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Exponent is a multi-disciplinary consulting firm
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Derby and
Harrogate
Dsseldorf
Basel
20 US Offices
Shanghai,
Hong Kong
LNG Hazards
Onsite personnel
Asphyxiation
Cryogenic contact
Fire & explosion
Adjacent populations
Vapor cloud ignition
Pressurized jets
Liquid spills
Pool evaporation
Pool fire
Refrigerant Hazards
Refrigerant Species
Hazards
Propane
Ethane
Butane
Ethylene
Isopentane
Mixtures
Source: Univ. of Houston Institute for Energy, Law and Enterprise (IELE) (2003), LNG Safety and Security
Power
Plant
Train
40
Train
30
Types of Releases
Liquid spill scenarios
Pipe ruptures where liquid spills onto
the ground.
The liquid conveyance in trenches
and troughs, and into
impoundments.
Source: Cleaver P, Johnson M, Ho B. A summary of Some Experimental Data on LNG Safety Journal of
Hazardous Materials, Volume 140, Issue 3, pgs. 429-438, 2007
Analyzing Risk
Objectives
Ensure adequate measures to protect:
People
Environment
Assets
Risk Analysis
Risk Evaluation
Risk Treatment
Planning
Risk Assessment
Risk Analysis
Risk Evaluation
Risk Treatment
Planning
Risk Assessment
Technical Risk
Model
Risk Management
Analysis
Risk Analysis
Frequency Analysis
Identify
Initiating
Events
Hazard
Identification
Estimate
Likelihoods
Consequence Analysis
Model the
Outcomes
Estimate
Impacts
Risk
Evaluation
Risk Evaluation
Authority having jurisdiction, regulatory criteria
Prescriptive versus performance-based
U.S. Prescriptive, 49CFR193, NFPA 59A
Prescribed scenarios, flammable vapor cloud must
remain within facility property boundary
International performance-based
EN-1473
ISO TC 67 Working Group
Hazard identification, risk assessment
Tolerable risk guidelines
Examples:
Vapor barriers
Turbulence generators
Pipe in Pipe
Pressurized Release
Vapor Cloud Without Barriers
Wind Direction
Wind Direction
Momentum Barrier
Turbulence Generators
Open Shrouds
Pipe-in-Pipe Technology
Carrier
Pipe
Vacuum /
Insulation
System
Fiber Optic
Leak
Detection
Inner
Pipe
LNG Bunkering
Onshore LNG terminal to ship
Truck tanker to ship
Ship to ship
Truck Logistics
Truck to Ship
Marine Loading
Ship to Ship
Storage
Spills on land
Spills on water
Between vessels
First LNG Ship-to-Ship Transfer, 2007
http://www.worldoil.com/April-2007-Breakingthe-offshore-LNG-stalemate.html
Hull protection
Spill mitigation
Personnel protection
Passengers/public?
Truck Logistics
Distributed small LNG facilities
Valley Metro/City of Tempe/City of Scottsdale LNG Fueling Station, installed in August 2007
Northstar, Inc. Project History, May 19, 2011
Shell Prelude
In Summary
Thank You
Questions?
Harri Kytmaa, Ph.D., P.E. | +1 508-652-8519 | hkytomaa@exponent.com
Trey Morrison, Ph.D., P.E. | +1 630-658-7508 | tmorrison@exponent.com