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Publication Date: 6/1/2013

Related Commercial Resources

CHAPTER 33

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

properties vary with temperature, material density, and composition. The references document the source of the values and provide more detail or values for materials not listed here. The
preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 1.3, Heat Transfer
and Fluid Flow.

ALUES in the following tables are in consistent units to

assist the engineer looking for approximate values. For data
on refrigerants, see Chapter 29; for secondary coolants, see
Chapter 31. Chapter 26 gives more information on the values for
materials used in building construction and insulation. Many
Table 1
Normal
Boiling
Point, C

Critical
Temperature,
C

Critical
Pressure,
kPa

Alcohol, Ethyl
Alcohol, Methyl
Ammonia
Argon
Acetylene
Benzene
Bromine
Butane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide

46.07a
32.04a
17.03a
39.948a
26.04a
78.11a
159.82a
58.12a
44.01a
76.13h

78.6a
65.0a
33.2a
185.9*
83.7a
80.2a
58.8a
0.5a
78.5a
46.3h

243.2b
240.1b
132.6b
122.5*
36.1b
289.6d
58.8d
152.1d
31.1d
278.9h

6 394b
7 977b
11 300b
4 860b
6 280b
4 924d
10 340d
3 797d
7 384d
7 212h

Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene
Ethyl ether
Fluorine
Helium
Hydrogen

28.01a
153.84g
70.91a
119.39h
64.52h
28.03h
74.12h
38.00h
4.0026a
2.0159a

191.5a
76.6h
34.7a
61.8h
12.4h
103.7h
34.7h
187.0h
269.0i
253.1i

140.3d
283.3h
144.1d
263.4h
187.3h
10.0h
192.7h
129.2h
267.9h
240.0i

3 500d
4 560h
7 710d
5 470h
5 270h
5 120h
3 610h
5 580h
229i
1 316i

1.25d

Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen sulfide
Heptane (m)
Hexane (m)
Isobutane
Methane
Methyl chloride
Naphthalene
Neon
Nitric oxide

36.461a
34.080a
100.21a
86.18a
58.12f
16.04a
50.49a
128.19a
20.183a
30.01a

84.9a
60.8a
98.5a
66.9a
11.6*
164.0a
24.3a
218.0*
247.0a
152.0a

51.4d
100.4d
266.8b
234.8d
135.1j
81.8j
143.2j
469.1j
228.8j
92.9j

8 260d
9 012d
2 720b
3 030d
3 648j
4 641b
6 678b
3 972j
2 698j
6 546j

1.640b
1.54b
3.4k
3.4k
2.47s (21)
0.718b
2.307b

195.8a
88.5a

146.9j
36.4j
158.3j
118.6*
196.7j
418.9b
96.7*
91.8l
156.9b
374.0*

3 394b
7 235j
10 133j
5 043*
3 375j
6 130b
4 248*
4 622l
7 874b
22 064*

Material

Licensed for single user. 2013 ASHRAE, Inc.

Properties of Vapor

Relative
Molecular
Mass

Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Nitrogen tetroxide
Oxygen
n-Pentane
Phenol
Propane
Propylene
Sulfur dioxide
Water vapor

28.01a
44.01a
92.02a
31.9977*
72.53a
74.11b
44.09g
42.08b
64.06b
18.02b

183.0a
36.1*
181.4b
42.1g
47.7l
10.0b
100.0m

Density,
kg/m3

7.72b
1.785b
1.17b
2.68e (80)
6.1f (59)
2.69g
1.97g

3.22d
2.872b
1.25b
1.637b
0.178i
0.0900i

2.6k
2.02g
1.92l
2.93b
0.598m

Specific
Heat,
J/(kg K)
1520j
1350j
2200aa
523c
1580a
1300e (80)
230f (100)
1580aa
840g
599.0p (27)

Copyright 2013, ASHRAE

Viscosity,
Pas

0.013a
0.0301r
0.0221b
0.016a
0.0187b
0.0071e
0.0061a
0.014a
0.015a

14.2j (289)
14.8j (272)
9.30aa
21.0a
9.34a
7.0a
17a
7.0a
14h

0.0230a

0.0254j
0.142aa
0.168aa

17a
16.0j
12a
16j
16.0q
9.60aa
11.3q
37j
19.0aa
8.40aa

800j
996j
1990j
1880j
1570aa
2180aa
770aa
1310q (25)
1030aa
996j

0.0131j
0.0130j
0.0185j
0.0168j
0.014aa
0.0310aa
0.0093aa

13.3j
11.6j
7.00j
7.52j
6.94aa
10.3aa
10.1aa

0.0464aa

30.0aa
29.4j

1040j
850j
842p (27)
913j
1680a (27)
1400k
1571j (4.5)
1460aa
607l
2050aa

0.0240aa
0.01731j (26.8)
0.0401r (55)
0.0244aa
0.0152j (26.8)
0.017k
0.015j
0.014aa
0.0085j
0.0247m

16.6aa
22.4j

1100f
862q (27)
490a
528j
1780r
1470aa
2470h (35)
812j
5192aa
14 200j

*Data source unknown.

Notes: 1. Properties at 101.325 kPa and 0C, or the saturation temperature if higher than 0C, unless otherwise noted in parentheses.
2. Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.

33.1

Thermal
Conductivity,
W/(m K)

0.0080a
0.014r
0.00872j
0.0176aa

19.1aa
11.7j
12k
7.40j
8.06aa
11.6j
12.1aa

This file is licensed to Rabee Taleb (rabee_t@hotmail.com). Publication Date: 6/1/2013

33.2

2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals (SI)

Table 2

Name or
Description

Normal
Enthalpy
Specific Heat,
Boiling
of
cp
Point,
VaporizaJ/
Temp.,
C at
tion,
(kgK) C
101.325 kPa
kJ/kg

Licensed for single user. 2013 ASHRAE, Inc.

Acetic acid
Acetone
Allyl alcohol
n-Amyl alcohol
Ammonia
Alcohol-ethyl
Alcohol-methyl
Aniline
Benzene
Bromine
n-Butyl alcohol
n-Butyric acid
Calcium chloride
brine (20% by mass)
Carbon disulfide
Carbon
tetrachloride
Chloroform
n-Decane
Ethyl ether
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl iodide
Ethylene bromide
Ethylene chloride
Ethylene glycol
Formic acid
Glycerin
(glycerol)
Heptane
Hexane
Hydrogen chloride
Isobutyl alcohol
Kerosene
Linseed oil
Methyl acetate
Methyl iodide
Naphthalene
Nitric acid
Nitrobenzene

0.17b
20
0.1761b
30
0.180b 25 to 30
0.16b
30
0.50b 15 to 30
0.182b
20
0.215b
20
0.173b 2 to 20
0.147h
20
0.122a
25
0.15h
20
h
0.16
12
0.574i
20

53.3a
53.3a
53.3a
13.3a
53.3a
13.3a
13.3a
1.3a
10d
22.0d
0.7d
0.09d

99
40
80
86
45
35
21
69
20
20
20
20

16.7a
95.4a
129.0a
79.0a
77.8a
117.3a
97.8a
6.2a
5.9a
7.2a
90.2a
6.2a
16.2i

20
20

0.16b
0.11j

30
20

39.3d
12d

20
20

111.2a
22.8a

1489v
730b
714.6v
838v
897.8a
1935.8a
2179.3a
1235a
1109a
1219a

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

0.13v
0.15b
0.14b
0.175b
0.310f
0.370f

20
20
20
20
1
30

0.173f
0.180a

20
2

21.3v
0.17b
58.7v
9.6b
53.3y
13.3y
1.3y
8.0y
0.1y
5.3y

20
20
20
20
12
18
19
18
53
23

63.3v
29.8b
116.3v
82.4v
136.4a
108.0*
9.6a
35.4a
10.8a
7.4a

1261a

20

0.195a

20

0.1a

51

18.9a

20
20
b.p.
20
20
20
20
20
m.p.
20
20

0.128j
0.125j

20
20

4.73y
16.00y

20
20

0.14f
0.15n

20
20

1.3y

20

92.2a
96.2a
115.8a
109.0a

0.16f

20

0.28v
1.7b

20
20

22.64y
42.7y
0.291b
0.236v
0.001b

20
20
20
20
20

24.9a
99.2a
67.5a
79.3a
42.7v
4.8b

20
20

0.15b

20

0.056b

20

57.5b

20
20

0.11h
0.173*

20
12

20
20

130.8a
21.8a

1150x
1070x

20
20

0.583x
0.593x

20
20

20
20

17.4x
7.4x

1150b

20

1833v
1836v
1816v

20
20
20

0.38b

20

867b

20
20
20

0.16b
0.13b
0.602m

26 to 95
3 to 23
21 to 96

4601b
2840b
2510b
2140b
1720h
448f
2350f
2150f
3110i

0
0 to 98
15 to 20
8 to 82
20
20
20
20
20

1 222f
331f
1 363f
4 004f
266f
1 194f
592.8f
4 467.0f
653a
988a
2950f
1 540a
2 000i

46.3a
76.7a

346.1h
195h

1000i
842f

20
20

360a
967a

20
20

980v
2000b
351v
2260v
427.5v
1950v
385.9f (20) 1540f
191f (71)
1540f
231f (99)
729f
365.8f (153) 1260f
800.1f (344)
502.0f (216) 2200f

20
20
20
20
0
0
20
20

562v

20

179.9*
97.5a
65.9a
85.9a
107.1a
204 to 293b

321f
337f
444f
579f

56.1a
41.6a
209.8a
85.1v
209.9b

412f
192f
316f
628v
330b

124.8b

306.3b
230 to 384w

n-Pentane
35.1a
Propionic acid
140.2a
Sodium chloride brine
20% by mass
103.9a
10% by mass
100.9a
Sodium hydroxide and water
(15% by mass)
100.7v
Sulfuric acid and water
100% by mass
286.8v
95% by mass
300.9v
90% by mass
259.1v
Toluene (C6H5CH3)
Turpentine
Water
Xylene [C6H4(CH3)2]
Ortho
Meta
Para
Zinc sulfate and water
10% by mass
1% by mass

20
20
20
23
33
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

2180b
2150b
2740b

20

357.3h
413.6f

20
20

9.90f
28.7f
14.0f

20
20
20

29.7f

20

17 800f

20
20
20

112b
322.40b
108b
99.3a
114b
126h
66.30d
125b
126a

202b
98.60v
119b
69.04a
57.73a
88.43a
181.10a
276.54a

409a
320d

486f
2000n

20
20

1950f

20

1680f
1700v
1450b

m.p.
20
20

3 910f
2 480b
42 900b
389f
500f
901b
910k
2 150b

20
20
20
20
20
m.p.
20
20

2100b
2000 to
3000w
2330h
1980h

20
20

20
20

180.70b

20
20

562b
7900 to
1.2106w
226d
1 102a

20
20

117h

3110x
3620x

20
20

1 570x
1 180x

20
20

3610b

20

1400b
1460v
1600v

20
20
20

22 000b
21 000v
25 000v
587v

1690v

148.9a
100.0*

286v
2257m

1700b
4180m

20
20
20

142.9b
137.9b
136.9b

347b
342b
340b

1720b
1670b
1640b
3700b
3300b

1049a
791a
853.9a
817.9f
696.8b
789.2a
791.3a
1021a
879d
3119f
811a
964a
1180i

57.70d 1260d
29.80d 1590d

20
20

363b

*Data source unknown.

Approximate solidification temperature.

230v
451v

195b
98.0b

2220j
2250j

108.9b

Vapor
Pressure

W/ Temp.,
(mK)
C

405.0b
532.4b
684.1b
503.1b
1357b
854.8b
1100b
434.0b
394.0h
185d
591.5h
504.7h

247v

Thermal
Conductivity

Enthalpy
Density
of
Temp.,
Temp., Fusion,
C
Pas
C
kJ/kg kg/m3
Viscosity

118.6a
56.3a
97.1a
138.2i
33.2a
78.6a
65.0a
184.4a
80.2a
58.8a
117.6a
163.6a

61.3v
174.1b
34.5v
77.2v
12.4j
72.3a
131.6a
83.6a
198.1a
99.8a

Octane
Petroleum

Properties of Liquids

140b
150b
54.9f

684a
658a
1190d
801f
820a
920d
971a
2270a
151b
976y
166v
1512v
93.69v 1200b

20
20
20
71.90b

703b
640 to
1000w
626a
992a

20
20
20
15
45
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

kPa

56.7d
0.4d
0.076x
0.087x

Temp.,
C

Freezing
Point,
C

22.0b
0.001b
0.001v
0.001v

20
20
20

9.6b
29.2v
10.5v

20
20
20

0.12b

20

96.0b

2.34*

20

1.0m

0.0260b
0.0290b
0.0300b

20
20
20

26.2b
48.2b
11.9b

546b
988m

20
20
20

333.8b

863b
998.20m

20
20
20

831b
628b
670b

20
20
20

128b
109b
161b

881b
867b
862b

20
0
20

1.6b
1.6b

20
20

20
20

1 570a
1 100a

20
20

1110r
1010r

20
20

0.583a
0.598a

20
20

Notes: Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.
m.p. = melting point
b.p. = boiling point

2.3a
1.2a

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Physical Properties of Materials

33.3
Table 3 Properties of Solids

Material Description
Aluminum (alloy 1100)

Licensed for single user. 2013 ASHRAE, Inc.

Aluminum bronze
(76% Cu, 22% Zn, 2% Al)
Asbestos: Fiber
Insulation
Ashes, wood
Asphalt
Bakelite
Bell metal
Bismuth tin
Brick, building

Specific
Heat, J/
(kgK)

Density,
kg/m3

896b

2 740u

221u

8 280u
2 400u
580b
640b
2 110b
1 300u

100u
0.170u
0.16b
0.071b (50)
0.74b
17u

400n
1050b
800t
800t
920b
1500b
360t (50)
170*
800b

Emissivity

1 970u

Brass: Red (85% Cu, 15% Zn)

Yellow (65% Cu, 35% Zn)
Bronze
Cadmium
Carbon (gas retort)
Cardboard
Cellulose
Cement (Portland clinker)
Chalk
Charcoal (wood)
Chrome brick

400u
400u
435t
230a
710a

8 780u
8 310u
8 490t
8 650f

1300b
670b
900t
840t
710b

54t
1 920i
2 290t
240a
3 200b

Clay
Coal
Coal tars
Coke (petroleum, powdered)
Concrete (stone)
Copper (electrolytic)
Cork (granulated)
Cotton (fiber)
Cryolite (AlF3 3NaF)
Diamond

920b
1000b
1500b (40)
1500b (400)
653b (200)
390u
2030t
1340u
1060b
616b

1 000t
1 400t
1 200b
990b
2 300b
8 910u
86t
1 500u
2 900b
2 420t

Earth (dry and packed)

Felt
Fireclay brick
Fluorspar (CaF2)
German silver (nickel silver)
Glass: Crown (soda-lime)
Flint (lead)
Heat-resistant
Wool
Gold
Graphite: Powder
Impervious
Gypsum
Hemp (fiber)

1
829b (100)
880b
400u
750b
490b
840b
657b
131u
691*
670u
1080b
1352.3u

Ice: 0C
20C
Iron: Cast
Wrought
Lead
Leather (sole)
Limestone
Linen
Litharge (lead monoxide)
Magnesia: Powdered
Light carbonate
Magnesite brick

2040t
1950t
500v (100)

Magnesium
Marble
Nickel, polished
Paints: White lacquer
White enamel
Black lacquer
Black shellac
Flat black lacquer
Aluminum lacquer

1000b
880b
440u

129u
909b
230b
980b (100)
930b (100)

500t

330b
1 790t
3 190v
8 730u
2 470u
4 280u
2 230t
52.0t
19 350u
1 870u
1 200b
1 500u
921b
210t

7
7 700b
11 300u
1 000b
1 650b
7 850b
796b
210b
2 530b
1 730u
2 600b
8 890u

000u

*Data source unknown.

Notes: 1. Values are for room temperature unless otherwise noted in parentheses.

Thermal Conductivity,
W/(m K)

65.0*
0.7b
150u
120u
29d (0)
92.9b
0.35b (17)
0.07b
0.057t
0.029i
0.83*
0.05a (200)
1.2b
0.17f (0)
0.1b
0.95b (400)
0.93b
393u
0.048t (5)
0.042u

Ratio

Surface Condition

0.09n
0.20n

Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized

0.93b

Paper

0.93*
0.030b
0.033b

Highly polished
Highly polished

0.02d
0.81a

0.34*

About 120C

0.072n

commercial, shiny

47t
0.064*
0.05b
1b (200)
1.1v
33u
1.0t (93)
1.4r
1.0t (93)
0.038t
297t
0.183*
130u
0.43b

0.41*

2.24b
2.44*
47.7b (54)
60.4b
34.8u
0.16b
0.93b
0.09b

0.95*

0.75n

At 1000C

0.135n
0.94n

Polished
Smooth

0.02n

Highly polished

0.75n
0.903b

On a smooth plate

0.435b
0.94b
0.28n
0.36* to 0.90

Freshly turned
Dull, oxidized
Gray, oxidized
At 63 to 193C

0.61b (47)
0.059b
3.8b (204)
160u
2.6b
59.5u

0.26u

0.55n
0.931b
0.045n
0.80n
0.91n
0.80n
0.91n
0.96n
0.39n

Oxidized
Light gray, polished
Electroplated
On rough plate
Matte finish
On rough plate

2. Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.

This file is licensed to Rabee Taleb (rabee_t@hotmail.com). Publication Date: 6/1/2013

33.4

2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals (SI)

Table 3 Properties of Solids (Continued)

Material Description

Licensed for single user. 2013 ASHRAE, Inc.

Paper
Paraffin
Plaster
Platinum
Porcelain
Pyrites (copper)
Pyrites (iron)
Rock Salt
Rubber, vulcanized: Soft
Hard
Sand
Sawdust
Silica
Silver
Snow: Freshly fallen
At 0C
Steel (mild)
Stone (quarried)
Tar: Pitch
Bituminous
Tin
Tungsten
Wood: Hardwoods
Ash, white
Elm, American
Hickory
Mahogany
Maple, sugar
Oak, white
Walnut, black
Softwoods
Fir, white
Pine, white
Spruce
Wool: Fiber
Fabric
Zinc: Cast
Hot-rolled
Galvanizing

Specific
Heat, J/
(kgK)
1300*
1670bb
130u
750*
549b
569b (69)
917u
2000*
800b
1320b
235u
500b
800b
2500v
233u
130u
1900/2700b

2390b
See Table 4,
Chapter 25
1360u
390u
390b

Emissivity
Density,
kg/m3

Ratio

Surface Condition

0.92b

Pasted on tinned plate

0.91b
0.054b
0.92b

Rough
Polished
Glazed

0.1t
0.16t

0.86b
0.95b

Rough
Glossy

1 520b
190b
2 240v
10 500u
100y
500t
7 830b
1 500t
1 100u
1 200t
7 290u
19 400u

0.33b
0.05b
1.4t (93)
424u
0.598t
2.2t
45.3b

0.02n

Polished and at 227C

0.12n

Cleaned

0.06h
0.032n

Bright and at 50C

Filament at 27C

370/1100z
690z
580z
800z
550u
720z
750z
630z
350/740z
430z
430z
420z
1 300u
110/330u
7 130u
7 130b

0.11/0.255z
0.172z
0.153z

0.90n

Planed

0.05n

Polished

0.23n

Fairly bright

930b
749bb
2 110b
21 470u
260u
4 200b
4 970v
2 180u
1 100t
1 190t

*Data source unknown.

Notes: 1. Values are for room temperature unless otherwise noted in parentheses.

of chemistry and physics, 63rd ed. 1982-83. Chemical Rubber

Publishing Co., Cleveland, OH.
R.H. Chemical engineers handbook, 2nd ed., 1941, 5th ed., 1973.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
cTables of thermodynamic and transport properties of air, argon, carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and steam. 1960.
Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY.
dAmerican Institute of Physics handbook, 3rd ed. 1972. McGraw-Hill, New
York.
eOrganick and Studhalter. 1948. Thermodynamic properties of benzene.
Chemical Engineering Progress (November):847.
fLange. 1972. Handbook of chemistry, rev. 12th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
gASHRAE. 1969. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants.
hReid and Sherwood. 1969. The properties of gases and liquids, 2nd ed.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
iChapter 19, 1993 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals.
jT.P.R.C. data book. 1966. Thermophysical Properties Research Center, W.
Lafayette, IN.
kEstimated.
lCanjar, L.N., M. Goldman, and H. Marchman. 1951. Thermodynamic properties of propylene. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (May):1183.
mASME steam tables. 1967. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New
York.
nMcAdams, W.H. 1954. Heat transmission, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New
York.
bPerry,

0.13b
0.24b (0)
0.74b (75)
69.0u
2.2u

0.88v
0.71u
64.9u
201u

0.13u
0.187z
0.176z
0.11/0.16z
0.12z
0.11z
0.11z
0.036/0.063u
110u
110b

2. Superscript letters indicate data source from the References section.

oStull,

REFERENCES
aHandbook

Thermal Conductivity,
W/(m K)

D.R. 1947. Vapor pressure of pure substances (organic compounds).

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (April):517.
pJANAF thermochemical tables. 1965. PB 168 370. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA.
qPhysical properties of chemical compounds. 195561. American Chemical
Society, Washington, D.C.
rInternational critical tables of numerical data. 1928. National Research
Council of USA, McGraw-Hill, New York.
sMatheson gas data book, 4th ed. 1966. Matheson Company, Inc., East
Rutherford, NJ.
tBaumeister and Marks. 1967. Standard handbook for mechanical engineers. McGraw-Hill, New York.
uMiner and Seastone. Handbook of engineering materials. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
vKirk and Othmer. 1966. Encyclopedia of chemical technology. Interscience
Division, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
wGouse and Stevens. 1960. Chemical technology of petroleum, 3rd ed.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
xSaline water conversion engineering data book. 1955. M.W. Kellogg Co.
for U.S. Department of Interior.
yTimmermans, J. Physicochemical constants of pure organic compounds,
2nd ed. American Elsevier, New York.
zWood handbook. 1955. Handbook No. 72. Forest Products Laboratory, U.S.
Department of Agriculture.
aaASHRAE. 1976. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants.
bbLane, G. ed. 1986. Solar heat storage: Latent heat materials, Vol IITechnology. CRC Press, Chicago.

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