RC Beams With One Large Rectangular Opening

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RC BEAMS WITH ONE LARGE

RECTANGULAR OPENING
-EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS-
Carina Neff, Martina Schnellenbach-Held, Stefan Daus
SUMMARY
During this year an extensive test program on six real-sized laboratory beams was
conducted in order to analyse the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with one large
regtangular opening. To apply the internal forces independently of each other an
innovative test setup has been chosen. In this paper the test setup with the measurement
technique and the first test results are illustrated.
The German Science Foundation (DFG) has sponsored these investigations since January
2000. At this point we thank the DFG for their support.
INTRODUCTION
In the past the behaviour of beams with one large opening was analysed by doing extensive
Finite Element computations with physically nonlinear material models [1, 2]. For the
ultimate limit state the shear force distribution on the tensile and the compression chord as
well as the location of the contraflexure points were determined. The examinations showed
that the positions of the stirrups next to the opening influence the ultimate load. For the
serviceability limit state the deflection of the beam and the maximum crack width were
analysed.
Neff, C.; Schnellenbach-Held, M.; Daus, S.: RC Beams with One Large Rectangular Opening -Experimental
InvestigationsDarmstadt Concrete 17 (2002). http://www.darmstadt-concrete.de/2002/beams.html
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In order to verify the results of the FE-calculations six tests on real-sized specimens are
carried out. The test setup enables the control of the internal forces separat from each
other. So it is possible to simulate the behaviour of beams with a large opening located
very close to the support. By using this test setup the D-area [3] at the support does not
influence the distribution of the internal forces around the opening.
TEST SETUP
The static system consists of a simple beam with two equal cantilevers (figure 1) according
to Reit [4].
0,8 m < l0 < 1,1 m
PM
MV
PM
20 cm
20 cm
20 cm
6m
Fig. 1
Static system
In the middle of the beam the opening is located (figure 2). At the end of each cantilever a
load is applied so that a constant bending moment between the two supports occurs without
any shear forces. The shear force between the two supports is created by an uniformly
distributed moment. This uniformly distributed moment is applied by several couples of
forces at the top and at the bottom of the beam with the exception of the area in the range
of the opening. So an interference of the internal forces by the uniformly distributed
moment can be prevented. Thus the couples of forces are positioned only sidewise of the
opening.
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Fig. 2
Test setup
The load in the horizontal plane is splitted up into 16 equal forces by means of a
compensator construction (figure 3). The 16 forces are transferred into the concrete beam
by anchors (figure 4).
Fig. 3
Compensator construction
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Fig. 4
Transferring the horizontal forces into the concrete beam
In order to test the force transmission preliminary tests already have been carried out [6].
By means of this test setup the bending moment and the shear force can be applied
independently of each other. In the test program for the six specimens several parameters
are varied as it is shown in table 1:
Table 1
Test program
No.
1
2
M/V [m]
lo [cm]
As1 [cm]
0,5
0,0
80
80
9,82
9,82
t [-]
0,19
0,29
1,0
80
9,82
0,29
1,5
80
9,82
0,29
0,5
110
9,82
0,19
0,5
80
9,82
0,5
with
M/V Ratio between bending moment and shear force
l0
Length of the opening
Asl Longitudinal reinforcement
t
Ratio between the amount of longitudinal reinforcement in the compression chord

and the entire amount of the longitudinal reinforcement.
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MEASUREMENT
During the tests the deformation of the chords and the strains in the reinforcement and at
the concrete were measured. The intention was to find the exact location of the plastic
hinges as well as to determine the forces in the stirrups close to the opening. Therefore
strain gauges and position encoders are placed around the opening (figure 5). The shear
force distribution is detected by using strain gauges rosettes on the compression chord.
Fig. 5
Position encorders located around the opening
Additionally the deformation of the beams in the range of the openings is measured by
digital photogrammetry. Therefore black points (diameter: 8mm) at intervals of 2 cm are
pasted on the concrete surface of 60 x 200 cm (figure 6). At every chosen load-step nine
pictures from three different perspectives are taken of the area. Afterwards the deformation
of every marked point can be computed. Additionally two steel bars with marked points
are located around the area in order to get reference values. So the results of the
photogrammetry and the measurement by position encoders can be compared. Also Hegger
et al. [4] reach remarkable results by using photogrammetry in order to analyse the shear
cracking behaviour of concrete beams.
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Fig. 6
Marked points around the opening
TEST RESULTS
The results of the Finite Element calculations and the test results particularly coincide.
Figure 7 shows the crack pattern around the opening. As expected the results confirm that
the tested beam behaves like a Vierendeel-beam. The deformation of the compression
chord depending on the load history is illustrated in figure 8. In a further step the location
of the point of contraflexure can be determined by means of the deflection curves of the
chords.
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Fig. 7
Crack pattern
V = 15 kN
1,5
V = 89 kN
Deflection [mm]
V = 100 kN
0,5
V = 110 kN
0
-0,5
-1
-1,5
-2
Fig. 8
Measurement Points at the Compression Chord
Deformation of the compression chord depending on the shear force V
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FURTHER STEPS
Reinforced concrete beams with one large opening close to the support have been tested.
Thus the shear force distribution and the location of the contraflexure points have been
examined. Further steps have to be done. First the test program has to be completed. After
that all the test results can be compared with the Finite Element computations. On the basis
of the Finite Element computations Ehmann [1] has developed a design concept for beams
with one large regtangular opening, which now can be proved by means of the test results.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
Ehmann, S.: Zum Trag- und Verformungsverhalten von Stahlbetontrgern mit

groen ffnungen. Fortschritt-Bericht Nr. 182, Reihe 4, VDI, 2002
Schnellenbach-Held, M., Ehmann, S.: Stahlbetontrger mit groen ffnungen - Ein
umfassendes Bemessungskonzept -. Beton - und Stahlbetonbau 97, Heft 3, 2001
Schlaich, J; Schfer, K.: Konstruieren im Stahlbetonbau. Betonkalender 2/02, Ernst
& Sohn, 2002
Reit, G.: Untersuchungen zum Interaktionsverhalten von Stahlbetonbalken unter
Biegemomenten-, Querkraft- und Normalkraftbeanspruchung. Dissertation,
Universitt Kaiserslautern, 1994
Hegger, J.; Grtz, S.; Schwermann, R.: Analyse des Schubriverhaltens unter
Einsatz der Photogrammetrie. Bautechnik 97, Heft 3, 2002
Meinelschmidt, K.: Planung und Durchfhrung einer Versuchsserie zur
Tragfhigkeit von Stahlbetontrgern unter vorgegebenem M/V-Verhltnis.
Vertieferarbeit, TU Darmstadt, 2000
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Contact to the authors:

neff@massivbau.tu-darmstadt.de
schnh@massivbau.tu-darmstadt.de
daus@massivbau.tu-darmstadt.de
Homepage of the authors:

http://go.to/schnellenbach-held
Homepage of Darmstadt Concrete:

http://www.darmstadt-concrete.de

RC Beams With One Large Rectangular Opening

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RC BEAMS WITH ONE LARGE

Carina Neff, Martina Schnellenbach-Held, Stefan Daus

Transferring the horizontal forces into the concrete beam

Ratio between the amount of longitudinal reinforcement in the compression chord

Position encorders located around the opening

Marked points around the opening

Measurement Points at the Compression Chord

Deformation of the compression chord depending on the shear force V

Ehmann, S.: Zum Trag- und Verformungsverhalten von Stahlbetontrgern mit

Contact to the authors:

Homepage of the authors:

Homepage of Darmstadt Concrete:

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