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Chemistry II
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Engg. Chemistry II
Do You Know???
1st Recorded information
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Engg. Chemistry II
Syllabus
Corrosion- causes- factors- types chemical, electrochemical corrosion (galvanic, differential
aeration), corrosion control material selection and design aspects - electrochemical
protection sacrificial anode method and impressed current cathodic method.
Paints- constituents and function. Electroplating of Copper and electroless plating of nickel.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit student will become conversant with
Definition of Corrosion
Electroplating of copper
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What is corrosion?
The deterioration of the surface of metals due to its chemical / electro chemical
reaction with the surrounding is called corrosion.
Metal + Surrounding Compound
Metal is oxidized and Surrounding is reduced
Examples:
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Maintenance cost
Loss of efficiency
Health (pollution)
Globally industries are spending billions and billions of dollars to overcome these problems.
So corrosion is called as billion dollar thief.
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TYPES OF CORROSION:
1. Dry corrosion or Chemical corrosion
2. Wet corrosions or Electrochemical corrosion.
The further corrosion depends on the nature of the oxide film formed, if the thin film formed
is protective no further corrosion take place.
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Pilling Bedworth ratio (or) Specific volume ratio = 1 or > 1, film is protective and
non-porous
1.
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2.Decarburisation: The atomic hydrogen combines with carbon of the steel to produce
methane gas.
ii.
This type of corrosion is observed in Nuclear power plants, where liquid Sodium is used as a
coolant. The cadmium rods (moderator) are corroded by the coolant (liquid Na)
Occurs where a conducting liquid is in contact with same metal with different surface
conditions or two dissimilar metals.
In wet corrosion, the corrosion take place at anodic part but the corrosion products get
deposited near cathode.
1) Evolution of Hydrogen
2H + + 2eFe + 2H+
H2
Fe 2+ + H2
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2. Absorption of Oxygen:
Fe
1/2O2 + H2O +2eFe2+ + 2OH-
1. If a metallic tool is made by two dissimilar metals like iron and copper and exposed to the
moisture, which metal undergo corrosion?
Corrosion will be on iron (anodic metal) - Galvanic Corrosion occurs.
2. If a metal surface is exposed to different metal ion concentration or oxygen concentration Concentration Cell Corrosion or Differential Aeration Corrosion occurs.
Types of Wet or electrochemical corrosion
1. Galvanic Corrosion
2. Concentration Cell Corrosion (Differential Aeration Corrosion).
3. Stress Corrosion.
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GALVANIC CORROSION
In galvanic corrosion, galvanic series tells the corroding metal among the two connected
dissimilar metals.
Galvanic Series:
A more practical series have been prepared by studying the corrosion of metals in a
given environment like sea-water.
It gives real and useful information about the corrosion of metals and alloys.
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Common type of concentration cell corrosion occurs when same metallic surface
exposed to different oxygen concentration.
2) Pitting corrosion: It is a localized attack at a particular area on the metal surface. Metal
area covered by a drop of water and sand, dust, scale etc. act as anode with poor aeration and
undergo corrosion.
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If a crevice between different metallic objects or between metal and non-metallic material
is in contact with liquid, the crevice becomes the anodic region and suffers corrosion.
4) Pipe line corrosion: Differential aeration corrosion may also occur at the different parts of
pipeline. Buried pipelines or cables passing from one type of soil to another, from clay soil
(less aerated) to sand (more aerated). Pipelines passing through clay with poor aeration
undergo more corrosion.
5) Wire Fence corrosion: The areas where the wire-cross is less aerated than the rest of the
fence and hence corrosion occurs at wire crossing which are anodic.
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ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
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vii)
viii)
Corrosion control
CONTROL OF CORROSION BY MODIFYING THE SURFACE
1. By painting
2. By metal plating.
a. Anodic coating: Galvanization (coating of Zn on iron or steel).
C. Electroplating
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Choose high anode area than cathodic area. When the ratio of anodic to cathodic
area increases, the rate of corrosion decreases.
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5.Avoiding sharp corners, stressed parts and crevices to avoid stress corrosion.
6. By forcing the metallic structure is to behave like cathode thereby corrosion does not
occur. Then corrosion will concentrate on the second metal (magnesium) is called Cathodic
Protection.
1. The metallic structure (iron) to be protected is connected by a wire to a more anodic metal
like Zn, so that all corrosion is concentrated at this more active metal. So iron become
cathode. This method is called Sacrificial anodic protection method.
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A substance which when added in small quantities to the aqueous environment effectively
decreases the corrosion of metal.
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Wet
Protective
Cathode
lower
Iron
Increases
Anodic
Poorly
Sacrificial anodic protection method
Summary
On completion of this chapter you have learned that:
1. Metals undergo corrosion to attain the thermodynamically stable state.
2. Corrosion is called as billion dollar thief, as globally industries are spending billions
and billions of dollars to control corrosion.
3. At room temp., most metals under go corrosion and form thin oxide layer as a result
of reaction of metals with oxygen.
4. Wet corrosion occurs in environments where the relative humidity exceeds 60 %.
5. For galvanic corrosion, the following conditions are essential
Electrochemically dissimilar metals must be present
These metals must be in electrical contact, and
The metals must be exposed to an electrolyte
6. Concentration cell corrosion occurs when two or more areas of a metal surface are in
contact with different concentrations of the same solution.
7. When same metallic surface exposed to different oxygen concentration. Pooroxygenated parts are anodic and undergo corrosion.
8. Corrosion can be controlled (i) by modifying the metallic nature (ii) by modifying the
nature of the environment
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