CHAPTER 2:STORAGE DEVICES AND ITs

INTERFACING [20M]

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

INDEX

SR. NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Content
Storage Device
Recording technique
FM Recording Technique
MFM Recording Technique
RLL
Perpendicular
HDD(IDE,SATA,SCSI)
Hard Disk Components
Platters
Read Write Head
Head arm
Logic Board,Spindle Motor
Cable And Connectors
Air Filters
Head Actuator Mechanism
Terms Related To HDTrack
Sector , Cylinder
Cluster,Head Parking, Zone Recording
MBR, Interleaving
Landing Zone
Formatting
Low Level Formatting
High Level Formatting
Partitioning
HDD Interface-PATA,SATA

Page No
4
4
5
7
8
10
11
12
13
15
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
34

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26
27
28
29
30

Storage Device And Its Interfacing

CD-ROM, Construction
Working
DVD-Construction
Recording
Comparison CD - DVD

35
36
37
38
38

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What is Storage Device?

It is used to store the information.
There are two types of storage devices used in computers: Primary Storage Device:RAM is primary storage device.
It is volatile.
Volatile means whenever power is off everything stored inside it
is completely lost.
Secondary Storage Device:It is most popular for storing data permanently.
called as Magnetic Storage Device or Non-Volatile Storage Device.
Non-volatile means it store data permanent.
floppy disk, hard disk, CD ROM drive, DVD drive, pen drive.
RECORDING TECHNIQUES:
The magnetic recording on the disk surface is by magnetic R/W head.
Data is stored on the magnetic medium by causing magnetization of
particles on the media.
There are four types of Recording Techniques:
1- FM Recording Techniques (Frequency Modulation)
2- MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation)
3- RLL (Run Length Limited )
4-PMR(Perpendicular Magnetic Recording)

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FM Encoding Scheme:----

It was the original data encoding technique used for data storing on
magnetic recording surface.
It also called as Single density recording
Method of encoding:
In This method Clock pulse is present in the beginning of each bit cell.
The Data pulse is written in the middle of the bit cell.
if data is 1, data pulse is present.
If data is 0, data pulse is not present.
In this recording technique two flux changes in each bite cell.
Each bit cell is 4s duration for floppy disk.
1 bit is stored in two pluses :
Clock pulse
Data Pulse
0 bit is stored in only one clock pulse and no data pulse is present
For :
A binary digit 1 is stored as two pluse (PP)
A Binary digit 0 is stored as one clock pulse and No Data pulse(PN)

Example:
Suppose we want to Store a binary digit 110010110
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
(PP)
(PP) (PN) (PN) (PP) (PN) (PP) (PP) (PN)

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1
0

Storage Device And Its Interfacing

Clock Pulse
P
P

Data Pulse
P
N

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M F M Recording Technique:
It is called Double density Recording.
Clock pulse is not present at the beginning of each bit cell.
Advantage of MFM recording technique is that , it read or write fewer
pulses.
Disadvantage of MFM recording technique is more complex then FM.

Method:
When Data is 1 , there is no clock pulse. Only data pulse is present at
the center of the bit cell.
When data is 0 preceded by 0 , then the clock pulse is written at the
beginning of the current bit cell, but no data pulse is written.
When data is 0 preceded by 1, Neither clock pulse nor data pulse is
written.
In MFM Recording o and 1 are encoded as :
1 is always stored a (NP)
0 when preceded by another 0 is stored as (PN)
0 when preceded by 1, is stored as (NN)
Previous Bit
Current Bit
0 OR 1
1
0
0
1
0
For Example (MFM)
1
(NP)

0
(NN)

(PN)

(NP)

Clock Pulse
N
P
N

Data Pulse
P
N
N

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

RLL Recording Technique:

Popular encoding scheme for HDD.
It record data on disk twice then MFM and three times as much
information of MF.
It provide much faster data transfer as compare to the other encoding
scheme.
The Names comes from minimum no (Run Length) And maximum no.
(Run Limit) of No pulse valued allowed between two pulses.
The RLL encoding combines group of bits into a generate specific
patterns of flux reversals.
For RLL encoding, an encoder/decoder table is used to find the pulse
signal to be used for different data bit groups.

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

Data
Pattern

RLL

For example:
Encode a Byte 100011
The bit 10 is encoded as NP NN
The bit 0010 is encoded as NN PN NP NN

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Perpendicular Magnetic Recording

Longitudinal recording bit is aligned horizontally ,parallel to the disk
that spins inside the hard drive
Bits becomes smaller and closer together , increasing demagnetizing
field
Data corruption may occur
Perpendicular magnetic recording the magnetization of each data bit is
aligned vertically to the spinning disk providing the ability to store more
data adjacent bits attract instead of repel
Creating more thermally stable bits
The media is deposited on soft magnetic under layer
That function as part of the write field return path and effectively
produce an image of the recording head

Explain in details 4 recording techniques.S-09,8M

Explain any two types of recording techniques.W-09,4M
Describe FM recording technique.draw waveform for 110010 and
10110010.W-08,S-10,W-10[4/8M]
Explain MFM data recording technique . Draw waveform for 110010
and 10110010.S-08,W-10[4/8M].

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

Hard Disk Drive(HDD)

HDD is commonly called as Hard Drive or Hard Disk.
Non-volatile storage.
Three types of HDD:1. IDE HDD(Integrated Development Environment)
2. SATA HDD(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
3. SCSI HDD(Small computer system Interface)

Comparison:IDE HDD

SATA HDD

SCSI HDD

Device level
interface

Device level
interface

System level
interface

Speed is low as
compared SATA and
SCSI

Speed is high as
compared to IDE
HDD

Speed is high as
compared to IDE and
SATA.

Used in desktop PC

Used in desktop Pc

Used in server
system

40/80 wire cable

4 wire cable

50 wire cable

Easy installation

Easy installation

Complex

Adater not required

Adapter not required SCSI adapter

required.

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HARD DISK CONSTRUCTION :-- A hard disk drive is a sealed unit that a PC uses for nonvolatile data
storage.
Nonvolatile, or semi-permanent, storage means that the storage device
retains the data even when no power is supplied to the computer.
A hard disk drive contains rigid, disk-shaped platters, usually
constructed of aluminum or glass.

Hard Disk Drive Components

1. Disk platter

6.Logic Board

2. Read/Write head

7.Spindle Motor

3. Head arm/Head slider

8.Bezel

4. Head actuator mechanism

9. Cables and Connector

5. Air filter

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PLATTERS:

A hard disk drive has one or more flat circular disk called platters.
The platter size is called form factor of HDD
Platter sizes are 5.12 inches ,3.74 inches
Platters are made of an aluminum alloy, which provides both strength
and light weight.
Newer HDD uses glass and glass ceramic platters
These platters are coated with magnetizable media
Media coating can store information magnetically
Two types of recording media used in HDD
1.Iorn oxide media

2.Thin Film Media

1.Iorn oxide media

Looks brown or amber in color

Semi liquid coating of the iron oxide compound
Its recording density is less
It was very soft
Crash of the drive head can make permanent defect on the media
coating.

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2. Thin Film Media

Thin as compared to IO coating
Thinness allows HDD head to be positioned very close to disk surface ,
gives very high density
Provides very hard and perfectly formed media coating
Ones media spread across platter surface , the surface is polished.
The polished surface coated with some lubricating material, which
protect the surface from minor crashes.
Media is crated on platters using two methods :1.Platting process
2.sputtering process
1.Platting process
The media is produced by electroplating process
Platters substrate is immersed in different chemicals to coat the platter
surface with very uniform 2 to 3 micro inch thick cobalt alloy coating
2.Sputtering Process
Provides thinnest , hardest and finest media surface
First platter substrate is coated with layer of nickel phosphorus
Then cobalt alloy material is deposited then carbon coating
Costly process.

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Read Write Heads

A hard disk drive usually has one read/write head for each side of
platter surface (meaning that each platter has two sets of read/write
heads - one for the top side and one for the bottom side).
These heads are connected, or ganged, on a single movement
mechanism.
If drive contain three platters then six read/write head will be used
Different types of head for read/write purpose
1.Ferrite head
2.metal-in-gap head
3.Thin film head
4.Magneto resistive head
5.Giant magneto resistive head
1.Ferrite head

For Winchester disks

Made of iron oxide core wrapped with electro magnetic coils
It is a u shaped iron core wrapped with electrical windings
They are not so small in size
Used in hard disk up to 50 MB

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Metal In- Gap head

Same design as ferrite heads

It has high density media
Added a special metallic alloy on the head
Usually found in hard disks of about 50 MB 100 MB

Thin Film Head

Very small & light weight heads

Instead of iron oxide, iron nickel alloy core is used
Magnetically more powerful
It is costly compared to the other two heads
Usually used in hard disks of 100 1000 MB capacities
Magneto Resistive Heads

Also known as Anisotropic MR (AMR) heads

It is the key invention that led to the creation of hard disks over 1 GB in
size
Two separate heads, one for reading & one for writing on a single
assembly
Read head based on MR design & write head based on Thin film head
design
Commonly used in hard disks about 1 GB 30 GB capacities

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Giant MR Heads
Works on the same general principles of MR heads
But uses some what different design that makes them superior in
several ways
The name Giant is not due to the size, but due to the superior
technology
They are more sensitive
By December 1997, IBM introduced their first hard disk with GMR
heads
GMR are used in latest technology drives which capacities up to 75 GB
Added one more layer of Nickel-Ferrite
It is smaller

Head Arm/Head Slider

The arm on which the Read/Write head is located

The size of a slider is a 3.5
Slider of this size is called Nano Slider

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Logic Boards

Logic board controls all different parts of HDD

It contains the electronic components that controls various sections of
the hdd
It also acts as an interface between the hard disk drive and the
computer .
Many times HDD is failure is due to the logic board.

Spindle Motors

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

The motor that spins the platters is called the spindle motor because
it is connected to the spindle around which the platters revolve.
Spindle motors in hard disk drives are always connected directly; no
belts or gears are involved.
The spindle motor also must be precisely controlled for speed.
The platters in hard disk drives revolve at speeds ranging from
3,600rpm to 15,000rpm or more, and the motor has a control circuit
with a feedback loop to monitor and control this speed precisely.

Cables and Connectors

Cables & connectors are used to connect the hdd to the main
computer system
Hard disk drives typically have several connectors for interfacing to the
computer, receiving power, and sometimes grounding to the system
chassis. Most drives have at least these two types of connectors:
-Interface connector
-Power connector
The interface connectors are the most important because they

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carry the data and command signals between the system and the drive.
The power connector is usually the same four-pin type that is used in
floppy disk drives, and the same power-supply connector plugs into it.

Air Filters

Nearly all hard disk drives have two air filters.

One filter is called the recirculation filter, and the other is called either
a barometricfilter.
These filters are permanently sealed inside the drive and are designed
never to be changed for the life of the drive.
The recalculating air filter is used to filter any particles dislodged from
inside the drive such as scarp of the disk media
Filter does not circulate external air to inside of the disk drive
Barometric filter is the connection of inside of HDD with outside
environment.
Equalize air pressure

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Head Actuator Mechanism

The read/write head on HDD is moved on the platter surface using
Head Actuator Mechanism
This mechanism moves the heads across the disk and positions them
accurately above the desired cylinder.
Many variations on head actuator mechanisms are in use, but all fall
into one of two basic categories:
-Stepper motor actuators
-Voice coil actuators

Stepper Motor Actuator

It is a motor which rotates in steps

Stepper motor turns in a fixed angle
The smallest fixed angle is called a detent
The stepper motor is connected to the R/W head by using two
mechanisms:-

1. Split metal band mechanism

Use two band made up of special steel alloy
Convert the rotation of the stepper motor into the linear motion
required to move the head over the disk surface
Drawback:-as a time band may stretch and positioning system accuracy
may reduce

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

2. Rack and pinion gear mechanism

With time as gears deteriorate the wear will increases play in the gear
These mechanism are used to convert the rotational motion of the
stepper motor into the in-and-out motion required to move the
read/write head over the disk surface

Voice Coil Actuator

In the voice coil actuator head moves in & out in a straight line
It is more faster and accurate
Electromagnetic coil is connected to the head rack and place near a
stationary permanent magnet
Magnetic force will make the coil to move away from or towards the
permanent magnet
There is no direct contact between magnet and coil
Linear voice coil:-head moves in and out over the disk in straight line
Rotary voice coil:- uses rotatory arm to move the read/write head

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List out physical components of hard disk drivesub-assembly.W- 08,W10,4M.

With net diagram,describe the construction of hard diskW-09,4M.
Describe head actuator mechanism.W-08,4M

Terms Related To Hard disk

1. Track
Each side of hard disk drives platter surface is divided into concentric
circles called tracks.
Invisible mark created during low level formatting.
Outermost track is track 0,the next track is track 1,next track 2 so
onInnermost track have highest number.

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

2. Sector
Sector is a Basic Unit of data storage
Track is broken into smaller units called sector
Sector size 512 bytes of user data.

3. Cylinder
On hard disk drive which has more than one platter,Combining of
same track of different platters called cylinder
Data is stored in cylinder by cylinder
once the cylinder is full the read/write head moves to next cylinder
Because R/W head is moved to particular cylinder all heads are on the
same track.
Reduces the R/W head movement, less time required
Imagine passing a cylinder down through both sides of each
platter(6tracks).
These 6 tracks make up a logical cylinder on the disk.

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4. Cluster
Minimum space allotted by DOS when storing any information on the
disk.
Cluster size 512 bytes.
Cluster can be made of one or more sectors, it depends on the disk
type being used.
Cluster reduces the size of the FAT.
If one cluster can store 512 bytes of information then 513 bytes require
two cluster.

5. Head Parking
The process of moving of the read/write head to some safe area is
called parking the head
The area where read/write head is moved for parking is called as
Parking Zone
Early hard drives used stepper motor that did not park the heads of
drive. small utilities are used and run by user before shut down.
Modern voice coil actuated hard disk will automatically park heads
even of power failure

6. Zone Recording
Many hard drives today use a technology called zone bit recording
(ZBR) which enables the hard drive to have more sectors on the outer
tracks, where there is more room than on the inner tracks.
This allows more room for storage than using same number of sectors
on each track.

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7. MBR(Master Boot Record)

Information about the disk partitions contained on physical disk is
stored in its Master Boot Record.
It contained in the first sector, first cylinder and first head.
Area created by FDISK is Master Boot Record (MBR) and FORMAT
command creates DOS Boot Record(DBR),FAT area, Root Directory area
and empty data area.
MBR-small programs to load and start the active/bootable partition
from HDD
-info about all primary partition on HDD
-starting sectors , ending sectors, size ..in partition table record
-crated on HDD by exe FDISK.EXE
-located at cylinder 0 , track 0 ,sector 1

8. Interleaving
If the sectors on the HDD are numbered sequentially from 1 to the
maximum number of sector available, then the disk read operation is
very slow.
In HDD after reading sector 1 the drive sends this data to the controller.
Then controller checks the data has no error using its CRC code.During
this process the disk is continuously rotating and position of head is
sitting over 3rd or 4th sector.
Then HDD requested to read the data on 2nd sector. So disk will require
one complete rotation. This will make the hard disk read process very
slow.

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A solution to this problem is Numbering the sectors out of order with

leaving a gap of one or more sectors in a sector numbering is called
interleaving.
When the 1st sector is read and processed the head reaches 3rd or 4th
position sector.So that we put the 2nd sector as the 3rd or 4th position
then 2nd sector will be at correct position.

Landing Zone
Area of the platter near its inner diameter , where no data is stored is
called Landing Zone.
Also Called as Contact start/Stop (CSS) zone.
A special track is designed where heads will be placed for takeoff and
landings.
The process of moving the heads to the area is called head parking

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State the meaning of following terms related to Hard Disk.

OR Define the following terms:-W-08,W-09,S-10,S-09,W-10 4 M
1. Track
2. Sector
3. Cylinder
4. Cluster
5. MBR
6.Interleave Factor
7. Zone Bit Recording

Formatting
Formatting is a process of preparing the blank hard disk for a
particular operating system.
Sectors and tracks does not exists on a hard disk until and unless it has
been formatted.
When a new hard disk is brought , it just like a plain sheet with no
information.
Formatting a disk , means adds the track and sector information written
on the disk media.
There are two types of formatting
o
Low-Level formatting (LLF)
o
High-level formatting (HLF)

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Low Level Formatting

Before you can write data to a disk, you must first low level
format the disk.
In this process, the drive manufacturer marks the tracks and
sectors of the disk.
A sector is a small section of a track.
Sectors are the smallest units of accessible dataon a drive, and
one or sectors compose a cluster.
It is also know as physical formatting or true formatting
Older drive required low level formatting before using them
Currently available HDD come low level formatted from factory
itself.
Low Level Formatting can be done following ways
1.Using format/initialize hard disk facility provided in BIOS ROMs
in CMOS setup program.
2. Using low level format program stored in hard disk controllers
ROM this was activated by DOS DEBUG program
3. Using disk format/setup program as on the Tracks Disk
manager.
4. Using IBM Advanced Diagnostic Software available in the
market.
Functions performed by Low level formatting
o Dividing the disk into track and sector.
o Establishing interleaving factor.
o Marking identification information on each track and
sector.
o Marking defective sectors.

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

High Level Formatting

After low-level formatting is complete, we have a disk with tracks and
sectors--but nothing written on them. High-level formatting is the
process of writing the file system structures on the disk that let the
disk be used for storing programs and data. If you are using DOS, for
example, the DOS FORMAT command performs this work, writing such
structures as the master boot record and file allocation tables to the
disk. High-level formatting is done after the hard disk has been
partitioned, even if only one partition is to be used

During the high level formatting, the operating system writes the
structures necessary for managing the files and data on the disk.
After low level formatting and partitioning the final step for
preparing the hard disk drive for use is to high level formatting the
drive.
During the high level format the FORMAT program verifies all
the tracks and sectors in that particular partition.
Other than this the high level format program performs the
following function:===
Scan the disk for tracks and sectors marked bad during the
low level format.
After scanning the entire disk , it returns to first sector of the
partition and write volume boot record.
Next sector FAT ( 1st copy of FAT just next sector 2nd copy of
FAT is written)
Next writes blank root directory

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

/s parameter specified them copy system files on HDD

/v parameter specified in format command as prompts the
user for volume label. Is written as next entry in root
directory.

Partitioning
Partitioning is Done for two purpose: To have more than one operating system on the same drive
To have more than one logical drive.
A logical component is either a defined grouping of physical
objects or parts of physical objects that act as one unit.
Each file system can then use its own method to allocate file
space in logical units called clusters or allocation units.
Every disk must have at least one partition on it and can have up
to four partitions, each of which can support the same or different
type file systems.
For example if you are partitioning a hard disk with a capacity of
10GB and you would like to logically divide this space into three
drives with different drive letters.
You decide you want to break the 10GB space into three logical
partitions: one with 5GB of space, one with 3GB, and one with
2GB.
The operating systems will logically view these three partitions as
three separate drives and gives them separate drive letters C:, D:,
and E:.
Physically all you have is one hard drive with three logical drives.
Hard drive partitions must always begin at C:; because the A: and
B: drives are reserved for floppies.

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When disk is partitioned : FDISK-partition program writes MBR(master boot record) cylinder 0 ,head 0, sector 1
MBR
- small program to load OS from bootable partition
- contains partition table
Partition table indicates to the ROM BIOS which partition is
bootable ,so that proper OS can be load
Minimum 1 partition and maximum 24 partitions

Partition Program FDISK can be used for the following

Creating primary Dos Partition

Creating an extended Dos partition.
Creating logical drives in extended partition.
Setting a partition of active.
Deleting partitions.
Display partition data.
Select hard disk drive for partitioning

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File Allocation Table (FAT)

Partitioning creates the Master Boot Sector and a file allocation
table (fat) that keeps track of which clusters the operating system
assigns to which specific files.
The file allocation table is an important concept, not only for
floppy drives but also for disk drives in general.
The FAT consists of information that keeps track of the clusters on
a disk that belong to specific files
The common file systems used by PC operating systems today are:
o Fat16 (file allocation table, 16 bit); Fat32 (32bit)
o NTFS (Windows NT file system)
o Ext2FS (Linuxs Second Extended file system)

What is formatting?W-10,4M
How hard disk is formatted?What is partitioning of hard drive?W-08,4
Compare low level and high level formatting.S-09,4M

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HDD interfaces on Motherboard

Advanced Technology attachment (ATA) is standard interface for
connecting storage devices such as hard disk and CD ROM drives
inside personal computers
Also called PATA(parallel ATA)
Features PATA:
Over 15 years of proven and reliable technology intergration
up to 133 MB/s interface transfer rate.
allow cable length up to 18 inches
designed for desktop PCs and notebook PCs
based on original IBM PC ISA bus.
List features of PATA.S-10

SATA(Serial ATA )
Features: Low cost storage
Improve speed and bandwidth
Implementation of serial ATA allow for easy integration due to
improve cabling
Configuration of SATA device will be much simpler
Allow improvements and scalability in performance for the
storage interface.

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

CD-ROM
CD-ROM means Compact Disc read-only Memory .
CD-ROM disc are read using CD-ROM drives, which are now
almost universal on personal computer.
A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via IDE,SCSI,
USB interface.
Scanning Velocity: 500 to 200 RPM inside to outside.
Track Pitch:1.6um
Disk diameter : 120 mm to 80mm
Disk thickness :1.2 mm
Inner Radius Program area : 25mm
Outer Radius Program area : 58mm
Center Spindle hole diameter : 15 mm

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

Construction of CD-ROM Drive:The drive consists of following components:- A drive motor :spins the disc. 200 and 500 rpm depending on
which track is being read.
A laser and a lens system focus in on and read the bumps.
A tracking mechanism moves the laser assembly so that the
laser's beam can follow the spiral track. The tracking system has
to be able to move the laser at micron resolution.
Optical Head: A CD-ROM drive contains an optical head mounted
on a swing arm. This Device shines a laser on disc surface , then
travels to the location of data. After the optical head finds the
data, it positions itself within the spiral track and refourses to
read the data.
Three parts enables the optical head to read data on the disc: Laser diode:-Emits a beam of light onto reflecting mirror then
through lens focuses on a particular point on the disc.
Depending on where light was focused appropriate intensity of
light is reflected back to photo detector
Lens:-the optical head assembly of the CDROM drive called lens or
pickup, traverses a path from the inside of the disc to the outside ,
which is made up of concentric circles.
Photodetector:- contains several photodiodes and reads laser
reflection from the disc. (convert light to electric signal)
head positions itself within spiral track and refocuses to read the
data

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

Light reflected from pit to land or land to pit transition

the intensity of reflected light changes.(logic 1)
No change in intensity of light from pit of land is logic 0
Working of CDROM:1:- The laser diode emits a low energy infrared beam towards a
reflecting mirror in read head assembly.
2:- The servomotor , on command from microprocessor, position the
beam onto the correct track on the CD-ROM by moving the reflecting
mirror.

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Storage Device And Its Interfacing

3:- When beam hits the disc , the light reflected back from shining
metallic coating On the disc.
4:- the amount of light reflected is depend On whether laser hits pit or
land .
5:- reflected light passes through collectors ,mirrors, lenses that are
used to focus the light on photo detector
6:-photo detector converts the light into electric impulses.
7:-These incoming pulses are decoded by the microprocessor and sent
along to the host computer as data.

DVD(Digital Versatile Disc OR Digital Video Disc)

It is popular optical disc storage media format used for data
storage.
A DVD is very similar to a CD, but it has much larger data capacity.
A standard DVD holds about seven times more data than a CD
does.

Construction of DVD: A dvd drive is very similar to CD-ROM drive.

It has a laser assembly that shines the laser beam onto the surface
of the disc to read the pattern of bump.

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RECORDING OF DVD:Recording of DVD is same as CD only difference is as follow:DVD can store more data than cd for a few reason: Higher density data storage:-single-sided , single layer dvd can
store about seven times more data than CD.Pits and tracks being
smaller on DVDs. The track pitch on DVD is 2.16 times smaller
than and the minimum pit length for a single-layer DVD is 2.08.
Less overhead, more area:-On CD, there is a lot of extra
information encoded on the disc to allow for error correction. This
information is just a repetation of information that is already on
the disc.Error correction scheme on CD uses is quite old and
inefficient compared to DVDs.
Multi-layer storage:-To increase storage capacity even more,a
DVD can have upto 4 layers, two on each side.

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DVD TYPE

Track
Pitch

Data
Capacity

Video Time

Single Side
Single Layer

440nm

4.38GB

2 hrs

Single Side
Double Layer

440nm

7.95GB

4 Hrs

Double Side
Single Layer

440nm

8.34GB

More than 4
Hrs

Double Side
Double Layer

440nm

15.9GB

More than 8
Hrs

CHAPTER 2

Storage Device And Its Interfacing

Comparison of CD and DVD

Parameter

CD

DVD

Sided

1 or 2

Layers

1 or 2

Capacity

.68 GB

4.7 17 GB

Track pitch()

1.6

.74

Minimum pit
length()

.83

.4

Wavelength(nm)

780

650

Explain Recording of CD-ROM.W-09, 4m

Give Construction of DVD. W-10,4M
Explain Recording of DVD.W-10,4M
Compare CD and DVD.w-08,w-09,4M

CHAPTER 2

Storage Device And Its Interfacing

Ferrite head and Metal In- Gap head

Thin Film Head

Giant MR Heads

Magneto Resistive Heads