Chapter

INTEGRALS
7.1 Overview

d
F (x) = f (x). Then, we write f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C. These integrals are
dx
called indefinite integrals or general integrals, C is called a constant of integration. All
these integrals differ by a constant.

7.1.1

Let

7.1.2

If two functions differ by a constant, they have the same derivative.

7.1.3

Geometrically, the statement

f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C = y (say) represents a

family of curves. The different values of C correspond to different members of this

family and these members can be obtained by shifting any one of the curves parallel to
itself. Further, the tangents to the curves at the points of intersection of a line x = a with
the curves are parallel.
7.1.4
(i)

Some properties of indefinite integrals

The process of differentiation and integration are inverse of each other,

d
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) and
dx
arbitrary constant.
i.e.,

(ii)

f ' ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + C ,

Two indefinite integrals with the same derivative lead to the same family of
curves and so they are equivalent. So if f and g are two functions such that

d
d
f ( x ) dx =
g ( x) dx , then

dx
dx
(iii)

where C is any

f ( x ) dx

and

g ( x ) dx are equivalent.

The integral of the sum of two functions equals the sum of the integrals of
the functions i.e.,

( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx .

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MATHEMATICS

(iv)

A constant factor may be written either before or after the integral sign, i.e.,

a f ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx , where a is a constant.
(v)

(k

Properties (iii) and (iv) can be generalised to a finite number of functions

f1, f2, ..., fn and the real numbers, k1, k2, ..., kn giving
f ( x ) + k2 f 2 ( x ) + ...+, kn f n ( x ) ) dx = k1 f1 ( x ) dx + k2 f 2 ( x ) dx + ... + kn f n ( x ) dx

1 1

7.1.5

Methods of integration

There are some methods or techniques for finding the integral where we can not
directly select the antiderivative of function f by reducing them into standard forms.
Some of these methods are based on
1.
Integration by substitution
2.
Integration using partial fractions
3.
Integration by parts.
7.1.6

Definite integral
b

The definite integral is denoted by

f ( x ) dx , where a is the lower limit of the integral

a

and b is the upper limit of the integral. The definite integral is evaluated in the following
two ways:
(i)

The definite integral as the limit of the sum

b

(ii)

f ( x ) dx = F(b) F(a), if F is an antiderivative of f (x).

a

7.1.7

The definite integral as the limit of the sum

b

The definite integral

f ( x ) dx is the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the ordia

nates x = a, x = b and the x-axis and given by

b

f ( x ) dx = (b a)
a

1
lim f (a) + f ( a + h ) + ... f ( a + ( n 1) h )
n n

INTEGRALS

145

or
b

f ( x ) dx = lim h f (a) + f ( a + h ) + ... + f ( a + ( n 1) h ) ,

h 0

where h =
7.1.8
(i)

ba
0 as n .
n

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Area function : The function A (x) denotes the area function and is given
x

by A (x) =

f ( x ) dx .
a

(ii)

First Fundamental Theorem of integral Calculus

Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] and let A (x) be
the area function . Then A (x) = f (x) for all x [a, b] .

(iii)

Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

Let f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and F be
an antiderivative of f.
b

f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x )]

b
a

7.1.9

= F(b) F(a).

Some properties of Definite Integrals

b

P0 :

P1 :
P2 :

f ( x ) dx =

f ( t ) dt
a

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx , in particular,
b

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx = 0
a

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MATHEMATICS

P3 :

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx =

f ( x ) dx
0

P7 : (i)

(ii)

f ( a x ) dx
a

f ( x ) dx +

2a

P6 :

2a

P5 :

f ( a + b x ) dx
a

P4 :

f ( 2a x ) dx
0

a
= 2 f ( x ) dx,if f (2a x) = f ( x) ,
0
0, if f (2a x) = f ( x).

f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx , if f is an even function i.e., f (x) = f (x)

f ( x ) dx = 0, if f is an odd function i.e., f (x) = f (x)

7.2

Solved Examples

Short Answer (S.A.)

2a b

2 + 3c 3 x 2 w.r.t. x
Example 1 Integrate
x x

Solution

2a b

2 + 3c 3 x 2 dx
x
x

= 2a ( x ) 2 dx bx 2 dx + 3c x 3 dx
5
3

= 4a x + b + 9 cx + C .
x
5

INTEGRALS

147

3ax
dx
b c2 x2

Example 2 Evaluate

Solution Let v = b2 + c2x2 , then dv = 2c2 xdx

Therefore,

3ax

b2 + c2 x2 dx

3a dv
2c 2 v

3a
log b 2
2c 2

c2 x2

C.

Example 3 Verify the following using the concept of integration as an antiderivative.

x 3 dx
x 1

d
x2
x

Solution
dx
2

=1

x2
2

x3
log x 1
3

3x 2
1

3
x 1

2x
2

=1x+x

Thus

x3
log x 1
3

x3
=
.
x 1
1

x 2 x3
x3
+
log x + 1 + C =
dx
x
2
3
x +1

Example 4 Evaluate

Solution Let I =

1 x
dx , x 1.
1 x

1+ x
dx =
1 x

1
1 x

dx +

x dx
1 x2

= sin 1 x + I1 ,

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MATHEMATICS

x dx

where I1 =

1 x2

Put 1 x2 = t2 2x dx = 2t dt. Therefore

I1 = dt = t + C = 1 x 2

Hence

I = sin1x 1 x 2

C.

dx

Example 5 Evaluate

( x )( x ) , >

Solution Put x = t2. Then

t2

x =

and dx = 2tdt. Now

I =

2t dt
t2 ( t2 )

dt
2

k t2

Solution I =

tan

2 dt

( t )

, where k 2

1 t
1
= 2sin k + C = 2sin

Example 6 Evaluate

tan

x
+ C.

x sec 4 x dx

x sec 4 x dx

8
2
2
tan x ( sec x ) sec x dx

8
2
2
tan x ( tan x + 1) sec x dx

t2

= t2

INTEGRALS

tan

tan11 x tan 9 x
+
+C.
11
9

10

Example 7 Find

x sec 2 x dx + tan 8 x sec 2 x dx

x3
x4 + 3x2 + 2 dx

Solution Put x2 = t. Then 2x dx = dt.

Now

x3 dx
1
t dt
= 2
I= 4
2
x + 3x + 2 2 t + 3t + 2

Consider

t
A
B
=
+
t + 3t + 2 t + 1 t + 2
2

Comparing coefficient, we get A = 1, B = 2.

Then

I=

1
dt
dt
2

2 t+2
t + 1

1
2log t + 2 log t +1
2

= log

Example 8 Find

x2 + 2

+C

x2 + 1

dx

2sin 2 x + 5cos2 x

Solution Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2x, we have

I=

sec 2 x dx
2tan 2 x 5

149

150

MATHEMATICS

Put tanx = t so that sec2x dx = dt. Then

I=

dt

2t 2 + 5 = 2

dt
5
t +

2t
1 2
tan 1
+ C
2 5
5

2 tan x
tan 1
+ C.
10
5

7 x 5 dx as a limit of sums.

Example 9 Evaluate
1

Solution Here a = 1 , b = 2, and h =

2 +1
, i.e, nh = 3 and f (x) = 7x 5.
n

Now, we have
2

( 7 x 5) dx = lim h f ( 1) + f (1 + h) + f ( 1 + 2h ) + ... + f ( 1 + ( n 1) h )
h0

Note that
f (1) = 7 5 = 12
f (1 + h) = 7 + 7h 5 = 12 + 7h
f (1 + (n 1) h) = 7 (n 1) h 12.
Therefore,
2

( 7x 5) dx = lim h ( 12) + (7h 12) + (14h 12) + ... + (7 ( n 1 ) h 12) .

h0

h 7 h 1 + 2 + ... + ( n 1) 12n
= lim
h0

INTEGRALS

151

( n 1) n

h 7h
.12n = lim ( nh )( nh h ) 12nh
= lim
h0
h0 2
2

7
3 3 0 12
2

3 =

79
9
36 =
.
2
2

Example 10 Evaluate

tan 7 x
cot 7 x + tan 7 x dx
0

Solution We have

I=

tan 7 x
cot 7 x + tan 7 x dx
0

...(1)

tan 7 x
2

dx
=

7
7
0 cot
x + tan x
2

cot
0

cot 7 ( x ) dx
7

...(2)

x dx + tan 7 x

Adding (1) and (2), we get

tan 7 x + cot 7 x
2I =
dx
tan 7 x + cot 7 x
0

= dx which gives I
0

by (P4)

.
4

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MATHEMATICS

Example 11 Find

10 x
x + 10 x

dx

Solution We have
8

10 x

I=

x + 10 x

...(1)

10 (10 x)
10 x

dx

10 10 x

I=

10 x + x

dx

dx

(2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

8

2I

1dx

82 6

Hence

I=3

Example 12 Find

1+ sin 2x dx

Solution We have

I=

1+ sin 2 x dx =

( sin x + cos x ) dx
0

by (P3)

2
( sin x + cos x ) dx
0

INTEGRALS

153

( cos x + sin x )04

I = 1.
x 2 tan 1 x dx .

Example 13 Find

2
1
Solution I = x tan x dx

= tan 1 x x 2 dx

1
x3
.
1 + x 2 3 dx

x3
x
1
1
= 3 tan x 3 x 1 + x 2 dx

x3
x2 1
1
tan
x

+ log 1 + x 2 + C .
=
3
6 6

Example 14 Find

10 4 x + 4 x 2 dx

Solution We have

10 4 x 4 x 2 dx

I=

2x 1

dx

Put t = 2x 1, then dt = 2dx.

Therefore,

I=

1
2
t 2 + ( 3) dt

2
t2 9
2

1
t
2

1
( 2 x 1)
4

9
log t
4

( 2 x 1)

t2

+9 +

9
log ( 2 x 1) +
4

( 2 x 1) 2 + 9

+ C.

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MATHEMATICS

Long Answer (L.A.)

x 2 dx
.
Example 15 Evaluate 4 2
x + x 2

Solution Let x2 = t. Then

x2
t
t
A
B
= 2
=
=
+
4
2
(
t
+
2)
(
t

1)
t
+
2
t
1
x + x 2 t +t 2

So

t = A (t 1) + B (t + 2)

Comparing coefficients, we get A =

2
1
, B= .
3
3

x2
2 1
1 1
=
+
4
2
2
3
x + x 2
x + 2 3 x 2 1

So
Therefore,

x2
2
x 4 + x 2 2 dx = 3

dx

x 2 + 2 dx + 3 x 2 1

2 1
x
1
x 1
tan 1
+ log
+C
= 3
x +1
2
2 6

Example16 Evaluate

x3 x
dx
x4 9

Solution We have
I=

x3 x
dx =
x4 9

x3
dx
x4 9

x dx
= I1+ I2 .
x4 9

INTEGRALS

x3
x 9

Now

I1 =

Put

t = x4 9 so that 4x3 dx = dt. Therefore

I1 =

1 dt
1
= log t
4 t
4

C1 =

1
log x 4 9 + C1
4

x dx
x4 9 .

Again,

I2 =

Put

x2 = u so that 2x dx = du. Then

1
du
I2 = 2 u 2 3

=
Thus

1
2

log

u 3
u 3

C2

1
x2 3
log 2
+ C2 .
12
x +3

I = I1 + I2

1
1
x2 3
log x 4 9 + log 2
+ C.
4
12
x +3

sin 2 x
1
0 sin x + cos x = 2 log ( 2 + 1)
2

Example 17 Show that

Solution We have

sin 2 x
0 sin x + cos x dx
2

I=

155

156

MATHEMATICS

sin 2 x
2

dx
= 0

sin x + cos x
2

Thus, we get

(by P4)

cos 2 x
0 sin x + cos x dx

I=

2I =

dx

0 cos x

2
1

log
sec
+
tan
x

sec
dx
=
=
x

4 0
2
20

log sec + tan log sec + tan

4
4
4
4
2

log ( 2 + 1) log ( 2 1)

1
log
2

( 2 + 1)2
1
2
log
log ( 2 + 1)

=
=
2
2

Hence

I=

1
2

Example 18

Find

x ( tan
0

log ( 2 + 1) .

x ) dx
2

2 +1
2 1

INTEGRALS

I=

Solution

x ( tan

x ) dx .
2

Integrating by parts, we have

1

1 2 tan 1 x
x2
2 1
1

(
)

tan x 0 2 x .2 1 + x 2 dx
2
0

I=

2
x2

.tan 1 x dx
=
32 0 1 + x 2

2
=
I1 , where I1 =
32

x2
1
1+ x 2 tan xdx
0

Now

I1 =

x2 + 1 1
0 1 + x 2 tan1x dx

1
tan 1 x dx
2
+
x
1
0

1
= tan x dx
0

= I2

1
1
(
( tan 1 x )2 )0
2

= I2

Here

I2 =

Thus

I1 =

2
32

x
dx
1 + x2
0

1
tan x dx = ( x tan 1 x )0
1

1
log 1 + x 2
4 2
1
2
log 2
4 2
32

1
0

1
log 2 .
4 2

157

158

MATHEMATICS

I =
32 4

Therefore,

1
log 2
2

2
2 1
+ log 2
=
32
16 4 2

2 4
+ log 2 .
16
2

Example 19 Evaluate

f ( x) dx , where f (x) = |x + 1| + |x| + |x 1|.

2 x, if

as f ( x ) = x + 2, if
3x , if

Solution We can redefine f

Therefore,

1 < x 0
0 < x 1
1< x 2

f ( x ) dx = ( 2 x ) dx + ( x + 2 ) dx + 3 x dx
0

(by P2)

5 5 9 19
+ + =
.
2 2 2 2

x2
3x 2
x2
+
2
x

+
2
x
=

2 1 2
0 2 1
1 1

4 1
= 0 2 + + 2 + 3

2 2

2 2

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options in each of the Examples from
20 to 30.
Example 20

e ( cos x sin x ) dx is equal to

x

(A) e x cos x + C

(B) e x sin x + C

(C) e x cos x + C

(D) e x sin x + C

INTEGRALS

159

x
x
Solution (A) is the correct answer since e f ( x ) + f '( x ) dx = e f ( x ) + C . Here
f (x) = cosx, f (x) = sin x.

sin

Example 21

dx
is equal to
x cos 2 x

(A) tanx + cotx + C

(B) (tanx + cotx)2 + C

(C) tanx cotx + C

(D) (tanx cotx)2 + C

Solution (C) is the correct answer, since

dx
I= 2
=
sin x cos 2 x

( sin 2 x + cos2 x ) dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x

2
2
= sec x dx + cosec x dx = tanx cotx + C

Example 22 If

3ex 5 e x
4 e x + 5 e x dx = ax + b log |4ex + 5ex| + C, then

(A) a =

1
7
, b=
8
8

1
7
(B) a = , b =
8
8

(C) a =

1
7
, b=
8
8

1
7
(D) a = , b =
8
8

Solution (C) is the correct answer, since differentiating both sides, we have
3ex 5 e x
( 4 e x 5 e x ) ,
=
a
+
b
4 ex + 5 e x
4 ex + 5 e x

giving 3ex 5ex = a (4ex + 5ex) + b (4ex 5ex). Comparing coefficients on both
sides, we get 3 = 4a + 4b and 5 = 5a 5b. This verifies a =

1
7
, b= .
8
8

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MATHEMATICS

b+c

Example 23

f ( x ) dx is equal to

a+c

(A)

f ( x c ) dx

(B)

bc

(C)

f ( x + c ) dx

f ( x ) dx

(D)

f ( x ) dx

a c

Solution (B) is the correct answer, since by putting x = t + c, we get

I=

f ( c + t ) dt = f ( x + c ) dx .

Example 24 If f and g are continuous functions in [0, 1] satisfying f (x) = f (a x)

a

and g (x) + g (a x) = a, then

f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx

is equal to

(A)

a
2
a

(C)

(B)

a
2

f ( x ) dx
0

(D) a f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx

Solution B is the correct answer. Since I =

f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx
0

f ( a x ) g ( a x ) dx =

f ( x ) ( a g ( x ) ) dx
0

= a f ( x ) dx f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx I

INTEGRALS

161

or

a
f ( x ) dx .
2 0

Example 25 If x =

(A) 3

dt
1 + 9t 2

and

d2y
= ay, then a is equal to
dx 2

(B) 6

(C) 9
y

Solution (C) is the correct answer, since x =

dt
1 + 9t 2

(D) 1

dx
1
=
dy
1 + 9 y2

18 y
dy
d2y
=
= 9y.
2 .
2
2
1
+
9
y
dx
dx

which gives

x3 + x +1
x 2 + 2 x +1 dx is equal to
1

Example 26

(A) log 2

(B) 2 log 2

(C)

1
log 2
2

(D) 4 log 2

x3 + x +1
dx
Solution (B) is the correct answer, since I = 2
x + 2 x +1
1
1

x3
x +1
+ 2
dx = 0 + 2
= 2
x + 2 x + 1 1 x + 2 x + 1
1

x +1

( x +1)

dx

[odd function + even function]

1

=2

( x +1)
0

x +1

dx = 2
0

1
dx
x +1

= 2 log x + 1 0 = 2 log 2.

162

MATHEMATICS

If

Example 27

(A) a 1 +

et
0 1 + t dt = a, then

e
2

et

(1 + t )

dt is equal to

e
2

(B) a + 1

(C) a 1

e
2

(D) a + 1 +

et
dt
Solution (B) is the correct answer, since I =
1+ t
0
1

e
1 t
dt = a (given)
e +
=
2
1 + t 0 0 (1 + t )
1

Therefore,

et

(1 + t )

=a

e
+ 1.
2

Example 28

x cos x dx is equal to

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Solution (A) is the correct answer, since I =

x cos x dx = 2

3
12

2
2

= 2 x cos x dx + x cos x dx + x cos x dx =

1
3
0

2
2

Fill in the blanks in each of the Examples 29 to 32.

Example 29

sin 6 x
cos8 x dx = _______.

x cos x dx
0

8
.

e
2

INTEGRALS

tan 7 x
+C
7

Solution
a

Example 30

f ( x ) dx = 0 if f is an _______ function.

Solution Odd.
2a

Example 31

f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx , if f (2a x) = _______.
0

Solution f (x).

Example 32

Solution

sin n x dx
0 sin n x + cosn x = _______.

.
4

7.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer (S.A.)
Verify the following :

2x 1

1.

2 x + 3 dx = x log |(2x + 3) | + C

2.

2x + 3
dx = log |x2 + 3x| + C
2
+ 3x

Evaluate the following:

3.

( x 2 + 2 ) dx
x +1

4.

e6 log x e5log x
e4log x e3log x dx

163

164

MATHEMATICS

(1 + cos x )
dx
x + sin x

5.

7.

tan

9.

1 + sin xdx

10.

x
dx
x +1

12.

x2

14.

16.

18.

x
x4 1 dx

20.

x sec 4 x dx

(Hint : Put

x = z)

dx

6.

1 + cos x

8.

11.

a+x
ax

13.

1 + x2
dx
x4

15.

17.

19.

x2
1 x 4 dx put x2 = t

sin x + cos x
1 + sin 2 x

dx

22.

1+ x

3
4

dx

(Hint : Put x = z4)

dx
16 9 x
3x 1
x2 + 9

dx

2ax x dx

( cos5 x + cos 4 x ) dx
1 2cos3 x

21.

23.

dt
3t 2t 2

5 2x + x 2 dx

sin 1 x
3

(1 x 2 ) 2

dx

sin 6 x + cos 6 x
sin 2 x cos2 x dx

INTEGRALS

24.

26.

x
3

a x

dx

dx

25.

165

cos x cos 2 x
dx
1 cos x

(Hint : Put x2 = sec )

x4 1

Evaluate the following as limit of sums:

2

27.

( x 2 + 3) dx

28.

dx

Evaluate the following:

29.

dx
0 e x + e x
2

31.

30.

tan x dx
2
tan 2 x

1+ m
0

dx

( x 1) (2 x)
1

32.

xdx

1+ x 2

1
2

33.

x sin x cos

xdx

34.

(1+ x
0

dx
2

) 1 x 2

(Hint: let x = sin)

Long Answer (L.A.)

35.

x 2 dx
x 4 x 2 12

37.

1 + sin x
0

36.

( x2

x 2 dx
a 2 )( x 2 b 2 )

2x 1

38.

( x 1)( x + 2 )( x 3) dx

166

39.

MATHEMATICS

tan
e

1+ x + x 2

dx
2
1+ x

40.

sin

x
dx
a+x

(Hint: Put x = a tan2)

41.

1 + cos x

5
(1 cos x) 2

43.

3 x

cos3 x dx

tan x dx (Hint: Put tanx = t2)

44.

42.

dx

(a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x)2

0

(Hint: Divide Numerator and Denominator by cos4x)

45.

x log (1+ 2 x) dx
0

46.

x log sin x dx
0

47.

log (sin x + cos x)dx

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct option from given four options in each of the Exercises from 48 to 63.
48.

cos2 x cos 2 is equal to

dx
cos x cos

(A) 2(sinx + xcos) + C

(B) 2(sinx xcos) + C

(C) 2(sinx + 2xcos) + C

(D) 2(sinx 2x cos) + C

INTEGRALS

49.

dx
is equal to
sin x a sin x b

(A) sin (b a) log

sin( x b)
+C
sin( x a)

(C) cosec (b a) log

50.

tan

sin( x b)
+C
sin( x a)

x x tan 1 x + C

(C)

(B) cosec (b a) log

(D) sin (b a) log

sin( x a)
+C
sin( x b)
sin( x a)
+C
sin( x b)

x dx is equal to

(A) (x + 1) tan 1 x x + C

(B) x tan 1 x x + C
(D)

x ( x + 1) tan 1 x + C

51.

x 1 x
e 1 + x 2 dx is equal to

ex
+C
(B)
1 + x2

ex
+C
(A)
1 + x2

(C)

52.

167

ex

(1 + x 2 )2

( 4x

x9
2

+ 1)

+C

(1 + x 2 )2

+C

dx is equal to

1
1
(A)
4+ 2 + C
5x
x

(C)

(D)

ex

1
(1 + 4 ) 5 + C
10x

1
1
(B) 4 + 2 + C
5
x
5

(D)

1 1

2 + 4 + C
10 x

168

53.

54.

55.

MATHEMATICS

If

dx

( x + 2) ( x

+ 1)

= a log |1 + x2| + b tan1x +

(A) a =

1
2
,b=
10
5

(B) a =

1
2
,b=
10
5

(C) a =

1
2
,b=
10
5

(D) a =

1
2
,b=
10
5

x3
x + 1 is equal to

(A) x +

x 2 x3
+ log 1 x + C
2
3

(B) x +

x 2 x3

log 1 x + C
2
3

(C) x

x 2 x3
log 1 + x + C
2
3

(D) x

x 2 x3
+ log 1 + x + C
2
3

x + sin x

1 + cos x dx is equal to
(A) log 1 + cos x + C
(C) x tan

56.

1
log |x + 2| + C, then
5

If

x
+C
2

(D) x .tan

x
+C
2

x3 dx
1 x

(B) log x + sin x + C

a (1 x 2 ) 2

b 1 x2

C, then

(A) a =

1
,
3

b=1

(B) a =

1
,
3

b=1

(C) a =

1
,
3

b = 1

(D) a =

1
,
3

b = 1

INTEGRALS

57.

dx

1 + cos2x

169

is equal to

(A) 1

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 4

(C) 2

(D) 2 ( 2 1)

58.

1 sin 2xdx is equal to

(B) 2

(A) 2 2

59.

cos x e

sin x

2 +1)

dx is equal to _______.

x+3

60.

( x + 4)

e x dx = ________.

Fill in the blanks in each of the following Exercise 60 to 63.

a

61.

If

1 + 4x

dx =

sin x

62.

3 + 4cos2 x dx

, then a = ________.
8

= ________.

63.

The value of

sin3x cos2x dx is _______.