make
his
on
not
to
invested
was
THE
OF
tion
speculafortune
invented
; and
than
among
more
his
ingeniousthan that
of buying a certain
the
as
Spanish claim, known
the
district on
Bastrop grant, covering an immense
Red
River,and supposed to be owned in part by one
to buy
Lynch in Kentucky. Burr had undertaken
of which
dollars,
Lynch's interest for fortythousand
only four thousand or five thousand dollars need be
paid in money ; and he persuaded Blennerhassett
that on the most
moderate
estimate,they could reap'
Blennerhassett
from it the profit
of a million.
was
expedientsnone
assured
that
before
was
the
more
end
of the year
and
be
to
support
Burr.
though Kentucky
and
Tennessee
Ohio
were
was
Louisiana
its ruler,under
and
the
the United
revolution
secured; and
doubtful,they would
257
PREPARATIONS.
1306.
BURR'S
end
by following Tennessee.
The
the
but
due
cheapness was
its
moment
emigrationwould
meanwhile,
Erick
at
go
to doubts
as
would
once
be
to
by the
ested
be inter-
become
mous
enor-
the spot,and
He
would,
England,
short time
Blennerhasset's
incredibly
turned.
was
Unluckily for him, his wife's head
turned
even
more
easily than his own ; and
of Theodosia
Allston,who
the
island,dazzled
had been two days
so
enthusiastic
set
himself
disunion
eyes
an
Burr's
under
to
show
scheme
eye, to
the
infallible cure
Ohio
"
Gazette
"
of
the
September
at
guest
Burr
that
was
he
publish a
State of Ohio
was
or
the
Before
of both.
supporter of the
in order
was
became
head
house, Blennerhassett
in the
work,
to
series of essays
that
the
with
legation.1
an
charms
ity
to its valid-
vast.
minister
as
character
would
to
to
once
decided
members
for secretaryof
Bollman
In
take
be directed
fortune
Blennerhassett's
empire
new
rise at
in
;
the
validitywas
new
at
government
essays
4 under
was
printed in
the
nature
sig-
Querist."
VOL.
III."
Blennerhassett
17
Papers,p.
"
351.
258
HISTORY
OF
Senator
days with
impotence of
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
to
people,and their inducements
separate empire. September 10 he crossed
river
Lexington
to
went
in
the
and
the
was
as
positively
Tennessee.
in
for his
only State
his
own.
confidence
Wilkinson
and
Tennessee
was
in
which
Burr
Whether
he had
Jackson
than
Daniel
Clark
nessee
Ten-
always claimed
better grounds
for his faith in
might
least vehement
at
the
ward
shortlyafter-
was
set
of Andrew
friendship
Jackson,
was
stronglyattached to Burr,
of Nashville
the town
Kentucky,
Nashville
to
Owing chieflyto
and
11.
Western
of the
up
the
THE
be
doubted
in
hatred
but
of
the
Spaniards. The
Spaniardswere
pressingclose against
Burr
little force at Natchitoches,and
Wilkinson's
made
his
of the
use
scheme.
own
him
given to
the
toast
Burr
at
old
not
threatened
cent
returned
order
to
sentiment
in
war
and
to
Kentucky ;
appeared in
the newspaper
few
within
was
as
fence
for de-
"Millions
for tribute."
cover
days later
week
at Nashville
denly
sud-
strange
the
brigade commanders
brigades at
them
"
on
when
our
once
the
on
were
the government
country"
should
to
place their
such
shortest
ordered
and
constituted
requirethem
to
authorities of
march.
This
1806.
BURR'S
unauthorized
step
supposed
conspiracy,and
of Burr's
gravelyin
Jackson
the
be
to
promised
com-
of the Government
eyes
Washington.
at
Allston
Theodosia
Meanwhile
left in
been
commonly
was
interest
the
in
taken
259
PREPARATIONS.
of
charge
himself
Blennerhassett
her husband
and
had
Blennerhassetts,while
the
behaved
he
though
as
villageschool-boyplayingthe part of
were
chieftain
in
an
of
Burr
Colonel
Spaniards,like
and
also friends
them
the
to
this
was
Taylor told
and
insisted
nerhassett's
By
Allstons
dition
expefided
con-
upon
papers
common
agreed
died."
were
Burr."
be
He
king
of
queen
added
Catholic
priestsand
that
the societies
strong party ;
got
When
that
on
he
was
the
Theodosia
was
this
at the
tale,the world
consent
that the
to
the
pieceof
but
his
Blennerhassetts
was
were
subsequent
incredulous,
disbelievinghis story;
of
proved the extent
that
be
tory
Spanish terrilisted
enpriestswere
expedition
; and
to go to England
this
would
friends in the
to swap
for Colonel
trial
would
French, had
wanted
who
business
He
Allston
Roman
belonged to
man
fortunes.
Burr
; that those
in his corps
very
the
Colonel
Burr
great many
thousand
; two
which
Mrs.
that
and
had
"
their
Taylor,"that
whenever
Mexico
about
met
gardener,a simple,straightforwardfellow
Peter
Mexico,
he
man
make
to
was
in his
named
active
and
young
every
inherit
Blension.
deluand
the
260
empire from
could
Allston
"
her
I will win
in
deeds
father;
take
it
the
by
council
Theodosia's
as
crown
impatient to exchange
sett
was
the
court
longed
of her young
to set
sail
for secretary of
Bollman
of this
advance
Mrs.
her
if Allston
Burr's
use
sealed
guaranty
to
England
legation. Under
with
Erick
the
ence
influ-
offered
to
would
certain
for
Blennerhassett
for
the extent
to
my
Blennerhas-
intoxication,Blennerhassett
money
by
island
solitary
; and
empress
minister
as
"
"
in field !
and
whether
husband.
he cried,
title,"
"
11.
CH.
existed
doubts
but
better
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
him
give
written
Allston
; which
amount
and
did.2
1.
October
time
No
would
building at Marietta
others
men;
hundred
to
more.
had
been
about
carry
built elsewhere
be
Recruiting
went
lost.
The
boats
five hundred
would
carry
five
rapidly forward.
Lynch's interest in
March
2
in the
Blennerhassett
2,
heart
of Louisiana.
Papers,p. 333;
Blennerhassett
1811.
Blennerhassett
to
Allston,
Philadelphia,Burr
directions
to
the
and
October
of
movements
Casa
Burr
Dayton.
York
in New
Pestre
Marquis of
the
Swartwout
to
De
sent
report
to
conspirators
his friends
with
communicate
To
261
PREPARATIONS.
BURR'S
1806.
25, with
the
Western
well
Yrujo,as
De
gave
and
as
Pestre
to
understand
to his Government
wrote
squads : l
river in
Colonel
44
of
Burr
have
will
made.
After
follow
Burr
once
the
of
and
meanwhile
place
Orleans,
which
1
the
will
and
the
passing
people
Cincinnati
thousand
there
the
stand
the
the
this
mask,
of
the
of
Mississippi.
armed
States, and
himself
at
to
will
Yrujo to Cevallos,Nov.
the
have
head
offer, will
work,
clothed
given
10. 1806
ences
its differ-
of
the
troop
will
met, which
has
which
him.
MSS.
will
Colonel
will wait
he
is supposed
arms
Mississippi.
where
Western
set
pretext
they expect
time
at the
navigation of
accept the
will
under
this
of
He
men
down
move
great land-purchase he
Orleans
independence
to
them
Natchez,
New
in
with
course
at
stop
Assembly
down
five
dropping
down
will
to
In
about
us
thus
Ohio
deposited
government
with
upper
go
on
get possession of
the
five hundred
some
"
establishingthem
to
that
the
collectingon
were
to
one
until
the
happen
declare
at
the
of
descend
in
I
ment.
governto
New
character
understand
Spanish Archives.
262
HISTORY
Colonel
that
Burr
independence,
that
States
the
This
and
President
When
Burr
England
them
with
Rouge.
that
with
West
Florida
the
of
Rouge
Yrujo
should
am
by
on
things
to-morrow
to
be
on
that
believed
Britain.
inasmuch
the
as
it up
assured
that
written
his
this
in 1776,
to
guard
of
Burr's
another
from
Governor
Baton
good
on
Folch
although
Folch's
be
must
to master
to live
and
with
doned,
project is aban-
wishes
he
contrary
and
him
of
terms
same
Great
drew
of Governor
means
of the American
the
the
accompany
11.
declaration
against
who
person
Wilkinson, he
to-day or
of Baton
in
notable
more
I have
be
to
that
state
the
CH.
the
on
Spain,
General
write
Although
persuaded
theirs
in
the
the
STATES.
it is couched
is the
was
UNITED
terms
of
alreadywritten
troops that
and
with
has
adopted
made
and
THE
that
circumstance
actual
OF
of
am
connection
perfectlyinformed
intentions,I
letter to the
shall
Governor
the alert."
then
supposed
in
mand
com-
to be
in his
on
front,
Burr's
"
day
I
to
conduct
"
positivelyassured,"
am
another
Orleans,
to
join
will
embark
Colonel
Burr
he
said,
from
New
in
"
that
York
from
for
one
New
Louisiana, three of
his
intimate
friends, depositariesof
namely,
Mr.
Colonel
Smith,
the
and
since
by
this time
Orleans
the New
attributed
the
cipherwith
and
execution
the
The
the
the
tial
confiden-
Casa
Calvo's
the
of
one
spirators,
con-
to
efficaciously
very
it shall
case
projects
be
carried
of
chief
despatch
Pestre,who
house
appeared
of
Burr's
various
.
in
week
of
one
Burr,
mentioned
next
about
arrival
the
November
27 at
of
De
Yrujo's
"
About
search
said
in
through
person
between
me,
know
of
is
contribute
scheme
the
only
through
Marquis of
Peace, who
Colonel
of precaution,
excess
an
to
affair,and
of
also
of
wrote
Viceroy of
this
of
not
Prince
of
the
to
is
of the
is to
as
effect."
into
"
aide-
13
who
famous
an
out
newspapers
but
the
went
No.
of the
channel
Burr,
district
ness
busi-
movements
must
Natchez
and
Colonel
to
they
the
the
idea
This
implicated in
and
the
to watch
his adventurers.
of
and
Accordingly
general
them
recommending
Burr
them
giving
Mexico,
son
Floridas
both
of
governors
whose
adventurer.
that
of
de-camp
the
and
was
confidence
of
Erwin,
who
same
Miranda,
of
Dr.
certain
whole
his
lately marshal
Swartwout,
York,
New
of
263
PREPARATIONS.
BURR'S
1806.
This
.
which,
States,he
could
former
partisans,who
French
officer came
from
came
after
simply that
ago
as
me
recommending
this
give
me
person
had
information
Kentucky
of
his
letter from
him
to
to me,
in
taking.
under-
Colonel
the
writer
lately visited
about
see
them
those
worthy
264
of
OF
HISTORY
curiosity.The
my
October
Pestre
he
message
following:
should
I
told
that
plans
and
in order
States
plans, but
divided
and
the
; that
with
Florida
to
the
the
in
of
might
New
wished
diminish
Mobile
be
place, to
and
ask
stop the
despatched by
on
Burr's
be
of
Spain
of
Yrujo to
warn
or
clude
conwhile
mean-
of
who
the
when
posed
dis-
should
would
Governor
courier
much
part, that
Americans
him,
ripe
numbers
complete, he
friends
the
in
should
on
the
to
no
Louisiana,
boundaries, and
to
burdens
River,
ments
arma-
procured strong
which
be
should
the
could
Lower
be
must
added,
write
the
his
of
important
there
He
to
me
of
ready and
Kentucky was
of
trary
con-
circulate
to
which
men
and
most
party
regard
the
on
but
Mexico,
design
true
force
revolution
Spain
take
should
the
be
emancipation
all
special
to
necessary
State
the
armed
the
control
as
the
Ohio, stood
and
to offer resistance.
soon
was
Upper
this is the
population, an
to
hide
that
as
the
assemblages
secret
for his
enough
that
; that
rumors
to
it
Tennessee
of
such
that
to
the
of
longer be kept
treat
Lexington,
was
attack
to
meant
limited
were
States,
rumor
he
believe
to
not
and
as
11.
the
on
me,
hear
was
Western
and
CH.
"
soon
his
the
this letter
of
was
also
"He
this
date
STATES.
to
gave
going well
that
UNITED
25."
De
was
THE
West
gate
navi-
explosion
couriers
Government
who
from
Orleans."
Burr's message
caused
Mexico
all the
that
"
Spanish
although
BURR'S
265
PREPARATIONS.
in
cautious
be
must
they
acted
have
to
seems
in
Yrujo
attack
Florida
on
De
After
he
and
ever,
visited New
had
spared
of any
success
York,
13
December
and
Philadelphia,
to
probably
Mexico.
or
Pestre
be
Pestre's mission
impossiblethe
render
to
-precaution
no
De
suspiciousthan
more
and
that would
very
made
him
listeningto
he returned
again called
upon
Yrujo.
He
"
told
in
Swartwout
Mr.
Smith,
that
wish
Burr's
of
ship
Miranda's
him,
to
on
serve
for
their
vessel
to
two
make
keep
of
them
as
will
and
officers,
1
see
out
of
to
to
them,
observe
with
occurrence.
direct
as
friends
expresses
set
enlisted
quickest
ferent.
difand
of
movements
good disposition,
of
any
Three
go
to
to
Charleston
MSS.
soon
are
news
embarkation
of
possible
me,
the
provisions.
as
as
told
chant
mer-
instructed
soon
of
the
out
youths
the
in
the
captain
he
the
informant
their
despatch
go
the
Likewise
set
three
or
despatch
some
should
Washington
to
Erwin, Colonel
of
colonel, that
seen
informed
captain of
was
Orleans.
had
had
Dr.
as
brother
These, my
dispositionor
to
who
he
he
Leander,' should
'
New
posts.
Government,
to
the
officers
as
Some
and
well
as
and
part of the
the
keenest, go
'
Emperor
possible for
as
he,
Captain Lewis,
and
whom
York,
New
that
"
to
of
Norfolk
good
take
the
tant
impornumber
command
numerous
Spanish Archives.
266
OF
HISTORY
recruits
South
Colonel
whom
Carolina.
there
The
could
Yrujo
So
far
make
then
raised
in
returned
with
embark
11.
have
embark
them
for
directlyfor
that
could
the feebleness
see
he
as
of the
had
both forewarned
been
not
attack
sudden
will
will
rest
not
although he
he
will
has
CH.
York."
New
city from
and
and
STATES.
son-in-law
himself
He
Orleans.
New
Burr's
Kentucky,
from
UNITED
THE
West
on
acy.
conspirbe
true ;
lest Burr
Florida
armed,
fore-
and
should
Texas.
or
The
States
President
government alone.
Jefferson
many
persons
wrote
Merry
here
should
the
intended
Burr's
to
Yrujo.
November,1
"
have
remained
design as
at this moment
the
which
they have
learned
would
have
still more
told
that
the
"
been
President
astounded
to
objectof
now
in
no
Government
ignorance of
know
with
tainty
cer-
the
preparations
making." Merry
astonished
by
astonishing,"
the
long
not
are
was
It is
that
so
even
indifference of
movements
besides
in
The
had
he
been
ignorant of
means
time
had
The
citywas
small
1
passed
when
in Wilkinson's
gunboats which
Merry
any
to C. J
were
Fox, Nov.
could
measure
Even
hands.
meant
2, 1806
to
; MSS.
be
be
taken.
of the five
stationed
British Archives.
at
BURR'S
the
That
there.
at
saw
of
mouth
no
Kentucky.
New
chance
the
Burr
Orleans
of
2G7
PREPARATIONS.
Mississippi,
only
Wilkinson
and
was
checking
not
one
should
to
them
be
was
actually
ance
resist-
meet
imagined.
except
in
Yrujo
Ohio
and
CHAPTER
Burr
HAD
plan
of
November
and
he
force;
he
moment
Nashville
from
joinedby
he
reached
made
as
New
too
Orleans
delays,
many
October
Allston.
and
From
by difficulties and
beset
original
early as
Lexington, where
to
Blennerhassett
was
Ohio
the
patience of Ohio.
far the
too
returned
but
his
carrying out
tried
was
in
succeeded
all his
with
XII.
1
he
that
growing
opposition.
Government
the
yet
the
class of
from
men
old
Marshall
at
their
Attorney, Joseph
left in
office
head.
H.
in
their
The
by Jefferson.
turn
would
least
to
reason
United
Daveiss,was
Republicans,so numerous
from
alienating them
they
had
respectablebody
existed, with
Humphrey
Kentucky
still
Federalists
he
whom
expect opposition.In
of
at
that
also
Burr's
the
States
a
District
Federalist,
admirers
President
were
shrank
by denouncing Burr,
not
desert
Burr
while
until
the
PAST
ESCAPE
jsident denounced
chance
The
Federalists
to
early
As
him.
the
as
1787
year
269
MASSAC.
FORT
saw
used
Governor
here
it.
Miro, the
His
The
failed ; but
and
who
governors
with
Wilkinson
some
change
America
much
Natchez
during the
next
succeeded
Miro
and
in
American
ten
popular support,
years the Spanish
maintained
relations
friends,always hoping
would
politics
bring
that
their
favor.
in 1798
at
came
lead of Jefferson
defy
his
no
son.1
Wilkin-
projectinto
did
received
movement
James
was
purpose
the
United
did
more.
when
moment
and
The
settlement
Kentucky,
Breckenridge,seemed
States
of boundary
government,
and
under
about
when
the
to
the
celebrated
Spanish intriguesamong
not wholly unknown
Kentucky were
in
that
Marshall
1
2
State;
and
and
Daveiss
as
time
obtained
the
Republicans of
to the Federalists
went
on,
evidence
Humphrey
warranting
192-199.
270
OF
HISTORY
assault
an
The
the
to
clannish
the
was
risks
of
be
of life and
and
in
personal revenge,
was
Daveiss
upon.
laid
and
12.
death
society so
not only
violence
counted
CH.
deeply implicated.1
most
matter
Spanish pensioners;
that of Kentucky,
as
to
STATES.
Republicans
attempt
feared,but
be
to
the
on
UNITED
THE
his
took
plans
accordingly.
Burr's appearance
Wilkinson's
company
attention
called
the
Ohio
and
at St. Louis
in
of 1805
during the summer
the old Spanish conspiracy,
and
the
As early
opportunityhe wanted.
Jan. 10, 1806, while
Burr
still struggling
was
as
his plot from
at Washington to save
collapsefor
of foreign aid, and while John
want
Randolph was
beginning his invectives in Congress, the districtthe President
to
a
private letter
attorney wrote
denouncing the old Spanish plot,and declaringthat
it was
still alive.2 "A
separationof the Union in
favor of Spain is the objectfinally. I know
not
the means."
what are
Assuming that Jefferson was
he had
appointed
ignorant of the facts,because
General
Wilkinson
Governor
of St. Louis,who,
as
I am
is,
convinced, has been for years, and now
a
pensioner of Spain," Daveiss asserted his own
knowledge, and contented himself with a general
warning;
gave
Daveiss
to
on
"
"
"
Marshall's
Daveiss
to
Conduct, by J. H.
177-179.
10, 1806;
Daveiss, 1807.
View
of the
Clark's
dent's
Presi-
Proofs,pp.
PAST
ESCAPE
plot
This
subject
the
is laid wider
to
imagine.
you
the
Western
Some
be.
may
271
MASSAC.
than
from
man
no
in office he
high
FORT
of
Mention
ever
country, howthem
deeply
are
I hate
of expression ;
duplicity
to be explicit,
not authorized
this subject I am
but on
will despatch some
fit person
You
is it necessary.
nor
into the Orleans
country to inquire."
this treason.
with
tainted
February
Burr's
to
10
Daveiss
At
him
The
Eaton.
only
for
the
air
path,and would
on
his
knees.
leave to
one
or
have
country would
his
naval
to
have
at
arrangements
annihilate
two
letters
the
word
spirators
con-
quietly
persons
in
Burr
short
Daniel
in
the
Orleans
would
have
rified
ter-
The
Clark
President
latin,Madison,
showed
October
did
to
Jefferson,Feb.
See p. 278.
but
he
have
to
Gal-
did
not
10, 1806
View,
randa
memo-
his
it among
February 15
letter
22,2 mention
of information.
Daveiss
Daveiss's
Dearborn
and
in
abjectly
militaryand
the
Wilkinson
brought
New
spiracy.1
con-
these
stopped
slightchange
with
warning from
denunciations,waiting
popular contempt.
by Jefferson
Western
when
summer,
another
full of
President's
under
written
time
received
was
previous
Wilkinson
and
the
about
President
arrived,the
the
during
movements
charging both
and
again callingattention
wrote
he
etc.
many
wrote
to
Cf. Marshall's
272
HISTORY
l
Daveiss
the
OF
request
subject. No
Wilkinson
THE
STATES.
followed,nor
acts
knew
12.
on
either
was
surveillance.
under
put
CH.
all he
communicate
to
other
Burr
or
UXITED
Daveiss
what
wished; for if
Perhaps this was
much
Jefferson pursued his course
further,he was
certain to compromise himself in appearingto protect
Daveiss
not only continued
to
Burr
and Wilkinson.
write letter after letter denouncing Wilkinson
to the
or
ment;
acknowledgPresident,without receivinganswer
he not
a
journey to St. Louis in
only made
tucky
to Kenorder to collect evidence,and on his return
in July to the President that Burr's object
wrote
to cause
a revolt of the
was
Spanish provinces,
"
and
of all the
severance
the
from
he did not
he
in advance.
edited
newspaper,
could
was
for
that
means
afford
a
and
in 1801
inform
obligedto
hack,
Duane,
a
or
"
not
so
in
life.
worthless
quite so
vile
which
weekly
in character
poor
slight gain
some
written
so
ernment,"
gov-
the President
by
man
ritories
Ter-
one
step, of
new
established at Frankfort
risk
to
He
newspaper
Cheetham
also took
himself
think
form
to coalesce and
Union,
but
"
States and
Western
as
Historyof
notorietyhe
John
Wood
successful
Callender.
the
and
as
ing
Hav-
tration,"
last Adminis-
Jefferson
Proofs,p. 179.
to
Daveiss,Feb.
15, 1806;
View,
etc.
Clark's
ESCAPE
1806.
ham's
PAST
of the
Narrative
"
273
MASSAC.
FORT
in
Suppression,"
order
give
to
"
Narrative
called
Cheetham's
to himself.
notoriety
in 1802 printed a
for a reply,and Wood
Correct
Both pamphlets were
Statement."
contemptible; but
Cheetham
was
supportedby the Clintons,while Wood
"
"
could
He
find
no
drifted
mountains
to
one
for
pay
his
Richmond, and
until, in the winter
to
literarywares.
thence
of
the
across
1805-1806,
he
fort,
of Frankunnoticed,into the village
dropped quietly,
in Kentucky. Humphrey Marshall
and District
"
edited
by
John
Wood.
alarmed
and
World"
seemed
several
attempts
The
irritated
to
have
societyof Kentucky
find
that
the
was
Western
"
other
"Western
October
founded
existence
men
in
VOL.
to
to
drive
no
Street away
or
kill
to
him,
World"
of
"
two
Spanish Association. Meanwhile
high position dreaded
Judge
exposure,
a
"
III.
"
18
274
HISTORY
Sebastian,of
Court
the
Judge Innis,of
of
United
the
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
CH.
12.
Court.
acy
right in thinking the Spanish conspirallied with Burr's conspiracy
of 1787-1798
closely
In strikingat Sebastian and Innis,he threw
of 1805.
of Burr's friends,
all of
into the ranks
consternation
Daveiss
whom
was
more
were
Adair, bolder
intrigue. Senator
defied
and
Wilkinson
by
less familiar
or
number
of Wilkinson's
Daveiss
gave
them
in
appearance
no
Kentucky
with
than
the
; but
exposure
the
Spanish
rest, stood
the
greater
accompliceswere
paralyzed.
Burr's
respite. In October
offered
chance
to
press
action
advantage. Jefferson's persistentsilence and infree to do
left the energeticdistrict-attorney
what
he liked ; and
nothing short of compromising
his
the
Administration
in Kentucky ;
of October
passed the month
far from
but his preparations
were
complete. The
in
delay was
probably due to the time consumed
At last Burr
paid
getting Blennerhassett's
money.
to Lynch the purchase-money of four or five thousand
dollars for Bastrop's grant. He had alreadyordered
Burr
the
construction
of boats
and
enlistment
of
men
at
at Marietta,
Ohio, and especially
Blennerhassett's island ; but he waited too longnear
the Cumberland, for
before beginning operationson
various
not
pointson
till November
the
3 did Andrew
dollars
in
buildingof
at Nashville
letter from
receive
Jackson
ESCAPE
1806.
of
enlistment
the
and
promptly undertaken
time
could
than
Meanwhile
FORT
PAST
"
affairs
Burr's
foolish
foolish conversation
more
combined
Burr,
World,"
the
drew
island
alarmed,
became
he
could
not
of
the
to the
and
thought
and
return
important to
too
Allston
at
alone
in
wrote
while
Kentucky,
it necessary
to the
and
Western
"
to
to
send
Burr
that
safety. Thinking
be trusted
the
armaments
Burr
20 she
with
State
the
Querist,"and
assaults
October
warning.
required more
Blennerhassett,left
with
was
was
Blennerhassett
attention
Mrs.
that
"
of both
the
much
so
her husband
them
with
of which
going ill in
were
Blennerhassett's
of Ohio.
all
recruits,
by Jackson, but
spared by Burr.
be
275
MASSAC.
post,and
the note
ignorant
her
gardener,Peter Taylor,
to Cincinnati,
with
horseback,through Chillicothe,
on
orders
Senator
ask
to
reached
Smith
Cincinnati
for the
October
address.
23, after
lor
Tay-
three
days
of
buildingwith
same
and
his store,
"
The
contractor.
army
for Smith
was
senator
of Burr
"
He
that
allowed
he
I must
be
No
this
said,
'
Blennerhassett.
or
knew
nothing
mistaken
was
In
the
; this
of
was
his
edge
knowl-
of
either
not
the
"
"
and
Taylor'swords,
right place,
Cincinnati.'
Smith, storekeeper,
took him
and
upstairs,
gave him,
ready
al-
was
too
courage
keeper
store-
In the
with
them
place.
Mr.
John
end, Smith
every
injunc-
276
OF
HISTORY
of
tion
letter to be
secrecy,
UNITED
THE
STATES.
delivered
CH.
12.
Burr
to
at
reached
"
from
threatened
many
quarters at
once.
"
"
44
greatlysurprised and
was
unusual
the
by
hasten
one,
any
harbored
never
did any
nor
the
well
for your
satisfaction
any
design
States, I
Eastern
the
from
it.
of
exists
or
said Burr,1
letter of
of your
it, as
to
there
If
Western
to
reply
to
own.
my
tenor
reallyhurt,"
ever
and
separate
I
as
the
totallyignorant
am
expressed
person
to
23d,
any
such
intimate
intention
such
design
to me."
From
persistedin
solemnly
Western
he
never
this
with
mind
own
Burr
denied
last
peculiarreservation.
was
the
intention
to
What
he
so
separate the
empire by
1
that moment
to John
consent.
Senate
Eeport,p.
33.
ESCAPE
1806.
PAST
Burr
disunion
FORT
277
MASSAC.
speak. On
conscious
of having alreadysaid
that subjecthe was
his stay in Kentucky a matter
to make
of
as
so much
The
risk.
some
joiced
leading Republicans would have reat his departure; but to desert him
was
more
Of
their
than
allow.
would
tempers
again
never
opportunityto compromise
A
his
Nashville
at
Kentucky bank-notes
dollars,the United
session
November
and
to
Burr's
of the
United
District Court
States
eight and
Burr
Western
In
extended
States and
the
attack
scheme
foot
Burr
on
court
tary
mili-
affidavit
in court
of all the
Territories.
condition
nervous
revolution
in
violatingthe
by settingon
to
thousand
rose
for
with
opened its
fortyhours,
Besides an
expeditionagainst Mexico.
this effect,
the district-attorney
asserted
that Burr's
it.
Andrew
order,
of three
sum
complaint against
used
when
day
Within
and
Taylor left
letter in reply
Daveiss
5, District-Attorney
made
laws
States
another
saw
Peter
Burr's
received
for the
Frankfort.
at
Daveiss
and
Lexington,carryingwith them
to Senator
Smith, on the same
Jackson
to
enemies,
after Blennerhassett*
week
dared
roused
of
Kentucky society,this
great attention
and
hot
cism.
criti-
The
World."
upon
follow.
then
The
denied
the
course
Daveiss
which
judge took
the
motion
could
a
three
; but
man
so
days
Burr
with
count
to
tainty
cer-
placed would
reflect,and
could not
afford to
278
HISTORY
rest silent.
the motion
OF
8, when
November
and
UNITED
THE
the
denied
STATES.
Judge
12.
Innis overruled
Burr
process,
CH.
appeared
in
and
Wednesday,
challengedinquiry.The following
November
fixed for the investigation.
12, was
Burr
A
summoned.
rounded
grand-jurywas
appeared, surby friends,with Henry Clay for counsel, and
with strong popularsympathy in his favor.
Daveiss
list of witnesses
summoned
too appeared, with
a
;
in Indiana,and
chief witness was
absent
but the
Daveiss
asked a postponement.
The
charged;
disjury was
and
after a dignifiedand grave harangue
from
left the court in triumph.1
the accused, Burr
On the strength of this acquittalhe ventured
again
in Cincinnati,
November
to appear
23, in confidential
court
long impunity
Burr
held
Jefferson
to
soon
was
22, while
October
Smith
Senator
relations with
term
of his
end.
dent
Lexington,Presi-
at
was
Cabinet
the
; but
council
at
ington.
Wash-
then
Spaniards were
threateningan
force in
attack upon
Louisiana, while Wilkinson's
Orleans
the
Territories amounted
Mississippiand
and
eighty-onemen, with two
only to ten hundred
ferson,
gunboats. Memoranda, written at the time by JefThe
detailed
the
by the Government
"
who
During
was
the
situation
:
last
of
Marshall's
Cabinet
the
it
was
understood
2
"
Congress, Colonel
hope of being employed
session
here, finding no
department
as
of
government, opened
himself
in any
confiden-
Burr
; Jefferson MSS.
ESCAPE
1806.
illyto
some
ily,on
PAST
States, which
had
does
made
this
General
went
He
excited
spring
his
on
State
Secretaryof
and
Mr.
Williams
of
Mr.
Tyler;
Colonel
and
Pittsburg;
the
that
the
Morgan,
We
newspapers.
confidential
district- attorney
have
to
for
treason,
the
act
and
try any
of
suspicious
Wilkinson
be
first in
of
arrested
like
other
also to order
some
going
tried
offence
to
manner
it proper
persons
mitting
com-
and
think
to
the
siana,
Loui-
his
acts
Adams
near
; to
committing
with
proposed
him
arrest
against
of
the
in
General
force.
account,
is
by
as
him
to
by Burr to Eaton
this design as
his lieutenant,
in Wilkinson
suspicionsof infidelity
become
now
what
in
and
command,
being
received
in
and
and
engaged
this
Orleans
followers
to Fort
up
New
his
of
We
gunboats
to ;
amount
the
Governors
the
whatever
or
to
Roberts,
to
him
have
to
his
written
misdemeanor,
may
laws.
act,
Of
respecting a
Kentucky, of Tennessee,
strictlywatched, and on
him
overt
any
the
of
He
Nicholson
Nevill, and
be
from
come
York,
are
letters
has
New
citizens
having
country.
John
of
his
Granger.
from
of
or
State
other
to
Western
myself
those
motion
every
Mr.
information
way,
of
information
and
Ely
the
dent
indepen-
an
tour
could
from
Of
have
we
the
to
made
character.
Mr.
through
this
he
thought
suspicions, as
proposition here
movements
and
before
had
Catilinarian
Eaton
off
lie
confederacy.
such
whom
279
of
of
MASSAC.
on
persons
scheme
FORT
proper
well
June
as
11
very
to
be
general,
done
to
as
for
his
disobedience
at
St.
Louis
to
question
him
of
descend
is
on
orders
with
280
all
HISTORY
practicaldespatch
command
take
to
did
Natchitoches,
at
till
12.
the
out
then
which
on
CH.
mark
to
there, and
works
St. Louis
leave
not
STATES.
Orleans
New
to
defensive
certain
site of
UNITED
THE
OF
repair
business
he
Consideration
September.
adjourned.
"
land
by
by
or
force
of the
the
New
from
consultation
be
powers
to
arrest
Burr
commission
by post
to
Although
against the
not
posts
our
future
these
chance
fail
to
Mr.
if
on
Smith
that
us;
shall
the
Preble
have
be
sent
Governors
liable.
the
on
He
vessels
Wilkinson
to
are
Governor
their
by
discretionary
the
Letters
or
and
to
is to have
[Upper] Louisiana,
to be
Freeman
General
to
departure, for
could
of
Claiborne,
Governor
surpriseof
as
Governor
Colonel
and
any
of
himself
made
'
Claiborne,
with
confidentially
has
command
Norfolk, and
trail, with
is to be removed.
Browne
Dr.
and
for
Orleans,
Argus
'
Graham
; that
call
to
there,
Governor
Burr's
on
consult
if he
ordered
to enable
found
great discretionarypowers
through Kentucky
the
from
Gallatin
with
consultation
on
be
Mr.
to take
that
York, three
shall
between
appropriations shall
shall,
and
water,
Charleston
from
two
they please,there
as
sea
on
gunboats
two
agreed unanimously
to repair to New
Decatur
and
Preble
Captain
is
It
24.
October
and
be written
of
sippi,
Missis-
guard against
him.
postponed
The
tion
ques-
till Treble's
information."
of
Wilkinson's
put
protection
misconduct, they
provided no
measures
an
instant
stop
to
Burr's
out.
to carry them
was
activity.All that remained
and
Unfortunately Gallatin found that his hands
Smith
tied by Acts of Congress.
those of Robert
were
The
next
met
again.
ESCAPE
1806.
and
any
movements
of
the
officers
the
of
determination
the
marines
the
send
to
which
garrison
New
operations ; and
etc.,
send
we
written
Graham
be
of
result
October
of
with
that
to
John
to
stop in
Argus,'
send
off
take
or
the
place of,
to
Spanish
route, with
confidential
movements,
on
provide
to
himself
Letters
and
the
put
the
for
his
ment
govern-
still to
are
be
Governor
the
of
guard."
Cabinet
discussion,extending
25, was
merely an order
October
and
"
the
Governors,
guard,
take
rescind
the
to
committing
view
of
the
Burr's
to
members
is
to
writing
their
their
to
he
reinforce, or
into
this
22
the
them
Louisiana.
on
of
therefore
Claiborne, Freeman,
Mississippito
from
silence
of
on
and
[Upper]
to
The
total
We
to
instead
if necessary,
of
This
Orleans,
authority to inquire
Governors, etc., on
arrest
Burr.
Treble, Decatur,
here
are
at
quarter
proves
instead
and
gunboats,
that
newspapers,
law.
the
from
government,
against
act
overt
no
the
from
yesterday
is heard
Colonel
by
281
MASSAC.
arrived
word
one
of
FORT
not
of
Congress,
25.
''October
westward,
PAST
Kentucky
on
Orleans
Territory,
his
westward
way
and
reached
when
Marietta
Burr
the
about
should
have
from
Madison,
of November,
middle
alreadybegun
his increment,
been
the
told
by
Burr
plot, welcomed
talked much
which
more
crowded
that
Graham
him
with
concerned
was
great cordiality,
freelythan wisely.
on
Graham
at
The
mation
infor-
Marietta
led
282
HISTORY
him
to
OF
at
go
THE
end
the
UNITED
of
STATES.
November
CH.
12.
Chilli cothe,
to
in session,
and where
he
Legislaturewas
caused
law to be passed,December
a
2, empowering
the militia against the conspirathe governor
to use
tors.
Had
this measure,
or
one
equally energetic,
taken
been
it
by the President three months
earlier,
would
have
put an end to Burr's projectsbefore they
where
the
under
were
from
would
ruin,and
New
at
quite
would
way,
Orleans
but
saved
have
prevented
deluded
many
Graham's
much
men
trouble
was
not
it should
have
progress
though late,as
rapid,even
so
have
been.
Burr
had
ample warning.
November
his
and
from
exacted
District-
in
court
appointed December
uneasy,
motion
25
Henry Clay
Burr
written
at
as
became
denial
of
the
dence
projectsimputed to him. Fortified with this evito his own
credulity,
Clay again went into court
with Burr, for whose honor and innocence,"he said,
he could pledge his own," and assailed the districtof outraged virtue
attorney. A second time the scene
"
"
was
acted.
"
Smith
Once
the witnesses
more
saddled
his horse
and
vanished.
fled ; Adair
ator
Senwould
not
appear
the interests
conduct
the
and
of the
of Burr
United
and
Adair.
States government
Burr
was
in the
discharged,
PAST
ESCAPE
1806.
character; and
Frankfort
Nov.
to
25, 1806,
was
date
his second
made
motion
be
to
the
283
AC.
gave
MASS
enthusiastic
with
FORT
On
in court
remembered
in
that
day Daveiss
Frankfort, while
at
at length woke
to
Washington the Government
action.
An officer,
bringingdespatchesfrom General
Wilkinson
at Natchitoches,
presented himself at the
White
with news
House
so
startlingthat Jefferson
immediately called his Cabinet together. Another
memorandum
in the President's handwritingrecorded
at
"
department
"
25.
but
unwell.
Smith)
Present
after
show
21, by
that
which
decide
is
expeditionby
an
the
that
the
of
that
late
the
are
through
whom
We
be
:
To
the
had
overtures
been
at
have
been
issued
(see it),and
Pittsburg,if we have
Marietta,
1
Mr.
National
Gallatin
that
a
is
paring
com-
to the
brother
Wilkinson's
been
to
"
orders
the
write
agent
Wilkinson.
that
to
lamation
proc-
as
go
militaryofficer
to
him
Lieutenant
York,
made
followingdeterminations,
by
Meade
from
has
to
combination
General
Swartwout
to
ant
(Lieuten-
; and
New
from
drew,
with-
made
Cruz
information
Swartwout
satisfied that
to the
came
officer
Cowles
letter from
of
Wilkinson
been
have
heads
Dearborn
confidential
four
General
from
against Vera
sea
marshal,
we
camp,
Mr.
General
overtures
first the
of
contents
at
while
Despatches
October
of
myself
lows
fol-
there ;
the
col-
284
HISTORY
lector
Tiffin,
be the
to
the
General
and
general
river;
UNITED
Dearborn
to
write
of
the
brigade
;
Captain
to
to stop armed
particularly
grounds to be proceedingon
fitted for
General
armed
force
Wilkinson
he thinks
as
attempt
of
in
with
camp
This
addition
direct
the
procure
ChickaNew
station
with
arrangements
States.
his
to
for this
can
Bissell
him
good
on
leans,
Orof
the
dispose
the
iards
Spanof
his
to
United
(He
and
camp
view
to
General
by
to
Wilkinson
suspected
propagate
is made
is also to
proposing
enterprise,and
such
any
tenor,
same
best
the
coming
persons
he
to
born
Dear-
their passage;
to
of
to write
suspected
boats
withdraw, let
to
New
on
Dearborn
enterprise,and
as
to
if the
permit him
stores
in
orders
Virginia side
Bissell of the
any
12.
Governor
to
Massac, General
arrest
to
same
vessels ; and
will
any
him
enabling
Bluffs, give
saw
the
on
this
readiness
in
have
CH.
Jackson, supposed
vessels
and
to
write
to
General
to
Kentucky
of
give orders
purpose
STATES.
Louisville, General
the Governor
to
THE
OF
such
arrest
rence
concur-
of
being
propositions.
Dearborn
with
my
"
approbation.)
The
"
orders
You
will
use
said,1
"
every
enterprisewhich
any
of the
exertion
frustrate
to
has
hostile act
effectually
prevent any
rectly,
its object,
directlyor indi-
on
part
any
on
any
the
Dearborn
to
Wilkinson, Nov.
born
power," Dear-
in your
and
for
States,or
United
instantlysent.
were
of the
of the
found
in
evident
territories
territories of
or
about
the
intention
tee,
27, 1806; Keport of Commit-
Cong.
p. 408.
of
FORT
PAST
ESCAPE
1806.
MASSAC.
285
be
arrested,and
to
sounding officers or soldiers,were
to martial
if not amenable
law, were
civil authorities.
to the
over
orders
The
on
that
Burr's
Cruz
against Vera
the
of
tenor
President's
A
that
report.
directed
be
contrary to
from
should
thought
Wilkinson
nothing
his
information
moment's
President
satisfied the
expedition could
unreasonable,and
power
the confidence
Yet
faith.
good
suspiciousthan
more
was
the
sources.1
other
in his
be
the
of Wilkinson, and
hands
its face
idea
The
chieflyfor
remarkable
were
delivered
be
to
all
have
deceiving
was
Orleans
be the
must
city of New
letters
real point of danger. In truth, Wilkinson's
ing
alarmthan they told,and were
more
suppressedmore
of Daveiss; for
the warnings of Eaton
than
or
him,
the
that
and
was
measure
would
which
Wilkinson
and
Orleans.
Nov.
proclamation
the
Burr's
the
laws
; it warned
from
was
it
with
issued.2
announced
Dearborn's
Without
that
ter,
lettioning
men-
sundry
were
persons
name,
day
same
such
See
Proclamation
Cabinet
Appendix, xcvii.
conspiracy; and
Memoranda
of Nov.
of October
27, 1806;
draw
to with-
whatsoever
all persons
to
it directed
all offi-
22, p. 278.
Wilkinson's
Memoirs,
ii.
286
HISTORY
OF
and
THE
of
military,
all persons
detain
UNITED
the
and
STATES.
United
property
CH.
12.
States to seize
concerned
in the
enterprise.
The
last chance
they could
of
the
enter
before
stopping the conspirators
was
Mississippi
at
Fort
Massac.
taken
boats
and
seize
to
supplieswere
Blennerhassett's
about
take
to
Burr's
boats
Marietta.
brought by Burr's
island ; but
findingthat
possessionof
with
conspirators,
at
the
Blennerhassett
in
their
10-11, fled
midnight of December
river, a half-dozen ill-fitted boats, with
and
passed the Falls of
forty men,
at
"
"
at
the
about
time
when
Burr
and
Adair
to
men
militia
island
The
were
itself,the
company,
down
the
thirty or
the
Ohio
entered
Nashville.
ber
Graham, leavingOhio, reached Kentucky Decemand
the Governor
Legislature,
22, and induced
December
24, to follow the example of Ohio ; but he
Chillicothe and Frankfort,
lost much
time
between
so
that
even
and
tucky,
driving Burr from Ohio to Kenfrom Kentucky to Tennessee, the quickest
after
287
MASSAC.
FORT
PAST
ESCAPE
1806.
Patton
for recruits,and
Nashville
of his intimates
secrecy
their movements
and
Burr
Adair
the
went
became
friend
country
raised
had
Burr
As
men.
seventy-five
and
scouring
was
close
Jackson's
November
since
round
company
farther
of
South, the
closelyguarded,
more
obscure.
more
Nashville
reached
December
14,
their boats
directlyto the river,where
well trained
were
building. By that time Burr was
often
so
in the comedy he had within the last month
played. Senator Smith of Ohio began it October 23,
by writing the request that Burr's design should be
and
went
Smith
had
fears that
"candidly disclosed,"because
of the country.
it might interrupt the tranquillity
the same
later Henry Clay made
A month
request.
his
reach
Clover Bottom, where
did Burr
No sooner
boats
than
buildingunder
were
he
found
himself
formula.
Andrew
Jackson's
required to repeat
Jackson,
in
company
with
charge,
the
iar
famil-
General
appeared at Clover
Bottom, and intimated as plainlyas had been done by
credit reJohn
Smith
quired
and Henry Clay that his own
of designs against the Union.
disavowal
a
plied
Burr,with his usual dignifiedcourtesy,instantlycomhis denials were
accepted as satisfactory
; and
by Jackson.
On Jackson's part this conduct
surwas
peculiarly
Overton
as
his
witness, soon
288
prising,because
written
of Burr
which
language
of Burr's
himself
In
denunciatory letter
the
he
satisfied to
was
written
to
he
did
the secret
his
write
charges,went
supplies,and
to
on
enlistingmen
Orleans
knowledge
only from
Burr
disavowals,
to Burr
mention
his
Claiborne,November
safety;
own
and
upon
schemes, Jackson,
Claiborne
to
though
al-
withdraw
buildingboats,providing
for
Burr's
Colonel
motives
His
had
come
treachery has beday." Like Senator Smith,
secure
not
he
12.
I fear
"
said,
treasonable
of
denial
Burr's
not
of the
order
New
intimate
come
did
had
he
12, in which
before
accepting Burr's
14, Jackson
December
have
at
CH.
Wilkinson, couched
such
could
Adair.
or
and
showed
plans as
STATES.
month
Claiborne
denunciation
secret
in
than
more
Governor
to
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
remained
pedition.
ex-
his
in
Many of the best-informed
persons
and
Tennessee
Kentucky, including Burr's avowed
acter
partisans,held but a low opinion of Jackson's charJackson
or
veracity. Eight years afterward
Adair once
and John
more
appeared on the stage of
New
Orleans
history,and quarrelled,with charges
and
insinuations of
and countercharges of falsehood
secret.
own
treason.
"
Whatever
troops
1
of
in
Adair
wrote
at that
Jackson
the
were
to
published letter,2
time,
"
nor
did I
Claiborne,Nov.
Congress,1807-1808,
2
of
intentions
Colonel
I neither
organized
p. 571.
and
Burr,"
Annals
ESCAPE
1806.
for him
boats
friends
to my
failure
his
what
time
that
289
MASSAC.
State
or
the
letters
did I think
nor
known,
universally
was
by turning informer
By
FORT
; nor
him
after
PAST
mending
recom-
it necessary,
to
myself
save
witness."
people
of
Nashville
had
heard
to Blennerhassett's
of
Ohio
island.
had
The
taken
Governor
lature
Legis-
and
public measures
seize
to
boats and
2 ; Burr had
suppliesas earlyas December
been
driven from
Kentucky, and Blennerhassett had
fled from
his island,by December
11 ; but ten days
later Burr was
still fitting
out his boats at Nashville,
undisturbed
December
by the people of Tennessee.
19 the President's proclamation reached
Nashville,1
but still nothing was
done.
At
a
last
secret
take
warning
notice
of
could
Burr
made
be
seized,and
he should
19
and
that
he
Graham
that he
was
himself
in.
"
; but
undisturbed.
was
expected
19
to
his movements;
all
1
must
soon
authorities
was
probablydecided
abandoned
hastily
VOL.
understand
immediatelyescape
22
The
to Burr
at
no
to
brought
that
his armaments.
Nashville
was
friend
unmentioned
some
except
Partou's
two
in
danger
between
would
unless
December
The
announcement
arrive
December
23
the
he
for
on
of his
22d
boats,receiv-
290
dollars
floated
the
uncle
with
borne,
"
and
to
Burr
days after
stop
him
York
Burr
then
Governor
to
Clai-
more
previous
to
letter,
secret
every
Fort
First
of the
seize
should
who
one
escaped from
President's
Government
before
and
and
Cumberland,
past
to
ernor
singularbecause Govunder
the warnings
hardlyfail,
and
news
The
arrived.
Blennerhassett
the
New
hindrance
from
him
be
in his company.
found
three
declared
the
could
Jackson's
imprison
other articles
induced
returned
Mrs.
confidence
General
had
letter of introduction
Claiborne
twenty-
Cumberland
of
nephew
12.
further
and
afterward
Burr
was
CH.
and
boats
two
end
which
Without
down
hundred
Jackson
the
which
protested.
of
in
STATES.
seventeen
voyage.1
note
by a
indorse, and
UNITED
taking the
suffered
he
him
Jackson
and
his
THE
OF
HISTORY
had
two
proclamation
then
Tyler
down
move
Massac, garrisoned by
Infantry, commanded
He
at
by
a
a
chances
more
reaching Natchez.
Comfort
Nashville
the
join
must
mouth
the Ohio
of
River
of the
company
Captain Bissell.
stationed.
military post was
sent
orders, November
27,
commanding
on
their
Massac
at
and
Chickasaw
guard.
1
Parton's
Jackson,i. 322.
The
to
partmen
De-
War
the
Bluff
officers
to
be
PAST
ESCAPE
1806.
22
December
the
about
Burr
time
same
291
MASSAC.
FORT
for New
started
Adair
at
Orleans
on
horseback
of the
with
had
the
him
the
militia.
Ohio
thirteen
and
in
as
cases
as
cargo.
had
The
boats, which
succeeded
the
tained
con-
stowed
being
arms
caping
es-
sixty men
some
25 Burr
December
in
flotilla
combined
carried
of arms,
stand
many
which
boats
sent
note
to
reach
Captain Bissell announcing that he should soon
Fort Massac
his way
on
South, and should stop to
his
pay
President's
proclamation
Secretaryof
sent
cordial
of December
about
Bissell went
to
Colonel
and
days"for
As
welcome
to
below.
in
his
the
orders
friend
old
neither
from
of
party. In the
next
boat
to
the
the
Burr, he
The
own
the
nor
an
29 the boats
mile
War.
received
night
landed
morning
Captain
his
respects
pay
to
of
fast
break-
twenty
292
THE
OF
HISTORY
STATES.
UNITED
CH.
12.
"
Pittsburgand
any
it
15.
December
before
ought
to have
The
prevented
failure of
Bissell.
reached
Nashville
Jackson
to
message
had
January 8, and
dated
been
was
forwarded
by
Congress with a
January 28. Twenty-threedays were
the unimportant reply; forty days or
taken for the orders to reach Massac,
who
Jefferson,
sufficient for
more
"
accompanied
which
orders
Natchez
sent
it to
Bissell to
Andrew
1806-1807, p.
2
of
Jefferson to
gress,
of Con-
1017.
Congress,1807-1808,
p. 580.
Annals
conspiratorswho
other
the
States
thought
it
him
shown
Kentucky proved
if the
Burr, and
be
to
Eastern
consequence
party of sixtymen
the
unexpected energy
of Ohio and
legislatures
tionize
revolutrue
were
should
Orleans
welcome
the rebellion.
blockade
and slow
was
no
Mississippi
easy affair,
results ; England, France, and
Spain might
of the
much
to
to
the Government
whether
seen
crush
Washington could
small
if Wilkinson
cityof New
him, it remained
in the
of attempting to
futility
the
States ; but
those
at
of
Doubtless
of six hundred.
or
with
293
MASSAC.
remained
matter
carried
Burr
whether
FORT
PAST
ESCAPE
1806.
in its
have
say.
Marshall
and
Humphrey
enjoyed the triumph they had
Meanwhile
Daveiss
his
friend
In
won.
ers,
spiteof silent oppositionfrom the Republican leadinto an
Marshall drove the Kentucky Legislature
inquiryas
Sebastian
to
truth
the
was
resigned.
of
the
Spanish pensioner.
this admission
of
The
committee
guilt,but
Sebastian
took
no
summoned
stantly
in-
notice
of
Innis
Judge
down
had
in the
been
Daveiss
the
alleged.1 Before
and
Marshall
State,forced
Innis, and
Eeportof
the
truth
the
close
of
Burr
and
Adair
from
the
Sebastian
threw
the Select
drove
ridicule upon
Committee
to the
of what
the
year
out
of
iated
bench, humilyoung
Henry
Kentucky Legislature,
Jan. 7, 1807.
Intelligencer,
294
HISTORY
and
Clay
in
Of
all
capacity
Daveiss
to
to
could
of
such
another
office
of
plan
of
plan
nature.
person
district"attorney.
feel
to
to
few
story
the
but
satisfaction
months
succeed
of
Burr's
showed
and
of
creditable.
alone
action
Jefferson,
nor
the
conceived
they
expected
be
not
with
12.
Secretary
his
dignified
Marshall
and
conceive
the
execute
and
connected
persons
expedition,
himself
CH.
of
partisans
neither
attitude
an
the
aggressive
Jefferson
placing
STATES.
UNITED
THE
other
the
besides
State
OF
the
courage
Jefferson
with
later
Daveiss
vices
ser-
he
in
pointed
ap-
the
XIII.
CHAPTER
SAMUEL
and
SWARTWOUT
Peter
V.
Ogden,
the young
len
continued
the
his
the
and
Adair
journey.
of
contents
contained
in
Burr
the
these
same
made
never
they probably
but
papers;
information
as
conveyed
was
which
despatches to Wilkinson
known
in their
came
company.
to be at St. Louis, the two
Supposing Wilkinson
the Indiana
men
bought horses and rode across
young
Territoryto Kaskaskias ; but findingthat the General
had gone
down
the Mississippi,
they took boat and
followed.
At Natchez
they learned that the objectof
their search
had
gone
obligedto follow
was
Orleans
that
1
with
up
him
the
Red
; but
despatches from
Swartwout
River.
Ogden
Burr
to
went
to
New
his friends in
city.
Wilkinson's
1807-1808, p.
Evidence,
515.
Burr's
Trial; Annals
of
Congress,
296
HISTORY
OF
the
Orleans.
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
the
Among
THE
deepest
That
he
Burr's
covers
spiracy,
con-
relations in New
confederates
had
the
13.
in the
city was
but also
proved not only by Ogden's carrying letters,
arrival by sea, as early as September
by Erick Bollman's
27, with a duplicateof Burr's letter of July
29
Wilkinson
to
and
all,by the
above
to
implicatedproved
their
New
of these
Orleans.
Daniel
Clark
obliged Burr
confide
in
to
about
in
Ohio, the
hastened
every
one
whom
of
same
fact;1
the
which
reasons
required him to
whoever
of the letters,
to
make
they
their
could
any
of New
serious
Orleans
and
alarm
rang
contents
trust.
arrival of Bollman
1, before
town
Wilkinson
receivers
were,
October
had
in Wilkinson
The
after the
Jefferson
the
evidence,the
to confide
Clark.
they
known
assured
this
certainly
Territoryof Orleans.
another
hardly admits of
was
Swartwout
apart from
but
persons
almost
stepson, whom
The
and
correspondentswas
Judge Prevost,Burr's
That
by Ogden
his secret.
letters and
One
in
persons
carried
significant
mediatel
Im-
Dayton
had
with
risen
rumors
excited more
nation
consterprojects.The news
than
hope ; for although the Creoles had been
and
bitter in complaints of Claiborne's administration
them
of the despotism imposed upon
by Congress,
of Burr's
Wilkinson
p. 154.
to
Daniel
Clark's
Proofs,
their
they remembered
far from
were
the
than
adherents
Governor
theless,
Never-
safetyagain.
bad
people was
to
1768, and
to revolt in
attempt
deeper anxiety as
felt
297
WILKINSON.
to risk their
eager
temper of
the
one
AND
CLAIBORNE
1806.
the
; and
no
of Burr's
number
himself.
Claiborne
20, 1803,
Dec.
Louisiana
to
ing
Territorydurthat time presented an
uninterrupted succession
of bickerings.
(The government at Washington was
unpopularityin the
largely responsiblefor its own
ing
new
Territory,its foreignand domestic policyseemand after creating
calculated to create ill-feeling,
it,to keep it alive. The President began by appointing
the United
States,and
Governor
as
the
of Louisiana
man
the
who
had
liar
pecu-
no
remained
French
Laussat
Archives
time
in
his
interestingaccount
French
1
interests,wrote
1804, an
by
for
de
eyes
New
Orleans
to
Government
of the
situation
protect
April 8,
as
seen
298
HISTORY
"It
that
UNITED
THE
States
should
it should
made
have
have
sent
two
and
Wilkinson,
affection.
The
first,with estimable
capacity and
beneath
in
his
bad
Neither
the
place ;
is
way,
the
one
nor
the
or
without
delicacy,shocked
Spanish.
of the
Claiborne
has
privatequalities,
is
and
extremely
hundred
other
the
often
impertinent follies.
understands
have
They
fellow,
here
all
on
word
of
occasions, and
habits,the prejudices,the
population."
his sway,
began
Creoles
must
The
refined and
of
attract
were
were
fit to
French
character
less
awkwardness,
the
beginning,and
(Messrs. Claiborne,
flighty,rattle-headed
of
13.
worse
general)
committed
has
drunk, who
much
CH.
government
men
governor,
little
STATES.
the
was
United
OF
civilized than
them
Their
anger
Americans
who
scended
de-
from
made.
upon
the
danger. England
and
not
was
France
without
an
element
of
could
safelydefy public
Their empire
prostrateraces.
of Jefferson
rested
on
sent
con-
The
if the
colonists
in Louisiana
had
been
for
century
CLAIBORNE
1806.
and
Americans
the
when
American
while
law, abolish
judges
he himself
an
their
; and
Claiborne,who
they saw
society and
even
299
WILKINSON.
the
or
AND
who
sat
attorney to
as
knew
their
knew
a
irritation
court
advise
him
was
extreme
nothing of
their
language, establish
only
American
law,
to the
meaning of
time
At the same
Spanish law he administered.
that as judge he could
intendas
hang his subjects,
he
could
tax
ant he could
them, and as governor
Even
the Spanish desshoot the disobedient.
under
potism,
Madrid
or
appeal might be made to Havana
;
but no appeal lay from Claiborne's judgment-seat.
Before this temporary system was
superseded,the
Creoles already yearned for a return
to French
or
Spanish rule.
They had but one
hope from the
of the treaty,
United
States, that, in the terms
Louisiana might be quickly admitted
into the Union.
gress
This hope was
rudely dispelled.Not only did Condiffere
into self-government with
treat their claims
divided in halves,so
but the Territory
was
that it must
be slower to acquire the necessary
lation
popufor a State ; while
as
though to delay still
the growth of population
longer this act of justice,
checked
was
by prohibitingthe slave-trade. Years
could gain admission
must
into
pass before Louisiana
the
"
Gayarre,Spanish Domination,
p. 627.
300
HISTORY
the
Union
must
be
the
OF
and
THE
even
UNITED
when
STATES.
this
result of American
CH.
13.
should
happen, it
expansion at Creole
expense.
Jefferson's
which
Spanish policy,
on
the
the French
and
always
their
submission
the United
than
in
States and
to drive
the
was
Claiborne
government.
confronted
by
control
understand.
an
final.
In
case
of
war
between
Spain,nothing would be
and replaceCasa
away
Claiborne
oppositionwhich
Even
found
soon
the
he
could
easier
Calvo
himself
neither
leadingAmericans
joined it. Daniel Clark, rich,eccentric,wild in his
talk and
restless in his movements,
distinguished
himself by the personalhatred which
he showed
for
Claiborne ; Evan
Jones, another wealthy resident,
who
had come
rivalled Clark ; Edward
to
Livingston,
New
Orleans angry with Jefferson for removing him
from office,
as
a defaulter
joinedthe old residents in
harassingthe Governor ; while the former Spanish
Casa Calvo and
at New
officials,
Morales, remained
another
under
Orleans
one
or
pretext, keeping the
tions
Spanish influence alive,and maintaining communicaFolch of West
with Governor
trolled
Florida,who conthe
Mississippiat Baton
Rouge, and with
the Spanish force
General
Herrera, who commanded
the state of feelingthat when
So bad was
in Texas.
Oct. 1,1804, the new
territorial system was
organized,
Messrs. Bore, Bellechasse,
Cantrelle,
Jones,and Daniel.
had named
of
the President
members
as
Clark, whom
nor
AND
CLAIBORNE
1806.
council,refused
legislative
the
301
WILKIXSOX.
to
accept
the
office ;
Sauve*,Destre'han,and
Derbigny were
ances
deputed by a popular assembly to present their grievmonths
Two
at Washington.
elapsed before
Messrs.
while
No
form
4, 1804, was
until Dec.
not
could
Claiborne
Governor
of
pretence
council
any
all ;
at
obtained.
quorum
disguisingtheir feelingswas
made
minds
the
Spanish population. In French
of Bonaparte was
the
a stronger reliance than
power
Frenchman
of Spain; no
willinglyadmitted
power
to sacrifice Louisiana
forever.1
that Napoleon meant
the
by
to
President's
The
"
language,
French
the
among
perhaps
Spain, and
been
has
of
fearful
been
American
of
Under
at
the
de
to
la
whole
of
future
or
even
time it
tend
to
; to
it circulated
remove
an
greatlyto
wit, that
certainlybe
Louisiana.
into
the
try
coun-
re-ceded
So
relates
to
general
to
the
citizens have
many
the
employment under
manifesting a respect
might lessen them in the
officers."
remonstrances
at
any
to have
contributed
Mississippi,that
accepting
Spanish
Laussat
Archives
the
of
Derbigny,and
Congress was
1
the
government,
therefor,lest
esteem
heretofore
Claiborne
translated
care
as
impression, particularly
this
west
country
It will
Mississippiwould
the
of
been
has
"
local administration
the
embarrass
Governor
wrote
I will take
and
people.
has
which
impression
west
11, 1804, 2
Dec.
Madison,
the
Message,"
the
induced
of
and
Sauve',Destre'han,
intercession
to
yield a
Decrfes,18 Germinal, An
Marine, MSS.
Gayarre'sLouisiana,iii.35.
of John
Randolph,
singlepoint. The
xii.
(April8, 1804) ;
302
After
Congress.
that
Madison
to
in fact the
rather
the
people were
were
Claiborne
13.
so
wrote
disappointed
;
trivial
Claiborne, whom
soothe.
CH.
Louisiana
its passage,
concessions
than
STATES.
torial
ordinaryTerriand
a
legislature,
delegate
elected
rights,an
to
UNITED
2, 1805, gave
of March
Act
THE
OF
HISTORY
and
to
irritate
the
people
as
under
was
disliked,
re-appointed
obstinately
governor
the Act, and nothing in reality
was
changed.
Burr
visited New
Orleans in June and July,1805.
The new
Legislatureassembled, Nov. 4, 1805, when
Claiborne
found
himself
surrounded
by a council
and
a
partly elected by the Legislature,
Legislature
at odds
soon
wholly elected by the people. He was
The
leader of opposition was
with
both.
Daniel
in May, 1806, the quarrel
Clark ; and for a moment
bodies were
far that the two
went
so
on
legislative
the point of voluntarydisbandment, and a majority
of the council actuallyresigned. The
Legislature
their delegate to Congress.
Clark
Daniel
chose
as
made
Claiborne
ly
merethought that the choice was
did he
of personal spite; but no
out
sooner
hear
disunion
of Burr's
scheme
than
he
wrote
to
Madison,1
"
to
If this be the
Congress
on
the
has
He
that
had
their minds
Atlantic
this
from
the leaders.
last, and
object of
and
the
conspirators,the delegate
Territory,Daniel
often
he
the
said
children
expediency
Western
that the
he
of
would
a
Clark, is
Union
one
could
of
not
impress early
separation between
States."
Gayarre'sLouisiana,iii.161.
AND
CLAIBORNE
1806.
the
In
with
Lieutenant
Orleans, and
Lieutenant
May
Murray
friend of Daniel
intimate
an
artillery,
the
of
month
same
303
WILKINSON.
Taylor
from
Clark, came
Adams
Fort
of
New
to
heard
the
ordinary
conversation
Taylor
and
myself." he
afterward
fied,1
testi-
gentleman
there
of
society.
"Lieutenant
"
whose
invited
were
was
name
engaged
in
River
the
the
Miranda
that
Baton
Rouge,
would
large force
trouble
should
advised
he
to the
before
be in
into
they
fail to
1
see
Report
of
the
care
of
and
ing
join-
it.
He
gress,
Con-
; that
it would
that,
disposed
sufficient
he
require
observed
be
Mr.
attack
to
on
favor
he further
off
Orleans,
to do
my
of
plan
officer to
that
send
could
in
Red
I told
coming
was
force
to
I
myself."
States
though
conspiracy was
flagrant; for alnot mentioned, no
could
was
one
name
that
means
should
situation to take
Burr's
Burr's
all
could
it ; and
the
Government
rate, if the
me,
he
New
When
as
Government
retake
to
Rouge,
.
the
their
Baton
by
that
and
at
cloth
After
banks
on
me
all he
do
represent
any
calculated
was
the
...
Judge
was
After
lay open
to
the
; it
Rouge
Mexico.
of
way
inducement
an
and
would
in
money
[of persons
in.
came
shipping,taking
by
Clark
as
mentioned
Baton
urged
together.
Kerr
inquiries about
impressing
at
Lewis
Mr.
seizing upon
dined
three
removed,
of
on
We
number
with
expeditionagainst Mexico]
an
Workman.
was
dine
to
the
seizure of government
Committee
money
in
of
304
HISTORY
THE
OF
New
the
banks
and
at
UNITED
Orleans
was
West
on
STATES.
of
act
an
Florida
Cii. 13.
treason,
implied a
nent
perma-
Governor
and
felt relief
deep
as
as
was
that
himself
became
that
aware
could
he
which
to press
in Texas
difficulties were
his
penetrate. General
force
indifference.
showed
to the
Secretaryof
would
not
of uneasiness
August 28
that
know
not
there
is wrong
9 he wrote
the
the
to
whom
behavior
to censure,
somewhere."
stimulated
to
so
bitter that
The
Governor
French
in
wrote
populatioi
of hostilities.1
case
Cowles
Meade,
of Wilkinson's
action
but
all is not
it
The
seems
thei
lettei
troops
right.
to
that
me
militia could
against Herrera,
Claiborne
any
militia
Territory,a
Mississippi
between
feelingof hostility
was
the
My
gan
be-
Nacogdoches
him.
to
oppose
War
at the
Herrera
from
September
acting-governorof
be
River
him
considerablystronger than
Claibor-ne could
which
"
Red
the
soon
surrounded
mystery
some
not
upon
with
he
lessening,
Americans
intervened
and
for
n"
the
and
Creoles
fear
violence.2
October
Orleans
6, 1806, the
after
tour of
Governor
returned
inspection.Erick
Gayarre'sLouisiana,iii.151.
Louisiana,iii.153.
Gayarre's
to
Bollman
Nei
305
WILKINSON.
AND
CLAIBORNE
1805.
been
days in
ten
the
itself to
showed
Claiborne
in
displayof
sumed
as-
stolidity.
of
some
time
which
the
native
Claiborne
city,"wrote
October
War
of
present
tins
is in
There
"
8,1
"
degree
mortifies
and
Americans
of
apathy
astonishes
act
to
of
New
Orleans
believe
but
my
he felt the
fathom.
17 he
Orleans
of all its
of
tender
not
pression
im-
present
rallyunder
to
the
November
all that
November
November
the
him
1
in
could
as
not
the militia
into
the
and
even
again
as
couraged
dis-
late
as
despondency. During
whom
West
was
he
Florida
feared
; the
apatheticCreoles
were
thought
had
not
his mind.
around
VOL.
and
7 he
15,
enemies
Spaniardsin Te-xas
of conspiracyamong
entered
elated because
was
day
to
services.
and
Yet
the
I do
October
New
yet
if
as
disposed
cause.
Claiborne's
tenor
and
standard."
American
of
fear
not
are
American
the
the
discourse
and
...
Louisianians
at
me
retary
Sec-
the
to
"
20
the
citywas
tremblingwith excite-
Gayarrd'sLouisiana,iii.154.
306
HISTORY
ment
the
was
of
and
whose
one
four
affidavits from
New
gentlemen in
At
been.
show
to
what
he
his conduct
and
his
that
Burr
Ogden
journey
to
delegate. The
Ogden
of
important
Bollman
to take
meant
Clark
collected
most
preparing for
was
and
the
13.
signs
most
later,he
when
Territorial
Bollman
by
five of
or
Orleans
Washington, where
the
showed
months
the moment
arrived, Clark
as
few
CH.
city Daniel
in the
conduct
A
STATES.
UNITED
all persons
guiltyknowledge.
had
THE
OF
brought
news
was
his
on
to
way
Like Senator
placedhim in a dilemma.
Andrew
and
Smith
garded
Jackson, his chief anxiety rehis own
safety; and he adopted an expedient
affidavit of
An
his usual intelligence.
which
showed
character
whose
he mainly depended,
on
Bellechasse,1
Orleans
New
that
narrated
"
in
month
the
Clark
left this
number
and
the
friends, and
imputed
sole
topic
very
of
alarm
influence
with
the Government
and
inhabitants
the
the
of
Governor, although
service
much
that
such
hostile
would
conduct
only
the
of
would
Clark's
views
the
then
were
which,
from
caused
had
their
all to
the
country
to
and
rallyround
thought
of
and
together
them
him
militaryman,
best method
i
Burr, which
States
save
entertained
projectswere
be
as
of
Kentucky,
United
he
called
them
conversation,
advised
he
he
Mr.
before
days
informed
Colonel
to
few
Congress,
to
go
serious
the
cityto
his
of
October,
of
intentions
almost
the
"
to
exert
incapable of
"
the
country
convincing the
145.
dering
ren-
assuring them
against it,and
Proofs,p.
support
if any
that
this
Government
and
Louisiana,
of
to their
present
in
to
such
not
to
members
attend
Colonel
case
stating
to
alarm.
Burr's
topic of
conversation
not
to
and
Oct.
punishment,
15, 1806,
formed
intentions
"
the
of
deservedly
Bellcchasse,the societyof
Oct.
either House
of
gain possession
would
then
were
city,
expose
would
and
country."
the
between
from
meeting
or
measure
of
mended
strongly recom-
call
should
a
Clark
Legislatureas
concerned
individual
every
occasion the ruin
According
Mr.
of 'the
any
Burr
such
that
And
prejudice.
inhabitants
lated
reports circu-
all the
falsityof
the
of
the
of
of the attachment
States
of the United
307
WILKINSON.
AND
CLAIBORNP:
1800.
"
New
Orleans
in
was
almost
daily reports
serious
the
arriving
were
ber
Octo-
even
Clark
projectswere
city;
but
the
the
was
were
general theme
nothing
sole
more
certain
than
in the
that
this
have
not
come
knowledge of Burr's projectsmust
from Kentucky, but from
Burr's own
letters and from
the messages
brought by Ogden and Bollman.
Clark,having thus secured himself from the charge
of abettingBurr, sailed for the Atlantic
coast, and
in due
time
made
his appearance
at Washington ;
but neither
he
Bellechasse
nor
nor
Derbigny nor
Bouligny,although officers of the government, giving
each
ernor
other
excellent
Claiborne
what
advice, communicated
they
knew
about
to
Burr's
Gov-:
plans.
308
HISTORY
From
THE
OF
UNITED
1 to November
October
STATES.
CH.
of
25, the projects
13,
Burr
Governor
the
Clark
with
much
nor
each
with
but
the
of the
any
other
General
with
Burr's
about
Clark
passed
of Claiborne.
that Wilkinson
knew
President
nor
15
who
needed
no
the
militia
of
as
October
Claiborne
of other
number
2.1
intimate
most
kinson
Wil-
nor
Jefferson,although as
he warned
stood
Clark ; intimate
Burr's
was
so
in full sympathy
was
late
as
talked
Wilkinson
with
warned
neither
friend ; yet he
October
them
between
who
nicated
projectscommu-
Wilkinson, who
their hatred
was
friendly.
were
persons
letters
silence
same
preservedwhere
Neither
"
exclusive
the
"
were
early as
gentlemen
months, between
two
25, Burr's
without
emissaries
in
the
while every
the
Territoryknew
to Wilkinson
1
Clark
to
as
soon
from
hindrance
suspicion or
States authorities
ber
September 27 and Novem-were
busy in New Orleans,
as
contents
1806
United
prominent Frenchman
Wilkinson
Wilkinson,Oct. 2,
the
letter
of Burr's
could have
; Clark's
known
Proofs,p.
157.
AND
CLAIBORXE
nothing
true ; but
ie
few
had
Burr
That
iem.
Spence,who
mant
not
The
movement.
not
commit
to
by
his
might
regarded
Toward
the
certain
Lieu-
in due
Lexington
course,
Burr
despatches to
have
may
against Burr's
decisive
so
Bollman
letters
reached
their contents
but whatever
that
sent
2 delivered
November
ind
adherents
unfavorable.
as
Bollman
of October
md
active
showed
309
WILKINSON.
hopes
to
as
stop
the
the
1806,
day
Frankfort
at
Washington
from
Gulf
of
of all
"
young
his friend
Wilkinson's
1807-1808, p.
House
Evidence
Feb.
conspiracy
Samuel
Evidence,
Committee,
they
sage
mes-
procure
it had
at
an
son
Jeffer-
by
energy
ceiving
re-
confession,
Ohio
had
25,
River
to
numerous
the
most
Swartwout,
after
ing
alarm-
silence.
Ogden,
518.
into
the
From
had
Nov.
President
when
Orleans
qualities,
to
equivalent to
the
in New
Meanwhile
from
and
startled
was
Mexico
friends ; and
Orleans
attempt
Wilkinson.
General
the
second
letter,almost
New
States
when
against Burr,
indictment
in
situation
his
made
his
careful
people of New Orleans were
themselves, but they guarded Burr's
secret with
This
parting
the Red
slowly ascended
Wilkinson, as Evangeline
Burr's
Trial
of
Lieutenant
26, 1811
; 3
; Annals
Sess.
of
Congress,
Spence, Report of
11 Cong., p. 312.
310
HISTORY
THE
OF
pursued Gabriel,even
Spanish
of
town
Wilkinson
of
Adayes,
themselves
the
supposed at
made
been
force
with
13.
to
for
make
their
town
them
to
fix
of
movements
who
had
brought
Nacogdoches, were
many
Burr
should
allow
The
to
by
moment
in concert
he
should
Herrera,
mounted
considerable
militarypoint
River.
General
Spanish
the
he
Red
the
on
The
Spaniards back
whether
CH.
whether
was
STATES.
"
as
Adayes."
an
or
far
as
decide
to
UNITED
; but
have
to
persons
in
realitythey
doubtless intended
were
.only to derange the plan,
recommended
by Armstrong and Monroe to Jefferson,
be seized
Texas
should
for the
by which
States,while West Florida for the moment
The
left aside.
be
danger, and
sent
of
littlearmy
Red
Spanish government
United
should
the
saw
fifteen hundred
some
River, where
men
the
protected only by
Claiborne
Under
Spaniards in
the
Sabine.
his
could
which
neither
trust.
son
Washington, General WilkinNatchitoches
September 22, and found
orders
the
after
militia
French
Wilkinson
nor
reached
For
from
force
a
few
peculiarmanner.
September 28 he wrote
his
between
days
Wilkinson
War
from
own
post
talked
seemed
Natchitoches
and
loudly,
imminent.
a
letter
Smith
Senator
to
AND
CLAIBORNE
1806.
supplies: l
the
Ohio,
for
contractor
his
"
made
I have
the
ippealto
Governor
in command
on
letter,and
of
311
WILKINSON.
is
Cordero
this
Nacogdoches,
Colonel
frontier.
with
now
at
Don.
the
"
Governor
who
his
solemn
is chief
Gushing
expect
I believe,my
days ; and then,
"bligedto fight and flog them."
four
in
bore
my
return
friend, I
shall
in
be
Cordero, whose
objectwas
probably no
than to restrict American
lore
possessionwithin the
his troops from
narrowest
possiblelimits,withdrew
Bayou Pierre, September 27, to the west bank of
the Sabine, and
the road to
left open to Wilkinson
the eastern
bank.
The
Spanish forces recrossed the
Sabine before September 30, but a week later,October
had not begun his ostentatious
8, General Wilkinson
march, of some
fiftymiles,to retake possessionof
the
On
of the
bank
east
evening of October
the
sittingwith
was
alone
[nfantry,
ies,
rhen
lame
Colonel
in the
8, General
Gushing, of
Colonel's
man
young
Swartwout,
)f introduction
from
ordinary talk,
loment
dipped
introduced
was
called
been
into
Wilkinson
U, 1807, p. 41.
General
to
that
and
General
Colonel
out
of
who
he
Second
the
before
them,
that his
said
brought
Dayton.
After
Gushing having
the
Wilkinson's
Wilkinson
quarters at Natchito-
discussingthe militaryproblem
was
little
river.
1806
room,
hands
; Senate
letter
some
for
Swartwout
a
packet
Report, Dec.
312
HISTORY
which
he
retired
the
his
to
despatch
If the
of
July
bent
toward
revolution.
have
would
blow
power
would
blockade
Burr
That
they were
fleet stood
not
that
ties
a
simple
old friends
had
Peter
few
whom
Orleans
it
and
true,
were
ready
success
to
breath
authority;
British
under
as
what
Burr
prevent
of the Western
assuredj
was
in
national
the
Mississippi,
deposed.
troops were
In New
If
nivance
con-
cared
or
pay.
the
of the
and
young
old,
entreaties,
River,of
the Red
on
it ?
of the
seemed
Claiborne's
restore
a
Severance
Quebec
him
militia of
French
States
United
their
away
wrote, that
all three
old
his
pleasureClaiborne
with
Americans,
to obtain
The
Governor
to
command
except
empire
follow
to
mind,
beckoned
[Everything
Spanishforce.
five hundred
native
of
letters of Burr
in Wilkinson's
him
decided
seen
Wilkinson's
were
the -rest
relations,
nearly twenty years
Spanish officials guaranteed to him the
Louisiana, deaf
About
passed
secret
of the
would
Burr.
afterward
soon
in the
credit
any
have
the
Colonel
13.
decipheringBurr's long
contained
falsehoods
should
with
of
CH.
29.1
they
His
he
where
labor
Dayton found
on.
letter,and
chamber,
in the
STATES.
letter from
the
received
evening
and
contained
said
Wilkinson
UNITED
THE
OF
the
fought
side
winter
of
Ogden
for
1
See
bound
matter
to
side
1776,
under
with
friend,and
p. 253.
Dayton
Wilkinson.
for
something ;
was
by
him
and
that
the walls
the
with
father
of
of
Benedict
AXD
CLAIBORNE
for their
.mold
commander,
of these
power
who
men,
still
was
that
was
difficulty
lost serious
313
WILKINSON.
Wilkinson
knew
his
the
; but
more
stood
thoughts
of
produce his letters,and who, in case
lesertingthem, would certainlydo their utmost
mid
character
Lestroywhat
Whatever
"ok at
Andrew
of Burr's
notify the
Jackson,
misprision of
ikingsome
Daniel
and
The
treason.
necessary
In any
to
to the
"ssed,and Burr
"r
the
LW
the
or
Bluffs.
About
Natchitoches
)lans to Colonel
the
Span-
Orleans,
regarded
move
in
assistance
and
Burling,who
proved
the
River
down
yet
officers at Fort
an
time
warn
and
Mississippi
October
as
passed. Although
did not
authorities
commanding
cached
to
15, Wilkinson
lOvember
int
was
week
meant
patriotism;
Gushing,whose
of the plot.
success
to act.
eagerness
been
of
the
after
the
case
have
Colonel
sound
to
act
an
took
that
force to New
was
light it might
another
ras
he
plot,and
his whole
move
this avowal
sense
:tempt
of the
that
Is,he should
one
announced
letter,
President
to
interests,
own
arrival,Wilkinson
lorning after Swartwout's
after tellinghim
Colonel Gushing aside, and
mtents
his
provideagainstthe danger
to
with
being charged
protect his
to
Smith,
and
possessed.
his reflections,
Wilkinson
been
measures
Senator
ake
have
may
once
he
in
15
Adams
a
Wilkinson
Ohio
Presi-
the
Tennessee,
or
Chick-
troop of militia
confided
accompanied it.
his
One
314
HISTORY
OF
might almost
have
sounding
did he send
suspected
that
officers.
Not
letter he
name.1
Burr's
his
He
for Yera
did
not
the
spoke
Cruz.
of the
timed
as
Orleans."
the
to
After
in
of
are
what
in relation
Burr
was
to the
was
should
worded
so
of Burr's
Wilkinson
so
have
to
as
but
failure,
also
to
commanded
at
letter to
Burr,
who
October
wrote
mysterious warning
Freeman,
wrote
it
tined
des-
under
communication
and
case
mention
in
no
injureBurr.
sending this despatch to Washington by
special messenger,
letter
21
projected,from
derived,or what
been
The
Ohio;
protect Wilkinson
event
October
expedition as
Washington after
to reach
down
passed
13.
atically
system-
as
It is unknown
"
of its support
means
Territoryof
CH.
was
much
may
he
until
so
STATES.
UNITED
the
in that
and
THE
23
a
a
Lieutenant-Colonel
New
Orleans.2
which
He
afterward
he
Not
Wilkinson
1807-1808,
p.
he
Oct.
Jefferson,
to
20
return
and
21,
23, 1806
Natchitoches.
1806
Wilkinson's
; Wilkinson's
moirs,
Me-
ci.
to
xcv.
Freeman, Oct.
to
Appendix,
Wilkinson's
and
5 did
ii. Appendix,
Wilkinson
ii.
Natchez
until November
Memoirs,
2
at
; Annals
of
Congress,
AND
CLAIBORNE
1806.
last,his
at
Then,
Natchitoches
wrote
On
"
shall have
not, we
whites
as
the
grave
the
"in
"
the
the
of
seat
of Burr's
"This
for Jefferson's
letter,
is
indeed
embracing
and
the
the
it will
the
'76
and
needy,
receive
the
the
'
strong
Wilkinson
to
and
young
native
ins
'
in
I
...
Gushing, Nov. 7,
the
as
and
from
"
the
to
4
"
widespread
spiracy,
con-
foreigner, the
and
support
the
and
of
exotic
and
same
oral account
an
:
by
you
7,
he wrote
benefit
deep, dark,
Federalist, the
patriot of
and
silent
November
messenger
well
as
the
letter of alarm
and
country,
with
as
you
shall
If I mistake
"
be
llth,whence
Major Minor"
President,confidingto the
the
be
Natchitoches
on
of the
Freeman
to
be
us
part ;
of blacks
shall
wrote
let
his
danger.
"I
time
Kentucky.
place we
savior
insurrection
mean
Natchez
reached
the
from
Burr's
month
and
chosen
the
as
an
left
He
of
last
at
instant," he
20th
day;3
ruins
the
combat."
to
of this
if necessary,
; and
me
exaggerate
to
began
Gushing
in Tennessee
act
to
15th
the
had
decided
having
he
He
Colonel
to
declaration is to be made
defend ! "
rapid as they
as
dilatory.
he
November
became
movements
been
hitherto
had
315
WILKINSON.
'
outs
and
Orleans
New
gasconade
1806
'
not
I
from
when
fear
a
xcix.
2
Ibid.
Wilkinson
e.
"
to
Nov.
Jefferson,
Ibid.
12, 1806
Memoirs, ii.Appendix,
316
HISTORY
tell you
in the
that in such
service
descend
men
wishes
of
of
be
with
bring
country, and
prevailed on
withstand
to
If this
intoxication ; but
on
in another
cry of
Governor
Claiborne
made
l
:
terrify
You
surrounded
the
he
but
this
destruction
is
be
can
ful
hand-
my
improbable
He
should
I shall
numbers."
have
written
before; but
speak, he
was
by dangers
of
of
The
I
to
having
determined
will
storm
shall
which
American
the
meet
to
dream
you
government
is
probably burst
it, and triumph
in
did
of Claiborne
or
had
yet
shock
another
shadowy
Wilkinson
Jackson
to
to
was
meet, for
that
Claiborne,Nov.
Claiborne,Nov.
Congress,1807-1808,
p. 571.
in
him
writing to
12,
1806
on
Jackson
2"
Memoirs, ii.328.
; Burr's
Trial.
the
language even
of Wilkinson
12, 1806
stout
summoning
was
terror
was
to
heart
at* Natchez
that Wilkinson
the arrival
not, on
letter,
wholly desert him, his
bewilderingthan
more
of
courage
Nashville
at
With
good
"
day
same
and
"
If the
of this
calculation,
friends
disparityof
month
to
Orleans, where
perish!
gallant,it
panic.
seriouslymenaced.
New
sympathies
them.
such
"
are
not, and
the
but
life
thousand
seven
this is the
none
13.
much
like
gasconade, it sounded
the same
day the writer indulged
his mind
up
should
and
follow
to
such
not
was
"
them
veterans, however
able
Ohio,
CH.
glory to give my
I verilybelieve
for
country ;
the
STATES.
I shall
cause
probable, because,
that
afterward
UNITED
THE
my
from
will
they
"
of
to be
event
an
OF
Annals
CLAIBORNE
induces
does
Ige
larters
id
but
letails,
Keep
of
Spain
there
fear
This
for
of
Orleans
of
country
own
in
rotten
the
the
upon
[Wilkinson],
your
something
for
month
by
own
your
it,
and
denunciations
head
in
bear
from
from
the
state
!
December
of
and
eye
the
ides
began
to
for
of
your
March
"
storm
silence
General
or
write
Profit
laiborne's
only
attack
Be
into
go
will
safety.
jmember
is
Beware
.
well
as
knowl-
to
an
General
our
city
your
me
with
state
My
expect.
on
eye
defend
authorize
present
attack
an
Denmark^/
"f
at
not
day.
in
external.
meet
the
town
and
to
as
of
order
your
as
will
watchful
beware
far
you
do
you
enemies
so
fear
Put
militia,
your
extend
not
the
you.
internal
against
well
lert
organize
become
write
to
me
defence
"f
has
treachery
fear
317
WILKINSON.
AND
but
buffeted
whatever
trusted
November
than
25,
fate
who
Wilkinson,
Burr
and
he
as
little
himself,
took
the
could
in
be
in
of
store,
worthy
trust-
more
arrived
reins
upon
he
was,
might
was
hail
New
power.
CHAPTER
FOR
several
Orleans
No
while
after Wilkinson's
days
left the
he
conspiratorsin
alarm
public
Colonel
XIV.
had
man,
and
had
with
until
December
5 did
Burr's
to oppose
him
; and
scheme
confided
less
nothing
was
abdicate
to
be
to
in which
it
this
of
should
length
consent
with
solute
ab-
law.
demand
insolence
; and
rather
knew
man
and
extreme
sounded
felt
defence, which
extraordinary
of
meant
at
Wilkinson
invest
part, such
verge
made
was
of
that Claiborne
object
an
the
effronteryto
"
that
Claiborne's
on
plan
by proclaimingmartial
Considering
than
than
his
office and
his
power
himself
Governor
the
to
he
General
6 the
Not
Bollman
then
even
Boll-
interview.
that
and
ward,
for-
Erick
on
he tell Bollman
uncertainty. December
some
little army
the
confidential
given;
been
30, called
Wilkinson, November
tions.
of his inten-
doubt
yet
Gushing hurried
arrival at New
picion
just sus-
carried
the
like
an
tone
order
like advice.
The
city and
States
dangers,"
the
menace
from
said
he,1
laws
unauthorized
an
1
and
"
which
impend
government
and
formidable
Gayarre'sLouisiana, iii.163.
of
over
the
this
United
association
COLLAPSE
be
tust
fabric of
of
country,
our
319
CONSPIRACY.
THE
OF
Libertywill
take
circumstances
be resorted
will
her
to, and
for
this
flightfrom
the
Goddess
the
short
of
period yieldto
must
tutions
civil insti-
our
the
of
Under
globe forever.
ordinary forms
fail-
blood
best
imperious,extraordinary measures
so
must
prostrated, and
be
the
or
strong
of
arm
militarylaw."
the
mildly resisted
Claiborne
much
with
pressure,
ment
good temper refusingto sanction either the impressof seamen,
the suspension of the writ of habeas
corpus, the declaration of martial law, or the illegal
of
arrest
suspected
meeting the
at
his
defiance
with
emergency
the
disposal. Wilkinson
of his
while
persons,
insisted
he
on
ordinarylegalmeans
was
obliged to
in
act
advice.
Orleans
at New
14, arrests
Sunday, December
first to be seized.
Swartwout
was
began. Bollman
These
arrested at Fort Adams.
and Ogden had been
seizures,
companion,
togetherwith that of Bollman's
wild talk,spread panic
Alexander, and Wilkinson's
through the city. The courts tried to interpose,and
The
Claiborne.
applied for support to Governor
Governor
advised
Wilkinson
to yield to the civil
authorities ; but
in the
knew,
and
Judge
with
Burr, and
own
refused,
thus
citysomething equivalentto
He
his
Wilkinson
or
believed,that
Prevost
success.
he
were
was
The
both
engaged
martial
Judge
in
ing
establish-
the
Workman
conspiracy
only
effect of the
law.
to risk
attempt
to
320
HISTORY
enforce
the
THE
OF
of habeas
writ
prisoners was
UNITED
draw
to
December
did Wilkinson
that
the
18
letter to
26,
send
to
swore
and
had
July
President.1
of Swartwout
arrests
Burr's
the
what
letter of
Burr's
"
in
corpus
out
concealed,
STATES.
CH.
favor
Not
written
In
order
until
version
to
of
warrant
cember
Ogden, Wilkinson, De-
affidavit which
an
of the
hitherto
been
29.
14.
embodied
letter.
This
Wilkinson's
the
He
avowed
publiclythat he
would
without
act with the same
regard to
energy,
standing or station,against all individuals who might
be participantsin Burr's combination
it would
; and
have
been
given
it
began
to
regret the
to prove
had
mercy.
that
that
their
they
saw
them
mild
of Claiborne
sway
factiousness
own
the
chances
of
had
a
when
brought
drumhead
court-martial.
Wilkinson's
from
1
President's
violence
the
mere
Message of
1806-1807, p. 43.
might
have
terror
it
Jan.
provoked an
caused, had he
22, 1807.
Annals
of
break
outnot
Congress,
COLLAPSE
ken
show
to
care
OF
THE
that
he
321
CONSPIRACY.
in
meant
to
reality
pro-
of the city.
punish the chief men
in truth reasiter the first shock, his arrests were
mring. The people could afford to look on while he
and Alexander;
seized only strangers, like Bollman
and
not
to
in Swartwout
even
arrested
leant
make
to
arrests
no
Only
New
in
case
like
Derbigny or
would
the people
men
Wilkinson
resist ; and
likelyto
of
citizens
Bellechasse
Livingston or
]dward
few
Ogden
personal interest.
had
General
the
"e
much
took
Orleans
and
showed
the
among
that
he
residents,and
"
"
dse
any
wrote
to
"
Bellechasse, if
laranty,would
character
your
vindicate
In another
you
not
was
againstany
written
letter,
sufficient
foul
imputation."
January,
earlyin
added,2
ie
"
It is
that
fact
[Claiborne]has written
that you had
[Jefferson],
fool
our
the United
had
States
Claiborne
weeks
as
had
soon
withdraw
tasse.
as
brought
would
they
were
such
able to
to
had
curse
lisp."
charge only
have
must
clared
de-
heard
already
few
it
written
on
Belle-
"
Wilkinson
Clark's
VOL.
them
teach
to
Daniel
150.
2
you
from
children
to
Proofs,p.
III.
"
21
151.
1806
Clark's
Proofs,
322
HISTORY
THE
OF
UNITED
Cet bete
follyand
[Claiborne]is
vanity. He cannot
for
or
"
Burr
removed
of
Britain
will
join, they
abroad
; but
Clark's
delivered
from
The
have
Burr
Wilkinson
without
for Bollman.1
take
in
longer,
if he
Americans
Take
care!
worth
having."
letter which
address, but
"For
that
the chin
Suspicion
is
Orleans
came
to them
was
intended
which
sake," said
own
your
is not
do not
correspondents in New
business
to
if the
friend
14.
much
revolt
Cn.
Bonaparte compromises
signal for a general rising
and
oppose.
to
up
supported
have
will be the
not
you
be
moment
Spaniards ;
and
French
present
shall
we
speedily.
Great
with
Burr
no
at
STATES.
eral,
Gen-
the
letter away
ing
Destroy,and say nothA year later,when
of it !
the frightened
crew
from their panic and beof conspiratorsrecovered
gan
him
with
to turn
of
ferocityon account
upon
his treason
and to Burr, Wilkinson
to them
wrote
Clark a last letter,
to Daniel
mentioning in semithreateninglanguage the written evidence in his possession
againstClark himself,and adding,2
"
"
"
"
Much
pains
believe
to
Ogden
gone
Burr, and
from
Many
other
names
exposed,
not
by
1
nor
to
that
were
you
will I
to Daniel
ever
.
induce
me
assured
me
with
to
mentioned
were
to
Swartwout
Orleans
New
self-defence.
Wilkinson
Bollman
by
concerned.
were
you
had
taken
were
to
expose
me
them
which
unless
I have
pelled
com-
."
Clark, March
p. 151.
2
Wilkinson
p. 154.
to
Daniel
Wilkinson
in
molest
did
never
serious
any
323
CONSPIRACY.
THE
OF
COLLAPSE
1807.
them,
expose
the
degree
did
nor
he
society of New
Orleans.
Wilkinson
Had
satisfied to
been
the
secure
city
without
won
had
set
of negro
stories of Burr's force and
panic-stricken
He
insurrection.
exasperated the judges and the
disgusted the Creoles.
bar, alienated Claiborne, and
Nothing but a bloody convulsion or an assault upon
could
thousands
Burr's
armed
the city from
save
Wilkinson
from becoming ridiculous.
Jan. 12,1807, the Legislaturemet.
Probably at no
time
had
Burr's
even
among
confided.
for
was
of
man
timid
somewhat
to
the
men,
was
meeting of
true
the
and
to have
waited
that
character
and
to offer him
Natchez
to
fears
for
were
the
counted
had
the
fancy
no
Clark
expect
The
declare
and
danger
calculated
government
upon
Louisiana
government.
a
from
lature
Legis-
serious
no
to weaken
Burr
been
of conservative
whom
whose
it had
had
standing.
Legislatureto
at
had
Burr
port,
sup-
of Daniel
conduct
from
avowed
to whom
influence
expected,and
strengthen rather than
to be
yet it
and
what
property
under
was
was
of
much
persons
The
scheme.
example
an
every
those
of wealth
Men
wild
so
projectreceived
He
this
depende
inwas
delegationto bring
324
HISTORY
him
the
at
Natchez.
in
and
that
at
appear
the
command
to
would
Burr
be
soon
The
Madame
be
to
already
twenty
and
marched
men,
Wilkinson's
second
claimed
friends
more
; but
was
few others
and
descended
indiscreet
as
one
the head
the
door
have
For
made
at the
hotel
prison.
to
allowed
been
seen
moment
ordered
hundred
arrested
have
same
vail.1
pre-
Kings-
of the
Orleans
must
dead.
Wilkinson
of
in command
in New
he
even
would
him,
than
the
that
the
his
arrest,
time, caused
detachments
citement,
ex-
of
dence
confipatrolthe city; but thenceforward
and
the crisis passed
soon
began to return
carryingwith it forever most of the discontent
troops
away,
river,when
tyranny
could
for he
and
so
that if he had
no
conspiracy
the
Lieutenant-Colonel
at
Infantry,
appeared at
Burr's
had
tion
insurrec-
negro
town, and
stepson, was
hours
forty-eight
General
shipsin
into
afternoon
same
had
with
men
afterward
Adair
thousand
seven
Nourage's boarding-house.
Burr's
the First
and
rode
whether
seen
bury of
British
Adair
Judge Prevost,
announce
with
moment,
and
of
door
Burr
any
him
suddenly John
supposed
was
14.
CH.
The
behind
to
STATES.
might
at
UNITED
he
offer; and
Wilkinson
by
THE
OF
to
Depositionof
1807-1808, p.
573.
John
; Annals
of
Congress,
COLLAPSE
1807.
and
had
which
danger
If New
Louisiana.
American,
marked
it
325
CONSPIRACY.
Orleans
least
at
THE
OF
the
of
became
thoroughly
again thoroughly
never
was
annexation
never
French.
Unfortunatelyfor
the
of savior
character
with
met
his command.
post
of nineteen
again
descended
the
mouth
at the house
of
Wilkinson
From
river
moment
of
Evidence
of Lieutenant
Congress,1807-1808, p.
Judge
letter
Burr
Bluffs,the
thirty
ashore, and
went
Bruin
which
saw
Jacob
683.
in his
company
until,January 10,
Burr
he
he
himself
to
Wilkinson,his only hope was
proclamationhad reached
1
actually
saw
had
cipherto Wilkinson
July 29, and
had
26.
published December
the
no
Bayou Pierre,about
There
certain
containing the
in
of
by Captain
Lieutenant
flotilla,
to raise
the
Natchez.
above
written
Burr
by
received
it reached
miles
or
received
been
stopping the
from
accepted money
flotilla
had
had
was
service.1
sight of Wilkinson
who
artillery,
than
So far from
Jackson
lous
ridicu-
stationed,commanded
was
of
lieutenant
Bissell.
somewhat
dition
expe-
tle
leavingFort Massac, the litthe Mississippi,
and in a few days
small
a
Bluffs,where
military
men
instructions
more
country, Burr's
After
Chickasaw
second
within
came
flotilla entered
reached
his
to
hopes of figuringin
ingloriousand
an
before it
end
Wilkinson's
escape.
the
paper
news-
himself
which
denounced
The
by
dent's
Presi-
TerMississippi
Jackson,Burr's Trial;Annals
326
HISTORY
ritory; Cowles
the
out
him
where
him
Meade,
of
UNITED
the
If Burr
militia.
the hands
THE
OF
STATES.
went
Wilkinson, who
he
on
had
Cowles
would
Meade
would
every
and
was,
14.
had called
acting-governor,
to be court-martialled
he
CH.
fall into
motive
shot ; if he
arrest
to
der
or-
stayed
and
send
the
Moving his flotilla across
sistance
river,Burr gave way to despair. Some ideas of reentertained
and the
were
by Blennerhassett
other leaders of the party ; but they were
surprised
to find their
glad to abdicate and submit.
emperor
January 17 Burr met Acting-GovernorCowles Meade
to
Washington.
"
"
and
surrendered
that
moment
discretion.
at
such
was
January 21
which
sunk
had
been
from
he
Meade
first secreted
the
conversation
at
sane.1
thought him inof muskets,
cases
his
caused
After
in the river.
Washington,
to
at
that
His
in the
his surrender
capital of the
brush, to
he
was
be
taken
Territory,about
Natchez.
moned,
sumgrand-jurywas
the
tempted
and
Poiiidexter, atattorney-general,
The
indictment.
to obtain
an
grand-jury
but presented the seizure
out the bill,
not only threw
of Burr
his accomplices as
and
a
grievance. The
half inclined to
militia who
stopped him were
very
of United
join his expedition. Except for a score
civil and
States officials,
military,he might have
seven
reached
miles
Orleans
New
Fortunately neither
of
to
be
made
the
without
the
national
jest. The
a
1
Blennerhassett
civil
check.
the
thorities
militaryaudisposed
government were
grand-jurycould grant but
nor
Papers,p.
426.
COLLAPSE
1807.
:respite,
Burr
and
his
the
on
men
had
hands
drafts
he
protested;
Adams
at Fort
civil authorities
failed him
be delivered
fear.
the
been
do
to
what
doing; and
he realized that
President
had
turned
re-
ties
militaryauthori-
determined
failed in
had
fate of
that
were
when
to
New
on
evils.
between
he risked
become
knew
General
to
or
still to decide
flotilla had
; his
insubordinate
327
CONSPIRACY.
openly expressed
he
which
THE
Wilkinson's
fell into
If he
OF
he
his
Wilkinson, whom
age
cour-
either
must
whom
Jefferson,
he
he
the
had
had
fied,
detried
deceive.
to
1,1807,after sendingto
Feb.
note
Burr
to
for which
ruin
in the
back
his
turned
suit of
coarse
soiled white-felt
and
for
the
end
near
Mobile
nearly a
them,
on
he alone
and
return,1
left them
to the
responsible. Disguised
Mississippi
boatman, with a
was
hat, he disappearedinto
month
tilla
the flo-
on
of his immediate
them
assure
his friends
lost from
was
the
sight.
woods,
Toward
of
February he was
recognized in a
Spanish frontier,about fiftymiles
the
his
; and
Gaines, commanding
by. Gaines
arrested
of confinement
announced
was
presence
at
After
him.
Stoddert
at Fort
Fort
above
tenant
Lieu-
to
Stoddert,near
three
about
he
cabin
sent
was
weeks
to Richmond
horse
and
cried
for
the escort
1
rescue
seized
Blennerhassett
him,
; but
threw
Papers,p.
the
him
206.
officer
back
manding
com-
like
328
HISTORY
child
into
another
saddle,and
the
physicalstrength of
the
which
government
the
had
he
UNITED
STATES.
marched
on.
CH.
Like
history,Burr
American
in
man
THE
OF
14.
many
felt at last
patientand long-suffering
so
insulted,
persistently
outraged, and
betrayed.
the end of March, 1807, did
until
Not
Richmond
; and
Congress
had
in the
mean
passed,revolution
taken
trials
had
for
begun
episode,which
foreignor
in
domestic
the
excitement
connection
which
what
in
the
spiteof
as
to
expect
the President's
specialinterest
which
showed
met
few
was
was
roused, and
even
days later,Dec.
matter
midst
to
was
Union.
care
so
In
indifference to Burr
If this
of the
dissolution
at
Orleans;
insane
with
country
New
convulsed
popular support
affairs of the
perceptibletremor
was
the
and
no
The
had
troubled
Burr
active
no
of
political
Jefferson's
little direct
and
politics,
session
series of
new
conspiracy of
had
quarter.
any
whole
reach
after revolution
President
The
Administration.
mere
while
Burr
for
and
the
Congress
1, 1806,
at
first
his affairs.
blame,
the
fault
certainly
COLLAPSE
December
Message, read
wish
to
allude
to
THE
OF
2,showed
still more
strongly
rendered
the
"
"by
necessary
individuals to decide
of peace
war,"
or
the
evidence
329
CONSPIRACY.
criminal
for their
it
but
of the
conduct
attempts
vate
pri-
tion
ques-
of
defiance
militia of Louisiana
supporting Claiborne
Mississippiin
the
country
praised in
of
and
and
Wilkinson
"
I inform
"
with
you
the
which
their
done
honor
their
of
with
inhabitants
of
themselves,
fellow-citizens
in
entitled
strengthen
them
under
efficaciously
promptitude
have
their
country.
them
to
the
part of the
every
general
the
must
of
the
Territories
those
in defence
services
to
great pleasure
of
determination
It has
confidence
Union,
to
all circumstances
dered
ten-
and
protect
which
may
occur."
On
his
Jefferson was
subjects
He
asserted
officially
some
eyes.
militia had
done
of their
honor
determined
that
to themselves
fellow-citizens
at
and
a
to shut
the
Orleans
the
won
moment
when
fidence
con-
he
Claiborne almost
daily
receivingfrom Governor
warnings that the Orleans militia could not be trusted,
was
and
would
By
certainlynot fightagainstSpain.
Jefferson
self
of conduct
course
entangled him-
this
in
labyrinth of
new
Until
and
wishes
led him
; but
and
after
contradictions
that moment,
to
the
convictions
ignore or
moment
his
and
sistencies.
incon-
apparent interests
to belittle Burr's
had
obligedhim
passed, his
to take
spiracy
con-
terests
in-
the views
330
HISTORY
the
share
and
OF
UNITED
THE
STATES.
of General
responsibilities
CH.
14.
son.
Wilkin-
John
Martin
Chief-Justice
and
Marshall.
After
of
of Wilkinson
himself ; after
neglectingto take
precautions against Burr, Wilkinson, or the city of
New
Orleans,and after throwing upon the Western
for doing what
the govpeople the responsibility
ernment
had
been
instituted to do; after issuinga
busterin
proclamation which treated Burr's armament
as a filihints
venture
like that
of
Miranda
and
after
"
of remonstrance.
the
In
"
OF
COLLAPSE
of
course
in relation
ith,1
"
the
Western
the
opinions which,
by
of
any
to
press
24th
apprehend
to
Such
Burr.
force
step,
momentous
limitations
in
last
their
will, I fear, be
by
session.
posed
pro-
of
the
the
York, Norfolk,
Orleans
under
Captain
time
nothing
beyond
Colonel
of
ketches
the
and
boats
gun-
doubt
the
Decatur
have
enterprise.
Executive
could
have
But
this
not
take
existing statutes
and
House
The
of
tatives
Represencrisis
approaching
the
of
of
want
Executive
the
circumscribing
so
an
melancholy proof
was
cast
fore-
within
such
limits."
narrow
Robert
Smith, conscious
Congressmost
himself
whether
the
Jefferson
of
the
being
distrusted,grasped at
from
Burr's
Congressor
and
the
spiritmanifested
the
at
in
such
it was,
the
consistentlywith
with
joined to
Mississippi,would
as
New
militaryexpedition
suppress
it expedient
sloops-of-war and
this
at
in
expressed
If, as
New
to
sent
would
we
naval
sufficient to
the
Burr
deem
not
Preble, with
the
been
I did
said
all countenanced
at
Washington,
from
the
on
now
not
time
to
...
been
command,
in
second
time
were
October,
at
of Colonel
attention.
Commodore
of
command
they
of
had
Charleston
and
from
your
stationed
gunboats
I have
gentlemen,
upon
the
on
movements
as
other
communications,"
the
to
331
CONSPIRACY.
various
our
country,
the
THE
and
restraint,
impunity
in the
President's
was
Executive.
reply
to
his
whom
to want
He
was
stop
ask
to
of forecast
alarmed
letter showed
that
equallyuncomfortable.2
Robert
Jefferson to Robert
Smith
due
were
did
person
to
Dec. 22,
Jefferson,
1806
Jefferson
MSS.
; Jefferson
MSS,
332
HISTORY
"
I had
What
answered,
of
OF
"
to wait
The
next
find
that
his
post
till we
force
Marietta
at Fort
than
had
has
Cincinnati,
or
Congress,
before
naval
equipment,
thousand
our
In
the
Not
duty
with
the
equipment
and
of
I would
we
the
of confidence
within
The
to retake
stopped
opposition
that
on
whole
order
ter
mat-
twenty
States
Western
Orleans,
New
be
there
to
be
to
you
suming
pre-
them.
before
preparation to
in the
in this
ting
get-
officers
the
plan
people of Louisiana
of
operations.
The
government
extreme
the
on
at
get speedilyready."
can
detected
be
not
the
retake
of
then
we
opposition
time
same
would
days.
appropriation for
recommend
giving orders
which
be
to
avowed.
men
at
naval
trace
come
and
to
If
lay the
to
immediate
river
twelve
dependence
more
an
the
time
vessels
was
will
ask
down
mean
ready
and
and
proceed
to
effectual
propose
Louisville
date.
that
depending
have
(though I
other) I should
in
thence
no
President
from
news
14.
dezvous.
proposed general ren-
will be of
Adams
any
get
from
comes
expected
CH.
contemplation," the
Louisville,then, without
at
STATES.
UNITED
in
myself
was
December
either
THE
New
Orleans
showed
degree of
alarm
an
this
between
was
to
emergency
letter
and
the
The
difference
President's
of tone
guage
public lan-
Nevertheless,the Western
extreme.
arrived, bringing
arise.
news
that
the
State
of
Ohio
mail
had
COLLAPSE
1807.
greater part of
seized the
; and
for further
reason
2, 1807,
333
CONSPIRACY.
Burr's
boats, that
six
or
ville
escaped,and that Burr had gone to Nashin this partlysatisfactory
Presireport the dent
eight had
saw
THE
OF
Next
silence.
letter of November
Wilkinson's
Jan.
came,
12
from
chez,
Nat-
with
him, began
to
suspect that
at last the
Randolph,with
fairlyat a standstill.
instability,
swayed between
was
At
one
he
moment
serious ;
most
of
extremes
believed
another,
at
Administration
that
that
the
the
his
scepticism.
situation
Spain was
through a very
Burr
behind
"I
am
to
wrote
conviction
informed
also,
respectablechannel, that
there is a considerable
party about Lexington and
Frankfort
highly propitiousto his views, and with
which
names
strong Spanish prepossessions. Some
have been
you."
that
mentioned
Jefferson's
of Burr
"The
state
the
1
direct
was
conspiracy was
usual
conduct
Randolph
to
irritated
him
more
than
"
things here
newspapers
astonish
would
of the number
as
Yrujo :
or
of
and
teem
is indeed
with
unexampled.
rumors
; Monroe
dangerous
MSS.
though
Alto
334
the
and
peace
Government
a
not
Ohio
There
subject.
I must
are
omitted.
by
letter.
The
army
oral
(as
officers
In
what
much
and
to
it is
Congress on
to
curious
circumstances
called) is
with
act
honor), yet
not
caring
with
unacquainted
how
communication,
One
of
information
authorities
other
given
herself
some
14.
notwithstanding
communicated
for
reserve
them
to trust
be
been
CH
have
done
has
STATES.
Union, and
State
several
syllablehas
which
the
the
to
which
one
UNITED
conspiracy,and
instructions
(under
THE
safety of
give
formidable
the
OF
HISTORY
not
in the
everything, and
to
most
men
their duties."
to
Randolph expected the army
as
be, after six years of such legislation
his, could
not be guessed. Officers and
distributed by
soldiers,
of miles distant from
companies, in forts hundreds
each
other, could hardly become
acquainted with
other duties than
those of a frontier garrison.
any
General
Smith
did
not, like Randolph, complain
of others
too
state
wrote
"
Nicholas
fear
country
no
from
any
1
MSS.
The
exertion
will
down
the
proclamation, it
seems,
Samuel
go
The
information
Smith
to
W.
to.
consider
making,
false information.
of
confidential
scribin
letter,de-
"
little attended
is very
kind
He
Burr
that
trouble.
us
moment
acts.
own
Wilson
situation,to his brother-in-law,
the
Gary
that
at
of his
to
C.
river
President
give
in the Western
They,
that
and
doubt,
no
ing
see-
it has
originated
has
yet given
gentlemen
Congress,
not
and
Nicholas,Jan. 9, 1807
Nicholas
the
(Giles among
kind
any
of
THE
OF
COLLAPSE
1807.
will not
number)
danger.
Burr's
to
never
never,
avowed.
and
And
proclamation !
act?
Congress
information
Duane
calls
Would
you
they
I
imprudent.
a
have
unauthorized
United
the
the
all
he
have
folded
not
strength.
disclosed
the
his
and
arms
Even
except by
Another
week
not
now,
him
Then
passed.
what
he had
in
The
United
matter.
threatened
with
"
President
external
with
conspiraciesand
from
their
not
being
adjourn,adjourn and
do
as
we
are
bid, and
annoyed
more
the
convincingthan
fidelity
five in
few,
not
and
character.
would
its whole
has
been
last,January 16,
and
done
moved
he
or
States
lution
Reso-
knew
about
meant
to
treasons, the
sit,take
ask
no
and
things
as
questions!
democrats;
but
"
his
"
but
alarming
more
yet
do
only
not
are
the
Tiffin."
what
denned
troduced
in-
tell.
on
and
collect
at
House
Randolph rose
asking the
Burr's affairs,
and
in the
can't
energeticmeasure
an
be
tary
mili-
our
President
storm
[Wilkinson]and
John
the
honor
conspiracy,the
let the
to
depend
very
the
would
should
very,
can
President)
That
whose
man
except
the
pass?
the
Executive
addition
an
nation
of
open
"
How
This
Had
taken
that
it
Alleghany
to act.
the
of
consent
Will
by
from
proposing
exertions
doubted
were
force
(with
Resolution
It is curious
the
Orleans,
Congress
is
is
one
on
there
Wilkinson
passed
unwilling to give?
are
establishment.
...
not
yet
that
letter to
object, New
; his
return
believe
had
He
explicit.(This is secret.)
335
CONSPIRACY.
sit and
we
schoolboys,
His
sneers
after
lution
Resowere
some
336
HISTORY
UNITED
THE
OF
STATES.
CH.
H.
a
unorganized resistance,
majority
The Resolution was
adopted and sent
contradictoryand
supported him.
President.
to the
spatche
days afterward,January 18, Wilkinson's deOrleans
from New
to December
ing
18, embrac-
Two
version of Burr's
reached
of
and
Burr,
Wilkinson
that
or
pudiate
re-
tions
lightof Burr's revela-
he could not
quasi confession,
serious conspiracyexisted,or affirm that
had
beyond the line of duty,even
gone
General
though
sustain
was
Wilkinson's
and
the
in the
; and
Jefferson
trial.
should
he
whether
decide
obliged to
accomplices
legal rights had
their
Washington for
to
that Wilkinson
other
and
of
defiance
in
shipped them
deny
Bollman
arrested
had
country learned
The
Washington.
cipher despatch
violated
had
he
indeed, had
At
arrests.
that
indignationfrom
the
Executive
had
left such
to
after
which
itself,
hands
in the
power
so
diated
repu-
public
warnings
many
of
the
condemned
have
would
and
had
only diverted
have
structi
in-
authorized
if the President
he would
Burr,
Dearborn's
extent
some
moment
Wilkinson,
laws.
the
sally
univer-
man
distrusted.
Thus
voice
of
last Jefferson
at
to
with
evident
he
which
punish
Burr.
in the
almost
party
to
strove
Anxiety
Message
to
defend
to
which
excuse
he
to
Wilkinson
sent
himself
to
his
sense
the
gave
zeal
made
been
raise
Thenceforward
crimes.
against Burr's
having
obligedto
was
spiracy
con-
the
and
was
Congress
in
January 22,
of
"
intimations
I received
of
peace
Union, and
the
received such
had
the month
long before
44
It
said,
in
agitation
unfriendlyto the
were
and
the
that
prime
truth would
that it
to say rather
that
intimations
of
in these
mover
was
October
latter part of
have
not
to
be
justice,without
had
produced
required the
the
to
premature attempt
popular impression in
bring
his
his
tober
Oc-
made.
be
to
for
President
part of
tillthe latter
sufficient evidence
that
perceived."
Kentucky
times, and
many
September.
conspiracybegan
the
Absolute
In
till the
not
was
objects of
44
designs
he
Burr."
Aaron
He
that
September,"
of
part
country, unlawful
Western
in the
was
in the latter
time
Some
Randolph's Resolution
to
response
337
CONSPIRACY.
16.
January
44
THE
OF
COLLAPSE
1807.
Burr
to
conviction,
favor
and
tunate
generaldisbelief of his guilt. This gave him an unforopportunity of hastening his equipments."
Daveiss
ral
natuwas
Complaint of District-Attorney
inexact in every particular.
; but the reproofwas
to
The attempt to indict Burr, if any attempt were
not premature. The impressionin his
be made, was
his
favor did not give Burr
to hasten
an
opportunity
equipments,since Graham
appeared at Marietta the
of Burr's first discharge at
same
day with the news
Frankfort.
Finally,if Daveiss's attempt failed,the
fault was
at Washingwith the Government
ton,
chiefly
which
VOL.
in.
had
"
22
taken
no
measures
to
direct
or
to
338
OF
HISTORY
THE
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
represented on the
support it,and which was
by a judge himself implicatedin the charge.
On
"
danger
Yet
that
associates
fugitives
Cumberland,
from
threaten
serious
Orleans."
conspiracyagainst the
bench
"the
Message,
quarter, cannot
New
cityof
to the
the
their
place in
other
any
said
whole,"
Ohio, with
the
from
or
the
U.
Union
existed ; the
Burr's
cipher letters ; he
expectationof seizingupon New
the panic prevailing
there ; and
communicated
President
proclaimed Burr's
Orleans, as well as
of Bollman
arrest
and
he
approved Wilkinson's
the Message spoke of the people
Swartwout.
Finally,
in New
Orleans in a tone of confidence quite different
from
that of Wilkinson's
despatches,communicated
Message itself.1
Senate interpretedthe Message
the
with
The
doubtless
was
for
President
hours, had
the
as
in
been
bear,
as
"
Bollman
support.
arrive
would
to
meant
in
introduced
Bill
suspending for
and
the
the
to
necessityof
Senate
Wilkinson
1806-1807,
that
with
this
the
consent, and
unanimous
1
corpus
p.
to
to
special
Rules
were
Bill
was
at
months
such
seemed
measure
1009.
three
respect
the
without
custody. Giles
longer
of habeas
Swartwout, who
not
held
writ
the
be
legislation
a
it
sense
request from
and
conspirators,could
other
in the
once
the
persons
so
obvious
suspended by
passed on the
; Annals
of
Congress,
OF
COLLAPSE
day through
same
THE
all its
339
CONSPIRACY
againstit.1
Monday, January 26, the Bill was
brought before
the House, and
Eppes of Virginia,the President's
its rejection. The
jon-in-law,immediately moved
debate that followed
was
curious,not only on account
of the constitutional points discussed,but also on
of
iccount
the
President's
division
of
sentiment
the
among
friends,who
to
more
that
was
"
same
It appears
attempt
law
of
of
to
cover
the
the
information
about
issued
certain
violation
we
an
of
December
that
oblique
an
established
the
told
are
Sir,recollect
country.
first of
of
departure from
States,which
United
the
on
certain
and
in this
my
land,
committed
met
to
tion
Constituhave
that
been
Congress
President
the
had
the
either from
the
Executive
from
or
either
branch
of
taken
up
1
writ
place.
such
Diary of
of
habeas
I will
never
violation
J.
corpus
Q. Adams
agree
by
until
in
this
this
the
pending
sus-
violation
side way
to
340
HISTORY
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
to the
"
cause,
if any
With
whatever
there
conspiracy,
an
intrigue!
Bill
of
the
rejectedby
accordingly
was
hundred
the
day
of
Cranch
Bollman
was
thirteen
Court
the
on
affidavit and
William
warrant
has
the
exist.
to
dignify
nor
this
less than
to
the
jority
great ma-
nineteen.
On
attorney-general
applied to Judge
Swartwout
and
by
and
District
the
Wilkinson's
oath
ceased
this
"
one
same
it,has
...
The
for
was
14.
Eaton
in
for
charge
statement
support of
issued ; Bollman
warrant
and
the
against
of treason, filing
given under
charge. The
Swartwout
at
once
the
Nicholson.
The
friends
of the
Administration,exasperatedat
this failure of justice,
again talked of impeaching the
of
amendment
an
judges.1 Giles threatened to move
1
Diary of
J.
Q.
Adams
COLLAPSE
Constitution
OF
THE
taking all
341
CONSPIRACY.
criminal
from
jurisdiction
Meanwhile
Supreme Court.
Randolph and the
federalists assailed Wilkinson, and
by implication
the President.
They brought forward a Resolution
ieclaringthe expediencyof making further provision
of habeas
"y law for securing the privilege
corpus ;
and
in the warm
debate
raised
by this manoauvre
John
himself
Randolph made
conspicuousby slurs
he did not scruple to charge
ipon Wilkinson, whom
ie
double
with
By
Burr.
treason,
the
to
"
close vote
Constitution
and
to
of
this
sixty to fifty-eight
Resolution
bate
was
indefinitely
postponed ; but the deshowed
the settled drift of Randolph's tactics.
He meant
to attack the President
kinson;
by attackingWiland
the President
could no
longer evade
for Wilkinson's
To be thwarted
acts.
responsibility
dolph
Ranby Chief-Justice Marshall and baited by John
; to
crimes
fate
be
and
made
of
at
Wilkinson's
hard
peculiarly
could
not
Thenceforward
to
Randolph actingas
bear, but
was
one
Burr's
was
"
which
ferson
Jef-
and
accuser
changed.
trial of Burr
trial of
became,
seemed
in
Wilkinson, with
President
and
What
litical
po-
John
Jefferson
as
for the
presided in
be
readilyimagined for
high positionand pure character
his two
of
extravagances,
the situation
could
scapegoat
escape.
to be the indictment
counsel
the
once
most
formidable
and
of Jefferson's
man
than
to
plead before
unforgivingenemies
as
342
HISTORY
the
and
patron
UNITED
THE
OF
of
protector
client
respect. Driven
by
forces which
paths, he
by
the
in
but
stood
14.
far beneath
so
allowed
who
man
CH.
choice
no
had
saved
of
him
he
fected
efpreciselywhat
look
must
sustainingWilkinson, Americans
order
in
understand
to
disbelieved
of facts
King of Spain
of the
archives
in the
STATES.
by
the
for
President
knowledge
of the
United
States.
44
According
1807,
separation
Union
taken
Wilkinson
of
the
wild
to
He
us.
With
King.
militaryknowledge,
failure of
the
foresaw
from
of
case
the
making
that
he
and
the
would
the
idea
1
the
lose
the
considerations,
so
to Burr
fatal to
Yrujo
to
; and
he
leave
plan.
pension
from
local
his
moral
and
certainty
Doubtless
him
in
like the
employment
he
from
the
nature, he
latter
he
success
; that
their
the
entirely
in his mouth
enjoys
in
when
Wilkinson's
is
of
improbability
meat
secret
ration
sepa-
pertinaciousperseverance
this nature.
honorable
pension
the
his favorite
Wilkinson
attempt would
piece of
dially
cor-
expected,
and
capacityand
the
entered
to be
anticipatedwith
first that
generous
explain
not
been
This
them.
considerable
natural
he
the
expedition of
an
These
has
enjoys
his
from
was
foolish and
the
Burr
has
devoted
the
which
States
this government,
States
from
come
with
a
detests
28,
had
which
"
Jan.
menaced
if Wilkinson
Burr,
Western
evil has
The
of
Yrujo
wrote
United
which
place
the
saved
the
of
have
would
has
Spain
appearances,"
to
dog
is,
holds
King.
could
persistedin
an
interests,nothing remained
MSS.
Spanish Archives.
mt
take
to
the
;asion
as
hand
other
le
ik
in
the
pecuniary
military
service
such
expected
"btain,
proceeding
that
Whether
IV.
for
the
Army
he
enjoyed
in
year
twenty
years
had
pension
1
he
States,
perhaps
will
result
as
the
his
to
was
order
in
Burr
and
flatter
acted
has
reputation,
right
his
in
doubted,
be
mistaken.^The
States
Carlos
Burr's
distinguished
case
sacrificed
has
was
might
be
not
Fnited
of
Yrujo
motives
;ould
he
On
to
advantages
out."
pointed
have
is,
compensation.
may
any
alternative
ruins
the
on
in
and
this
on
getting
United
the
sures
as-
for
his
which
popularity
an
conduct
secures
of
he
means
either
generous
advantages,
In
ity.
some
his
service,
this
with
him
"vers
for
or
this
By
allege
extraordinary
an
increased,
it
will
and
343
CONSPIRACY.
adopted.
course
pension
his
THE
OF
COLLAPSE
Clark's
in
was
been
Proofs
services
on
one
the
of
had
employment
of
two
secret
been
Wilkinson,
of
of
thousand
he
the
Don
lars
dol-
services,
and
rendered
and
paid.lJ
against
point
general-in-chief
pension
consideration
the
but
son's
Wilkin-
of
theory
1809.
CHAPTER
JEFFERSON'S
disunion
effort to suppress
scheme
had
generous.
last
session,he could
harmony
restore
the
succession
the
both
to
from
tear
were
of the
than
strugglefor
The
party.
pure
ardent
more
his brows
the
his
only pleasure,and
and
mortifications.
he
as
wish
reward
far
in motives
no
his
which
of Burr's
by the factiousness
feel
to
scandal
the
source
threatened
laurels
hard-won
its
Distressed
and
to
XV.
So
in
regard
of
Pennsylvania,1
the
to
coming change.
The
"
"
question," he
be
cannot
the
present session
the
of
.
touched
The
nation
schismatic
to
views
this
itself
is
decide,
should
spiritthe
endangering
Congress,
present session
great questions
In
without
of
Leiper
to
wrote
and
the
harmony
disturbing the
of
quillity
tran-
decision
any
part."
in
take
President
shaped
of
his
which
acts.
no
union
Re-
policy,a controllingimpulse,was
the motive
of his gentlenesstoward
Randolph and the
that of his blindness
Virginia schismatics,as it was
in
to
the
1
common
doings of
Jefferson to
Burr.
Leiper,Dec.
SESSION
OF
Message
of
Annual
The
mded
id to
the party
unite
to
the
prepare
\"reignaffairs
mcentrated
plane
new
Madison's
to
of
action,
gentle rule.
to be forgotten
Spain were
;
to be
ignored; political
was
energy
to be
was
in-
was
and
"Vance, England,
lorida
on
allowed
to be
were
December, 1806,
for
way
345
1806-1807.
the
Jefferson's
before
the
should
term
Meanwhile
end.
the
posed
surplus must be disof,and the period of pinchingeconomies
might
Henceforward
cease.
Republicans, Democrats, and
Federalists might agree on some
common
system of
expenditure.
revenue
The
question
Message,
be
appropriated,
intervals
?
when
Shall
other
and
articles
in
foreign
of
due
the
over
more
season
the
of
war
impost,
domestic
general
the
these
Annual
surpluses
surplus of impost,
public debt,
purposes
suppress
shall
objects
whole
the
the
we
forward," said
comes
discharge of
to
few
now
what
"to
the entire
them
growing;
was
and
and
shall
and
during
not
give
will doubtless
be
use
right;
those
call
for
that
manufactures?
necessary
after
vantage
ad-
On
the
but
pression
supthe
346
HISTORY
great
OF
UNITED
articles
the
of
mass
THE
enough
continuance
of
the
public education,
the
great
it may
as
channels
by
placed
be
proposed
better
much
public
of
be
articles of
public
take
institution
alone
the
and
opened
will
pear,
disap-
their
union
is
Education
ordinary branches
out
care,
it is
those
contribute
of
some
so
manages
but
equal ;
sciences
yet necessary
country,
these
that
Supply
parts of which
the
not
to which
concerns
can
the
of
its
to
By
separation
ties.
to
public
will be
indissoluble
and
of
powers.
private enterprise,which
all the
circle,all
of
Their
add
to
proper
identified,and
objects
federal
lines
the
among
hands
the
and
new
other
of communication
will
interests
their
use
thought
of
the
States,
such
be
operations new
the
the
purposes
enumeration
of
them.
its
constitutional
it would
of
rich
are
certainlyprefer
improvement
here
who
are
would
cemented
only
paid
15.
themselves
applicationto
between
is
impost
those
by
CH.
afford
to
patriotism
which
on
STATES.
which,
complete
to
to
the
them
provemen
imits
to
preservation."
With
were
no
necessary
within
air of
that
added
be
an
amendment
an
in
order
to
to the
bring
Constitution
these
new
would
functions
the enumerated
the
defence
of
our
seaport
towns
and
waters
an
SESSION
of the
irlysettlement
"
irts of
our
Fective
portions can
time,"
ie
to
"me
called
of
instead
these
were
devote
its
remaining
years
should
two
"
be
so
vulnerable
and
exposed
militia
347
1806-1807.
most
country ;
nion, or volunteers
ress
OF
organized that
to
any
them,
to
point in
serve
the
objectsto
energies,in order
of Jefferson's
its
the
cient
suffi-
which
Con-
that
when
should
power
an
lightbe complete.
Federalist and
Democrat
could
"
)f the
period
at which
to
mstitutionally
States
ie
unoffending
inhabitants
long
citizens
the
participationin
have
rightswhich
interposeyour
may
withdraw
all further
from
)f human
you
been
eager
the
been
of
approach
authority
the
those
United
violations
long continued
Africa, and which
so
of
the
to
best
interests
on
the
of
our
proscribe."
Jefferson recommended
ignoring foreign politics,
begin a
Congress to abolish the slave-trade,
system of national roads and canals,found a national
tional
university,
fortifythe coasts, and organize the naAlmost
ing
Congress been able or willpromptly his advice, many difficulties
militia ; and
to
would
follow
have
been
had
overcome
before
the
year
1810
(/
348
HISTORY
which
seemed
THE
UNITED
twenty
even
of national
STATES.
CH.
years
15.
path
ceeded
sucCongress,indeed, never
in risingto the level of Jefferson's hopes and
; it realized but a small part of the plan which
wishes
he
OF
progress.
with
slowness
The
system.
it did
what
and
traced,
in
the
which
and
little
with
movement
political
social progress
could
be
President
Jefferson's scheme
fabric of
Republicangovernment.
the
government,
with
trusted
persons
objectsdestined
Jefferson's
were
done
was
by virtue
or
the government,
last to be
at
attained.
partially
Notwithstanding
the
favor
shown
internal
to
provemen
im-
dent's
Randolph exulted in the PresiMessage,which he regarded as expressing his
views.
scoffed at the Smiths, CrowninHe
John
own
other
shields,and
he
Message,"
The
you
supposed,
wormwood
wry
faces, but
in fear
armaments
would
to
of the
to
Nicholson,
certain gentry.
rod
in
and
less apparent
"
as
was,
They
made
of
plums
sugar-
repugnance
than
hopes
predicted."
General
"
wrote
it with
swallowed
I had
had
loudly of war.1
talked
44
who
orators
We
Smith
stare
who
politicians
wanted
annoyed,
were
have
the
and
established
down
any
theories,"wrote
possiblemeasures
Adams's
Randolph, p.
206.
Adams's
Randolph,p.
208.
Smith,2 uthat
of
offence
or
SESSION
Should
ence.
those
down
he
though
the
army.
the
measure
Never
until I had
there
the
pletelygoverned
of
man
time
into
The
session
took
so
com-
fail to
it
feel
place in
taken
might
had
every
some
be
ten
forgotfor
reason
from
character
first Bill
The
of
approbation.
influence
had
that
party, if they
the
back
for
and
ignoring it
of what
of Madison
the friends
; and
(al-
bring forward
to
his
could
to wish
regard to Florida,or
"
ordinary sense
at the recollection
shame
dare
Executive
nation
Message
augmentation
first obtained
when
will
recommend
necessity) any
not
last
the
at
cannot
/, did
Nay I, even
was
No
President
the
sees
now
against
fine-spun follies,he
Look
soon.
the
that
is such
patrioticstand
seductive
very
349
1806-1807.
take
man
and
destructive
be written
It
OF
consent
to
spiritof
this
come.
ciliation.
recon-
adopted by Congress
pended,
sus-
reminded
followed
year
the
the
close upon
before.
tone
House
of
that
his
own
Throughout
a
this
the
dictator ; and
tried
relief from
strenuous
taxation
efforts of the
Randolph took
most
questions a
session
on
majorityof
the House
the
race
for
only to
vie with
him
in
350
HISTORY
laid
aside ; the
regard
OF
the
to
wout, he
corpus
House
cut down
York,
; in
attempt
principlesof
of 1806-1807
the
confidence
and
leave
General
and
Smith
powerful than
his
to
have
was
built
Republican party.
The
to
sion
ses-
thought Executive
influence
President
the
ever, but
paid
ships of
fortified New
New
fortify
reverted
to
his
the
York, he
wishes.
line,he
would
have
to
Little
He
would
more
seemed
the writ of
opinions the
and
army,
Swart-
was
excuse
no
the
15.
allowed
and
man
refused
appropriations,
the
was
suspend
to
with
sympathy
to increase
declined
the first
the
Randolph
of Boll
case
CH.
forgotten. In
were
navy,
; in the
stopped
STATES.
claims
and
army
habeas
UNITED
Yazoo
his way
to have
THE
would
fluence
inno
or
gladly
willinglyhave
liked two
more
1798.
in
their
speeches which
North
New
which
and
revealed
South.
York, Southern
caused
York
New
dangerous chasm
tween
be-
fying
question of fortiRepublicans took ground
On
the
Democrats
feel toward
to
Annals
of
1806-1807, p.
Congress,
389.
comes,
;nemy
is for
not
cities
and
Holland
that
is
is any
the
by
"
case
of attack
lay land
Not
memy.
last
of
disposition
defence-
are
been
that
want
to
"
ought
be hooted
to
the
as
basis
ought
we
peace
at
principlelaid
very
is this very
miseries
of
be
to
principlewhich
is
Europe."
of
abandoning
New
York
2
"
York
the
York
preserve
also favored
New
ever
so
cityand
cut
fortification there
of
man
from
war
ly had
above
country.
lad not
all the
Randolph
Suppose
to
to
son-in-law,
spoke
it is the
New
from
Sir, it
war.
of
John
the
that
reasoning,
source
"
of defence
go
dispositionthat
towns
President's
principlewhich
gentleman
)repared for
le
that
our
Republican government,
)wn
should
we
"
commercial
of
If there
lis
country,
only tolerably
were
of
the
Virginia,
lotlyagainstthe doctrine
in
cities
consequences
this
enemies
many
us
Carolina
Eppes
"
so
that
Our
quelled.
of North
confident
was
the
as
let
towns, and
our
other
our
351
1806-1807.
Holland
country."
novelty in
be
"ss, and
je
take
lamented
He
mnot
let them
York
Mr.
fortified,
that
OF
seaboard
igardedthe
If New
SESSION
our
Long
treacherous
army
Island,
to his
campaign might
retreated
into
Annals
of
Annals
of
the
well
army
would
made
would
have
if the
enemy
duty
have
an
fortified,
; and
been
Congress,1806-1807, p.
Congress,1806-1807, p.
's
avoided
598.
610.
for the
escaped
all the
country."
with
in
general
ties
calamiif
our
352
HISTORY
Answer
THE
OF
to
UNITED
like
arguments
STATES.
these
CH
of
was
15.
course
to take the
was
impossible. The only final answer
Southern
people at their word, and to assert as a
being entitled
principlethe rule that seaboard cities,
to no
protectionfrom government in case of attack,
the right to protect themselves
viting
should have
by in-
the
York
a
as
to
enemy
had
rule, if
argument
an
nothing,because
deep
so
Randolph
cities that
with
answered
this
even
unwillingnessof
have
but
availed
Virginian antipathy to
We
"
such
Virginia;
voice,
one
of
logic would
was
and
New
and
operation of
interests
the
it suited
Boston
fear the
to
reason
no
them.
occupy
expect
would
have
better ! "
no
Southern
the
Republicansto
V fortifyextended
only to forts and ships,not to gunboats.
Randolph had not much faith in gunboats ;
his friends were
but
willingto spend comparatively
Their theory
these
on
cheap defences.
large sums
The
reasonable.
was
protectedby
be
not
coast
fixed
fortifications
some
system of movable
whole
purpose
the
on
selected,and
prove
be
to
it
was
never
was
their
Northern
that
; but
no
effectiveness
one
failure ; and
"
answer
only
the
pended
system everything deof the
battery to be
gunboat would
effective.
alone,
batteries could
in such
could
sea-goingpeople pronounced
the navy, gunboat service
Most
in
supposed economy
was
delusion.
OF
SESSION
cost
inboat
flotilla of
whole
priceof
These
them
He
wanted
to
adopt
above
new
hundred
open
the
as
to
the
gunboats
The
no
majorityof the
possibleservice
If forts
men.
he
were
of
always manned,
they were
surelygunboats were
was,
"
objection; yet
thousand
hundred
navy
Nelson
dollars
willing to build
was
might
ask
wanted
in
any
to
buildingnumber
for.2
the
rejected
representatives
seaboard
Northern
"
unless
assertion
the
allowed
Southern
the
States
for fortifying
appropriation
The
could be obtained.
York
board
theory that seareceived
cities could not be defended
general
dispose of
New
the
will be of
short.
on
thousand
same
spend three
gunboats, and
of
much
in actual
manned,"
are
service
possible
no
"
one
the
they
man
effect
no
for
how
say
repairsor
gunboat was
Fortifications
"
unless
in annual
less,and
or
built
be
could
one
no
cost
had
doubts
House.
but
life of
The
service.
could
gunboats
frigate
;
dollars
thousand
ten
some
353
1806-1807.
No
them.
of the
members
went
further,and
war;
that
but
VOL.
no
nothing
could
warrant
the
common
Annals
of
Congress,1806-1807, p.
Annals
of
Congress,1806-1807,
in.
"
23
398.
p. 400.
asser-
354
OF
HISTORY
tion
that
danger
herself,at
American
when
of
by
all
France
with
when
the
ministers
Madrid
at
withdrawn, and
and
Spanish army
warfare,
ica
permit Amer-
British
the
Islands,
with
diplomaticrelations
and
attacking
was
to
15.
America
of actual
measures
except
CH.
only from
whether
hesitating
was
at
STATES.
existed
when
commerce
trade
UNITED
war
moment
England
to
THE
Orleans.
Willis
Alston
Carolina,chieflyknown
of North
as
of
their
resented
members
Quincy
whose
sense
was
social
reply to his
and
motives
this
treatment
well
man
born
standing could
taunts
Alston
and
the
more
because
educated,
questioned.
be
resorted
Southern
well
and
not
the
to the
In
well-worn
commonplaces
"
in
money.
This
Federal
times.
system
We
is new,
have
not
and
gone
not
on
known
increasing
our
"
"
I could
say
as
much
of their successors."
OF
SESSION
1806.
lay
issue
whole
The
counter-charges. To
views
Federalist
the
had
charges
President,his
converted
become
of
influence
the
and
to
Randolph
ciety
popular prejudicespeculiarto Southern soto an
held the House
impracticablecreed.
stiffly
the North
Whatever
requestsof
showed
House
cityof
The
universities.
South
the
fared
alacrityin taking
no
no
New
York
only
establishment
of
coast
survey,
the
innovation
of
the Act
dollars for
thousand
fifty
10, 1807, appropriating
Feb.
subjectof
the
up
and
better than
its way
made
wanted
East
State and
the
roads, canals, or
which
and
Jefferson's wishes
refused.
West
the
short
extent
some
but
these
of
and
the
in
Senate
the
Cabinet, and
855
1806-1807.
for this
was
an
interested
were
Senate's
Road
priation
appro-
definit
in-
was
their
treated
harshness
as
offensive
members,
own
and
still
more
as
such
Randolph.
part able
the most
to return
even
that of
treatment
Southern
York,
the
planters refused
Federalists
were
with
to aid in
the
autocratic
The
to hold
If the
New
for
allies with
Northern
eralist
Fedtheir
manners
of Democrats
Varnum.
fortifying
stronger for
the
356
HISTORY
OF
refusal ; and
if
and
tobacco
THE
UNITED
Virginiawas
anxious
corn
STATES.
of
Philadelphia,the Federalists
and
Northern
the
that
hoped
of
take
care
trade
startled
cities
not
CH.
to risk
Boston, New
for the
might
be
15.
her
York,
most
part
induced
to
Yet
themselves.
eralists
although the Fednot sorry to see
the PennsylvaniaDemocrats
were
ground under the heel of Virginia,
they were
to find how
creased
rapidlythe sectional spiritin/surprised
States when
in the Southern
slaverywas in
question. The debate on the abolition of the slave-
The
Democrats
and
Federalists
alike.
President's
in the
Message which
related to the slave-trade was
regularlyreferred to
Peter
a
special committee.
Early of Georgia was
Mann
ginia,
chairman, while Thomas
Randolph of VirJohn
Keenan
Campbell of Maryland, Thomas
of
paragraph
North
Carolina, and
Northern
three
tives
representa-
up
declared
;
of
referred
was
imposed
ship
and
importation of
fine
the
behalf
of
the
cargo
of the
the
House
which
a
United
in
committee, and
for debate.
of
President
the
the
Bill
forfeiture
importer,with
States
United
to
in
ure,
prescribed rules for forfeit-
forfeited vessel
was
to be
States government.
consisted
slave-ship
The
slaves unlawful
as
negroes
authorized
vessels
Act
of
on
; and
cargo
the
days afterward
two
the
to
in negroes.
The
Under
sold
on
cargo
Early's
SESSION
1807.
Bill,every
OF
imported
negro
forfeit to the
became
thenceforth
United
into the
States,and
States government
United
sold by the
357
1806-1807.
try
coun-
be
must
to the
highest
bidder.
in regard
rinciples
cted
to
rnment
of
approve
extent
reat
the
adopt
to
that
negroes
be sold
Rhode
Island
law
might
and
might have
collusion
between
that such
Upon
became
of New
be
ineffectual ;
inform
turn
at
against
loose
was
felt
that
took
no
of
rious
se-
suppose
surprise at
offer
to
forfeited negro
and
in
man
savage
began
which
soon
the
slave-dealer
quantityof
Annals
of
strenuous
the
South
if his
act
negroes
on
large.
1
could
every
debate
forfeiture
the
Newport
chance
without
have
must
Southern
the
one
of
freedom.1
to
Early
provisionfor
of
buyers
pass
providing that
his
coast
Jersey immediatelyrise
this amendment
hot.
No
cargo
of the
and
to
little inclined
any
that
New
been
streets
some
could
one
entitled
be
even
would
no
amendment
should
the
Bill.
the
had
ex-
gov-
The
their
on
admitted
measure
and
opposition,
eing Sloan
in
importers
objectionto
slaves.
which
driven
be
the
were
interest,
under
perhaps
members
in
Quaker
made
slave-trade
public auction
at
Boston
an
trader
with
scarcelybe
policy which
and
owner
an
slavery,could
to
nglanders,though
or
imbued
Pennsylvania Democrats,
The
Congress,1806-1807,
168.
would
were
the
to
public
358
HISTORY
We
"
is
no
doubt
Not
OF
Southern
could
again;
both
sides.
and
It
from
Binding
how
the
draw
for
to masters
and
more
is
bad
so
you
who
those
who
are
South,
seem
that
you
to
who
understand
must
be
from
the
done
as
blood
"you
cannot
ask
me
local
competent
of
informed
are
now,
Annals
Let
are.
anxious
revenue
said
great difficulty,''
Carolina
South
this business
way
than
them
members
legislatureson
of
the
into
got
stick where
those
anxious
Pennsylvania
Virginia
of
hobbled.
inquireof
them.
coast
more
temper.
Williams
conduct
the
was
have
"You
The
propose.
interior,and
massacre
or
forbearing,the Southern
lost their
to
were
suggested,but objections
was
debate
The
the
citizens.
of years
on
the
Africa,because they
to
littlemore
were
to receive such
made
be returned
not
Ohio
and
what
not
re-enslave
tribes would
term
knew
brought from
all
were
by
15.
or
supported Early,and
members
members
negroes
must
CH.
they of us ; there
alternative
I leave it to gentlemen to be determined
; and
be pursued. There can
would
which
be no
course
I will speak out ; it is not my
this head.
on
tice
practo be mealy-mouthed on
a
subject of importance.
would
be left alive in a year."
of them
one
Northern
R.
STATES.
must
The
UNITED
THE
what
Are
this
on
former
and
Congress,1806-1807, p.
tell you
over
occasion,
of
183.
not
guided
gentlemen
gentlemen
sweat
usual
not
subject,
the
you
they
The
; but
a
Do
they
judge?
and
on,
is the
subjects.
?
completely
are
go
David
the
to
mis-
SESSION
1307.
their
but
the
at
will
not
conduct
object
is to
continuance
of
their
that
Africans.
erable
OF
359
1806-1807.
that
say
this
is their
certainlyjustifiesa
such
pass
the
law
trade
for
the
suspicion
will
as
tive,
mo-
connive
emoluments
of
their constituents."
discussion
The
further
was
embittered
by
motion
made
called
proposition
This
out
another
displayof Early's
frankness.
"We
have
be
can
considered
Without
be
been
too
the
answering
sufficient to
How
subject.
they consider
question
it
answer
do
people
it such
for
severe
by
the
crime.
abstract, it
practicalview
consider
atrocious
an
atrocious
so
in
punishment
of
transaction?
the
crime?
the
Do
not."
do
They
will
had assumed
that
Pennsylvania philanthropists
they could at least follow Jefferson in holding slavery
The
to be
evil and
an
human
slave-trade
the
rights; but
these
even
to be
violation of
pointswere
longer
no
conceded.
"
All
Early,
the
people
are
concerned
"
as
criminal.
majority of people
slaveryas
The
three
even
an
in
the
in
...
in the
slavery.
Southern
not, then,
truth,
"
do not
States
rejectedby
almost
the
fifty-three,
delegationvoting in its favor.
to
Ammls
It is
sidered
con-
large
consider
evil."
death-penaltywas
States," continued
Southern
of
whole
vote
of
sixty-
Pennsylvania
Congress,1806-1807, p.
238.
860
HISTORY
setts
then
shall
be
the
moved
sold
slave
by
CM.
"that
amendment,
an
as
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
no
York
New
seventeen
the
influence
the
Southern
includingthe
men,
Englanders in
ber
mem-
into
Northern
besides
men
with
Even
South.
the
threw
casting vote
after this
arguments
on
in
obstinacy;
out
and
found
and
the
Macon,
the
the
but
New
two
York
Speaker, by
his
amendment.
carried,notwithstanding
going over
and
side,the
Smilie
infinite
no
from
members
ernment
gov-
point was
either
like Sloan
genius, but
; while
slave-tradingagency
New
this
the
of the
ten
for
Men
by voting with
Six Southern
slave-owners.
showed
members
State
their
slaveryin
voted
and
nearly all
divided,sixtyagainst sixty,1
House
Pennsylvanianssupporting Bidwell,while
of
person
virtue
15.
one
again the
over
Bill made
were
not
resources
could fail to
no
same
progress.
giftedwith great
in their patient
that
see
the
true
Their first
with them.
sympathiesof the House were
to prevent the forfeiture of the negroes,
objectwas
forfeiture impliedtitle,
and the United
States
because
government
could
have
captivesin
mere
no
war
title in these
of barbarous
human
ings,
be-
tribes ; but
decidedlyagainst them,
and even
Josiah Quincy insisted that they were
wrong.
Forced
to yieldon the issue of forfeiture,
they resisted
with
the greater obstinacy the sale of the forfeited
were
so
obviouslysound
negroes ; and their objections
on
that
Annals
of
was
Congress,1806-1807, p.
267.
SESSION
spite of
iat in
and
mspense,
adverse
select
House
the
guide
knowledge
on
matter
conscientious-
the
preferred to
the
to throw
^committal
r6 to 46 ;
Bill into
20
January
the
down
sent
The
Senate
and
jported,
debates
those
Bill
hands.
January
during the
of the House
of
vote
for the
own
The
reported,and
was
at first.
Bill of its
in conciliation,
8, 1807, by
new
as
than
Northern
Jan.
ordered
was
strugglebegan again
mate
to
patientstolidityof Quaker
submitted, rather in defiance
inder
le
its recommittal
local,chafed
they
less, but
Bill in
the
consider
rhich
then
held
experience should
id
they
choice.
own
Southerners, who
The
361
1806-1807.
votes
secured
even
of their
committee
OF
28 the
same
session
purnot
were
reportedonly in
were
j, and
the
prohibiting
coastwise
at
under
escape
with
sea
effective. The
At
no
across
the Florida
of negroes
to
and
maintain
the
boundary or
of
prohibition
in small
even
Senate
from
vessels
a
saw
no
be
could
the West
the coastwise
of
the
not
not
dobe
that
executed, which
smuggling
from
seemed
pretence
could
in
in
small
frankly said
likelyto
prevent slave-traders
the
Bill
members
Bill
that
of slaves
best, the
Southern
frame
; but
fortytons, so
cargoes
would
Islands
slave-trade
icstic slave-trade.
theycould
than
domestic
necessary
negroes
Indian
transport
in order
to
objection
it.
362
HISTORY
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
15.
hesitated
House
painfullybetween
Pennsylvanian
and Virginian influence.
Very rarelydid the
Pennsylvanians assert themselves, and they did so
conscientious
with great moderation
they were
; but
behind them
not only the moral
and they had
men,
support of Jefferson,but also the steady influence of
determined
Secretary Gallatin,whose
hostilityto
the
slave-trade was
proved at every
slavery and
of his public life. When, Feb. 9, 1807, the
moment
in Committee
resumed
of the Whole, a
debate
was
majority began by voting in favor of the deathsection
penalty. The next question rose on a new
The
in regard to forfeitures.
Pennsylvania Bill
tured
provided that the forfeited negroes should be indenThe
for
of
term
in
years
free
some
State
Territory. The
seemed
reasonable
proposition
offence to the
calculated to give no
and
but
Early declared
States
lives.1
"
want
insurrections,no
government.
not
this
resistance
to
it
South
ern
Souththeir
no
rebellions,
no
authorityof
the
effect,
then, to
as
of the
self,
in it-
provision with
civil wars,
no
Give
this Bill
pass
resist
would
We
inhabitants
that the
or
this
wish, and
the
do
stands."
now
disturbed by an
Pennsylvaniapatiencewas
Irish by
outbreak
so
extravagant. Smilie,who was
birth, obliged Early to take back and explain away
Even
his
words
purpose,
but
the
flash
strugglethe Southern
1
Annals
of
answered
his
its
Early carried
"
of temper
Congress,1806-1807,
p. 477.
SESSION
1807.
that
the
well
aware
subjectbelonged
do
wished
to
would
revolt
leave
the
in
Under
no
trade
death-penaltyin
State
the
negroes
; and
at
John
him
Senate
had
; he
final debate
His
Act
Quincy
by leavingto each
of the
forfeited
weary
of
the
antislaverytheories
the
the
would
did
silence
of the
one
House
being thus in
the
severe
his well-known
disagreed to
prohibitionof
that
order
Josiah
length,February 13,
quiet.
passed the
made
be
fate
the
to
as
only in
but
kept
that if
amendments.
some
Hitherto
debate
continue, the
even
dispute,the House
interminable
the
would
ended
House
decision
Bill with
venture
ing
circumstances,see-
Bidwell, but
The
them.
deserted
would
one
only Barnabas
not
would
abandoned
Eleven
beaten.
were
measure
South, and
they were
but
stronger
the
Pennsylvanians naturallyargued
to assert
they
such
the
case
any
that
any
because
open,
Act.
the
that
that
publicopinion in
trade
enforce
to
them
to
to
; but
so
363
1806-1807.
defects in the
of the
expect wholly
not
OF
;
came
amendments
up
Southern
coastwise
again
which
conference
their
report.
a'ttacked the
on
members
trade, the
of
committee
The
last.
not
whole
sure
mea-
Early declared
of
364
a
singleslave
Randolph
feared
He
lose
lest,at
Bill,he
the
session,he
had
emancipation;
lose
of the
the
establishment
the
provisioncontained
to blow
up
that if
ever
holding
have
the
should
the time
ever
depend
to
should
slaves, he
should
erect
itself into
of the
natural, for
deeply
than
the
on
Southern
the
into
the
all the
an
when
abolition
orators
He
the
"All
slave-
said
South
he
be
not
between
that
should
against
asked
society."The
was
mence
vehe-
in this instance
was
prohibitioncut
constitutional
far
more
rightsof slave-owners
provisionsof
other
States
the
remain
coastwise
prophesied
for assistance
despair.
to
agree
would
but
Western,
North
since
passed
between
severance
come
rather
Bills of the
He
non-slaveholdingStates.
and
had
than
in ruins."
line of
and
Eastern
between
coastwise
slave-bill. It went
this
in
of disunion
time
arrive, the
should
if
the
Bill
every
government,
the Constitution
he
rather
rather
had
the
that
15.
pretext of universal
the
asserted
CH.
the
touched
prohibition
"
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
Bill which
the
they
resisted ; yet on
and
successfully
obstinately
beaten
the division they were
by the large majority
of sixty-three
to forty-nine.New
York, which cared
had
so
the
and
Senate
26, 1807,
was
to the
sent
Annals
of
Annals
of
Constitution,
President.2
Congress,1806-1807, p.
Congress,1806-1807, p.
626.
635.
Bill,Feb.
SESSION
Randolph
That
should
is
be
In
mrse.
OF
and
other
deeply
their
State-rightsRepubli-
irritated
effort to
365
1806-1807.
was
the
tone
of
matter
Bill to
make
it
wit
id
the
they found
almost
warrant
ith
precedent slippedupon
any
interference
legislative
which
igislation
introduced
touched
Bill
to
which
them,
to
the
his class
explain
and
bearings of
all
at
interests,
once
amend
Act.
the
its reference.
The
Quincy promptly moved
laywas
February 27, and in another week the Ninth
Congresswould expire. Randolph opposed the referof his Bill,
urged the immediate
rice, and
passage
)ut was
defeated by a vote of sixty to forty-nine.
[is Bill
ras
lever
even
was
made
taken
referred to the
an
order
House
in committee
day, but
it
; it
was
up.
366
and
threatened
the
South.
to
the
temper.
The
and
confidence
field for
an
of
will, opened
The
obstacle
the
as
the
them
last
in it
saw
the
the
butt
only
of the
to
That
and
house,
like Smilie
of
ordinaryrepresentatives
beneath
serious
as
range,
men
an
they
proportion.
range,
was
like
men
where
fragments; and
temper
mole-hill.
boundless
seemed
mountain
largely
giving self-
of
sense
in
were
weakness
distant mountain
dash
step would
chief
their
15.
ward
after-
was
strength of
trippedthem
mole-hill which
false
of command,
except
sense
every
The
habit
Early was
and
slave-owner
State-rights,
party
vigor
CH.
what
Southern, or
extravagances.
Randolph
had
of the
STATES.
of every
property
as
known
due
the
disasters
The
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
when
with
its
helpless,
they
like Sloan,
and
Findley,
intellectual mediocrity
the
Pennsylvanian average,
should
habitually end in carrying their points,in
singular and unexpected ways, against the ablest
and
the most
of New
leaders
England Federalism
giftedmasters of Virginianoratory ; that they should
end by giving
root up everythingin their path, and
somewhat
to the whole
"
their
which
own
the
energy
their
wisdom,
talents,but
of
want
but
result, and
State in New
their
or
the
contempt
their
overthrew
England
to
their
decided
antagonists'errors
and
successivelyChurch
and
slave-owningoligarchy
OF
SESSION
iroughouthalf
jould
learn
not
aspectsthe
most
Randolph,
produced by
certainlythe
generation,and
his
John
patience.
giftedman
Southern
The
continent.
the
367
1806-1807.
one
the
lass,flung away
advantages
of every
ire
dth
rats
was
stopped
hey
it
had
made
and
to
most
of his
by
though
the
the
tortoise
annihilate
not
them,
upon
well-defined
no
inert
wanted
they
did
impression
no
md
contempt
leaders
no
who
Pennsylvania Demodid
strength; sarcasm
and
; social
South
success
as
beat
to
race
the
of
of time
waste
defeats
his
Punishment
whip.
in
in many
faults
peculiarqualitiesand
exaggeratedthe
gentry
weights
they
to
were
policy,
an
sure
librium
equiin
the
get.
which
jnts
it.
Senate
the
reduced
bushel
Usage
)f conference
the
to twelve
and
"riginalBill,and
with
it back
duty
on
cents, without
House
he
be
appointed;
should
carried
amend-
an
salt from
twenty
ing
wholly abolish-
courtesy requiredthat
should
sent
but
committee
Randolph
abruptlyadhere to its
his point by the large
368
HISTORY
THE
OF
UNITED
STATES.
Cn.
Bill
force,producing
the
two
lost ; and
was
hundred
reached
when
be
given
into
drawn
their
The
next
the
subject;
day
this
step;
committee
and
in
this
adhere.
continued
thousand
lars,
dol-
allowed
members
before
votes
salt-tax
slave-bill was
the
Randolph'sprotest.
The
Pennsylvania
to
to
cepted
ac-
thousand
day
same
the
five hundred
some
Mediterranean
Congress
the
while
Senate
15.
but
waking
was
themselves
they
to
moved
had
their
to
spite of
hardly
mistake.
reconsider
strances,
Randolph's remonthe motion
carried by sixty to forty,
was
Pennsylvania!!changing his vote.
Randolph,
every
exasperatedto the last degree,attempted to block the
the new
Bill was
taken
measure
by obstinacy. When
of the whole
House
February 28, he
up in committee
consumed
the day in dilatorymotions, calling the
until he could no
longer induce one
yeas and
nays
fifth of the members
in asking for
to support him
them.
The
House
in the
sat until
half-pastone
at last the Bill came
to a vote,
morning ; and when
Randolph and his friends left the House without
a
was
quorum.2 After several counts, a quorum
reported,and the Bill was
passed ; but the yeas and
not taken, and
exwere
suspicionswere
nays
many
1
Annals
Diary of
of
Congress,1806-1807,
J.
Q. Adams, i.
464.
p. 635.
OF
SESSION
that
"ressed
fevertheless
law
became
influence
had
time
against
This
be
longer
no
last
of
day
'inkney
to
;mpt
not
treaty
lomestic
VOL.
of
succeeded
should
affairs.
in.
24
"
the
his
Washington
that
the
Democrats
the
at
of
Virginia
The
on
liberal
many
see
from
commerce.
and
when,
Congress,
bringing
party
;
Congress
with
oligarchy
Ninth
the
his
unite
felt
postponed.
England
from
"rived
of
destroying
the
situation
the
was
in
ended
alliance
victory
moment
Pennsylvanians
an
England
could
id
the
when
come
New
of
conduct
and
last
present.
their
won
the
at
Randolph's
session.
"wn
Pennsylvanians
the
Bill
the
actually
not
was
quorum
369
1806-1807.
another
years
on
messenger
Monroe
and
President's
ai-
domestic
were
session
policy
to
pass
devoted
fore
be-
to
CHAPTER
XVI.
the
summer
of 1806
carrying Burr
and
his insane
WHILE
in
Armstrong
Paris
was
adventurer,whose
of another
passingin America,
General
projectsto failure,
watching the progress
dark
as
as
plans were
was
ent
geniuswas of a very differorder.
garding
Talleyrand'smysterious instructions reFlorida
were
given to Armstrong early in
Ulm
capitulatedOctober 17 ; the
September,1805.
battle of Trafalgar was
fought October 21. Napoleon
of the Continent,and
master
thenceforward
was
2 Napoleon won
December
England of the ocean.
26
battle of Austerlitz,and
December
the decisive
he signed the treaty of Pressburg which
humbled
of
those
whose
Burr, but
Austria.
The
task than
harder
had
seemed
and
often
man
of the world
movement
men
of
wit
to
swept
to
rest.
His
plans sometimes
but
the
effort behind
keep
His
or
; and
succeeded
the failure
while
behind
had
never
abreast
Europe like
over
success
; but
of repose
moments
never
lagged
of
schemes
many
and
active
diplomatistsa
Napoleon.
; but
so
the
Other
Napoleon's mind
were
developed,
storm-centres.
sometimes
failed,
equallyimplieda greater
Armstrong and his brother
BERLIN
THE
371
DECREE.
success
them
from
could
only
1805-1806, while
Armstrong
had
Talleyrand
returned
More
Napoleon
he
condition
at
Paris
to
back
from
had
levied
into which
France.
the
Tuileries
The
Emperor
and
26,
absolute,
more
Vienna
and
Jan.
midnight
at
ever
rich
with
the
in
Within
this revolution
American
upon
friend
winter
he
twelve
called
and
after
hours
a
council
riving
ar-
of
his
appointed Mollicn
place.
That
for not
the
Through
do.
to
ministers,disgraced Marbois,
in his
conceal
John
nothing
came
Treasury of
wait.
powerful than
contributions
at the
he could
layed
Randolph's oppositiondeinstructions to the minister at Paris,
Madison's
1806.
which
Jefferson.
Armstrong
of
on
only was
of
the
in the Cabinet
interests
Marbois
United
an
was
honest
States, but
had
more
man
the
ing
bear-
some
than
and
likely;
a
warm
weight
that
372
dragged
of
OF
HISTORY
him
down
THE
and
Napoleon'swars
threw
debt
of
Bank
In
the
the
and
her
to
the
dangerous
empire
of
and
every
the
of
arrears
be
16.
weight
shortlytold.1
inconvenient
class into
of coin
want
issued
be
CH.
general
supply
the
merchants,
mands
dethe
of paper
amounts
To
;
mercantile
the
than
story may
repudiationof
Emperor
of France
money.
The
the French
bankruptcy.
STATES.
nothing less
was
Spanish finances.
UNITED
to be obtained
which
produced speciewas
forced to give up her treasures
if
paid
add
"
five per
cent
1
on
any
; but
cargo
Thiers,Consulat
et
Ouvrard
meant
to
THE
all risk.
?scape
He
with
irtnership
and
Hopes
proposed
[exico
BERLIN
South
draw
involving
itself through
of Amsterdam
to
the
in settlement
United
the
less
getting no
States
dollars from
States
United
London
and
five million
some
America
besides
spoliations,
lollars from
of his own,
plans
by giving
Irafts on
had
Barings
to
373
DECREE.
government
of the
than
Spanish
ten
million
government
for the
Fondas.
The
in
unnamed
to Armstrong
negotiatorwho came
structi
September,1805, with Talleyrand'sautograph inwas
whose
errand
Meanwhile
an
was
agent of Marbois
known
doubtless
to
and
Ouvrard,
the
Emperor.
the
to
blame, and
men
who
wrong,
"
affair.
In
that person
served
and
such
in fact
truth
was
one
the
masters
alone
person
Emperor
were
to
was
himself
always
; but
in
the
Vanlerbergheaccepted their
fate.
Marbois
was
dis-
374
HISTORY
while
graced ;
the
all their
going
THE
OF
UNITED
three
others
property
Yincennes, with
to
STATES.
obliged to
were
under
Cn.
1G.
render
sur-
alternative
the
its memories
of
of
Due
the
d'Enghien.
The
of Marbois
dismissal
had
no
So
far
effect
immediate
at
the
Emperor's well-known
questionsin which
of
middle
All
points
instant
in
order
from
of
interposition
the
will take
himself
upon
the
form
the
on
sudden
but
and
if,on
or
the
of
by
the
the
alternative,
decision
her
to
is not
able
be
determination
alreadytaken,
the
been
or
more
his
Majesty
to
be
tioned
ques-
give
Should
to
it
this
spontaneous,
to
prevent
being
been
is
State
tated
dic-
strong
will present
hostility. Of
probable."
any
taken
either
presumption
and
dor,
ambassa-
feelings,there
from
have
the
on
immediate
to
proper
policy and
own
submission
That
important.
I may
and
his Catholic
Spanish
King.
hand, it should
is
"
Archives.
alarm
some
solicit the
to
think
may
that
other
invited
the
by
mediation
the
he
unfavorable
that
tling
set-
In the
submitted
believe
to
between
were
and
point equallydoubtful
reason
in
wrote
his Court
Emperor
States
to this Government
; but
interest.
an
controversy
United
the
an
movement
had
styleof
"
and
with
negotiation.
the
Majesty
he
February Armstrong
to Madison
is
Florida
decision,after
14th
the
on
of Ouvrard
from
seemed
44
the ruin
and
the
only
two
ment
Depart-
the
For
for
resource
as
struggling
was
of his
Napoleon
while
moment,
375
DECREE.
BERLIN
THE
1806.
extremity. Armstrong
told
or
semi-officially
officially
that
the
Emperor
in
was
posed
sup-
pute
Spanish-Americandisof both
to be regularlybefore him
by consent
long interview with his
parties.1He had another
who
unnamed
ish
pressed him to accept Spannegotiator,
the whole
drafts
South
on
of the
matter
in
America
and
Spanish spoliations,
obstinacy that Florida was
who
for
dollars
all this
During
word
had
time
but
which
"
13, 1806
to write
in effect
were
not
the instructions
This
of March
Miranda
"
although
1
law
to
million
heard
not
was
March
"
13
contained
contained
signatureFeb.
did
the
Madison
projectof
sign
a
vention.2
con-
accompanied by another
an
explanation of the
be understood
of
duct.
Yrujo's conwith
St. Domingo,
to have proceeded
long complaints
Madison, March
Two-
long-delayed
9, 1806; MSS.
State
ment
Depart-
Archives.
2
Madison
Armstrong
State Department Archives.
to
leyrand's
acceptance of Tal-
an
prohibitingtrade
it must
Armstrong
ten
structio
long-delayedin-
President's
despatch was
affair and
the
The
the
until
which
15, which
The
much
the minister
While
begun
received
; but
had
Armstrong
profferedterms.
Million Act
worth
with
these
to
listening
Madison
well
his Government.
from
argued
States.
United
the
to
and
Bowdoin,
March
876
HISTORY
not
from
France, and
which
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES.
requisitionon
rightful
any
16.
the part of
of
manner
CH.
pressing it
since
his
have
from
return
restoringorder
before.
to
Austria
his finances
he
had
and
succeeded
richer
was
in
than
The
"
papers
1
Armstrong
Department
to
Madison
Archives.
which
you
(private),
May 4, 1806;
have
MSS.
not
State
THE
1806.
The
seen."
Florida s, with
from
declaration
would
importance
he
Don
Spain, and
to
that
of
their
prove
alienate them
to
consent
to
IV.
Carlos
charts
and
maps
given
were
papers
arguments
many
naval
and
in
consisted
S77
DECREE.
these
day
next
They
him.
BERLIN
on
the
tary
mili-
formal
account
no
either
to
sale
by
or
otherwise.
and
weeks
before,with
had
Armstrong
in the
was
what
had
Emperor's hands
Florida.
second
be
must
If the
false.
Though I have
said he, "yet I am
"
existence
it may
; and
at
that
assured
been
this
not
not
3 he
the
the
was
the
the
found
be
consent
to
the
much.
as
paper,"
on
that
much
in
the
true
were
overture
been
of the
told
less assured
not
matter
suddenly
hinted
Armstrong
seen
whole
account
no
few
seriousness,
request
first story
if I have
moment
by
Only
of
equal appearance
occurred.
ister
min-
it had
deceived,
of
portfolio
M. Ouvrard."
"
the
That
may
less true
be," repliedTalleyrand;
that
circumstances
have
"
but
it is not
produced
of Spain." Then,
dispositions
an
as
Do
you
know,"
to
said
the Prince
he,
of
"
that Mr.
Peace
the
Erving
has
confidential
municated
com-
propo-
378
HISTORY
sitions
of
which
and
summer,
it would
as
the
may
trust
believe
anger
; but
might
"
own
high
so
of
being
so
in
that
that
continued
solemn
that
an
man
the
and
in his narrative
propositionsto
injunctions of
to
office could
ishment
aston-
whom
so
Mr.
secrecy.
his country
violate
flagrantly
"
diverted
was
suppose
seeing
clear,
most
confusion
my
confided
had
sacred ?
so
His
his
Bowdoin,
Mr.
purpose
express
readilyimagine
discovery,"he
the
committed
has
from
derived
last
"
under
Could
for the
"I
Madison.
Bowdoin
,
were
depositary
16.
to
they
the
made
CH.
this
You
"
were
appear
STATES.
UNITED
you
that
communicated
At
THE
OF
from
Talleyrandto
league
his col-
in anger, of
Armstrong capable,even
not
altogether
Talleyrand's story was
he was
tryingto distract attention from
failures.
more
THE
379
DECREE.
avoided
all,he
Above
mid.
BERLIN
reference
possible
to
lad stimulated
million
one
had
been
The
two
of the
hundred
seven
divided
in
Amsterdam,
from
son-in-law,and
of transfer
highest point
traced
lived
in
former
at
business
with
came
held
the
or
Francis
of
ing's
Bar-
to hold
pretended
Prince
letter
Peace.
The
the
propositions could be
Cazeneau, Parker's friend, who
Some
that
new
time
afterward
negotiatorhad
appeared,
"
who
came
caused
delicate nature,
than
much
M.
well
brother, in which
so
many
to
uneasiness
suggested that
money
thought
With
who
Skipwith,the American
Paris, and after explainingthat the X. Y. Z.
and the jealousyof the American
ment
govern-
had
He
from
concerned.
Dautremont,
consul
who
dollars
Talleyrand'shouse.
added2
Bowdoin
"
one
individuals
Labouchere, Sir
which
to
to
was
least cared
thousand
ten
the
offered
were
of recommendation
powers
and
among
Floridas
Hopes
Jefferson
The
know.
facts which
the
President
he
to
of
in matters
other
observation
land-grants
Skipwith might
different persons
less
means
be
might
to
take
and
of this
posed
ex-
devised.
Talleyrand's
a
share.
interests in-
Bowdoin
to
Jefferson,
May 20, 1806; Jefferson MSS.
Bowdoin
to
380
HISTORY
volved
in
THE
OF
Floridas
the
would
weeks
and
OH.
the
from
After
matter.
Talleyrand quietlyinstigatedthe
minister
of
to
request,which
his
renew
25 ; l and
16.
claims, Armstrong
single rebuff
end
not
STATES.
the
that
UNITED
the
few
American
done
was
by
28
Armstrong received in
his Majesty'swishes
of
reply an official assurance
the controversy amicably terminated, and his
to see
readiness to lend himself to that object." Talleyrand
but in haste ; for on the same
not only in earnest
was
in
day, May 28, he wrote to M. de Vandeul, who was
charge of the French
embassy at Madrid, a cautious
note
May
May
"
letter of
said,2seemed
he
He
Spain.
with
You
"
this
that you
of
he
may
said.
make
use
Americans, because
which
have
States.
another
interceptAmerican
Armstrong
to
be
must
of
their
of
Florida,
accessible
order
since
the
the
rivers
United
situated,can
so
the
Province
by land,
would
by
several
within
course
States
desired
warmly
; and
in
on
conversations, that
the mouths
Power
commerce
tell you,
only
of it in your
need
official opinion
no
express
it closes
great part
Under
negotiations
renew
pointsin dispute,and
arrangement, including
an
"
this
ment,
govern-
Florida.
point,"
States
the
over
ran
cession of West
the
disposed to
outlines
the
sketched
United
The
instructions.
it is to
seize
MSS.
the
State
is
be
first
ment
Depart-
Archives.
2
MSS.
"tr.,
Archives,
des
Aff.
BERLIN
THE
t806
his
colony, she
Yandeul
the
despatch and
this
making
brings very
valuable
more
G. W.
with
little
possession
and
Erving,the
with
ican
Amer-
friendly zeal
he
Armstrong's note, a
guidance, he
for his
whom
Peace, with
much
Madrid
at
into
inclosed
be
propositions ;
in
Florida, which
intimate
was
charge
entered
remark
to
preserving
on
States."
United
the
or
her, would
to
evenue
have
would
is that West
rrangement
bent
may
she
is not
Spain
If
for invasion.
"retext
381
DECREE.
had
he
was
Prince
the
to
went
conversation
long
of which
copy
of
June
18, 1806.
u
Excellencythe truth," he
Talleyrand,1"I ought to inform
tell your
To
day
to
Prince
of
Peace
appears
excessivelyopposed
I should
him
to
Spain
of
one
to
less
not
old
relations
United
the
Prince's
that
the
this state
interests
good
the
between
them
faith ; and
that
long time
1
of
of
without
Vandeul.
MSS.
"tr.,
to
should
States, even
pronounced
Nevertheless
of
matter
be
things was
two
in
countries
under
the
this mode
ions
opinwhich
I did
asked
were
no
He
commerce
safeguard
of
only
is
pended
sus-
answered
prejudicial to
way
; that
terest
in-
between
to official forms.
as
the
general
restored
that they
allegations)
it
next
that
think
did
you
the
views
conciliatory
bring him
the
the
the
find in him.
he
and
to
to
whether
that
me
wished
have
best
my
to hold
to
wrote
existence
tinued
con-
of
reciprocal
might last a
disquietingSpain."
Talleyrand,June
des Aff.
382
HISTORY
Yandeul
for
THE
OF
obliged to
was
reconciliation
UNITED
the
urge
the
and
STATES.
CH.
Emperor's
made
advance
16.
wish
strong
by Arm-
at Paris.
"
"
"
"
"
"
had
made
been
on
which
the
Government
of
In
system.
his
all the
includingthe
"
that
open,
had
1
Then
I
Prince
the
asked
cession
and
of West
gave
in
way
told
friendly,
previouslyauthorized me
but
Yandeul
MSS.
fitr.,
even
to
me
Talleyrand,June
upon
points in dispute,
Florida.
entirelyto
that
manner
insisted
he
earnestness
to
renew
to write
the
accession
found
not
to you
to you,
and
what
to
des
only
he
add
Aff.
THE
ministerial
mt
suitable
/ourt
both
views
he
Godoy
hurried
far
Armstrong.
had
Spanish
American
minis-
definite arrangement,
States."
; and
Prince
the
he
had
time
motive
every
the
for
spoke the
from
no
and
of
taken
tell
Armstrong
lost
well, and
to the
that
to
honest
was
and
United
convinced
was
chargS,though
who
the
decidedly be
intentions
conciliation
of
dispute with
truth,and
the
Highness
to your
Vandeul
that
of
383
DECREE.
should
measures
expression
"rs, with
the
BERLIN
Spanish imbroglioseemed
doubt
no
in
to
hastened
to
that
notify
all
was
consulting Talleyrand,
feel
of
sure
the verge
on
The
success.
of
friendly
settlement.
of melodrama
Suddenly occurred one of the scenes
to which
the Emperor's servants
accustomed.
were
When
Talleyrandbrought VandeuTs
despatch to his
into a passion. Rebuking
master, Napoleon broke
Talleyrandsharplyfor having pressed the matter in
its first stages,he threatened
to degrade and
punish
Vandeul
he
ordered
Talleyrand not only to
; and
reprimand
but
himself
His
orders
obedience
Vandeul
and
when
1
his
to
meddle
were
which
was
no
more
the
severest
with
instantlyfollowed
marked
manner,
subject.1
the
with
the
the
Emperor's
still congratulatinghimself
on
waiting for
despatch
letter of
arrived
Armstrong to Madison,
Archives.
in
subordinate
Oct.
which
service.
his
approval from
shivered
blind
his
State
cess,
suc-
Paris,
diploment
Depart-
384
HISTORY
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
16.
matic
word
of explanation,
a
triumph. Without
the reproof he had
been
Talleyrand administered
ordered
told that he had gone
to give. Yandeul
was
altogether
beyond his instructions : 1
"
To
"
to be
less
pleasure the
of
return
countries; but
two
few
In
at
.while he
has
in
is
been
States
United
; but
take
only
his
are
will communicate
of
sharper
seek
as
orders.
their
to
the
false
marked
are
The
intentions
the
to
believe
to
of
for
out
it
step, that
Spain
and
is to
be
the
sired
de-
negotiation,and
for you,
out
United
his
system which
the
of
opening
ter
minis-
from
marked
That
place
mediation
reconciliation
the
States
Peace
it before
Talleyrand
of
one
be resumed.
take
instructions
under
of
after
to them
steps
Majesty's
cannot
and
United
instructions
effect
can
should
leave
such
the
Prince
done
the
others
forsaken
the
be
exceed
such
to the
received
even
leading
inevitablydraws
has
the
means
negotiationshould
overtures
not
you
and
between
what
another
came
the
that
everythingwould
;
you
with
see
"
Government,
"
more
demanding
France,
ciate
asso-
him
will
judge
can
to
respective interests."
their
Paris, in making
that
alone
days afterward
reprimand
be
good understanding
they
suit
reconciliation
He
results.
the
for
responsible
Governments
two
his
all their
in
these
negotiationsof
opened under
him
or
the
cause
States
each
and
such
"
Spain
You
other.
always embarrassing
Aff.
Archives
des
Archives
des Aff.
"tr.,MSS.
2
"r.,MSS.
BERLIN
THE
1806.
of
functions
intermediarywithout
an
it ; for
do
to
385
DECREE.
thorized
being formallyau-
Government
the
whether
this
step is consistent
moment
and
with
alone
its interests
with
it has
general plan
the
know
can
of
the
formed
for
itself."
of this
the words
That
taken
despatch were
from
than likely.Talleyrand's
Emperor's lipsis more
the exact
notes always repeated as nearly as possible
the
expressionsof
the
expressionsof
this
"
were
with
consistent
with
the
he
for
learned
the
that
inconsistent
Spainand
doubt
first
Napoleon
with
the
at
he
approached. Another
in
form
for himself."
generalplan which
generalplan had
same
this reticence
came
had
States ; yet he
Emperor's conduct
From
formed
completereconciliation
the United
that
had
and
moment
general plan
Probably
was
interests of the
his
more
least
could
no
longer
controlled
far back
as
between
as
May
the
1.
fall
might infer that his own
proof that his credit waned
gracious,but
Napoleon conferred
The
Ex-Bishop of
on
him
Autun
not
an
less convincing.
Italian
became
pality.
princi-
Prince
of
every
de-
Benevento.
Had
VOL.
Armstrong
in."
25
been
allowed
to
know
386
OF
HISTORY
tail of this
THE
UNITED
he could
transaction,
STATES.
not
have
CH.
16.
penetrated
kept in
references
Madrid,
to
At
remove.
Marshal
hint
Duroc,
who
stood
which
"
from
as
Talleyrand he went to
and
ties,
abilihigh character
of
man
near
no
the
as
nearest
to the
peror,
Em-
and
was
Talleyrand. Duroc
; and
America
well
seemed
through
him
Armstrong
between
it
States
United
toward
succeeded
in
projectof a treaty
ing
Spain. After readquietly returned it,
the
and
the Emperor
attentively,
without
disposed
word.
strong
impenetrablemystery, ArmHe
of forcing the Emperor's hand.
dreamed
could at least,by an official note, compel Talleyrand
tion
and Izquierdo either to act or to explain their inacFoiled
again by
from
; but
and
might
do
this
this
Duroc,
harm,
but
step
he
who
reasoned
could
do
was
no
dissuaded
that
precipitancy
good.
Meanwhile
at
reau
Talleyrand to
"tr.,MSS.
leyrand
Tal-
by
Tur-
des
its
Aff.
THE
1806.
BERLIN
Prince
varied
the threat
"His
States,
times
like
peace
in
Europe.
to
commerce,
fortune
and
if,comparing
can
promise
in
bear
Take
care,
that
campaign
true
interests
would
Emperor
to
demand
the
employ
his
between
without
himself
other
empire, ought
whatever
a
the
to
as
made
the
two
forward
fix
his
States
an
whole
and
evidence
also
can
of
events
of
the
their
position,
to this dis-
themselves
to
Majesty
the
with
Spain,
re-establishment
as
aid.
in the views
true
Powers.
not
are
their
to
his
on
the
neighbors ;
sense
bound
interests,which
United
reconciliation
in their discussions
perfect harmony
where
have
offices for
good
the
in
colony,they
States
them
not
that
interested
gone
of
news
States,
colonies
inspiredthem.
they
putting
United
had
takes
first,they
the
suffice to make
to intervene
of
all
at
United
their
that
the
quarrels
are
always
the
she
The
at
the
though they
even
by
with
has
which
have
may
that
has
whom
it with
success
sir,to maintain
last
it
force
Europe
with
remark
America
(reconnaltre)that
conciliation
of
their
themselves
mind
alone, and
to wish
reason
structi
in-
threat ; but
to
in
to slumber
have
they
of this
prosperityFrance
in
the
"
pained
Spain,
of
:
significant
most
revive
their
owe
and
should
"
that
tone
caress
be
that
"
than
The
was
whose
to
interest,
which
would
contributed,
beginning
are
himself.
last,and
Majesty
United
clearer
between
came
387
DECREE.
His
of
Majesty,
in
mediator
and
stances
circumhis
directlyconcern
Spain
of
do
may
friendship
toward
toward
himself."
to
to
Germany
to
lead
him
388
HISTORY
His
far.
departure put
Armstrong
States
UNITED
THE
OF
in
still
end
an
STATES.
to
cherished,while
CH.
whatever
it left the
16.
hopes
United
could
should
then
to wait
command,
consent
were
to take
Yet
placefor
had
every
attack.
reason
The
to be
Napoleon reached
1806, and crushed
into
patience
Napoleon
meaning of
these
terious
mys-
in
Berlin.
on
United
States government
its guard.
conquering French
entry
when
moment
reveal the
to
what
diplomacy as in war,
commonly lost when they allowed Napoleon
the initiative,
and to choose his own
time
and
the
Paris,with
at
for the
manoeuvres.
nations
with
Prussian
November
occurringin
October
army.
battalions made
25,
"
the
Oct. 14,
27
triumphal
quently
day so freconspiracy,
the
Orleans,
"
destined
paper
himself
spatch,
de-
reached
New
to
the
under
world
Wilkinson's
Emperor
Russia.
and
Poland
General
Wilkinson
when
and
389
DECREE.
received
Jefferson
when
"a
BERLIN
THE
"1806.
of the
name
Berlin
Decree.
This
of
She made
of nations.
the law
; confiscated
war
unfortified
harbors
though
whole
of the
abuse
of
mouths
and
"
monstrous
rivers,and
she had
Continent, and
gave
(1)
the
That
French
British
That
(2)
violations of
these
'and correct
war
England
was
of such
confiscations
merchants
(5) That
prizeof war
whose
cruisers ;
(7)
should
well
found
all merchandise
(6)
should
That
be
no
hibited
prowithin
(4)
That
public,was
coming from
half the
employed
property had
That
was
war;
"
of blockade
state
as
fare.
war-
decreed
them
prisoner of
of
use
recognize
was
with
property, private as
prize of
British
try
indus-
rightto
methods
Englishman
every
authority was
all British
in
were
no
industry
and
law, it
all intercourse
That
(3)
Isles
had
and
natural
and
againsther the same
weapons
Therefore, until England
empires.
blockade
single
and
coasts
rightof
ered
consid-
not
other
of
blockaded
private property ;
places as blockaded
even
ship before them,
This
ers
prison-
non-combatants
been
product
nify
to indem-
captured by
390
HISTORY
OF
THE
STATES.
UNITED
CH.
16.
or
certain
was
soon
keen
progress
contained
which
started
have
understood
to
what
arms,
enigma
which
explained, and
what
of the
vaguely
an
no
the
up
was
rapid
"
Moniteur
"
cry that
Emperor would
had
the
be
at
at.
last he
A
part
10
ister
Armstrong wrote to Decres,the Minsence,
Marine, to ask of him, in Talleyrand'sabFor some
explanation of the decree.
days
Much
received.
is said here," he
was
which
to be
are
Madison, of qualifications
the arrete
20 [21],and which
of November
"
answer
wrote
to
given
to
would
interest
When
divined.
be
December
of
took
Berlin
the
his prey.
to become
"
make
indeed
it very
harmless
; but
these
are
to
be
Armstrong
to
Madison,
Dec.
24, 1806;
State
Papers
ii. 805.
THE
1806.
consider
"
last,"
convention
America
30,
1800,
but
it will
be
what
States
am
very
them,
but
than
With
this
obliged
was
closed,
battles
of
the
than
Prince
soon
gathering
Europe
President
his
had
will
not
cape
es-
have
cannot
the
from
is
naturally
less
ister
Minhim
to
explanations,
because
in
the
Emperor
forces
for
seen.
as
he
positive
it was,
wishes
tion
informa-
the
Armstrong
the
and
Jefferson
fought
yet
citizens
these
him,
himself;
where
of
Benevento."
of
be
it
for
content
to
tions
Rela-
answers
much
have
of
Exterior
It
that
such
to
of
the
Excellency
your
receive
give
to
of
...
would
explanation,
leaving
Germany,
was
happy
which
upon
that
my
himself
address
France
States
correspondence
and
Relations,
to
they
United
the
Minister
that
which
in
consequently
England.
Armstrong
ought
which
with
fication
modi-
no
observed
proper
the
ber
Novem-
of
21st
conveying
nor
with
the
concerns
Exterior
he
that
navigators,
with
the
present
development
of
at
Sept.
General
the
far
of
United
the
of
thus
neutral
to
as
of
to
communicate
should
decree
"as
regulations
the
regard
with
Decres,
391
DECREE.
imperial
the
wrote
of
BERLIN
at
most
the
conflict
mercy
distant
more
of
corner
of
Alexander
1806
year
Russia
terrible
CHAPTER
WHILE
of the Channel.
side
he
might think
from
threw
his
Bowdoin
and
thus far
had
with
He
from
amidst
state
After
Florida
he
had
the
to
strong
of Arm-
those
upon
negotiation which
injuredthe reputationof
it ; but
double
man
every
pompous
Westminster
nected
con-
of
rejoicing.
Godoy, but
cause
Talleyrand and
Pitt, whose body he saw
in
mournings of London
Abbey, and left in solemn
William
the
on
asters
diplomaticdishappy, though he only
himself
the
Paris,
his
not
also
of sunshine
shoulders
own
in
Napoleon
brief moment
enjoyed a
other
coped with
Armstrong
Monroe
XVII.
carried
funeral
deur
gran-
last
winning
more
sudden
than
any
of Barbe*
Boulevard
she
upon
Monroe
with
caresses
shown
since
her
had
appearance
semblance
the
smiled
Fortune
Marbois
Montmartre.
First
Lord
to
Charles
of the
outward
garden on
Livingston's
ing
Old King George, know-
the
in
no
and
under
last
James
Treasury
Pitt
or
Lord
Fox.
; Fox
capable of
Grenville
Grenville
took
came
be-
charge of
MONROE'S
393
TREATY
Lord
the
"ty chiefs
te
Monroe
his
of different
union
to
as
the Talents.
By February 7
the
completed.
was
well
greatlypleased,as
position in England had
was
comfortable.
"m
general
so
of All
nickname
jvolution
"r
was
Chancellor
To
he
might be,
hitherto
been
far
who
"
were
restricted
"iends would
imstances
supply,which
truthfulness.
that he had
tome
it my
than
ease
office since
but
little,
been
have
held
out
Monroe
Archives
.
to
hope
to
hour
put
any
with
me
the
more
in
person
Fox
said
had
so
nourish
him
that
diet.
passed before
he
wrote
Monroe
unaccustomed
month
Fox
and
days Monroe
England." 1
and
cir-
entire frank-
first interview
in
hopes;
the
charming,
few
an
of
best
statesmanship
felt with
ever
been
even
upon
than
more
His
of
politics,
in half
I have
left without
gladly fed
In
enjoyed his
secretary,"who
lew
in
Pitt's
as
amusing.
nor
manners
rare
the
under
extensive
his
liberal,
quality,most
and
Less
relations
and
broad
lad the
neither
were
lade amends
ras
social
such
to
he
State
long
he
less,
Nevertheventured
Department
394
HISTORY
the
and
seizure
rule
the
under
Scott.
At
pursue
He
established
himself
said
that
trouble
no
that
for
making payments
the
the
17.
suspend
vessels
Sir William
and
Queen's drawingaside
minister
and
and
ready to begin negotiation,
delay till
it without
to
American
Pitt
American
the
CH.
order
an
of
condemnation
took
announced
STATES.
UNITED
by
length,April 17, at
Fox
room
THE
1 for
application
formal
make
to
OF
seizures
it should
need
there
be
feared
be
would
be
concluded.2
condemnations
the
about
objectionsto
and
to
were
while
mean-
to
be
stopped.
1st of
crown
all
had
taken
into
its
came
the
own
Monroe
to
Monroe
to
the
of New
York
State
Papers,iii. 115.
State Papers,iii. 116.
MONROE'S
1806.
395
TREATY.
the Americans
commercial
and
objectthan
of
the chance
threat,
as
"
us
Whatever
which
she
what
her
existence
Two
the
without
'
"
sins of
or
Americans
as
weight of
which
American
on
the death
interests
of Pitt
On
ville to power.
active
in
or
every
giving and
peace,
marked
other
secured
success.
driven
side
Fox
whatever
in which
was
They
knew
lessened
of Lord
found
earnest
in
what
long at
was
as
their situation
energy
to
used
by creatinga
personal courage
; for in
terests
in-
pressing
were
Seldom
theirs
Gren-
these
Englishmen
brutal
somewhat
Pitt into
not
was
return
qualityas selfishness
than
had
oppositionand
won
character
a
easilymeasured.
receivinghard blows.
they had
national
and
the
arguments againstconcession.
understand.
rule,by interests
commerce
by
England, they
could
guided, as
was
public,permanent,
were
his assault
no
rendering
sur-
Non-importationAct as a
Americans
said, Surrender
surrender
or
your shipping,
the faults
were
Government
Her
to
America
of
the
and
least such
at
were
by
though
it.
other
no
alternative
to
or
price of
fightingfor
commerce
your
the
had
liberties to France."
your
The
France
people understood
ish
to
to
the
be
to
restriction
give England
to
either
believed
be
to
could
think
have
of war,
396
HISTORY
could
and
with
measure
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
approach
some
CH.
to
17.
exactness
quite
probable costs and returns, but they were
tened
unused
to being conquered by peace ; and
they lisits
with
as
much
contempt
America
whether
pains
and
to
make
that
of
anger
to
surrender
must
the American
at discretion
should
if Americans
as
refuse
any
pened
inquirieson that point; but it hapall the points in questionthis,which
when
the
Federalist
newspapers
in New
York
and
for warlike
clamored
of seamen
mob
irresponsible
the only effect of the outcry upon
England
measures,
to stimulate the anti-American
was
prejudiceand to
the
embarrass
chief
the
newspaper,
well-meant
the
"
efforts
Morning
of
Fox,
until
Chronicle,"
in
his
a
MONROE'S
of irritation
loment
be
so
would
not
powerful interests
the
United
they
ready
and
anxiety to
France
had
England could
the
cannon
had
remained
only
Russia
had
the
intention
such
Against
force Fox
The
and
of
by Great
States.
Napoleon
law.
he
the
give law
Men
to risk the
the
Two
ocean
the
as
Powers
"
showed
one
to the
toward
an
England
other.
of
measures
united
like Lord
fate of the
but
Britain,
could,without
Cabinet.
with
British
far
as
considered
to
its desperate
brutal;
sound
charge of
was
contest
be
struggledas
little inclined
were
in
order, that
publicinclination
in the
even
throat
land, and
with
selves
protect them-
fleets made
Even
in trade
her
to take
they knew
nation
the
at
would
war
British
life.
become
the United
and
evident
to
own
own
that
from
went, that
ocean
the
Europe violent
boast
divided
been
its
all
chaos
its
cut
save
made
that
that
much.
to
attempt
if
; and
bully so
or
no
see
to
eager
England
directlyengaged
made
did not
they thought
hector
the
States
if
in
unpopular
very
this,they
mistaken
much
they were
397
TREATY.
new
port
sup-
Sidmouth
istration
Admin-
the Tories,
to America
by concessions
; and
led by Canning and
Spencer Perceval, profitedby
in order to recover
their control
every English prejudice
of
the
government.
could
Fox
new
Council,as
judicialdecision
had
American
been
done
commerce
or
in
carry
Instead
issuing an
his
point
of procuring
Order
in
placing
previoustimes,for rein its old privileges,
he
398
OF
HISTORY
Government
caused
UNITED
THE
adopt
to
the
quite as
to
objectionable
1756
same
itself had
of
German
Powers
from
coast
this blockade
Brest
to
Ostend
and
the
ships should
leaving the
not
conditions
York
with
sugar,
Monroe
end
to
been
the
river
French
Elbe,but
seizure
in
"It
in
seizures
on
Amsterdam
seems
the
that
neutral
the usual
any
ship laden
safetyfor
in
and
enteringor
under
seizable
American
King
tween
rigorousonly be-
product of French
the
wrote
further
to
them
an
colonies,
might sail
whole
ports except
made
this blockade
Under
the
of
ters
minis-
the
blockaded
which
of
liable to
be
that
to
Rule
the
17.
principle
as
strict and
be
was
restingon
were
blockade
CH.
intended
measure
Americans
been.
ever
neutral
ordered
had
effect,but
produce
STATES.
or
in
case.
New
Spanish
or
burg.
Ham-
clearlyto put an
principlewhich has
in contestation."
heretofore
this measure,
blockade,and
as
Monroe
to
which
such
to be
came
became
chief interest
To
correct
known
point of
was
as
honor
Fox's
with
its reflection of
by
dangerous principle
State
Papers,iii.124.
MONROE'S
3806.
399
TREATY.
less
not
deny
to
pretence
the British
America
of
than
to the
1756, and
of
invented
measure
one
countries
Another
of
the
entered
under
had
she
in
submit
this
the
case
discussed
disputewere
he
; but
one
paper
satisfy
temporary
the
pedient
ex-
tion
condi-
six years
which
the
war.
fortnightelapsed,but
Whenever
the
to
to conciliate and
for
the
contested
the
admitting that
at illegitimate
objects.
the legalityof paper
intended
upon
ing
appear-
but
more
in order
was
further progress.
in
no
rightby
afterward
two
could
other, although
was
The
aimed
always contested
emphaticallyas
as
Rule
was
"
commerce
encourage
forbiddingit,
had
blockade
to
government
blockades
her.
it ; and
of
to admit
disputed;
saw
news
Monroe
Fox
made
the
arrived
no
subjects
that
the
from
by
America
the
that
Monroe's
appointment
of
powers
were
perseded
su-
specialmission,in
400
HISTORY
which
of
he
OF
THE
STATES.
CH.
to be
was
UNITED
17.
Pinkney
Maryland.
The
blow
Monroe's
great,and shook
pride was
his faith in the friendshipof Jefferson and Madison.
Three
elapsed since he had himself been
years had
and he
sent abroad
to share Livingston'snegotiations,
how
had the best reason
to know
easilythe last comer
could carry away the prizesof popularity.The nomination
him
of a colleaguewarned
that he had
lost
well,
influence at home, and that Jefferson,however
This was
in
disposed,no longer depended on him.
to
the
substance
revealed
were
in
Pinkney
arrived
him
new
the
foundation
part
to Monroe's
London
in
instructions
at
as
once
and
a pacific
regulation,
which
England had no
this
eyes when
June
which
troubles
graver
William
were
become
the
treaty.
instructions1
importati
began by treatingthe NonAct
calculated
was
and
and
of the
These
which
other
truth ; but
the
at
right to be
her,
anger
and
the
foreign
with
measure
angry,
and
sharply coercive.
threat
one
ble
amicastrictly
"
time
which
domestic
hostile act, a
to
same
preamble, in
was
After
clearer than
the
Madison
to
Papers,iii.119.
Monroe
and
Pinkney, May
17, 1806;
State
MONROE'S
1806.
401
TREATY.
Act
treaty be made, but the Non-importation
be enforced.
So
"
for the
is some
indispensable
that the President
case
preliminaryto
of the
Act
should
adequate provision
makes
it
sary
neces-
stipulation
requiringa repeal
any
shuttingthe
market
of the
States
United
this
another
prescribedas
the
enemies'
fixed
as
the
colonies
the
conditions
Three
without
Act.
Non-importation
further
be
made
Fox
upon
under
Sir
fore,
ultimata,therewhich
or
The
of
on
of the
restoration
captures made
were
could
precedent,the instructions
ultimatum
indemnity for
William
to
with
trade
and
condition
procure
repeal
requests
numerous
concerned
treaty
no
many
ent
differ-
nating
pointsin dispute, contraband,blockade,discrimiduties,immunity of neutral waters, East and
"
West
these
Indian
matters
were
might
to
them.
trade,and
every
use
demand
Nova
with
bargain,and
extent
some
Yet
of
trade
the two
discretion
made
by
in
Scotia ; but
negotiators
dealing with
the United
States
Monroe
knew
and
spoke
never
in.
"
of
said and
26
had
treatywith
something like
Jefferson had
VOL.
Jefferson
commercial
any
that he
that
ever
Great
stronglyopposed
Britain,and
gust
Jay's treatyexcept with disabhorrence.
Again and again
written
that he wished
for
no
402
OF
HISTORY
that
treaty;
would
not
STATES.
CH.
17.
he
his
as
UNITED
THE
part
with
this weapon
in
order
obtain
to
land
protectionof an agreement which Engcould always interpretto suit herself. Pinkney
in Washington
could add that Jefferson,
as
every one
driven into the preshad been unwillingly
was
aware,
ent
negotiation
by the Senate,and that as the measure
would
not his its success
pectation
was
hardly be within his exdoubtful
the
; that it would
Napoleon,endanger if not
for Florida, and
of
at the
Randolph,
Monroe
raise
could
Monroe,
candidate
ready
al-
was
of his enemies.
of the
efforts made
fortunes
own
the
tiation
nego-
Madison, who
of
the attacks
depress his
to
or
exalt
informed
well
was
expense
staggeringunder
embarrass
at
to
Washington,
would
blame
the
how
see
fall upon
credit would
could
effort to
success
of the United
Monroe
toward
make
with
the
Pinkney.
would
of
success
succeed,
make
No
any
one
great
negotiationwhen
negotiatorthe
next
President
States.
could
the
; if it should
Madison
the
secure
might
divided
be
that
suppose
Monroe
not
treaty;
doubt
he
the
could
personalwishes
secretary's
not
were
President's
coldness
fail to
see
rather
against than
that
the
MONROE'S
1806.
when
for it ; and
not
studied
that
admit
but
he
treaty impossible.
been
than
imposed
had
he
when
of
two
the
of
chance
with
was
laid upon
been
success
of
drawing almost
; to throw
defeat ; but
that
could
had
such
at
without
for them,
ever
ruled
over
moment
wanted
as
existed.
centuries
take
upon
see
their
other
nations
their
sufficient
hard-won
his
ernment
Gov-
England
supposed to be
British ministry
challenge opposition
trade
to
was
right
the House
made
No
invite
of
pressment
im-
ter
minis-
of Commons
such
treaty
his head.
concessions
had
done
England, France,
paid for
no
such
had
England, after
so-called
have
of
on
his
destruction.
losinghis place or
If America
could
rush
to
to
was
even
which
was
For
the
when
have
terms
world,
from
the colonial
surrender
the
defiance
own
than
she
of 1756
open
to
was
the
obtain
the Rule
to abandon
in
when
well
Not
in
his
Trafalgar,concessions
steadilyrefused
had
with
Monroe.
smaller
to
could
Madrid
greatest Powers
battle
task
to
could
of making
effect,
Godoy, to impose
required him
the
the
harder
sent
he
framed, if not
No
been
and
Talleyrand
the instructions
they were
all events
intention,at
403
TREATY.
power
reason
and
with
she must
since
ever
fight
kind
man-
why America
privilegeswithout
should
challenge.
In his opinion,all the
Jefferson thought otherwise.
three Powers
would
end by conceding American
mands,
deof abstract rightbut for fear
not as a matter
j
of throwing the United
States into the arms
of an
a
404
OF
HISTORY
The
enemy.
idea ; and
wrote
the
No
"have
their
; and
with
such
rulers
them
the
on
her
is
she
befriend
to
the
materials
for
frigates;
the
England
and
taught,
the
of
that
on
will retard
there
and
give
to
us
there
by
other
other
hand,
the
half
fail to
and
seamen
that
the
us
ment
senti-
number
and
money
give
the
proofs
the
to
ocean
no
the
dispositionsto place us
whole
world, out of the
be
our
joint monopoly.
will remain
Jefferson to
which
which
they
they
have
been
the
of
Power
one
from
immensity
would
leave
the
for
stock
efforts
under
hand, England
ask
in
school
the
added
of
other
We
line and
France
were
have
ment
ele-
part of the
the
If, on
We
the
the
England
us
supported
navy.
fiftyships of
latelyunited
sea-coast
we
be
both.
securityof
and
sprung
scenes.
do
if
The
us,
serious
England
state
ship
friend-
the
and encourages
conciliatory,
family feelings and conduct, it cannot
just
of
are
and
ocean.
great counterpoise to
President,1
asunder.
check
can
shall
We
year'sgrowth.
nations, and thrown
and
is
she
the
break
arise
nothing
one
to
be
must
can
little; but
this
on
expressed
interest
common
by petty-larcenythwartings
may
of
of
dispositionsthey
only rivalrythat
which
earth," said
upon
points
many
rested
17.
terms.
countries
so
CH.
private letter
in set
two
STATES.
Monroe
to
doubt
no
Monroe
doctrine
"
UNITED
instructions
that
to
THE
peace
give
to
on
the
the
sea
continent
We
and
wish
and
money
for
in
of
all
the
on
France
force,
our
Europe, might
neither
justicefrom
uprightlyneutral
of
of
all
nations,
in fact."
v.
these
12.
MONROE'S
This
for
masterful
was
it
interest
;rvative
[onroe
to make
was
"We
and
the
Gulf
cruising are
to
cruise within
il cruisers.
This
with
more
which
the
fiftyships of
idea
our
waters, in which
as
either
that
the
pressmen
im-
consent
shall
forbid
essential
the
another
the
hostilities
present, and
will
force
or
mit
per-
privateer
harbors
our
for
consider
we
for
on
permit
never
is
with
the
frowned
it,and
to claims
"
be
shall
door
of
of
as
soon
We
us.
which,
not
broach
to
Stream
prohibited as
language ;
not be conceded
breath
England
the Rule
begin
the
same
would
she
case
and
whole
opening
threatened
line in
could
ultimata
as
by England without
sweeping still. In
President
dictatorial
to say
just,were
however
not
support of categoricalclaims
in
came
405
TREATY.
to
to
nation-
and
tranquillity
our
commerce."
These
task
or
fefferson
was
ibandon
control
were
likelyto
of the
colonial
in
States,
idea"
"
that
but
he
equivalenton
had
should
how
such
to
legislation
the
also
"begun
dictate
where
language would
the
different
he
and
to
not
fabric of British
reconstructed,without
knew
President
hopes.
forcingEngland
trade ; he
many
the
upon
roe's
suited to Mon-
liberal favors
United
his
encourage
only bent
not
well
the
part of the
to
broach
England's
ocean.
sound
be
to
roe
Mon-
English
406
ears
HISTORY
strained to hear
and
how
eyes, dim
with
through
intolerable
and
the winds
The
beggar
broadsides
in
have
purpled with
when
back
That
land
Eng-
in her
was
of such
march
home
dare
in his
tensions
preA
true.
and
held
drunkenness
his
borne
to rest
of enemies
ocean
his
must
England
the
arrogance,
and
should
Jefferson
English
triumphs,mad
her
for
meanest
waves
face would
in
waves
faith that
the
her
swept
the
with
mad
with
had
to
of St. Paul's.
dome
the
17.
gar,
Trafal-
their hero
of London
streets
CH.
from
look
inflated with
peoplethat
STATES.
would
words
the shrouded
was
UNITED
such
glory beneath
go
THE
OF
to
their
stormy
England was
the
upon
rage
that
deep
at
the
deur.
gran-
glorified
o'er the
was
to
tain
moun-
; and
his
idea that
the
squadrons of
topsailsand
silence their
say
they reached
the
Stream.
could
picturebefore his eyes, Monroe
feel no
success
great confidence either in his own
in the good faith of the President's instructions,
or
to impossibleconditions.
less
Neverthewhich
tied, him
he had
to
he accepted the task ; and
as
gone
Spain with the certaintyof defeat and mortification,
to challengea hopeless conin London
he remained
test.
As
cess,
though to destroyhis only chance of sucthe very day of Pinkney's arrival Eox fell ill.
on
and
known
to be dropsical,
His complaint was
soon
his recovery
hopeless. Two months passed,while the
waited the result.
American
Aug. 20, 1806,
envoys
With
this
MOXROE'S
1806.
Lord
his
place.
Holland
in
and
nephew
to do
No
better
Napoleon
The
was
the
on
vital
tion
negotia-
have
the
time
Whig
been
favorite
noblemen,
negotiationa
had
cess
suc-
lost,and
been
of Jena.
eve
in
negotiationbegan
in constant
of all
make
invaluable
much
; but
could
men
liberal
most
the
on
carry
especially,Fox's
warmly disposed to
was
to
Holland
the
business,appointed Lord
Auckland
Lord
selected.
407
TREATY.
The
arduous.
charge
two
but
British
and
courteous
English interests
August 27,
earnest
stood
friendly,
dered
they had surren-
that
under
American
threats.
especially
hampered by the Admiralty,the
They were
atmosphere of which, as Lord Holland
complained,1
it shudder
made
those who
breathed
at anything like
concessions
the Treasury,
to the Americans
; while
listened willingly
though naturallystill less yielding,
to every expedient that offered hope for the revenue.
September 1 began the struggleover impressments;
and
from
claim
the
had
Monroe
outset
no
chance
that
saw
of success,
the American
while
the West
Indian
Only one
serious
death
of
trade
discussion
of several weeks
Monroe
was
; and
on
almost
had
the
of
case
equallydesperate.
taken
resuming
place when
a
the
new
the
delay
negotiation,
"
"
Memoirs
of Lord
408
Such
instincts
of
do when
the
Whigs
they had
Tory
could
not
less be
much
Ministrywas
every
decided
home
negotiatorswrote
to
accepting,instead of
impressments,
"
in which
the
a note
subject,
British commissioners
pledged their government to
not to impress American
exercise the strictest care
should
and to afford prompt redress
injury
citizens,
be inflicted while impressing British seamen.
Having
a
.,
the
when
the
its fall.
to abandon
and
strong could
were
17.
Americans.
Fox
what
11 the American
November
the
to
CH.
counteract
not
; and
Howick
day totteringto
that
could
Parliament
by Lord
done
good
no
influence
Fox's
All
boded
change
STATES.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
formal
article
made
thus
up
the
on
his
found
Monroe
point of negotiation,
chief
to violate instructions
mind
in the
face
respects. His
of Lord
the
nothing
Pinkney's influence
'William
good nature,
other
in
so
on
to
ress
prog-
rapid ;
was
cult
diffi-
Holland's
agent
his
and
omissions
to
name
admissions
together,surpassed Jay's
and
treaty in outragingJefferson's prejudices
express
desires.
That
choose
to
people,like
accept
without
an
should for
individual,
wrong,
like
forcible resistance
discredit.
Every
submitted
to
nation
treatment
at
one
impressment
implied no
time
it disliked
or
and
a
or
time
bery,
rob-
necessary
another
to
had
theories
409
TREATY.
MONROE'S
rejected.The United
States might go on
protesting against
indefinitely
jlligerent
aggressionswhile submitting to them, and
"f international
evil need
permanent
to
)mpromise
which
law which
could
the
it
Yet
result.
made
be
treaty was
it recorded
precedent ;
not
it abandoned
loubtless
which
law
again discarded;
why
reason
ly to enforce
state
Jefferson
he
was
for
wished
; he
no
not
was
willingto
not
was
above
This
of the world
rights,and
his
rules
and
rnipromisethem.
The
L806,was
lent
for
remarkable
combining
in
Jefferson
which
quality to
every
Pinkney Dec. 1,
and
instru-
one
held
most
all
objections. The three ultimata were
mndoned
under
set aside
a
; impressments were
which
rather
recorded
the
memorandum
liplomatic
rightthan restrained its exercise ; no indemnity was
strenuous
for
"tained
lerce
the
in 1805
compromise
was
in
made
regard
invented
admit.
that West
American
ports
self-respecting
no
Article
com-
colonial trade,
the
to
which
condition
American
on
XI.
of the
treaty
ing
Indian^moduce. comfrom
French
or
Spanish colonies,and bond fide
might be exproperty of United States citizens,
iposedthe
ie
; and
could
"vernment
ravages
"orted from
hat
Louse
which
it should
a
duty of
could
European
have
paid to
not
less than
not
be
merchandise
to
Europe
the United
two
States custom-
per cent
returned
in
might
in the
condition
on
ad
valorem,
drawback
same
way
while
be
re-
410
HISTORY
OF
exported from
THE
UNITED
the United
the American
only to
was
treaty,in
be
This
valorem
provision
Article XII.
with
of
Jay's
Jay agreed
States should
Pitt had
never
He
restriction.
new
merchant
American
Boston
or
should
a
with
unload
turn
warehouse, and
about
of sugar
and
the
stow
as
the
required that
the
them
Baltimore
at
coffee from
or
and
hogsheads
them
pass
Cuba
to
in-
cases
through
; after which
again
Even
cotton.
no
ship arrived
custom-house
operation which
he
must
shipboard,
on
"
an
as
equivalent,
usuallyreckoned
and wages, to a charge of about
breakage,pilfering,
in
ten
per cent
ventured
United
a
whose
her, carry
of the American
indeed
had
cargo
export
17.
Indies,
ad
per cent
one
Treasury.
compared
Lord
which
CH.
STATES.
to
on
was
States government.
clever London
the
the
One
to
be
custom-house
it been
should
payments
"
as
the British
"
King's livery.1Had
and
step more,
requirethe American
to the
paid
pamphleteer suggested
would
government
wear
them
not
stevedores
to
stipulatedthat
be
taken
as
full
open
1
as
property,
"
widely as
Oil without
a
ever
condition
to
the
which
left the
arbitraryseiz-
Vinegar,Medford, London,
1807.
MONROE'S
1806.
cruisers
of British
ures
of
decisions
"that
the
felt
heavy
one
will
which
they
country."
the
present instance
and
"
this tax
be
to
Jefferson's
for the
paid
merely during
will
whose
recollection
that
the
to
be
not
ism
patriot-
advantage
the
duty
of
their
elastic ; yet
proverbially
so
much
the
was
merchants'
to be
sidered,
con-
protectionof
would
Pinkney
merchants,
to
not
Napoleon, while
of
and
of the President
that
produce,which
anger
our
patriotismwas
as
gratification
and
by
will redound
pay
Mercantile
in the
equallyarbitrary
Monroe
agreed
sum
gratifiedby
be
the
to
ourselves," wrote
Madison,1
as
and
admiralty courts.
flatter
We
"
411
TREATY.
the
on
on
the
British
one
the other
period of
hand
shipping
excite the
it conferred
vantage
ad-
Another
war.
fatal.
objectionexisted which in Jefferson's eyes was
of commercial
in the efficacy
He
believed implicitly
restrictions ; he thought the Non-importation Act
a
than the best treaty
better guaranty of good treatment
ever
made, and was
quiteready to try the experiment
of such a measure
againstEngland. Yet Article V. of
Monroe's
treaty pledged him for ten years to abstain
from
against British
attempt to discriminate
every
commerce.
The
smaller
not
were
disturb
1
less
likely than
Jefferson's temper.
Monroe
iii.145.
points conceded
and
Pinkney
to
The
by Monroe
the
and
greater
British
ney
Pink-
ones
to
commission-
412
OF
HISTOKY
refused
ers
half per
to
cent
in
paid
of what
excess
duty of
manufactures
British
was
ships which
should
two
which
CH.
17.
and
cans
Ameri-
paid by European
the British
with
Trade
consumers.
STATES.
the export
remove
on
UNITED
THE
East
Indies
was
sail
directlyfrom
America
and
return
directlythither, a provision
The trade with
less favorable than Jay had secured.
Indies was
the British West
a
subjectso delicate in
that the two Englishmen refused to touch
Parliament
it,saying that any sanction of this trade, coupled
restricted
to
"
of the neutral
with
their sanction
and
They would
with Nova
to
no
the
treaty.
of the
trade
endanger
arrangement
French
New
Scotia,
refused
also
into
enter
with
trade
accept Madison's
ideas
They
regard to
in
blockades.
Bad
as
contraryto Madison's
it was
Jefferson's privateletters,
yet
"
After
the worst.
had
abandoned
Monroe
which
treaty,Monroe
and
had
the ultimata
restrictions
when
and
and
the
not
accepted the
President
were
structi
in-
about
mercial
com-
disliked,
"
to
sign the
MONROE'S
III. would
himself
consider
not
than
seemed
of
rather
which
one
it should
the sword
the act
had
not
have
bound
by the signatures
Signatureunder such a
of his commissioners.1
condition
413
TREATY.
of
yet
suppliantpeople
much
so
bought
as
Nevertheless
used.
Monroe
signed.
Monroe
said
follow
to
him, and
was
with
Jefferson
that
no
violate
often
was
or
the
called
influence
of those
He
man.
who
Madison
be excused
might
whom
on
stood
throw
be blamed
for
suspecting
the
of
principles
infinite embarrassments
more
less
or
time,
life-
ulterior motive.
They could
Monroe, in signing
some
for
afterward
could
his Government
on
suspectingthat
his treaty,thought more
of the Federalist
he did of Madison's
promotion.
political
Monroe
near
relied
they implicitly
sacrifice
instructions,
without
not
was
man
and
dull
very
defended
his
but his
elaborate,
than
vote
treaty in writings
candid
most
account
his
of
letter to
year
1810.
"
"
The
failure of
of the
it,which
our
were
concerns
our
renewal
of
known
with
with
business
the
to
and
negotiationand
every
England.
Spain
one,
She
was
were
not
the
of
manner
sensiblyfelt
in
willingto yield
Papers,iii. 151.
2
Monroe
to Colonel
Taylor, 10 Sept.,1810;
State Department Archives.
American
edge
the knowl-
State
Monroe
MSS.,
414
HISTORY
the
light
which
indignities
for
to
terms
with
called
obtained.
the
and
fair
out
of
and
which
in
could
aid
at
cause
not
would
England
give
to
belief
change
that
that
feel
be
useful
resolved
home,
treaty
it
was
opinion."
to
there,
England.
and
best
might
the
by
it
other
that
sion,
mison
acts
thereof
Republican
stay
for
and
geous
advanta-
adopted
has
an
service
my
means
did
ministratio
Ad-
for
special
the*
be
could
by
by
and
nothing
our
our
what
and
to
highly
letters
to
honorable
an
sea.
the
such
my
and
stay,
and
of
against
and
was
so,
if
yet believing
to
with
adjustment
firm
but
be
on
thought,
inutility,
and
at
credit
on
remonstrance
its
tect
pro-
accommodate
subjected
Administration
the
to
The
purposes.
of
to
ship
scrape
Power
answers
my
conviction
the
to
as
Power
to
me
conditions,
being
notwithstanding
thorough
view
maritime
no
in
to
to
under
injuries
single
general
slighted,
getting
term,
not
17.
squadron,
great
and
that
great
been
to
the
reasonable
had
in
unusual
country
with
small
to
sufficient
seemed
our
and
could,
we
differences
be
get
rights,
law,
even
had
it
circumstances,
government
not
submitted
that
CH.
maritime
against
ports
of
her
force,
Powers
interest
STATES.
non-importation
recently
from
such
the
the
its
so
UXITED
called
maritime
of
had
Under
of
no
one
any
-THE
she
pressure
had
which
what
of
portion
any
OF
since
it
those
in
occurred
the
XVIII.
CHAPTER
MONROE
His
in diplomacy.
singularlyunfortunate
of occanot in any ordinary form
sional
came
was
disasters
defeat
ill-luck.
of
torrents
and
Pinkney,
treaty in flagrantcontradiction
to the
other
have
of its
the
terms
some
Whigs
the
treaty
to
be
if any
have
swered
an-
would
that
assume
the
pending the
more,
successor,
one
would
which
with
on
have
the addition
a
declaration
States
and
that
been
even
of hostilities
France,
supposed willing to
wait
publiclytearing their
the
for
own
pieces.
If Monroe
moment
might
United
it ; but
mortifications
do
the
at
terms
pretext before
new
to
oppositeparty
break
could
conditional
between
liberal
Whig
result of war,
were
the
treaty. Fox's
States
United
as
his
care
signed
ever
step it would
one
own
liberal
most
the
these
No
there.
ratification
right to
such
ministry would
British
hard
lifetime,and
ended
of the
taken
had
man
for
on
reserved
contract
American
orders, and
to
to be told that
submitted
time
and
waves
diplomatist in
No
Monroe
history,except
same
in
disappointment, but
or
flattered
checked
himself
British
that
he
had
aggression, he
for
the
quickly
416
learned
a
his
when
week
surpassed
any
with
Beginning
Decree
give
would
and
right of retaliation,
Majesty in enforcing the same
France
with
commerce
hopes
subjects,"the
bound
felt himself
of their
to
another,
in
be
In
"
which
both
the evils
ordered
from
ports shall
one
that
port
belong to,
or
her
allies."
or
possession of, France
the Whig ministers,ignoringtheir
words
the
other
fresh
treaty
with
note
appended
wait
for America
retort
for
to
that
States
United
the
that
it,declared
to
States
United
that
them
upon
and therefore
injustice,"
shall be permitted to trade
vessel
all
vainly
of his Majesty's
King George
that
own
no
his
warrant
commerce
retort
"to
Tories.1
Power
that
added
order
the
prohibitionof
which
against the
effect
to
of
lin
Napoleon's BerMajesty an unquestionable
his
to
18.
appeared,which
belligerentmeasure
the premise that
would
"
CH.
signed barely
been
in Council
Order
new
STATES.
treaty had
The
error.
UNITED
THE
OF
HISTORY
the
resent
vessels
decree,
be
must
and
would
not
Decree,
but
they
Berlin
in
deprived of
the
even
future, as
the
right
to
The
tom
cusEuropean port to another.
American
had hitherto prevailed
shippers
among
of seeking a market
according to rulingprices,partly
perhaps at Bilbao or Bordeaux, partly at some
sail from
one
other French
order
of Jan.
was
privilege,
1
Order
iii.267.
or
in
7, 1807, which
a
blow
Council,of
cut
to American
Jan. 7,
Howick's
port. Lord
Mediterranean
short
commerce
1807; American
this
coasting
sharper
State
Papers,
of the
case
double the
MONROE'S
"
it asserted
incidentally
it
be
purported to
order
retort
to
remained
act of violence
of
one
of
France
upon
trade
The
; it was,
On
meanness.
measure
while
commerce,
behind.
new
ing
accordits face
taken
retaliation,
evils of
the
in
to
was
rightto prohibitsuch
altogether.
Unfortunatelymore
not only an
order was
to the Tories,also
Scott
apparent effect
risk of neutral
and
cost
Its
Essex."
417
TREATY.
Sir William
of
decision
famous
the
than
the
OF
REJECTION
1807.
in
Napoleon's
the
injustice.In
held
reagh
moment
no
SpencerPerceval
Napoleon'sdecree
that
retaliation
severer
; while
needed
was
for the
that
ground
Lord
and
should
Castle-
have
been
retaliated in full.
"
You
might
the
turn
provisionsof
you
be
forced
certain entry
and
to be
sail
imposed, which
give a better
.your
own
commodities."
Sir John
Nicholls
"
should
at
entered
price
in.
should
goods
no
the
VOL.
first touched
they
except
might
say that
Perceval
an
at the
would
be
";
and
as
freelyon
decree
they have
the seas,
carried to France
They
custom-house, and
contribute
"
Cobbett's
Debates,viii. 632.
Cobbett's
Debates,viii.635.
to advance
foreign market
27
French
English port.
sale in the
replied: 2
the
to
418
It
"
HISTORY
OF
THE
not
denied
that
was
necessary
; and
the
been
taken
were
had
allow
that
saying
to
henceforth
to
retaliation
Yet
this
' '
laid
present
confine
to
by
In
authorized
himself
the
evident.
the
United
and
had
iii. 158.
the
Only
attached
were
doctrine
of
England'srights.
Lord
Howick
Howick
moderation
the
to
which
has
Erskine,1
to
have
determined
exercise
measure
was
of
at all
for
the
the
power
represented as
an
the
of the self-contradiction
reason
a
before
week
had
this
concluded
letter
treaty
was
with
note
to the
to
law
in such a manner
superiority
by the acknowledged principles
The
States
would
Erskine
equivalent
naval
Howick
to
of the Berlin
illegality
diplomacy it was
represented as an act
of the
by the acknowledged principles
law of nations."
steps that
necessary
was
which
Lord
extra-legal
act, justified
by
United
; it
of
in
were
adopted."
that
measure
and
his decided
Parliament
Decree.
was
18.
of nations."
of the law
In
the
of international
wrote
is authorized
only as
was
frank
form
forbearance
him
given
"
had
distinguishedhis conduct,
times
CH.
Jefferson.
Majesty,"
that
It
aside,and
the
not
was
President
His
with
rules
to be the
was
addressed
"
the
far
...
ministers
clear and
be
how
was
adequate.
STATES.
steps in retaliation
some
question
UNITED
Decree
but
acquirethe rightto retaliate,
had
land
Engnot
retaliation
that
hinted
MONROE'S
OF
REJECTION
1807.
As
acquiescenceshould happen.
the British government had no
bound
was
order, from
Howick's
the
stood,
matter
Lord
act; and
to
that
of
case
but
rightto retaliate,
America
for
wait
to
until the
intended
was
419
TREATY.
be
not
defended.
From
equally
indefensible
act of retaliation at
of 1756.
Strange
Unlikely
true.
transaction
doubt
States
; that
he
neutral
had
in
offered
never
and
trade
criticism
much
Lord
but
Lord
step further
one
the
"
no
one
of the
at
became
at
cutting off
as
voyage,
Lord
Pitt
that
their
Whether
ment,
Parlia-
argument
"
was
when
unintelligible
Edinburgh Review,
Grenville
lengthin
much
Edinburgh Review
party measure.1
1
only
made
not
Whig ministrywas
in England. The
as
Whigs
argued
convinced
task,and
aimed
end
one
of the
Howick
of the
this
no
pretext,
order; that
defence.
intelligible
an
upon
at
America
sound
even
left
the
was
go
an
the Rule
admissions
Howick's
the
so
not
was
probably
Grey, Lord
partiesto a
be
Decree
to
Whigs
was
Earl
could
was
commerce
This
that it
own
was
the
year
that
Grenville
Lord
of
applicationof
an
it seemed
as
Order
the
to
intention
true
Pitt in
than
ground
Napoleon's Berlin
cause,
Howick's
the
evasive,their
so
that
the
not
within
all,but
Lord
Holland, and
and
take
obliged to
were
point of view
other
every
the
xxii. 485.
was
ashamed
it touched
conduct
of
420
HISTORY
Lord
OF
Grenville's
THE
UNITED
STATES.
administration
as
was,
CH.
18.
vigorous
French.
The
Whigs
were
disposed toward
well
nations,they knew
carry
British
liberal
peace
was
every
1
an
manufactures
market
additional
to
instinct ;
with
ships alone
European
way
burden
on
closed to neutrals
and
commerce
in the
Courtney'sAdditional
Treaty,London, 1808, p. 89.
T. P.
and
neutral
that
tradition
by
was
Observations
market
on
the
could
market.
of neutral
British
all
merce
com-
produce ;
closed
American
REJECTION
1807.
From
England.
to
OF
the rules of
; not
common-sense
violence
equalled in
bad
faith
this
measure
rivalled
was
Lord
view
How-
political
economy
defended
be
to
421
TREATY.
point of
Whig
violated
ick's order
MONROE'S
and
aggressionsof Pitt,arid
the
it
excused,
or
in
the
the
last
of
act
Ministry
more
destined
to see
England was
again for
Hardly had Lord Grenville made this
twenty years.
the old King,
concession
to Tory prejudicewhen
clinging
nearly blind and on the verge of insanity,
with the persistenceof age, seized
to his prejudices
liberal
the
than
pretext
Catholics
of
and
the
to
from
still
American
md
jord
Grenville
Houses
of
out
and
his
Lord
such
treaty, had
councils.
nounced
an-
their dismissal
not
were
likelyto
neutral
rest
Castlereaghin
main
Pitt
had
until
they had
limb
spared,
put
by Spencer Perceval
their
the
of
the
an
altogether. This
commerce
foreshadowed
on
selves
thought them-
off another
which
commerce,
was
Roman
Howick
of Parliament
obligedto lop
to American
mlt
Whigs
the
the
to
office.
States
United
two
concession
the
Tories
turned
March
If
small
some
Lord
speeches on
to which
and
Howick's
the
and
legislation
mblic
opinion of England had pointed for years.
time for negotiationhad gone by, and nothing
te
order,and
was
jmained
for
the
the
end
United
States
but
trial
of
strength.
For
was
ready. Congress
422
HISTORY
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
18.
; but
that if such
signed,the
British
apprisedof
the
That
should
for not
reasons
was
he
without
certain
have
be
made
been
candidly
expectingits
treaty,if
returned
British government
treaty should
commissioners
Monroe's
rejectedand
be
tion.
ratifica-
one,
would
ratification to
long before
the
it reached
America.
of England,no
inflexibility
President Jefferson and Secretary
doubt could exist.
of necessity,
to
Madison
as
were
determined,in case
On
that
Madison
Papers, iii.
point,as
to
153.
Monroe
on
the
and
Pinkney,
Feb.
3, 1807;
State
REJECTION
1807.
British
attack
Rose
George
OF
MONROE'S
manufactures
bent
were
although the
trade ; but
423
TREATY.
Spencer
as
Perceval
and
upon
Americans
fullymeant to use
commercial
against British aggression,they
weapons
for a good working arrangement
earnestlywished
which, without
under
could
be
anxious
only to
the winter
Throughout
of his attachment
policy at home
the
the
end
cordial relations.
of 1806-1807
a
Jefferson
foundation
made
abroad.
quarrelled only
General
commerce
challenging a rupture,
encourage
England
and
securityof Fox's
and
to
and
treaty, peace
So far from
secure.
they were
Turreau's
domestic
about
made
matters
; while
irritable
by
attentions lavished upon David
Montague Erskine,
British minister, who, Nov.
new
4, 1806, put an
to
began
The
the
adventures
the easy
task
winter
of
who
saw
Turreau,
temper
of
was
more
of
Merry at Washington,
winning popularity.
1805-1806
had
France
control
favorable
been
American
and
to
policy
toward
Spain and St. Domingo ; while a stringent
Act of Congress prohibitingthe importationof British
manufactures
brought within his sight the chief
a
war
object of French
diplomacy in America,
between
the United States and England. The winter
of 1806-1807
promised to undo this good work, and
States to the verge of war
to bring the United
even
with
France.
The
first measure
recommended
by
the President
and adopted by Congress
-'the suspension
of the Non-importationAct
annoyed Turreau.
"
"
"
424
HISTORY
Monroe's
Turreau
after
Congress met,
STATES.
in London
signed
treaty was
Washington
at
UNITED
THE
OF
CH.
December
1 ;
12,1 soon
December
wrote,
18.
"
of the
judge by the talk and countenances
favorable
to
great people, this Congress will be more
England than the last was ; and already its leader, under
If I
"
to
am
President's
the
Mr.
see
and
that
shall
maritime
our
the
as
would
which
and
effect
to
To
of
the
be
very
neutrals.'
the
English
and
well
with
as
that
going
are
it would
the
England,
to
'
I have
make
an
be
Gulf
makes
Stream
advantageous
knew
Napoleon
with
angry
as
by
both
itself felt,
"
to
belligerents
''
who
persons
Power,
into
already done
had not interruptednegotiation. Perhaps
the right to extend
obtain,'he added,
far
and
to carry it as
jurisdiction,
us,
even
Congress met,
that
death
before
negotiations entered
that
4
think
Fox's
on
all the
arrangement with
we
honor
the
succeed.
if Mr.
the
him,
with
to
I had
government.
sition
dispo-
evening
Government
reason
benevolent
the
probably
would
Jefferson
to
to say
British
the
toward
to
invitation, shows
own
for
that
his
Jefferson
faithless
then
was
conduct
in
Turreau
criticisms
1
the
alarm
Tnrreau
Etr., MSS.
took
:
French
minister, and
refuge
in
he
succeeded.
speculations and
sharp
"
to
Talleyrand,Dec. 12,
1806
; Archives
des
Aff.
REJECTION
1807.
know
"I
OF
whether
not
in
favor
pronounced
the
of
two
the
first overtures
few
days
of
result of
Federal
the
have
Excellency
talked
of
relative
which
making
to
then
was
in
me
making,
his
his
or
to
here
for whom
"
delirium.
on
last
interview,
and
he
your
President
Russian
maritime
great object,
And
the
spring
the
to
Jefferson,
sovereign
confederation,
which,
has
he
as
given
not
sured
as-
up,
"
of Alexander
savages."
Madison,
in prosperous
even
with
General
upon
himself
times
Turreau, managed
the chief
never
favorite
usual
as
draw
to
weight of diplomaticsuspicion
wrath.
and
The
"
unexpected change
government," continued
bearing toward
the
toward
minister
whom,
as
reiterated
to
wish
which
State
to
unite
has
"is
of
he
has
of
and
and
it with
forgotten
that
Power,
at
the
"
does
reason
his
tary's
secre-
that
he
not
love,
to
know,
protestations,
attachment
but
the
(prevenances)
he
the
Federal
Not
to
Government's
the
strengthen
that
that
attentions
weakened
the
it.
unfortunatelygood
that
of
such
deranged by
satiety,of personal
maintain
views
France, whom
of
France,
of
is
system
I have
he distrusts ; not
in the
Turreau,
me
his
renounced
has
and
Alexander,
unarmed
his custom
as
arrived
Mr.
particularly
that
of
last
our
and
overtures
plan
from
borders
recall
may
patches
last des-
the
ated
already infatuthey seem
it may
whether
not
finally,
or,
hints
which
first effect of
to
Erskine, who
government,
England
to
whom
some
admiration
an
and
this
negotiating at London,
Mr.
with
(tresengoue)
be the
regard
425
TREATY.
attribute
to
envoys
and
ago,
MONROE'S
the
terests
in-
constant
friendly relations
the
beginning
Secretary of
of
this
year
426
HISTORY
of
only subject
UNITED
the
stop the
to
government
STATES.
the
of
event
CH.
fixed
resolution
of
course
her
18.
Austerlitz,
private conversations
our
and
England,
of
THE
after
particularly
and
[1806],
the
OF
was
plaint
com-
of the
Federal
either
wrongs
by
Madison
the
of
out
far
Federal
government
talks
'
has
sufficed
to moderate
sentiments.'
Jefferson
Burr's
him
"
Mr.
; he
tries
relates to that
of
her,
the
that
the
the
of
St.
James
of
in
dislike of America
Americans
and
decided.
more
in order
success
Cabinet
He
came
be-
hoped for
to relieve the
pressure
Burr's
cannot
upon
"
It
to
seems
; but
of which
will
MSS.
fitr.,
if
we
I have
Turreau
me
interests
England
hopes
England
complaints
Madison
consequence
to the
that
Now
"
nor
think
Turreau's
in
influence.
whatever
called
humiliating,
congratulate itself
bring
to
Napoleon'sconduct
and
rather
or
about
me
to
Randolph
Mr.
to
to
making
nevertheless
Turreau
ministerial
of
from
and
Neither
John
conversations
our
Power,
ministry of
that
flung severe,
agents
longer
no
keep
and
them,
to
at
taunts
to
ill-concealed
and
marked
to
had
that
of
success
France, although
favor
him,
"
doubtless
be
trary
con-
convinced
am
with
other
felt it my
duty to
Talleyrand,Jan.
recall to you,
12, 1807;
Archives
I think
des
Aff.
REJECTION
1807.
showed
for it.
wish
official and
both
the
by
In
the
All
427
TREATY.
would
be
reports, and
positive, agree
only
we
I have
had
the
regrets
to
as
if
ours
such,
pressed
ex-
living
at not
rule."
French
under
MONROE'S
Orleans
New
that
guarantee
can
OF
of
middle
when
February, at a moment
Americans
expected daily the arrival of a British
concessions,Napoleon's
treaty marked
by generous
Berlin Decree
States.
the United
reached
Commerce
was
inquiringwhat
the
British
much
so
as
no
answer.
he
wrote
put
Your
home,1
in
us
at the
by
frigateat
"
of France
and
Islands
and
Erskine
would
have
have
reconciled
exerted
was
been
so
to
no
conduct
well
in
in
in
Lord
order
at
the
of
any
the
23, 1807
than
Grenville
install
to
the
head
of
British
Senate
Berlin
Decree
regard to Florida
remonstrances
Talleyrand,Feb.
lower
never
not
influence
objectionsto a
weight with the
to almost
aware
does
The
Eldon
tolerable
keep
give them
readilybelieve,"
turned
Lord
of
could
was
of power,
had
Madison
himself
Turreau
MSS.
fctr.,
States
Jefferson's
Emperor's
Turreau
and
not
circumstance
England
out
treaty had
the
this
could
position here."
when
Spencer Perceval
a
Tory reaction.
if the
that
"
this blockade
which
Turreau
sea.
in the United
Lord
treaty
Power
Excellency will
better
moment
by
meant
was
would
British alliance.
danger
and
that
he
semi-threats,
; Archives
des
Aff.
428
OF
HISTORY
and
told
"
that
at
off the
to throw
for all
States
to
treaty
any
by
the
of
view
themselves
the
recent
under
have
better
to
secure
and
commerce
did
that
the
United
expressly
not
treaty would
no
made
fate
and
the
under
pices
aus-
that
had
overtaken
Venice, which
had
put
auspices of
the
produced
argument
another
guaranty of Napoleon.
like Switzerland
Powers
and
of
which
by England unless
and
In
freedom
disputed points,and
observed
be
of that Power
particularly
improper for
was
accept
all
secure
yoke
navigating nations
seas,"it
the
after
Cabinet
18.
maritime
againstthe
CH.
when
moment
of the
member
one
STATES.
UNITED
THE
Napoleon, this
Turreau
might
task of repairing
conviction.
no
English the
left to the
lated
Napoleon'smistakes ; but these mistakes had accumuuntil it depended upon
England alone whether
Not
States should
the United
join her in the war.
onlyhad the Emperor offended Jefferson and Madison
by his peremptory stoppage of the Florida purchase,
also declared
he had
"
in
but
decree
with
his
Turreau
from
1
in the
minister
own
"tr.,MSS.
at
to
could
front
toward
Spain
in such
Talleyrand,April 1,
meet
1807
and
difficulties he left
discredit
Treasury to
not
connected
mysteriousway
face of these
to
commerce
Madison
and
Washington
reduced
was
the American
Turreau
some
change of
sudden
Florida ; while
his
be in
American
upon
Jefferson
which
suspect to
war
consular
; Archives
that
dollars
expendes
Aff.
REJECTION
1807.
ditures
at
when
moment
MONROE'S
OF
complaints
he should
the
about
have
been
ing
press-
stroyed
frigate Impe'tueux,"de"
English within
the
429
TREATY.
American
jurisdiction,
he should have
been
and when
threatening the most
if President
Jefferson should sign
fatal consequences
with England.1
any treaty whatever
from
In this temper all partieswaited for the news
could
not
long be delayed ; until
England, which
March
3, 1807, the last day of the session,a rumor
had
arrived
the Capitol that a messenger
reached
British
at the
legation with a copy of the treaty
The
news
was
negotiated by Pinkney and Monroe.
by
No
true.
hurried
he
would
with
to detain
for
he
bring
two
Madison
found
"
the
The
first
on
that
I had
to that
of
the
J
Etr., MSS.
to
that
them
either
by
the
that
he
power
notice
he
Unlike
Merry, Erskine
reconciliation between
a
England
tried honestly and
over-zealously
nearly so
he
into
accord,
earnest
asked
American
not
hopes
the
ships ;
when
perceived anything
question in
I
of
any
had
the
15,
that
Articles
received,
Talleyrand,May
had
of seamen,
and
1807
he
;
but
himself
as
what
was,
point of impressment
treaty which
Turreau
give
treaty than
President
has
again."
question
British,out of
him
he
in
"
the
governments
not
the
to
or
them
convene
America;
to
as
do,
to
anxious
and
persuade
to
the
receive
Madison,
Senate,which'
the
Constitution
was
it to
induced
be
should
did Erskine
sooner
he
:
termined
de-
been
claimed
informed
ferred
directlyre-
of
the
copy
expressed
Archives
des
the
Aff.
430
HISTORY
OF
THE
greatest astonishment
which
note
and
November
in
settled
the
the
upon
wait
unable
the
same
ready
go
to
the
upon
to
Mitchill,the
be
The
sioners,
commis-
treaty,by Lords
Bonaparte's decree of
his
attention;
have
the
and
prevented,
he
if all
treaty, even
been
all the
points
required by
their
usual
as
from
senator
call of the
the
to
New
the
committee, asked
would
Congress,when
to
had
18.
the
and
satisfactory,
that
terms
o'clock
ten
been
of
CH.
American
itself would
ratification
of it had
commissioners."
this
the
to
relative to
the Articles
and
disappointment.
signatureof
Auckland,
convinced,
At
the
STATES.
attracted
21, particularly
he observed
was
and
delivered
was
previous to
Holland
UNITED
Capitol.
York,
President
Senate
of
member
whether
to consider
Dr.
the
there
treaty.2
"
with
common
cause
continue
amicable
the
The
England.
relations
He
with
should,however,
England,
and
tinue
con-
senators
Jefferson's
annoyance.
1
Erskine
Diary of J. Q. Adams,
to
Ho
wick, March
in
6, 1807
i. 495.
ill-concealed
refusing to
; MSS.
consult
British Archives.
REJECTION
1807.
them
about
and
"
matter
which
one
than
rather
OF
MONROE'S
important as
so
from
the
President's
of the boldness
instance
which
the
minds
defy England
enemies
was
of his
war
under
could
he
not
France
and
narrowing
will
own
timid
the
treaty
contradicted
To
man.
; and
needed
that
which
on
nary
ordi-
single-handedto
circle of foreign
the
him
own
another
President
afford
treaty
their
was
"
sometimes
; that
about
been
scheme
clear that
it seemed
that
support ;
was
British
first had
the
431
TREATY.
to
might depend, exposed him
which
he
might be crushed.
to
peace
press
supand
responsibilities
Although the
not
been
treaty was
yet published, enough had
said to make
senators
extremely curious about its
contents
not
they were
; and
pleased to learn that
the President
meant
to tell them
nothing,and cared
too little for their opinion to ask it. Of all the senators
the most
formidable
Samuel
Smith
intriguerwas
of Maryland, who
the next day confidentially
wrote
to
Wilson
Gary Nicholas a letter full of the fresh impressions
*
which
gave life to Smith's privatelanguage:
A
"
copy
President
Adams
in
the
to tell the
MSS.
S.
treaty
with
carried
of
cause
Smith
I must
to
W.
it,and
the
last
his wrath.
his
senators
arrived
to
last
Dr.
evening.
Mitchill
message)
and
expressed
strong, very
then
correctly,
1
the
is angry
(who
anger
of
C.
He
objections.
be
requested
If the
permitted
Nichoks, March
to
the
doctor
think
4, 1807
The
Mr.
his
guage
lan-
doctor
repeated
there
;
was
Nicholas
432
little of
not
was
at
the
it shall
Senate.
He
he
and
sick,it
of
and
is true,
him
Mr.
Mfadison].
was
It
shall
satisfaction
be
made
consulting the
the
far
treaty,
so
acceptable,
in
his
that
nay,
"
mind.
fancy
pleased therewith.
the
please,will
should
he
in
not
to
to
British
continue
cannot
prevent),
him.
advise
.
Will
.
or
He
not
themselves
have
In
Smith
another
treated
as
the
the
said,
story
be
it
it would
him
on
Senate?
But
if
Senate
the
could
he
vise,
ad-
give
conduct
his
You
positive
both
make
no
the
may
manner.
conceive
war
subject ought,
of
admits
perfectly
great
very
outcry?
to
return
written
letter,
rehearsed
be
points
P[inkney]
and
one
he
depredations (which he
by
us
the
return
yet
unusual
his
be
whole
The
formal
exceptions to
should
by
men
sea-
P[resi-
and
will
would
query
their
stumped
insulted, and
been
If
will
what
few
be
even
of
points, might
together?'
increase
M[onroe]
Administration?
to
Senate
President
consulting the
this
accept,
question.
answer
he
in all other
without
to
call the
this
merchants
on
the
conceive,
great delicacy."
tHe
in
M[adi-
The
; and
but
not
responsibility
it back
the
full
other
are
then
answer
is determined
why
If
send
M[adison]
there
the
with
seen
without
all the
to
as
to the
worried
impressment
Senate
the
(expectingless
opinion
thereupon,
treaty without
President
and
instructions.
18.
to
the
in the
non
qua
vexed
"
I have
seems
the
submitting it
in
concurs
CH.
originalback
the
as
sine
said
differs with
....
He
received, without
better
had)
STATES.
send
to
R[obert] S[mith]
son]
UNITED
heightening.
be
was
think
may
than
THE
present determined
moment
he
OF
HISTORY
same
a
few
day, General
words, which
REJECTION
1807.
OF
MONROE'S
433
TREATY.
every
General
by
was
one,
of
knowledge
agreed
it), did
Monroe
and
in
to
it will.
is
their
system
where
you
power
will
; immense
ensue
this will be
brought
S. Smith
in.
'
You
to
he
in time
an
say,
losses would
of
not
Jefferson
and
said, this
will be
to W.
"
28
C.
new
in
'
peace
Madison
"
to
believed.
suspect
British
their
of
war
the
treaty
;
had
ceeded,
suc-
why
unreasonable
Great
And
Monroe
4, 1807
; Nicholas
was
tipathy
an-
Britain
Nicholas,March
tinue
con-
of
time
happened
and
appear
may
general outcry
Monroe's
have
home,
come
impressment
only by their
bounded
If
refuses
perhaps
trade
not
Jealousyof Monroe,
forward
it the
sustained
are
was
responsibility
amount
excess
treaty
he
Pinkney
to
the
and
shall
losses
all will
by
VOL.
What
accede
to
Senate
that he
and
the
President
The
known
measure
Monroe
refused
carried
it refused?'
of
are
those
be
back
depredations,to
whole
of which
negotiators.
approbation.
refusal
(given
convention
the
is
the
the
the
Britain.
It is well
to
one.
of
advise
Great
of
By sending it
and
good
their
it to
submit
he takes
Senate
the
by
coerced
intention
with
It arrives.
effected.
was
Administration,
unanimously
nomination
his
to
his
the
was
negotiate a treaty
to
"
what
framed
that
and
Washington
Jefferson
to
"
Senate, agreeablyto
The
"
"
will
those
MSS.
434
HISTORY
adverse
.
got all
under
put all
we
ask?
we
do to
we
coerce
such
Then
where
stand
and
the
'
Shall
we
has
The
done
people
The
hazard
put
The
fair
right,and
little
care
landed
But
be
opponent
set
to
satisfied ;
not
time
to
martyr, and
why?
has
about
for
his
interest
I have
And
take
is
called
importation?
non-
they will.
will
merchant
nothing
or
their
believe
the
will
Congress
everything
President.
his
Will
Randolph
What,
the
18.
not
What
continue
I cannot
J.
have
No!
to
is
martyr will be
he
consent
be?
CH.
we
non-importation.
we
etc.?
war?
to
go
etc.
flourishing,'
will
speech. Monroe
country
make
the
ask,
because
jeopardy
suspect not;
shall
STATES.
we
More
inconvenience
such
be
circumstances
who,
men
UNITED
to
Will
of
THE
will
politically
Shall
OF
Because
advised
the
wrong.
seamen."
more
Jefferson
; but
Tacit
that
and
to
consult
withholdingof
imperious
more
this he
treaty for
That
No
President's
to
unnecessarily
act
President
the
even
refused
Monroe's
the
added
of the
concession
he
in contravention
treaty
the
the
Senate
reason
which
treaty
public should
of Jefferson's
was
an
ever
be
he
the
read
more
on
the
would
land,
Eng;
of
caused
with
land.
Eng-
satisfied with
this
demand.
exposed him
stimulated
yet
merits
have
made
it.
utmost
hope from
extravagant
administration
or
misinterpretation,
his embarrassment
probably fightfor
must
every
treatment
could
ders
or-
to
belief in
REJECTION
1807.
of
his hatred
known
he
Not
until
in
the
did
days
after
letter1 which
neutral
of
shadow
some
it
though
to
tell Erskine
would
"
be
Monroe
the
forbearance
Jefferson
soothed
contradicted
him
the
the
second
President
the
government of New
Madison
Same
Jefferson to
to
Erskine, March
to same,
March
as
ward
after-
to
our
new
merce
com-
2
rights."
with
the
of
Instead
of
Orleans
old
were
friend,
lated
calcu-
pressed upon
Territory:
States in
; State
utmost
reproaching,
his
feelings,and
20, 1807
mild
the
"
It is
importance,
Papers,iii.158.
Monroe, March
and
treaty in
ruinous
wrote
have
days
operationof
reports which
Monroe's
a
striction
re-
might
Monroe's
irritation
newspaper
to wound
of
the
kindness.3
and
new
for such
evident
essential
our
it
ten
Erskine
background,
proceeding as
contrary to
about
the
obliged ten
was
as
To
too
that
When
solelyagainst America
to
order
order
became
the
Council
in
to
though
as
directed
Madison
treatment, and
wrote
was.
read
was
Washington,
legalityin
soon
it
effort to treat
trade
not
were
fusal
re-
all its
doubt.
more
treaty, Madison
an
did
Order
no
reached
showed
of
until
not
of
treaty
for weeks
Howick's
admit
order
the
his
less decided
been
faultythe
studied
Lord
character
of this
news
have
first how
been
of
light
its
would
evident; and
become
than
at
it had
435
TREATY.
of commerce,
and
the President
Perhaps
had
MONROE'S
England
lay Monroe's
to
faults
OF
v.
52.
436
HISTORY
and
OF
still in
am
to let you
need
THE
hopes
he
did
it,my
dear
treaty
when
would
made
to
it will be
to have
bear,
"
He
nothing."
screwed
back
he
could, lettingit
to
informal
of the
out
got,
die
the
others.
severe
Depend
"
considered
as
British
if
on
hard
ers
commission-
Article
far
as
"
and
insensibly,
it
as
yielded
nothing better
negotiation
until
treaty
more
everything and
urged Monroe,
be
18.
public has
to
was
say
every
taken
the
regard
The
it is known.
to have
"
yet
Sir,that
appear
while
In
he
CH.
you
of talents."
much
any
STATES.
stay at home
so
than
UNITED
could
well
as
as
substituting
per
yieldingtemthe President wrote
should rise. Next
privately
to Bowdoin, his wandering minister to Spain,to whom
Armstrong had shut the doors of the legationat Paris
for betrayingits secrets,and who in return
ing
abuswas
If a quarrel
Armstrong with recriminations.
should
arise with England, it might at least be made
to bring Florida again within reach.
some
"
to
but
have
Bowdoin,1
their
from
tie up
our
"that
am
to
of
1
or
that
just.
desire
Jefferson to
more
the
for
To
President
will
retire
impressment
without
from
This
the
government
that
the
non-intercourse
restrictions.
our
in
wrongs
by treaty
become
commercial
British
the
certain
hands
non-importation
interest
habitual
and
seamen,
agreement
show,
to
bring
make
on
never
Works,
it her
a
however,
conciliation,I have
will
we
our
right of passing
Act
may
of
war
the
of
cerity
sin-
suspended
v.
63.
REJECTION
OF
Non-importation
Act.
1807.
the
understood
be
the
auspices
that
we
In
should
fact
we
which
an
be
of
that
did
and
and
friendship of
France.
friendship of
the
Spain
ask
do
to
but
We
to
Russia
for the
treaty of
no
by
be
they
if
has
purely
value
abandon
or
in
be
to
of
possession
of
out
the
from
the
either
her
our
on
set
we
will
he
stantly
con-
kept
expect, therefore,
that
rent
belligeanother
have
we
among
soldiers
the
Spain
been
the
toward
act
lishment
estab-
peace*,
persons
it has
Emperor
month
one
and
nation
from
justice
us
cordiality.
unless
till now,
France,
to
respect
her
of
off
under
strictest
the
; and
us
Spain
of
the
your
important
injustice than
practised against
hands
with
on
it is all
taking
ship,
Never
perfidy
more
of
used
whom
her
on
rights by
neutral
enemy.
with
depend
neutral
should
out
in terms
should
things
effort
every
with
France,
to
of
state
differences
our
stand
are
of
of
of
and
437
TREATY.
This
Paris,
at
accommodate
to
part
MONROE'S
compel
We
us.
the
city of
Mexico."
In
than a
more
realityJefferson needed somewhat
month
to be in possessionof Mexico, although the
have reached
Spaniardsmight without much difficulty
New
Orleans
been
able
in less time.
to
semi-admissions
been
to
had
gain
to
great
as
Mazzei
no
and
the
as
when
to
that
dependence
or
caused
; but
in
wage
Floridas,the
Paine
influence
close at hand
in
the
Federalist
letter to Bowdoin,
of intent
against England
order
the
Had
by
importance, and
Jefferson
was
its
war
Napoleon
scandal
truth
with
commercial
upon
the
press
would
famous
this
the
to become
in
have
letters
flightytalk
time
was
helpless.
438
HISTORY
THE
OF
the will of
Between
and
the
other,Jefferson's
who
Madison,
freedom
which
other
no
of action
Monticello
result than
The
"
to be
shape
becomes
to
colonial
and
imports
favored
be
would
of
case
essential
without
by
to
to
be
done,
carrying
preparing
form
of
those
an
an
to
have
been
begin
to
limit
over
nial
practice the colo-
probably
Articles
be
to
our
be
more
forwarded,
or
The
expected.
Something seems
anything likelyto be done
is
in the
disuse
two
negotiation.
British
graduated
years
all other
at
missioners
com-
urgent.
matter
ultimatum,
who
would
the
power
In
course.
more
nor
fresh
overture
exception
no
is
impressments
necessary
reserved
our
by
are
our
perplexing.
remodifications
any
to Jefferson
that
on
they
his
and
new
he wrote
more
everything else
than
to
of
subject
which
and
uncover
eventuallybe
influence
trade
of
and
more
have
Smith
instructions to
to the
given
other
may
able,
treaty toler-
"
trade, with
the
to
the
to
treaty
lemma
di-
tions
instruc-
new
the
to
of
the
horn
General
and
insuperabledifficulties. April 20
at
18.
disappeared.
over
to make
were
called Gallatin
aid, with
CH.
labored
rapidity,
to Monroe
and
STATES.
rarelyaccepted either
much
with
UNITED
than
from
in
seamen,
an
in
our
such
as
am
the
exception
navigation
have
been
naturalized."
few
A
been
days
later
driven from
1
Madison
to
news
Whigs had
high Tory ministryhad
arrived
and
office,
that
Jefferson,
April 20, 1807
the
; Jefferson MSS.
REJECTION
1307.
OF
Madison
into power.
come
did not
but
late
"
arrival
24, "presents
Cabinet,
was
hand
the
St.
actually take
there
the
James's.
place
to
principlesand
Ministry portend
plexed,
per-
again,1April
at
scene
affairs
ever
treaty.
he wrote
unexpected
subject our
one
than
more
aside his
stated
439
TREATY.
London,"
from
very
it will
On
the
throw
revolution
the
Should
MONROE'S
in the
tions.
calcula-
new
of
dispositions
most
unfriendlycourse.
On
the other
hand, their feeble and tottering situation
and
the force
of their ousted
will probably
rivals, who
be
more
explicit in maintaining the value of a good
fail to inspire
understanding with this country, cannot
new
caution.
It may
be less
those
to
averse
who
the
reply
the
anxiety except
which
"
April
wrote
British
Administration.
The
but
out."
of
In
view
antecedents
and
desire
1
Madison
to
Jefferson
to
Jefferson to
of
to
of
superseded."
treaty,
the
President
is to let the
and
characters
From
fear
foundation.
no
course
few
no
a
"
have
best
anti-American.
nothing to hope
than
adjustment
new
friendlynap;"
of the
will
suggestions showed
could
our
Cabinet
new
convinced,"
"
I know
and
the
to be
these
few
"
Pittites
to
more
negotiationtake
added
instrument
,2 that
21
for
rasa
eyes
and
more
that
haunting fear
Monroe's
to
am
tabula
formed
Jefferson's
also
happen
May
of the
I know
are
them
he
new
true
have
we
that
back
and
ferson's
Spencer Perceval's speeches,Jefbe
allowed
Jefferson,
April 24,
to
1807
back
out
of
; Jefferson MSS.
Works,
v.
69.
v.
74.
his
440
HISTORY
treaty
make
out
still
was
of
ways
they
ejecting
London
tones
that
to
signed
a
British
which
left
hold
him
they
would
Monroe
and
view
bargain
him
back
more
chance
to
ditious
expe-
had
perfect
his
May
20
Pinkney.
Before
sent.
frigate
little
let
allowed
was
and
in
his
to
18.
Perceval
and
Canning
had
CH.
him.
Madison
instructions
were
to
They
so.
Nevertheless
new
but
more
STATES.
That
effort
any
unlikely,
quite
was
UNITED
superfluous.
was
would
THE
OF
they
answered
for
discussion.
reached
them
in
XIX.
CHAPTER
MARCH
30, 1807, in
Richmond,
Justice
he
Burr
had
examination
but
been
conferred
the United
the whole
honor
fears.
The
had
Democrats
been
never
-Burr's
projects,whatever
they
in truth
Burr's
of
that
)ts in
success
and
to disbelieve
moral
of
moral
well-educated
instinct
In the
sense
had
case
was
little to
of
sudden
able
to
suade
per-
one
conspiracy,
no
deep
circle
individuals,
more
do
had
were,
4iose want
almost
reallyin danger,
was
of
well-born,well-bred,and
he
Throughout
Jefferson's
chance
though
formed
themselves
that
he
as
persons
society,affected
ridiculed
Chief-
in the town,
days
in
commitment.
his country.
upon
conspiracy,and
like
few
Tavern
before
and
many
in the
or
Eagle
brought
was
already treated by
was
had
for
at the
room
Burr
Aaron
Marshall
Although
with
proof
social
that
tinction
dishad
irsistently
ignored danger ; and no one denied that
danger ever existed,it had passed. Burr was fightig for
his
)vernmerit
life
against the
; and
human
power
nature
of
was
encroaching
too simply or-
an
442
think
ganizedto
when
Burr
than
Democrats
the
would
gallows,he
Captain Macheath
were
him
hang
to
the
to
CH.
19.
justiceor remote
ples
princiweak
fightfor life against
the
watching
Even
see
STATES
UNITED
of abstract
the strong.
to
THE
OF
HISTORY
have
amidst
and
gone
the
curious
more
had
as
he
gone
hero, like
admiring
of
crowds
London.
and
Colonel Burr was
Captain Macheath
than
one
gar's
Begpointof resemblance,and the
within
Opera" could have been easilyparalleled
Between
"
more
the
Richmond
prisonat
than
humorous
more
was
; but
part of
no
Burr's
which
gravitywith
the
career
he
with
success
injured tone, and maintained
ceived
Jefferson,being a trivial person, had been deby the stories of Eaton and Wilkinson, until,
took
an
that
influence
the
under
of the
violation
wanton
step toward
commitment,
tedious
their
alarm, he had
right. From
March
30, to the
of
October
trials,
ceased
never
of causeless
20, Burr
effort to
first
last
day
sel
coun-
Jefferson ;
convict
until the
the
his
and
mitted
per-
matter
of
President's
discomfiture.
chief-justice
presidedas
Blennerhassett's
arbiter.
island,where the overt act
of treason was
lay within
charged to have taken place,
circuit. According as he might
the
chief-justice's
the government,
toward
the accused
lean toward
or
he would decide the result ; and therefore his leanings
Over
were
this tournament
matter
of
deep
the
interest.
That
he
held Feder-
alist
Jefferson
notorious
was
feelingshe had
bias except in
given
his
agents of Burr
levying war
guilty of
be
his
against
arms
coming
treasonable
however
minute,
as
of
had
guide
of
indictment
action,and
who
be
to
the
be
who
undertook
under
island,although
committed
Burr
miles
task
from
as
at
the
himself
peared
ap-
of
be
men
force
part,
any
the
of
scene
in the
general
traitors.
But
the
spiracy,
con-
there
treasonable
of
treason
direction
time
was
at
when
in
for the
acts
Blennerhassett's
these
acts
Kentucky, two
were
dred
hun-
away.
was
lawyer enabled
retained
his
not
opinion,the attorney-general
Burr
convict
to
committed
this
has
no
contrary, if
body
for
assembling of men
constitute a levying of war."
strengthof
that
perform
remote
considered
the
actual
an
purpose,
actuallyleagued
are
to
are
however
who
say
effectingby
of
purpose
to
On
is,if
all those
"
or
crime
this
that
for the
purpose,
Court
the
country.
"
actuallyassembled
He
the
of
actually levied,
be
The
two
act
overt
no
of treason
the law
intention
the
can
in
On
of
case
"
individual
must
that
ground
to define
It is not
war
the
the
upon
discharging these
In
in
attorney-general
to the
"
decision
was
occasion
taken
clew
no
recent
on
personal dislike to
apart from political
to his probablelegal
but
Swart wout.
and
Bollman
Burr
nourished
prejudicesand
443
TRIAL.
BURR'S
1807.
the
and
difficult,
him
to
Burr's
make
ablest counsel
it
experience as
more
at
the
difficult still.
bar.
First of
444
HISTORY
these
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES.
CH.
19.
Edmund
the
Randolph, prominent among
older Virginialawyers,
who had been attorney-general
and
Secretary of State in President
Washington's
Cabinet.
Edmund
Randolph's style of address was
fects
ponderous, and not always happy ; to balance its deBurr employed the services of John
Wickham,
another
and wit were
Virginian, whose
versatility
A third Virginian,
remarkable.
Benjamin Botts, was
brought into the case, and proved a valuable ally.
more
Baltisummoned
from
was
Finally Luther Martin
was
Martin's
; and
In
a
whole
heart
was
their
; but
name
President
His
breast.
hatred
became
for
the
with
his client.
Martin
had
made
Democrats
and
secondary passion in
was
doubled
by
his
sudden
Burr's
side at
Richmond.
The
government
equal force
with
was
these
represented by
opponents.
no
John
one
of
Breckin-
though
appointed Caesar A. Rodney to the post. Alhe could
Rodney's abilities were
respectable,
by the
hardly have wished to be confronted at once
most
important and difficult State prosecution ever
tried under
Executive
authority. Rodney's duties
He
his health
or
prevented him from attendance.
in the preliminaries,
barely appeared at Richmond
and
then
left the
case
in the
hands
of the
district-
BURR'S
1807.
Jefferson,with
assist
To
services
and
of William
who
took
whom
he
his
was
orders
in
directly
active
pondence.
corres-
become
to
promising
445
TRIAL.
an
ornament
to
the
bar;
Burr
in the
for treason
without
affidavits of Eaton
the
Executive
with
providing proof
u
if it
Several
ever
and
months
occurred.
evidence
stronger than
Wilkinson, Marshall
the
blamed
of treason
have
More
in
"
elapsed since
than
five weeks
have
elapsed
446
HISTORY
since the
OF
opinion of
THE
the
UNITED
Supreme
STATES.
Court
has
important power
disturb
the
would
be
since
his
prosecuting those
public
in
easy
Colonel
troops, to
Burr
has
of
for ten
five securities
April 1 he
thousand
than
has
alleged to
have
three
again
dollars
o'clock
on
to appear
at the
It
assembled
fact."
for misdemeanor,
the
under
liberty,
at
may
intervened
establishingthe
only
the
safety.
immediatelyoffered
At
was
is it not
crimes
its
19.
the
is intrusted
whose
committed
was
his behalf.
on
been
time
affidavits
procure
Accordingly Burr
and
less
much
declared
Why
endanger
or
repose
CH.
selves
themnoon
afterbonds
circuit
next
reproofof
altogetherrespectfulto
government.
taken
No
doubt
Executive
the
co-ordinate
treasonable
place in December,
and
slowness
not
was
branch
of
assemblages had
affidavits could
have
been
but
no
Executive
judge
should
could
within
the
with
to force
extreme
bitterness about
trials before
it is
Marshall's
to
possible
"
tricks
BURR'S
1807.
dence."
if
what
In
of
will
nation
If
the
wrong,
him.
remove
which
which
will
will
They
of the
when
endeavors
in
protected
is
it
good
and
if his
Burr
than
suffer Burr
from
was
to
in
error
independent
the
great
setting itself
of
common-sense
class of
offenders
have
now
are
ment
impeach-
again.
this amendment,
would
in
If
their
it will
done
for
;
a
do
.
useful
Jefferson
escape,
office. No
written
to
B.
himself
Marshall
secret
letter in which
Jefferson to W.
the
itself ; for
be commuted
can
The
people will
of
one
tried
be
his condemnation
of the
In substance
threat
produces
punishment
amendment
The
will not
odious
Constitution,and
the
Constitution
the
by
the
government,
overturn
which
farce
protection of
more
to
the
on
well.
branch
that
see
has
principles
this
amend
any
the
selves.
judges for themLegislaturedoes
or
and
of
bear
work
and
As
which
to overturn
then
makes
do
would
distant
see
of this?
all the
some*
mouth
to
But
offender
far
will
They
branches
co-ordinate
the
never
nation.
the
five weeks,
of the Executive
is
Constitution
our
of
day
in
the
or
this, however,
member
speak
we
endeavor
both
judge
can
Natchez
twelve
who
All
threat,with
to
perverted
offenders
republic!
go
return
be
to
are
favorite
decency
less than
taken
law
of
and
for
"
could
Cumberland
never
terms
express
an
threat
returned
in addition
thing
"
He
447
TRIAL.
the
was
made
Jefferson
should
should
be
moved
re-
tion.
of this inten-
the
announced
Virginia senator
William
v.
65.
448
HISTORY
OF
had
Giles,who
B.
THE
been
Judiciary,and would
but
Giles
not
common,
that
swarmed
Richmond
could
courted
see
of
without
new
one
the idea
little
society
in the streets of
second
address
in truth
that
third
or
with
the
the
gloomy and
Jefferson imagined him to
or
justifythe President's
was
that
malignant conspirator
Punctually,May 22,the
consequence
for treason
; and
government
before the
been
to
summoned
merely
leave
government
began.
matter
for
cloud
of
no
tion
ques-
great
Burr
misdemeanor,
of
success,
of witnesses
town
The
vital.
was
doubt
no
and
act
of indictment
that
indicted,not
be
next
had
of commitment
must
upon
Marshall, and
his side,for
on
chief-justice
a trial of skill and
time,welcomed
intended
19.
an
challenge from
If Marshall
the
The
the
President.
attack
"
and
court-room
CH.
secret,
knew.
Marshall
in the
in every
lead
certainly
the confidant
as
was
STATES.
foremost
the
was
UNITED
swarmed
agents. The
but
the
to appeal-
with
spirators
con-
grand jury
respected citizens of
-
of the most
containingsome
and the court
instructed the
Virginia was
sworn,
A longclerk to place John
Randolph as foreman.
General
Wilkinson, the most important
delay ensued.
from
his way
for government, was
witness
on
New
Orleans ; and while waitinghis arrival from day
and the court
to day, the grand jury took evidence
The
listened to the disputes of counsel.
districtBurr
to commit
the charge of
on
attorney moved
"
BURR'S
J807.
treason, while
duces
motion
was
for
annoying
Executive,
"
than
avowed
directed
and
was
his
has
assumed
himself, and
respected
face
let
of
'
He
down
my
pretend
keep
this
that
as
been
has
the
has
the
the
heart
hell-hounds
And
would
raised
papers
of
a
rewarded
my
him.
of
this
which
are
highly
traitor in the
He
has
persecution,
President
trial,where
back
client
prejudge my
to
proclaimed him
friend.
States, who
"
search
has
war,
the United
an
country which
that
to
into
his
pretended to
to hunt
of
the
friend.
the
undertaken
has
by declaring that
He
the
on
in court, launched
appearance
President
The
"
odium
persecutionof which
ment
Martin,at the first mo-
and
against Jefferson
invective
throwing
Luther
victim.
of
subpoena
President,requiring
a
despotism of government
Burr
the
to
for
This
produce certain papers in evidence.
evidentlypart of a system adopted by the
to
defence
on
be
to
tecum
him
Burr
449
TRIAL.
of
clamor,
wanted
for
"
The
ought not to be issued.
chief-justice
both
after hearing counsel on
sides, read June 13
settled the point in
elaborate
an
decision,which
tecum
Burr's
VOL.
favor.
in.
"
29
450
HISTORY
"If
upon
could
be
construed
national
is
his
sworn
on
the
of
the
for
reason
denied
fillingthe
that
exalted
which
would
than
be
it would
have
can
obeying
no
its
issue
station
because
whole
time
this
exist
his
for
demand
the
at
time
be
required,it would
subpoena, and would rather
not
to
general
is
court
against
reason
be
the court
return
be
19.
President
the
that
if it should
on
than
cannot
duty
and
from
his
apparent
CH.
"the
would
demand
it is
attendance
constitute
court
But
he,
exempt
magistrate
unremitting ;
when
STATES.
Constitution,it
objects.
not
UNITED
stand
to
the
chief
as
THE
principle," said
any
provisions of
duties
OF
of
the
the
issued.
being
subpoena
chief
dispensed with
be
performed ;
of
process
to
the
It
...
person
magistrate is
much
but
fully
cheer-
more
if it be
duty,
in the case."
choice
under
sanction
the
the
of
farce
same
the
President's
be
may
name.
repeated
here."
haps
PerTo
be
insulted
with
"The
resentment
leading
of
the
"
feature
of
our
Constitution
Legislature,Executive,
and
pendence
is the inde-
Judiciary of
BURR'S
1807.
other ; and
each
none
Judiciaryif
the
latter, and
smaller
are
he
subject
were
could
the
to
than
the
independent
commands
disobedience
from
from
him
withdraw
west, and
to
be
for
him
bandy
constantly trudging
him
Executive
imprisonment
to
courts
jealous of this
more
the
would
But
Judiciary.
451
TRIAL.
of
of
the
if
the
north
south
to
entirelyfrom
and
his
east
executive
duties?"1
which
reasoning,2
raised
indeed
was
Unless
argument.
were
admitted
Judiciary never
The
no
rank
of
proprietyof
of the United
this
to Marshall's
answer
the President
the
above
the
and
citizen,
States
endowed
no
duty could be
royalprerogatives,
more
imperativeupon him than that of lendingevery
which
volved
inaid in his power
to the Judiciary in a case
of civil societyand governthe foundations
ment.
No Judiciarycould assume
that
at the outset
duties would
Executive
be interruptedby
necessarily
breaking Jefferson's long visits to Monticello in order
for a day to Richmond.
Consciousness
to bring him
the President's
of this possiblerejoinderdisturbed
with
more
mind
so
advance
"
and
chief
retirement
season,
made
from
he
for
it is
to
the
should
Jefferson to
U. S.
of
seat
be
told
the
that
apparent
magistrate do
carryingon
vs.
'
says
unremitting.'
not
are
undertook
he
it
meet
in
"
Judge
as
that
much
:
The
duties
than
not
If
alludes
government
that
such
President's
his whole
demand
he
the
to
time,
annual
our
public business, at
and
are
between
385.
452
OF
HISTORY
several
the
stations
there
as
if
we
UNITED
THE
we
at the seat
were
would
district-attorney
The
this to the
Marshall
treat
it
as
Monticello,why
carryingit
on
he
could
they
19.
tingly
unremit-
government."
dared
have
must
carrying on
CH.
as
admission.
an
for
of
on
hardly have
for
chief-justice,
would
STATES.
the
not
tell
felt that
If arrangeness
public busibe
made
for
at Richmond
to do with Jefferson's
Perhaps temper had more
reasoning than he imagined. Nothing could be better
calculated to nettle a philosophic
President who believed
the world, except within his own
domain, to be
too much
governed,than the charge that he himself
had playedthe despot and had trampled upon
private
rights; but that such charges should be pressed with
of Luther
the coarseness
Martin, and should depend
able
intolerthe rulingsof John
on
an
Marshall,seemed
outrage on the purity of Jefferson's intentions.
In such cases
a
an
common
explosion of anger was
form of relief. Even President
Washington was said
dashed
his hat upon
the ground,
sometimes
to have
and
the
President
second
famous
was
for gusts of
temper.
"I
heard, indeed,"
have
predecessor sometimes
by dashing
only proves,
heart
1
than
and
decided
trampling
what
you
and
Jefferson,1"that
wrote
things against
his
I
wig
knew,
on
the
that
he
my
his Council
floor.
had
This
better
head."
Jefferson
to
William
Short, June
v.
93.
BURR'S
1807.
Wigs
Federalist
were
Republicans wore
resource
in
Jefferson
worn
he
would
violence
itself in
forgottenas
color
impulse was
we
sion
treason
of
will
put down
bulldog, and
defenders
To
words
add
bulldog of
long,
Martin
railed
the
one
think
it
and
fortunate
particeps
as
his
misprievidence
Federal
impudent
the
him
"
him
rate
first
clamorous
most
accomplices."
in
wrote
to
break
the
same
down
this
Jefferson's irritation
evaporated
with
these
rarely
words.
unmolested.
fretted
could
by personal feelingcould
calm
not
if he should
blows.
His
thrust
Martin
that
of
ness
sensitive-
Hay, l
any
acts
in reflections
fix upon
at
it material
Rhadamanthine
President
will
"
complaints,in
and
to
Luther
proof
Federalism."
lasted
No
wrote
attorney-generalhe
"I
in
His
Martin
And
all his
are
sword,
passion
unprincipled and
another
of Burr
the
He
least.
this
such
President
philosophicthought.
Gray bell
at
power.
no
small
uttered,or
to commit
Burr?
with
his
as
dock.
move
criminis
and
and
irritability
soon
of
use
had
but
hat
retaliate upon
to
could
physical excitement.
in
tinged with
dignityand
paraphernalia of Federalism,
shown
have
never
relieved
"
full
rage
powder, cocked
or
threats
of
the
of
symbols
wigs, and
moments
and
-wig
no
453
TRIAL.
Jefferson to
Jefferson
to
John
Marshall.
strike
successfully
succeed
In the midst
of
in
cope
back
warding
; he
off his
of these controversies
with
The
was
mies'
ene-
and
454
HISTORY
which
theatre
UNITED
15, General
June
irritations,
audiences
THE
OF
in
those
STATES.
Wilkinson
CH.
arrived.
still crowded
days
19
The
to
the
"
Wilkinson.
I
me,
is all
trust
more
had
not
To
the
defence
break
that he
with
accomplice
him
was
Burr,
the
also discredit
the
President
When
Louis
months
under
and
time
with
1
Wilkinson
people."
Daniel
Clark
the
no
kinson
Wil-
turned
by his
pensioner of Spain and
the
was
to
prove
known
objectof
and
had
shake
would
the Administration
Whatever
saved.
could
not
the
allow
suffer.
from
St.
came
Major Bruff,of the artillery,
to Washington
early in March, 1807, three
before Burr's indictment,he made
bitter complaints
to the Secretaryof War, accusing the general,
whose
orders he served, of being a spy of Spain
traitor with
without
a
to
can
gang
other
consequences
peach
disgrace of Wilkinson
but
Wilkinson
our
down,
which
even
than
should
friend; even
confession
an
that
another
against him.
own
'Tis
alike,and
one
Twitcher
Jemmy
surprisedme.
own
world
That
"
Burr.1
General
Dearborn
and repliedthat
contradiction,
when
the
Major
General
Wilkinson
Executive, but
BrufPs
his
did
there
not
had
stand
energetic measures
listened
of
been
well
at
Congress,
BURR'S
1807.
and
bustle
actual
sustain
would
President
the
Executive
regained him
had
Orleans
New
him
confidence,
; that
after the
might perhaps
there
over
was
455
TRIAL.
Wilkinson
must
inquiry,but meanwhile
be supported. Attorney-GeneralRodney
and
be
an
would
went
even
further.
proven?
the
Burr
what
just
Why,
indignation of
would
escape,
did
what
add,
with
cause
The
negligence.
of the
of
than
subpoena.
ever
The
labor.
No
arrival,at
the
issued
and
General,
and
either
to
or
was
to
admit
from
the
Luther
make
mon
com-
their
of
Wilkinson
after
refusingto obey
accepted his full share
President
he
did
when
defied, than
own
necessary
support
necessary
moment
saved
bedience
hung together. Diso-
case
subpoena
sooner
dent
convicted,Presi-
be
not
forced
whole
Wilkinson
all the
President
be
the
to
under
of
would
place."
subpoenas because
Wickham, Botts, and
examination
they
turn
Cabinet
Marshall's
Martin
mies
ene-
his
from
shrank
could
mercy,
be
to
were
his
be
Wilkinson.
on
patent
was
himself,whose
General's
take
the
it would
"
Burr
from
Wilkinson
if
"
should
and
wish,
and
Braff
,
Federalists
people
the
Wilkinson
country, in spiteof
Western
more
General
the
if Wilkinson
Jefferson
the
he
the
not
asked
result,"
present Administration
the
Rodney
world, that
the
the
charges against
all your
of
be
would
"What
he
hear
his
own
wrote
of
the
in
Wilkinson's
subpoena
a
was
letter
was
cal-
456
HISTORY
culated
:
and
enemies
mind
of
their
General
all the
have
filled the
public ear
trouble
of those
who
their
place
and
public confidence.
of
Accept,
respect
even
pray
you,
and
his
heaths, and
such
more
has
slanders
The
lishment
estab-
what
see
they
dissipate the
knowledge, and
public estimate
sensible
been
aimed
and
than
at
you.
of
assurances
several
years
to
claimed
and
clearly,
and
its
"
that his
of the United
not
was
exempt
to
esteem
retain
with
sioned
pen-
Burr
States army
and
during
costly
confidence Jefferson
people whose
held.
John
Randolph saw this point
the
Whether
never
when
Jefferson to
not
often loved
instinct detected
House.
need
MacFalstaffs,
confederate
right to
respect and
require him
his bloodhound
without
not, he
and
the
world
Jefferson
; but
of extreme
consequence
had
pleased,and
rogues,
should
at the head
is
he
and
"
weakness
as
the
one
whom
Burrs,
Dayton
or
in
friendships.The
Spanish spy
it
of
citizen Jefferson
its worst
for Wilkinson
White
he
it will
salutations
my
esteem
cherished
from
19.
esteem."
excuse
and
No
with
world
for want
injusticewhich
American
an
clamors
higher ground
on
the
respect and
As
CH.
confidence
account.
let the
doubted
will
you
that
on
guilt will
of
myself
STATES.
the
with
think
to
doubts
UNITED
"
your
ought
THE
Your
"
give
to
needed
OF
the
struck
he
Wilkinson, June
led
to
lowed,
folthe
intended
chief-justice
Jefferson
directed
and
the
blow
clerk
chievous
mis-
so
to
v.
place
109.
1807.
Randolph
John
as
TRIAL.
foreman
of the
from
revolted
nature
President
and
the
General
Randolph
was
the
man
Such
and
sworn
his
be
if the
gibbetedtogether,
when
General
the
was
the
if
appearance,
could
; and
to do it.
before
sent
dolph's
grand jury.1 Ran-
Wilkinson
situation
the
was
457
BURR'S
abject.
and
looks,"
of
countenance
variance
all
examination
Under
"
Randolph
wrote
did
never
of
opinion
is
miscreant
confusion
was
us
among
hugged
the
to
bosom
the
jury
time
same
to
nerve
Burr
room,
for
moved
with
scarcely a
guilt. Yet this
Government
of
effect
and
this
his
the
obstruct
oppression of witnesses.
both
24,
attempts
the
to
with
indict
to
Burr;
attachment
an
to
June
Such
was
his
to
as
; there
"
while
is denounced."
Monroe
at
language
Nicholson.2
to
behold
of
General
he
strained
while
and
in
purpose
counsel
the
in
the
the
court-room
against Wilkinson
free
The
all
grandfor
temptin
at-
of
justiceby
sisted
redistrict-attorney
his authority; and
course
disappointment of
his
enemies,
kinson
Wil-
escaped.
u
Yesterday," wrote
jury
found
Burr
and
bills for
Blennerhassett
Wilkinson's
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph,
treason
una
and
voce,
June
25,8 "the
misdemeanor
and
this
grand
against
day presented
to
Memoirs, ii. 6.
Nicholson, June
MSS.
to
Nicholson, June
MSS.
458
HISTORY
Jonathan
OF
for
Indiana,
escaped,
The
I cannot
proof
enter
last
night lodged
in
nature
than
before
the
on
very
In
the
debates
up
of
of treason.
"
to
that
the
before
treasonable
be committed
Annals
p. 1397.
was
daresay
never
in the
person
no
he
human
saw
of Wilkinson
stands
favor,
on
Jefferson
by trying
misdeeds, a fuller
Wilkinson's
the
dolph
Ran-
session, when
next
pleawhich
Wilkinson
saved
in
the
the
as
He
was
motion
the
his attacks
identifyhim with
account
was
given of
from presentment.
44
misconstruction.
is denounced."
to
There
situation
lain.
vil-
followed
"
Perhaps you
that
a
the
Monroe
James
while
town
that
core
fortitude.
great
nocent,
in-
good friend,
my
convicts), where
I did.
him
only man
to the very
common
for
think
distinctions
Suffice it to
with
Floyd
iniquity
of
is the
19.
fort
Ohio, ComDavis
to
susceptibleof
in the
degraded
so
and
CH.
mammoth
bark
it here.
prison except
sleptsounder
of
unquestionable; but,
himself
supported
State
the
it is not
Burr
the
Wilkinson
from
upon
that
it,and
seen
is
York,
wire-drawn
with.
was
Smith
pretended
man
any
certain
upon
who
but
STATES.
John
New
of
treason
pester you
saw
ever
Smith
that
not
"
but
will not
UNITED
Dayton, ex-senator,
Tyler, Israel
of
THE
of
Congress,Jan.
of
of
Ohio, and
the
United
been
alleged
General
States
of
kinson's
Wilhav-
1807-1808,
BURR'S
1807.
had
did
that
gentleman
short
benefit
the
legal exception,
but
dated, though
been
ing
459
TRIAL.
or
fraud
hear
not
of
time, prior
what
that
to
lawyers would
; but
I will inform
single member
the
of
the
that which
other opinion than
grand jury express
any
I myself expressed, of the moral, not of the legal,guilt
party."
of the
In
the
grand jury
of the
showed
accounts
made
by
Randolph
Littleton
One
grand jury.
appear,
him
hoping
The
the
Thus
1
was
supported by
of
members
the
for revenge
of
Cf. National
of
who
conspirators,
Wilkinson
should
the
vote
would
appear
when
he
June
should
26,
was
dare
never
intended
come
Burr
at
at first
had
grand jury,were
Meanwhile,
trial
of Burr
indictment
before the
down
far the
Report
Conduct
other
present
treason
thought that
The
if he
who
and
guilty,and
when
four
that
averred
witness-stand.
not
Tazewell, and
or
it.
obtained.
vehemently
to
to
misprision of
witness
squeezed through
break
motion
Narrow
to
the
testify
; and
to
7.
9 to
length
that
W.
three
and
called
were
for
Wilkinson
General
stood
mittee
by a Congressionalcombers
regarding Wilkinson,1 several mem-
1811
in
their
taken
evidence
to
reduced
on
the
pleaded
the
General
the
court
Committee
Wilkinson,
Intelligencer,
Aug. 3,
1807.
the
281, 298.
460
HISTORY
fore him.
OF
He
THE
had
UNITED
produced
STATES.
his
witnesses,had
without
As
tained
sus-
defied Marshall's
be
not
without
won
in the
hands
of the
officer.
crossing the
was
19.
Jefferson publicly
they denounced
Wilkinson
and
as
they denounced
other government
every
"
mercy,
was
CH.
court-house
said
green,"
an
Hay
President,June
to the
wrote
Jackson,
"General
of
Tennessee,
the
terms
in every
which
at
explained the
once
His
The
company.
character
own
depends
of
on
"
been
in
latter showed
motive
has
Wilkinson
22d, denouncing
since
14
the
me
here
coarsest
a
paper
this incessant
the
ever
tility.
hos-
prostration of
Wilkinson's."
This
paper
no
was
to Claiborne.
doubt
Young
Jackson's
Samuel
secret
ciation
denun-
Swartwout, who
some
reason
to
success.
1
Hay
to
Jefferson,June
friend," lie
My
"
soil of
the
on
which
for
place
Men
of
fathers
our
Maxims
are
bled.
Politics
scenes
of
hear,
staggered
the
are
right
every
the
usurped
revived.
again
think, politically.
which
advocated
and
effrontery
Chauncey
of
impudence
1798
standing
am
of
have
feel and
and
divested
country
advanced
now
have
cooler
the
and
see
now
almost
and
law,
Nicholson,1 "
to
wrote
native
my
461
TRIAL.
BURR'S
1807.
of
would
Bayard
Goodrich
when
the
or
we
were
acquainted."
first
this
Marshall
work
and
with
that
unless
the
no
act, or
on
was
district-attorney
but
the
shall be
testimony of
confession
alone
chief-justice
of this evidence
with
ready
could
should
be
of the
words
stubborn
person
the
on
overt
same
"
but
was
of treason
convicted
witnesses
two
in open
a
the
to
court."
The
of evidence,
mass
say whether
admitted
had by no
means
chief-justice
the government.
toward
Hay was
Marshall
to protect Burr, and
meant
President on the subject:2
stitution
Con-
; and
shown
the
ble
sylla-
erto
hithbias
convinced
he wrote
that
to the
"
"
The
stamped
1
bias of
upon
Randolph
Judge
Marshall
his forehead.
to
Nicholson, June
is
I may
as
obvious
do
him
as
Hay
to
was
but
injustice,
p. 221.
2
if it
Randolph,
462
HISTORY
I do
will enable
appearing
he
his
that
has
ago,
years
to lose
when
Burr
astonished
their
in
with
the
as
he
was
is endeavoring
trial without
He
he
as
the
told
the
conscious
that
His
many
of
the
his
words
at
that
he
and
sympathy
for
long
doing
was
sorrow
exhibit
can
me
estimation
I remember
when
countenance
and
profligatein principle
chief-justicegazed
of
to
seems
pleases.
He
as
fortune.
appearing
human
by doing
Yet
expression
an
the
wrong.
risingin
was
me.
bill,the
time, without
doing
is wonderful.
Burr
throughout
of
he
19.
f[irmness?]which
of
state
that
CH.
reputation is irretrievablygone,
Mr.
for
concern
conscious
nothing
now
up to
STATES.
I say
when
aid Burr
[him] to
to be
UNITED
I am,
himself
work
to
think
that
believe
not
THE
OF
strong
as
without
so,
palpable
emotion."
August 3
trial began.
until
August 4, and
10.
He began
meanwhile
was
at
new
the
was
arrived
Richmond
in
the
court
privatejournalof
the
panelle
jury imfigureappeared at
brought before
once
and
August
the
trial,
passed
only record of what
the conspirators. As each witness appeared,
among
told the gossipregarding him.
Blennerhassett
"
the
the
over
remained
17
August
Blennerhassett
side.
which
court
Not
and
Burr's
the
The
once
stand,
"
redoubted
has
town
into
streets
under
colored
the
Eaton,"
dwindled
down
ridiculous
a
a
Blennerhassett
who
in
was
the
eyes
hat, with
he
is
not
Papers,p.
of
this
castic
sar-
struttingabout
mountebank,
tremendous
clothes, when
Turkish
tippling in
315.
sash
the
he
taverns, where
"
sly-boots Dayton,1 he
Old
"
about
libations
the
bitter
said,
lurking
was
corners.
'2
Wilkinson
a
his
with
up
sorrows."
of his
effusions
offers
463
TRIAL.
BURR'S
1807.
exhibited
"
court-martial
rather
derangement,
placed beyond
as
fidelity
even
all doubt
comments
his
his
'
of
His
examination,
direct
honor
accusing
an
perplexityand
as
has
and
his
pages
of
soldier
diary were
for the
of the witnesses
himself.
the
sharp, yet
were
Blennerhassett's
Burr
demeanor
culprit.
upon
sergeant under
citizen.'"
These
his
of
manner
the
than
with
confronted
officer
the
not
severe
so
government
as
had
Blennerhassett
upon
any
they wrere
on
up-
wakened
to
the
Meade
by Cowles
January 17
Creek
at Cole's
his
and
the
had
protestof
in New
indorsed
under
flighttoward
wish
of Allston
to
had
repudiated
Burr
taught
duped
York,
the
Irishman
desertion
of
nerhassett
Blen-
Spanish territory
;
he
and
militia
Mississippi
had
drawn
on
tended
pre-
Blennerhassett
which
Allston's
and
Blennerhassett's
on
the
; his
bills which
the
funds
fallen
and
how
the
property
ruin
at
"
Blennerhassett
Blennerhassett
Blennerhassett
the
thoroughly he
which
Papers,p.
Papers,p.
Papers,p.
397.
422.
373.
had
island,
"
had
been
464
present trial
The
"
if not
talent
to the
under
the
better
UNITED
so
least
of
followers
than
myself."
in
skill with
the
tactics,made
mind
ample
giddy
and
19.
mony,
testi-
of
every
turer
adven-
riper experience
deportment, his
ficial
super-
sanguine temperament,
which
impression
an
this
of
CH.
defect
the
to
many
mastership
furnish
which
dignity,his cheerfulness
and
STATES.
fail to
cannot
guilt,at
judgment
Burr's
Yet
THE
assumption
seduced
has
and
OF
HISTORY
he
managed
legal
Blennerhassett's
on
"
'
attorney
For
few
while
the
days
the
stand
to
Blennerhassett's
that
To
clear
over.2
August 23,
overt
should
himself
Puane,
an
Burr's
pressing demands
hand, Jefferson
number
confession
prevent this,Allston
exerted
island ; but
light,and
and
"
Blennerhassett
Jefferson to
undisturbed,
of other
act
of
witnesses
treason
at
nerhassett
nothing short of Blencould place the matter
chief fear was
evidently
State's
turn
evidence.
hope that he
Aurora," visited
to
offered to
on
to conciliate him.
seemed
of the
went
and
Blennerhassett
more
Burr
trial
prove
own
in
the
government
Taylor,the Morgans,
on
Richmond."
at
serve
Papers,p. 343.
Hay, Aug. 20, 1807
as
an
On
the other
could be
him
in
won
prison
intermediary
Works,
v.
174.
BURR'S
1807.
the
with
465
TRIAL.
President
manoeuvre
employed,
further
before
but
the
as
come
of this
could
pressure
struck
chief-justice
the
the
gone
be
prosecution
dead.
19 Burr's
August
the
evidence.
suddenlymoved to arrest
The
government, they said,had gone
its testimony relatingto the overt
act
through
all
charged
in the
it admitted
distant
from
the
Burr
that
; and
scene
to introduce collateral
about
was
district-attorney
testimony of acts done beyond the jurisdiction
the duty of the defence
of the court, it became
the
as
to
indictment
of miles
hundreds
was
counsel
object.
For ten days
counsel
this vital
either
on
pointwas
side exerted
argued.
themselves
All
the
to
the
most.
ut-
Wickham's
treason
Tazewell
American
with
beginning
an
William
idol Theodosia.
of
argument
address
made
familiar
to
sort
the
more
him
to
VOL.
almost
and
the
every
passionateallusion
Wirt
oratory, and
rhetorical
exhausted
in the
course
which
his
his powers
display which
American, and
to
of his
became
introduced
of
themselves
save
in.
"
"
Blennerhassett
Grigsby'sTazewell,p.
30
Papers,p.
73.
356.
466
HISTORY
letters,who
to
the
threateningthe
which
Bott
the
assure
drew
irregularconduct
prejudge
these
by
that
not
Hay, knowing
magic that hung
seemed
hardly
as
for
the
idea
the
court-house.
"
It
was
in
had
very
of
court
his
but
for
his
arbitraryand
the
the
about
these
If
as
the
in it,
called
now
he
danger of
word
on
at
impeachment,"
inadvertently
could
in
was
and
"
so, his
did
threat
counsel
of the
thoughts
words
impeachment
Burr's
kind
jury, and
evidence
is
the
impeached.
the
well Jefferson's
credible.
of
court
of
one
from
all the
hearing
this
was
afterward
was
decision
used
offensive
was
the
of
censure
do."
to
have
which
leave to
account
he
the
beg
judge
ever
opinions,how-
thing which
should
trial,which
the
before
gentlemen
terous
dex-
so
advocating opinions
now
the
on
That
the
are
...
wrest
case
identical
the
"
the
to
nor
"
for which
attempted
man
country
own
condemned.
we
at
principalcauses
his
efficient
so
incorrect
He
we
was
of
Ireland, a
that
gentleman
himself
on
of
19.
wardness
or
intentionally
by awkgiving the impression of
in
:
trial
Fries'
on
native
CH.
either
court
says
STATES
storms
neither
succeeded
Mr.
fled from
of
"k
UNITED
is Blennerhassett?
Who
"
THE
OF
once
ness
clumsi-
have
been,
the
air
of
retaliated.2
gentleman
to
remind
decision
of
the
the
motion
favor
of the
Burr's
Trial,ii. 193.
Burr's
Trial,ii. 238.
BURR'S
1801
wishes
of
used
the
case
that
misunderstood,
have
been
decide
will
not
against
servatio
oban
the
that
presume
it
inadvertentlyit
innocentlyor
however
this
susceptibleof being
it is
view, but
by
apprehensive of
be
should
you
government.
with
intended
were
should
honors
your
in
it
whether
know
not
impeachment
may
Luther
and
"
that
so
personal;
as
added,1
I do
was
defence
court," persistedthe
Martin
u
taken
been
not
"
the
to
had
the
but
allusion
the
that
467
TRIAL.
made."
to
reconcile
exclusion
his
of further
To
laymsn, who
who
thought
island
such
was
from
sense
; and
who
the
spot,
such
guilty,
"
itself that
an
as
kneAV
held
act
conceived
as
would
the
be
Burr's
an
could
jury
not
with
chief-justice,
1
Blennerhassett's
act
principalpresent
doubt
Burr.
violent
of
levying
Burr, although
Trial,ii.369.
an
the
of law ;
might, without
as
that
excuse
of
case
uncertainties
juryto
with
case
assemblage on
by
was
in
only the
overt
an
uneasy
the
in Bollman's
evidence
that the
impropriety,be
war
dictum
in
in
absent
legal
finding him
fail to
equal
suggest
effort
of
468
HISTORY
OF
STATES.
UNITED
THE
Cir. 19.
of the
framed
that
Constitution
clear.
was
remembered
instrument
The
the
in
the
who
men
crimes
that
been
feared
No
treason.
at least
would
framed,
been
the
on
is
treason
be
proved
of
the
that
secret
which
answer
had
not
was
his
changed
under
tions
obliga-
him.
said
in
pathies,
sym-
of Marshall's
side
Jefferson,since 1788,
to imitate
it be
their
Constitution
the
was
point of view, the chief-justice
"If
that
doubt
1788, when
in
have
If
decision.
could
one
advising
which
transaction
manner
will
readilysuggest
proving
fact
will not
scarcely ever
can
required by
the
of
procurement
or
this
opinion,
itself is that
the
justifyconviction
the
culty
diffi-
out
with-
proof."
with
chief-justice,
tion,
simpledignitywhich still compels respectfuladmirathe district-attorney
took up the gauntletwhich
had
flung at his feet. As though turning from the
to look for a moment
crowd
in the court-room
directly
At
into
the
the
of the
eyes
uttered
justice
and
"
defiance
Much
points on
has
which
few
the
that
were
at
once
chiefanswer
"
been
the
said in the
course
Court
no
feels
of the
inclination
argument
to comment
on
which
but
particularly,
dares
this Court
No
true.
dares
this Court
That
that
of
bitter
it to
the
bottom
of
indignation of
.
and
incompetent
to
of
in
him
to
those
the
the
the
the
but
who
are
contempt
who
country
the
to
conduct
as
hesitate
can
or
subsequent
island
the
the transactions
to
; because
merely corroborative,
overt
proof of
declarations
be admitted
can
in its nature
prove
be
there
until
choice
no
merits
and
Blennerhassett's
testimony, being
greeable
disa-
elsewhere
prisoner
has
opprobrium
his
in
less
becoming
might he let
presented
he
is not
self-reproach,would
if he
"
testimony relative
on
such
the
or
duty
true
of
man,
alternative
world,
embrace.
to
the
of
duty
no
is roost
himself
placing
; but
no
the
the
No
"
is
if there
denominated
which
ceive
improperly re-
its
from
without
him
from
as
power
is desirous
calumny
pass
dereliction
well
usurp
of
man
no
cup
"
not
shrink
is desirous
man
peculiar subject
casei
perhaps
not
not
situation ;
drain
may
notice.
some
"
469
TRIAL.
BURR'S
1807.
evant
in itself,is irrel-
act
the
overt
act
by
two
witnesses."
On
the
Hay
a
verdict
ney
followingday, September 1, District-Attor-
of
criticisms
"
the
Marshall
upon
Wirt, who
has
chief -justice,now
his
opened
of
jury entered
guilty." Hay instantlyreported
result of his efforts,
and
added
Not
"
Monticello
to
the
abandoned
eyes,
hitherto
abandons
and
he
case,
the
and
1
"
advocated
him.
speaks
the
This
in
the
of
integrity
last
opinion
strongest
reprobation."
1
Hay
to
Jefferson,
Sept.1, 1807
; Jefferson MSS.
the
has
terms
470
HISTORY
THE
OF
STATES.
UNITED
the
CH.
19.
which
tone
"
Yours
"
has
of
been
the
of the
what
1st
to hand
came
evidentlyintended
was
trial ; that
is to say,
from
But
must
this
latter
case
therefore, more
than
witness
or
be
been
has
paid
decide
whether
guilt,or
that
and
an
they
the
law,
before
defect
or
in
provide
may
take
not
Burr,
before
the
It
place.
the
the
been
in
now,
single
testimony
that
the
ceedings
pro-
they
evidence
applicationof
the
law,
remedy
for
the
proper
to
world.
whole
Congress,
has
his
but
is
not
These
.
event
beginning
clear
to
going
ever
writing.
to
the
in the
only
the
be
from
indispensable that
ever
committed
will
not
The
yesterday.
may
of
and
past
future."
for misdemeanor;
and
October
until
19
the
chief-
Jefferson
MSS.
to
Works,
v.
187.
son
Cf. Jeffer-
BURR'S
1807.
Even
begun.
far
was
the
on
from
testimony,the
being
clear
so
sustained
with
be
difficulty
who
began by pledging
show
brought
their
declaration
time
..some
kt
ago,"
fact
in
wrote
that
sees
before
could
the
only
court
which
ended
if
had
to
been
by admitting
the
expressed opinions
what
then
you
un.til after
learn
have
am
"
his
in
will
soon
long
after
the
task
confidence
for
favor;
but
in
it, on
know,
and
what
declaration
him
his
you
did
you
it,
which
because
and
my
close,1
retracted
sorry
"
favor
at the
not
public account,
have
on
President
My
I
in his
court
attempted
not
destroyed.
not
in
perform.
to
account,
know
I made
Hay to the
though I
own
not
and
district-attorney,
charges
I have
promised
shak'en,
is
himself
which
precipitate; and
was
everybody
I
the
General,
the
against
hoped
Wilkinson,
; and
the
had
case
truth.
The
"
falsity of
the
President's
he
as
chief witness,
His
expected.
471
TRIAL.
not
did
above
mentioned."
hint
The
himself
Jefferson
the
a
Court
Supreme
defeat
worse
If Wilkinson
strong.
w.as
such
on
than
in
the
about, and
enemies
at
Hay
to
graver
or
who
OF
to
of
dangers
were
attack
to
not
impeachments.
END
To
was
impeachment
its doors
by proclama tions
curbed
danger.
evidence
the
country had
Meanwhile
in
was
ited,
discred-
were
VOL.
; Jefferson
I.
MSS.
invite
Chase.
think
to
be