Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Physics 151
Lecture 7
Scattering Problem
(Chapter 3)
l2
mr =
+ f (r )
3
mr
2
l
Unbounded, bounded, and circular orbits
V (r ) = V (r ) +
2mr 2
Condition for stable circular orbits
cos( )
= 2 1 + 1 +
2
r l
mk
Examples
Scattering Problem
Assume f(r) 0 as r
Straight section A
on
i
t
c
a
r
e
Int
B
n
o
ti
c
e
ts
h
g
ai
r
t
S
Hit frequency
(bullets/sec)
N hits = I
Spherical Target
N = I ( ) d
Differential cross
section (m2/str)
s ds
( ) =
sin d
Absolute value taken because
ds/d might be negative
ds
= 2 sds = a 2
0
Total area of
the target
s ds
How does relate to s?
( ) =
sin d
We need to know the shape of the orbit
at large r
d 2u
m dV (1/ u )
+u+ 2
=0
Look at the orbit equation
2
d
l
du
Angular momentum l is related to s by
If we assume V(r) 0 as r
p02
E =T =
2m
l = sp0 = s 2mE
p0
r at =
u (, s, E ) = 0
Solve
s = s ( , E )
Inverse-square force
k
k
Ex: electrostatic force between
f (r ) = 2 V (r ) =
two like-sign charged particles
r
r
Equation and solution same as Kepler problem
Just flip the sign of k
1
mk
2 El 2
cos( )
= 2 1 + 1 +
2
r
l
mk
Radius > 0
Eccentricity
2 El 2
= 1+
>1
2
mk
Hyperbola
Hyperbolic Orbit
l = s 2mE
1
mk
2 El 2
= 2 1 + 1 +
cos( )
2
r
l
mk
2 El 2
= 1+
>1
2
mk
Solution is a hyperbola
>1E>0
1
= 2
A bit of
work
cos = 1/
2 Es
2
cot = 1 =
2
k
s=
cot
2E
2
Weve got what we need!
s=
cot
2E
2
1 k
d
s ds
() =
=
cot
cot
sin d sin 2 E
2 d
2
2
1 k
1
=
4 2 E sin 4
1 ZZ e
1
() =
4 2 E sin 4
2
Rutherford scattering:
particle (Z = 2) scattered
by atomic nuclei with Z
Existence of nuclei in atoms
Rutherford Scattering
4 2 E sin 4 2
Positive charge of +Ze is in one particle
2 2
Z Z e
1
e.g. Z particles of +e each would give
4 2 E sin 4 2
ZZ e 1 d (sin 2 )
= 2
=
0
3
sin 2
2E
Because electrostatic force is long-range
No matter how large is the impact parameter s, the particle
still gets slightly deflected
Reality: electrostatic field is shielded by the electrons around
the nucleus Finite cross section
2
1 ZZ e
1
2 sin
4 2 E sin 4
2
Rainbow Scattering
s ds
( ) =
sin d
Sum up for
possible ss
At maximum = m
d
=0
ds
( ) =
s2
s1
( )
Rainbow
2
2
2
2
Total deflection is
= 21 4 2 +
Rainbow
s
= 21 4 2 + sin 1 =
sin 1 = n sin 2
R
n = 1.33
min = 2.40
What is the distribution of
light intensity in ?
A bit difficult problem
Covered in Physics 143a and 151
s ds
This goes to infinity
The answer: I ()
at the turning point there
sin d
s R
Rainbow
I ()
min
r < rmin
smin
r > rmin
s R
min
min
Attractive Force
Orbiting region:
E V is small
r varies slowly
E
r
Summary
N hits = I
s ds
( ) =
sin d