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AC STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS
SINUSOIDS
Review basic facts about sinusoidal signals
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Extension of node, loop, Thevenin and other techniques
SINUSOIDS
x (t ) X M sin t
Adimensional plot
As function of time
Period x (t ) x (t T ), t
BASIC TRIGONOMETRY
ESSENTIAL IDENTITIES
sin( ) sin cos cos sin
cos( ) cos cos sin sin
sin( ) sin
cos( ) cos
cos t sin( t )
2
sin t cos( t )
2
cos t cos( t )
sin t sin( t )
ACCEPTED EE CONVENTION
LEARNING EXAMPLE
cos( t 45)
cos( t 45 360)
cos( t 45)
cos( t 45 180)
cos( t )
Leads by 45 degrees
Lags by 315
LEARNING EXAMPLE
f ( Hz )
159.2 Hz
2
To find phase angle we must express both sinusoids using the same
trigonometric function; either sine or cosine with positive amplitude
v1 (t ) 12 sin(1000t 60)
v2 (t ) 6 sin(1000t 60)
v1 leads v2 by 120
v2 lags v1 by 120
LEARNING EXTENSION
i1 leads i2 by 55
KVL : L
di
(t ) Ri (t ) v (t )
dt
*/ R
L
)
R
L
)
B,
v (t ) A sin( t ) i SS (t ) B sin( t )
A1
RVM
LVM
,
A
2
R 2 (L) 2
R 2 (L) 2
A
i (t )
A2
A1
VM
1 L
,
tan
R
R 2 (L) 2
VM
1 L
cos(
tan
)
2
2
R
R (L)
y (t )
VM Ae j
Learning Example
R jL R (L ) e
2
IMe
v (t ) VM e j t
Assume i (t ) I M e ( j t )
di
KVL : L (t ) Ri (t ) v (t )
dt
di
(t ) jI M e ( j t )
dt
di
L (t ) Ri (t ) jLI M e ( j t ) RI M e ( j t )
dt
( jL R) I M e ( j t )
( jL R) I M e j e jt
( jL R) I M e j e j t VM e j t
VM
R jL
I M e j
*/
jL R
R jL
I M e j
VM ( R jL)
R 2 (L) 2
IM
VM
R 2 (L ) 2
VM
R 2 (L ) 2
tan 1
L
R
tan 1
L
R
, tan 1
L
R
v (t ) VM cos t Re{VM e j t }
i (t ) Re{I M e ( j t ) } I M cos( t )
C P
x jy re j
r x 2 y 2 , tan 1
x r cos , y r sin
x
y
PHASORS
ESSENTIAL CONDITION
ALL INDEPENDENT SOURCES ARE SINUSOIDS OF THE SAME FREQUENCY
BECAUSE OF SOURCE SUPERPOSITION ONE CAN CONSIDER A SINGLE SOURCE
u(t ) U M cos( t )
THE STEADY STATE RESPONSE OF ANY CIRCUIT VARIABLE WILL BE OF THE FORM
y(t ) YM cos( t )
SHORTCUT 1
u(t ) U M e j ( t ) y(t ) YM e
Re{U M e j ( t ) } Re{YM e
j ( t )
j ( t )
U M e j ( t ) U M e j e jt u U M e j y YM e j
SHORTCUT IN NOTATION
NEW IDEA:
Learning Example
Learning Extensions
A cos(t ) A
A sin(t ) A 90
V VM 0
v Ve jt
I I M
jt
di
i
Ie
L (t ) Ri (t ) v
dt
L( jIe jt ) RIe jt Ve jt
In terms of phasors one has
jLI RI V
V
I
R jL
Given f 400 Hz
V1 1020 v1 (t ) 10 cos(800 t 20)
V2 12 60 v2 (t ) 12 cos(800 t 60)
Phasors can be combined using the
rules of complex algebra
V11 V1
(1 2 )
V2 2 V2
VM e ( j t ) RI M e ( j t )
VM e j RI M e j
INDUCTORS
d
( I M e ( j t ) )
dt
jLI M e ( j t )
VM e ( j t ) L
VM e j jLI M e j
V jLI
Learning Example
The relationship between L 20mH , v (t ) 12 cos(377t 20). Find i (t )
phasors is algebraic
For the geometric view
use the result
j 190 e j 90
V LI90
377
1220
I
( A)
V 1220
L90
V
12
I
I
70( A)
j L
377 20 103
i (t )
12
cos(377t 70)
3
377 20 10
CAPACITORS
I M e ( j t ) C
d
(VM e ( j t ) )
dt
I M e j jCe j
I CV90
I jCV
Learning Example
314
V 10015
I jCV
I C 190 10015
LEARNING EXTENSIONS
2 f 120
I jCV V
V
I
jC
3.6 145
120 150 106 190
200
V
235
v (t )
200
cos(120 t 235)
Z ( ) R( ) jX ( )
R( ) Resistive component
X ( ) Reactive component
| Z | R 2 X 2
X
z tan 1
R
(INPUT) IMPEDANCE
V V V
Z M v M ( v i ) | Z | z
I I M i I M
(DRIVING POINT IMPEDANCE)
The units of impedance are OHMS
Impedance is NOT a phasor but a complex
number that can be written in polar or
Cartesian form. In general its value depends
on the frequency
Element
R
L
C
v2 (t )
v1 ( t )
v3 ( t )
i0 (t )
i1 (t )
i2 (t )
i3 (t )
KVL: v1(t ) v2 (t ) v3 (t ) 0
KCL : i0 (t ) i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i3 (t ) 0
vi (t ) VMie j ( t i ) , i 1,2,3
ik (t ) I Mke j ( t k ) , k 0,1,2,3
In a similar way, one shows ...
KVL : (VM1e j1 VM 2e j 2 VM 3e j3 )e jt 0
VM11 VM 2 2 VM 33 0
V1 V2 V3 0 Phasors!
V2
V1
V3
I 0 I1 I 2 I3 0
I0
I1
I2
I3
SPECIAL APPLICATION:
IMPEDANCES CAN BE COMBINED USING THE SAME RULES DEVELOPED
FOR RESISTORS
V1
Z1
I
V2
I
Zs Z1 Z2
Z2
Z1
Z2 V
1
1
k
Zp
Zk
Z s k Zk
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Zp
Z1Z 2
Z1 Z2
f 60 Hz , v (t ) 50 cos( t 30)
Compute equivalent impedance and current
120 , V 5030, Z R 25
ZR R
Z L jL
ZC
1
jC
1
j120 50 106
Z L j 7.54, ZC j53.05
Z L j120 20 103 , ZC
Z s Z R Z L ZC 25 j 45.51
V
5030
5030
( A)
( A)
51.93 61.22
Z s 25 j 45.51
LEARNING ASSESSMENT
FIND i (t )
377
Z R 20
V 120(60 90)
ZC
Zeq ZC || ( Z R Z L )
j
j 53.05
377 50 106
V
120 30
3.876 39.924( A)
Z eq 30.9639.239
(COMPLEX) ADMITTANCE
Y p Yk
1
G jB (Siemens)
Z
G conductanc e
B Suceptanc e
YR 0.1S
1
1
R jX
R jX
2
Z R jX
R jX R X 2
R
L
C
V jLI
1
V
I
jC
Y p 0.1 j1( S )
Series Combinatio n of Admittances
0.1S
1
j1( S )
j1
1
1
Ys k Yk
R
R2 X 2
X
B 2
R X2
Element
YC
ZR
Z jL
Z
1
jC
Admittance
1
Y G
R
1
Y
jL
Y jC
j 0.1S
1
1
1
Ys 0.1 j 0.1
10 j10
10 j10
200
Ys 0.05 j 0.05 S
Ys
LEARNING EXTENSION
FIND Y p , I
Y p YR YL
0.5 j 0.25
2 j4
2 j4
Yp
0.5 j 0.25( S )
2 j4
j8
I Y pV 0.901433.69 1020
I 9.01453.79( A)
Zp
LEARNING EXAMPLE
SERIES-PARALLEL REDUCTIONS
1
2 j4
2
2 j 4 (2) (4) 2
1
4 j2
Y34
4 j2
20
Y2
Z3 4 j 2
1 j 0.5
Z1
1 (0.5) 2
Z1 0.8 j 0.4()
Z4
j 4 ( j 2) 8
j4 j2
j2
Y2 0.1 j 0.2( S )
Y34 0.2 j 0.1
Z2 2 j6 j 2 2 j 4
Z34 4 j 2
Z 234
Z 234
1
1
0.3 j 0.1
Z 2 Z34
3 j1
Z 2 Z34
Z1 4 j 6 j 4
Z1 4 j 2
Y12 Y1 Y2
( R P ) Z1 4.47226.565
Y1 0.224 26.565
( P R)Y1 0.200 j 0.100
Z 2 2 j 2 ( R P ) Z 2 2.82845
Y2 0.354 45
( P R)Y2 0.250 j 0.250
1
4 j2
ZT 2 (1.384 j1077) 3.383 j1.077
Y1
2
4 j 2 (4) (2) 2
1
2 j2
Y2
2
2 j 2 (2) (2) 2
1
1
0.45 j 0.35
Z12
1
Z12
Y12
PHASOR DIAGRAMS
Display all relevant phasors on a common reference frame
Very useful to visualize phase relationships among variables.
Especially if some variable, like the frequency, can change
LEARNING EXAMPLE
KCL : I S
V
V
jCV
R jL
(capacitiv e)
| I L || IC |
| I L || IC |
IC jCV
IL
V
jl
INDUCTIVE CASE
CAPACITIVE CASE
(inductive )
LEARNING EXAMPLE
377( s 1 )
| VL VC || VR |
VR RI
VL jLI
It is convenient to select
1
the current as reference
VC
I
j C
VS VR VL VC
1. DRAW ALL THE PHASORS
| VL || VC |
I 345( A)
VR 1245(V )
(Pythagora s)
VC 6 45
LEARNING BY DOING
v (t )
PHASOR DIAGRAM
jLI
1
I
jC
RI
1
I jLI RI
jC
1
1
0 2
jC
LC
1
9
4
10
3
.
162
10
(rad / s)
3
6
10 10
f
5.033 103 Hz
2
LEARNING EXTENSION
j4
4 90
I
445
2 j4
4.472 63.435
I1 3.57818.435( A)
I1
I2
Current
divider
1
20
I
445
2 j4
4.472 63.435
Nodea na l ys i s
Loopa na l ys i s
Superpos iiton
Sourcetra ns formati on
Theveni n's a ndNorton's theorems
LEARNING EXAMPLE
Compute I1
Use current divider for I2 , I3
Ohm' s law for V1 , V2
V1 690 I 2
Zeq 4 ( j 6 || 8 j 4)
V1 16.2678.42(V )
24 j 48 32 j8 24 j 48
Z eq 4
8 j2
8 j2
V2 7.2815(V )
56 j 56
79.19645
9.60430.964()
8 j2
8.24614.036
V
2460
I1 S
2.49829.036( A)
Z eq 9.60430.964
Z eq
j6
690
I1
2.49829.036( A)
8 j2
8.24614.036
8 j4
8.944 26.565
I2
I1
2.49829.036( A)
8 j2
8.24614.036
I3
I1 2.529.06
I 2 2.71 11.58
V2 4 90 I3
I3 1.82105
LEARNING EXTENSION
IF VO 845, COMPUTE VS
THE PLAN...
COMPUTE I3
COMPUTE V1
COMPUTE I2 , I1
COMPUTE VS
VO
( A) 445( A)
2
V1 (2 j 2) I3 8 45 445
V1 11.3140(V )
I3
I2
V1 11.3140
5.657 90( A)
j2
290
I1 I 2 I3 5.657 90 445
I1 j5.657 (2.828 j 2.828)( A)
I1 2.828 j 2.829( A)
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
PURPOSE: TO REVIEW ALL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TOOLS DEVELOPED FOR
RESISTIVE CIRCUITS; I.E., NODE AND LOOP ANALYSIS, SOURCE SUPERPOSITION,
SOURCE TRANSFORMATION, THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS.
COMPUTE I0
V2 60
V
20 V2 2 0
1 j1
1 j1
1
1
6
V2
1
1 j1
1 j1
1 j1
V2
1. NODE ANALYSIS
V1
V
V
20 2 2 0
1 j1
1 1 j1
V1 V2 60
I0
V2
( A)
1
(1 j1)(1 j1)
1 j1
V2
4
8 j2
1 j
V2
(4 j )(1 j )
2
3
5
I 0 j ( A)
2
2
I 0 2.92 30.96
SOURCE SUPERPOSITION
I L2
1
L
1
L
I L I L1 I L2
VL VL1 VL2
The approach will be useful if solving the two circuits is simpler, or more convenient, than
solving a circuit with two sources
We can have any combination of sources. And we can partition any way we find convenient
VL2
3. SOURCE SUPERPOSITION
I 0' 10( A)
Z ' (1 j ) || (1 j )
(1 j )(1 j )
1
(1 j ) (1 j )
V1"
Z"
Z"
"
"
60(V ) I 0 "
60( A)
Z 1 j
Z 1 j
1 j
1 j
I 0"
6
2
j
(
1
j
)
j
I 0"
6 ( A)
1 j
6 6
"
1 j
I
j ( A)
0
2 j
4 4
5 3
I 0 I 0' I 0" j ( A)
2 2
Z"
Z " 1 || (1 j )
ZV
+
-
RV
VS
ZI
RI
IS
Improved model
Improved model
for voltage source for current source
4. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
IS
8 2j
1 j
Z (1 j ) || (1 j ) 1
V ' 8 2 j
I0
I S 4 j (4 j )(1 j ) 5 3 j
2 1 j (1 j )(1 j )
2
ZTH
RTH
vTH
vO
a
LINEAR CIRCUIT
vO
_
LINEAR CIRCUIT
May contain
independent and
dependent sources
with their controlling
variables
PART B
PART B
PART A
Phasor
for PART A
vTH
RTH
Impedance
5. THEVENIN ANALYSIS
Voltage Divider
VOC
10 6 j
1 j
(8 2 j )
2
(1 j ) (1 j )
ZTH (1 j ) || (1 j ) 1
8 2j
I0
53j
( A)
2
NEXT: NORTON
ZN
iN
RN
vO
a
LINEAR CIRCUIT
vO
_
LINEAR CIRCUIT
May contain
independent and
dependent sources
with their controlling
variables
PART B
PART B
PART A
Norton Equivalent Circuit
for PART A
iN
Impedance
6. NORTON ANALYSIS
ZTH (1 j ) || (1 j ) 1
I0
BY SUPERPOSTION
I SC 20
60 8 2 j
( A)
1 j
1 j
I SC 4 j (4 j )(1 j ) 5 3 j
2
1 j (1 j )(1 j )
2