VIBRATION AND BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF HYBRID

PLATE
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

L.BALAJI

51209114005

M.DHINESHKUMAR

51209114303

P.RAJESH

51209114312

R.VIGNESHVARAN

51209114321

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

S.K.P ENGINEERING COLLEGE, THIRUVANNAMALAI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI-600025

APRIL 2013

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report titled VIBRATION AND BUCKLING
ANALYSIS OF HYBRID PLATE is the bonafide work of L.BALAJI,
M.DHINESHKUMAR, P.RAJESH and R.VIGNESHVARAN who carried out
the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE

Mr J. KUBERAN, M.E PhD,

Mr C. RATHINASURIYAN ME.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

S.K.P Engineering college,

S.K.P Engineering College,

Thiruvannamalai.

Thiruvannamalai.

Submitted for the Anna University Examination - Project Work Viva-Voice held
on......................................................

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are pleased to acknowledge our indebtedness to all who have devoted

themselves

to make a project a total success.

We are highly obliged and profoundly thank to our chairman

Mr K.KARUNANIDHI,

B.E, our secretary & correspondent Mr R.KUPUSAMY and also for our beloved principal
Professor Dr S.BALASUBRAMANIAN, PhD, for there keen interest and providing necessary
facilities to carry out the project work.

We are bound to convey our sincere thanks to our Guide, Mr C.RATHINASURIYAN

M.E., and our H.O.D Dr. J.KUBERAN, M.Th., PhD., for permitting us to take up this project
work and sharing their precious time by giving valuable guidance and continuous
encouragements throughout the period of our project work

We are very much thankful to all the other STAFF MEMBERS of MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT for their kind suggestions and support.

Above all it is the Blessings of Parents, which motivated us from the beginning till the end
of the project to make it successfully.

ABSTRACT
The objective of Condition Monitoring is to provide information that will keep
machinery operating longer and better lifetime without much vibration and noise. IN highways,
whenever the vehicle is travelling at a high speed where it crosses the bridge, we experience a
heavy sound blushing in to our ear. Due to its heavy noise, it feels uncomfortable to the
pedestrians. In this chassis of the automobile the steel material is used for casing. By this steel
material the maximum vibration is occurred in the structural system which is followed by huge
noise and sometimes the structural material gets damaged and moreover it get failure.

To overcome this drawback, it needs to added the structural material

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO
1.

2.

3.

4.

TITLE

PAGE NO

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Vibration overview

1.2 Engineering materials

11

1.3 Materials advanced[composites]

11

MESURATIONS OF VIBRATIONS

17

2.1 Modal analysis

17

2.2 Harmonic response analysis

17

2.3 Flexible dynamic analysis

18

2.4 Finite element method

18

PROJECT OVERVIEW

19

3.1 Literature survey

19

3.2 Selection of materials

20

3.3 Methods of vibration measurement

22

APPROACH OF DESIGN

23

4.1 Design of hybrid plate structure

23

4.2 Modeling and analysis of hybrid plate 27

5.

EXPEREMENT APPROACH OF DESIGN AND

TESTING

38

5.1 Fabrication of composite plate

38

5.2 Layup of hybrid plate

40

5.3 Experimental testing-A detailed report

41

6.

COMPARATION OF RESULTS

85

7.

CONCLUSION

88

8.

PHOTOGRAPHY

89

9.

REFERENCES

91

10.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
1.1 VIBRATION OVER VIEW
Vibration is the motion of a machine part back and forth forms its position of rest. Vibration
is essentially the heartbeat of all mechanical equipment. The analysis of vibration signals,
produced during the operation of the machinery, provides important information about the
condition of the machinery.
Vibration analysis can identify the machine problems like imbalance, misalignment,
mechanical looseness, bent shaft bad bearings, gear damage, electrical trouble or faulty
aerodynamic behavior. Since excessive vibration in machinery can cause serious problems, it is
essential to detect vibration well in advance to make suitable repair or adjustments.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR VIBRATIONS

The subjective nature of vibrations means that it is not possible to prescribe an exact limit that
will guarantee an acceptable floor response. Instead, the design guidance aims to ensure that the
building will attract a low probability of adverse comment from its occupants.
Historically, designers have used the natural frequency of the floor as the sole measure of
acceptable performance. By specifying a sufficiently high natural frequency, the intention was
that the floor would be effectively tuned out of the frequency range of the walking activity.
However, while this might be true for the first harmonic, resonance could still occur on the
second, third and fourth harmonics of the walking activity.
Current Standards quantify the magnitude of floor vibrations in terms of the acceleration of the
floor; defined in terms of weighted, root-mean square (rms) acceleration. The acceptability of a
floor is assessed by dividing the predicted acceleration by a baseline value to obtain a response
factor, and checking that the calculated response factor is less than the appropriate multiplying
factor given in the relevant Codes and other specialist guidance.
The baseline acceleration is dependent on the direction of the vibrations relative to the human
body (the z-axis is defined as head-to-toe, whether the person is standing or lying) and the
frequency of the vibration.

Directions for Vibration defined in ISO 2631, BS 6472 and BS 6841

The baseline acceleration for the z-axis, as specified in BS 6472, is shown below. The line
represents a constant level of human perception. The area above the line corresponds to an
increasing level of human perception to vibration; the area below the line represents vibration
that is imperceptible to majority of humans.

Z-axis base curve (BS 6472)

8

Design for rhythmic activity

Where floors are likely to be subject to dancing and jumping activities characterised by
synchronised crowd movement, the floor must be designed for ultimate limit state considerations
in accordance with the requirements given in Annex A of BS 6399 or the National Annex to BS
EN 1991
According to these Standards:
The floor may be designed to have a fundamental frequency of at least 8.4 Hz
vertically and a frequency of at least 4 Hz horizontally, in which case the resonant
effects need not be evaluated.
The floor should be designed to resist the anticipated dynamic loads due to
rhythmic activity which should be considered as an additional imposed load case.

The vertical natural frequency of the floor should be evaluated for the appropriate mode of
vibration for an empty structure.

Designing for dynamic loads

As note degree of magnification depends on the ratio of the frequency of the loading function
(fp) to the natural frequency of the structure (fn); the level of damping present in the structure is
also important.
The ratio of dynamic to static responses is known as the Dynamic Magnification Factor (DMF).
The relationship between DMF (fp / fn) and damping ratio is shown below.

Dynamic magnification factor for accelerations

9

For any structure, there are an infinite number of modes, each with its own set of properties.
However, in practice, only those modes with the lowest frequencies will be relevant to the
analysis.
For each individual mode, the natural frequency is the number of oscillations per second, the
mode shape is the deformed shape that the structure would naturally tend to exhibit at that
frequency, and the modal damping defines the energy dissipation within the mode. The first three
modal properties are dependent on the dimensions, mass and stiffness of the structure and may
be calculated using one of the methods described below. Damping depends on the finishes on the
structure and an appropriate value will generally have to be assumed (based on past experience
or testing).
As real structures are built up from a number of components, the determination of the modal
properties is a complex process, requiring consideration not only of all of the members within the
structure, but also the interaction between these members. The most effective way of assessing
the modal parameters of a structure is by finite element analysis, but simplified methods may
also be used on some simpler structures. Simplified methods are usually only applicable to
regular structures with rectilinear grids.
Finite element modelling may be used to obtain the natural frequencies, modal masses and mode
shapes of any shape of floor, but the method is particularly useful for buildings with irregular
grids or onerous design requirements with regard to vibration e.g. hospitals. The method is more
accurate and generally less conservative than hand calculation methods.
Finite element modelling is an approximation, in which a continuous structure is divided into a
number of parts or elements. The accuracy of the solution is dependent on the number of
elements into which the system is divided, but this has to be balanced against the longer
computation time. Selecting the optimum number of elements is crucial to the success of the
analysis. There are no firm rules for determining the mesh size (and hence number of the
elements) but in general, if the number of elements can be doubled without significantly
changing the result, then the number of elements is sufficient.

10

1.2 ENGINEERING MATERIAL

Introduction to Steel
Materials are so important in the development of civilization. The use of iron and steel, a
stronger material that gave advantage in wars started at about 1200 B.Th. next big step was the
discovery of a cheap process to make steel around 1850, which enabled the railroads and the
building of the modern infrastructures in the industrial world.
Types of Steel
C 15 steel
C 45 steel
C 60 steel
Characteristics of steel
Medium Damping characteristics
High Ductility
High Malleability
Moderate Yield strength
Co-efficient of thermal expansion is high
1.3 MATERIALS ADVANCED
Introduction to Composites
Mankind has been aware composite materials since several hundred years before
Christ and applied innovation to improve the quality of life. Although it is not clear has to how
Man understood the fact that mud bricks made sturdier houses if lined with straw to enhance the
structural integrity of their buildings, some of which testify to wisdom of the dead civilization
even today.
Composites that forms heterogeneous structures which meet the requirements of specific
design and function, imbued with desired properties which limit the scope for classification.
However, this lapse is made up for, by the fact new types of composites are being innovated all
the time, each with their own specific purpose like the filled, flake, particulate and laminar
composites.
Fibers or particles embedded in matrix of another material would be the best example of
modern-day composite materials, which are mostly structural.
11

Laminates are composite material where different layers of materials give them the
specific character of a composite material having a specific function to perform. Fabrics have no
matrix to fall back on, but in them, fibers of different compositions combine to give them a
specific character. Reinforcing materials generally withstand maximum load and serve the
desirable properties.
In matrix-based structural composites, the matrix serves two paramount purposes viz.,
binding the reinforcement phases in places and deforming to distribute the stresses among the
constituent reinforcement materials under an applied force.
Composites cannot be made from constituents with divergent linear expansion
characteristics. The interface is the area of the contact between the reinforcement and the matrix
materials. In some cases, the region is a distinct added phase. Whenever there is interphase, there
has to be two inter phases between each side of inter phase and its adjoin constituent. Some
composites provide inter phases when surfaces dissimilar constituents interact with each other.
Choice of fabrication method depends on matrix properties of reinforcements. One of the prime
considerations in the selection and fabrication of composites is that the constituents should be
chemically inert non-reactive.
Polymer Matrix Materials
Polymers make ideal materials as they can be processed easily, possess lightweight, and
desirable mechanical properties. It follows, therefore, that high temperature resins are
extensively used in Aeronautical applications. Two main kinds of polymers are thermoset and
thermoplastics. Thermoset have qualities such as a well-bonded three-dimensional molecular
structure after curing and determine if other characteristics. They can be retained in a partially
cured condition too over prolonged periods of time, rendering Thermoset very flexible. Thus,
they are most suited as matrix bases for advanced conditions fiber reinforced composites.
Thermoset find wide ranging applications in the chopped fiber composites form
particularly when a premixed or molding compound with fibers of specific quality and aspect
ratio happens to be starting material as in epoxy, polymer and phenolic polyamide resins.
Thermoplastics have one-or two dimensional molecular structures and they tend to at an
elevated temperature and show exaggerated melting point. Another advantage is that the process
of softening at elevated temperatures can reversed to regain its properties during cooling,
facilitating applications of conventional compress techniques to mold the compounds.

12

Resins reinforced with thermoplastics now comprised of an emerging group of

composites. The theme of most experiments in this area to improve the base properties of the
resins and extract the greatest functional advantages from them in new avenues, including
attempts to replace metals in die-casting processes,
In crystalline thermoplastics, the reinforcement affects the morphology to a considerable
event, prompting the reinforcement to empower nucleation. Whenever crystalline or amorphous,
these resins possess the facility to alter their creep over an extensive range of temperature. But
this range includes the point at which the usage of resins is constrained, and the reinforcement in
such systems can increase the failure load as well as creep resistance.
Metal Matrix Materials
Metal matrix composites, at present though generating a wide interest in research
fraternity, are not as widely in use as their plastic counterparts. They can withstand elevated
temperatures in corrosive environment than polymer composites.
The melting point, physical and mechanical properties of the composite at various
temperatures determine the service temperature of composites. Most metals, ceramics and
compounds can be used with matrices of low melting point alloys. The choice of reinforcements
becomes more stunted with increase in the melting temperature of matrix materials.
Matrix Material
Although it is undoubtedly true that the high strength of composites is largely due to
the fiber reinforcement, the importance of matrix material cannot be underestimated as it
provides support for the fibers and assists the fibers in carrying the loads. It also provides
stability to the composite material. Resin matrix system acts as a binding agent in a structural
component in which the fibers are embedded. When too much resin is used, the part is classified
as resin rich. On the other hand if there is too little resin, the part is called resin starved. A resin
rich part is more susceptible to cracking due to lack of fiber support, where as a resin starved
part is weaker because of void areas and the fact that fibers are not held together and they are
not well supported.
Properties of Matrix
The needs or desired properties of the matrix which are important for a composite
structure are as follows:
Reduced moisture absorption.
Low shrinkage
13

 Low coefficient of thermal expansion.

Good flow characteristics so that it penetrates the fiber bundles completely and eliminates
voids during the compacting/curing process.
Reasonable strength, modulus and elongation (elongation should be greater than fiber).
Must be elastic to transfer load to fibers.
Strength at elevated temperature (depending on application)
Excellent chemical resistance (depending on application)
Should be easily process able into the final composite shape.
Dimensional stability (maintains its shape).
Epoxies

Make an excellent matrix material because of their versatility,

Good handling characteristics,
Low shrinkage
Excellent adhesive properties.
Flame resistant.
Good chemical resistance,
Good mechanical properties including toughness,
Offer considerable variety for formulating Prepare resins,
Hot molding(cold molding rarely),
High smoke emission

Fiber Reinforcement
Fibers are the important class of reinforcements, as they satisfy the desired
conditions and transfer strength to the matrix constituent influencing their properties as desired.
Fibers fall short of ideal performance due to several factors. The performance of a
fiber composite is judged by its length, shape and orientation, composition of fibers and the
mechanical properties of matrix.
The orientation of the fiber in the matrix is an indication of the strength is greatest
along the longitudinal directional of fiber. This doesnt mean the longitudinal fibers can take the
same quantum of load irrespective of the direction in which it is applied.
Optimum performance from the longitudinal fiber can be obtained if the load is
applied along its direction. The slightest shift in the angle of loading may drastically reduce the
strength of the composite.

14

Unidirectional loading is found in few structures and hence it is prudent to give a mix
of orientations for fibers in composites particularly where the load is expected to be the heaviest.
Monolayer tapes consisting of continuous or discontinuous fibers can be oriented unidirectional
stacked into piles containing layers of filaments also oriented in the same direction.

More complicated orientations are possible too and nowadays, computers are used to make
projections of such variations to suit specific needs. In short, in planar composites, strength can
be changed from unidirectional fiber oriented composites that result in composites that result in
compositors with nearly isotropic properties.
Properties of angle-plied composites which are not quasi-isotropic may vary with the
number of plies and their orientations. Composite variables in such composites are assumed to
have a constant ratio and the matrices are considered relatively weaker than the fibers. The
strength of the fiber in any one of the three axes would, therefore be one third the unidirectional
fiber composite with a comparable ratio, about less than one-fifth.
Since they have low densities and high strengths, the fiber lengths in filaments or other
fibers yield considerable influence on the mechanical properties as well as the response of the
composites to processing and procedures. Shorter fibers with proper orientation composites that
use glass, ceramic or multi-purpose fibers can be endowed with considerably higher strength
than those that use continuous fibers. Short fibers are also known to their theoretical strength.
The continuous fiber constituent of the composite is often joined by the filament
winding process in which the matrix impregnated fiber wrapped around a mandrel shaped like
the part over which the composite is to be placed.

Most fibers in use currently are solids which are easy to produce and handle, having a
circular cross-section, although a few non-conventional shaped and hollow fibers show signs of
capabilities that can improve the mechanical qualities of the composites.
Types of Fibers
Organic and inorganic fibers are used to reinforce composite materials. Almost
all organic fibers have low density, flexibility, and elasticity. Inorganic fibers are of high
modulus, high thermal stability and possess greater rigidity than organic fibers and
notwithstanding the diverse advantages of organic fibers which render the composites in which
they are used.

15

Mainly, the following different types of fibers namely, glass fibers, silicon carbide
fibers, high silica and quartz fibers, alumina fiber, metal fibers and wires, graphite fibers, boron
fibers, aramid fibers and multiphase fibers are used. There is a greater marker and higher degree
of commercial movement of organic fibers.
The potential of fibers of graphite, silica carbide and boron are also exercising the scientific mind
due to their applications in advanced composites.
Influence of Fiber-Orientation
Strength and stiffness of a composite laminate depends on the orientation of the piles
with reference to the load direction. Proper selection of ply orientation is necessary to provide a
structurally efficient design. As stated above, a composite part might require 00 plies to react to
the axial loads,+450 to react to the shear loads and 900 plies to react to the side loads.
Symmetric Lay-up Code
In a laminate with symmetric layup code, every ply above the mid plane has an identical
ply below the mid plane.
One half of the laminate, from the first ply to the mid-plane, is written sequentially within
brackets.
A subscript S outside the bracket denotes symmetrical laminate definition code. The laminate
mid-plane divides a physical ply into case of symmetric laminate with odd number of plies.
Cross-Ply Laminates
Cross-Ply Laminates contain only 00 and 900 plies. In a cross-ply laminate,
A16=B16=B26=D26=0.Mid-Plane symmetric cross-ply laminates are also referred to as orthotropic
laminates. Their in-plane normal and shear behaviors are uncoupled and their pure bending and
twisting behaviors are also uncoupled. This means that Nx and Ny induce only and Mx and My
induce only Kx and Ky (kxy=0), Likewise, Nxy induce only and Kxy (Kx=Ky=0)

16

MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATION
2.1 Modal Analysis
Introduction
A modal analysis determines the vibration characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes)
of a structure or a machine component. It can also serve as a starting point for another, more
detailed, dynamic analysis, such as a transient dynamic analysis, a harmonic response analysis,
or a spectrum analysis. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are important parameters in the
design of a structure for dynamic loading conditions.
2.1 Modal Analysis
The process of determining the N natural frequencies for the suitable initial
conditions, the structure will vibrate at one of its natural frequencies and the shape of the
vibration will be a scalar multiple of a mode shape.
Given arbitrary initial conditions, the resulting vibration will be a superposition of
mode shapes. Determine the vibration characteristics, by natural frequency and mode shapes of
structural component.

2.2 Harmonic Analysis

Harmonic response analysis is a technique used to determine the steady-state response of
a linear structure to loads that vary sinusoidal (harmonically), with time. The idea is to calculate
the structures response at several frequencies and obtain a graph of some response quantity
(usually displacements) versus frequency.
Peak responses are then identified on the graph and stresses reviewed at those peak
frequencies. This analysis technique calculates only the steady-state, forced vibrations of a
structure. The transient vibrations, which occur at the beginning of the excitation, are not
accounted for in a harmonic response analysis.

17

2.3 FLEXIBLE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Introduction
Flexible Dynamic analysis (also called time-history analysis) is a technique used to determine
the Dynamic response of a structure under the action of any general time-dependent loads. You
can use this type of analysis to determine the time-varying displacements, strains, stresses, and
forces in a structure as it responds to any combination of static, transient, and harmonic loads.
The time scale of the loading is such that the inertia or damping effects are considered to be
important. If the inertia and damping effects are not important, you might be able to use a static
analysis instead.
Points to Remember
A Flexible Dynamic analysis can be either linear or nonlinear. All types of nonlinearities are
allowed - large deformations, plasticity, contact, hyper elasticity and so on.
A transient Dynamic analysis is more involved than a static analysis because it generally requires
more computer resources and more of your resources, in terms of the engineering time
involved. You can save a significant amount of these resources by doing some preliminary work
to understand the physics of the problem.
2.4 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
The FE Method was developed more by engineering using physical insight than by
mathematicians using abstract methods. It was applied to problems of stress analysis and has
since applied to other problems to continue.in all applications the analyst seeks to calculate a
field quantity in stress analysis it is the displacement field or the stress field in thermal analysis it
is the temperature field or the heat flux in the fluid flow it is the stream function or the velocity
potential function and so on
FE Method is involving in cutting a structure it several elements, describing the behavior of each
element in a simple way and then reconnecting element at nodes as if nodes were pins or drops
of glue that hold elements together.
There are to general approaches in FE Method. They are force of flexibility and displacement or
stiffness methods.

18

PROJECT OVERVIEW
3.1LITERATURE SURVEY
Gururaja M N et all [1]., Hybrid Materials have extensive engineering
application where strength to weight ratio, low cost and ease of fabrication
are required. Hybrid composites provide combination of properties such as
tensile modulus, compressive strength and impact strength which cannot be
realized in composite materials..
H. Nguyen-Vana,c, N. Mai-Duya, W. Karunasenab, T. Tran-Cong[2],As a result, the evaluation of membrane, bending and geometric stiness
matrices are based on integration along the boundary of smoothing elements,
which leads to accurate numerical solutions even with badly-shaped
elements. Numerical examples and comparison with other existing solutions
show that the present element is ecient, accurate and free of locking.
Eulers (1759);

The initial theoretical research into elastic flexural-

torsional buckling was preceded treatise on column flexural buckling, which

gave the first analytical method of predicting the reduced strengths of
slender columns, To find out the ultimate failure of the hybrid plate.
Wen-pei and Lin Cheng (2003); A dynamic analysis model is proposed by
to acquire buckling load of plate. Force analysis was used to get the flexible
matrix of equivalent force and the characteristic equation for determining the
buckling load of the member.

19

3.2 SELECTION OF MATERIALS

Steel
Mild steel
GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer)
GFRP (00)
GFRP (450)
GFRP (900)

Material properties

STEEL
Structural
Young's Modulus

2.e+005 MPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.3

Density

7.85e-006 kg/mm

Material Damping Factor () 2.e-003

MILD STEEL
Structural
Young's Modulus

2.e+005 MPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.3

Density

7.1587e-006 kg/mm

Material Damping Factor () 2.e-003

20

GFRP0
Structural
Young's Modulus

17000 MPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.3

Density

1.4287e-006 kg/mm

Material Damping Factor () 7.e-003

GFRP45
Structural
Young's Modulus

17000 MPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.3

Density

1.129e-006 kg/mm

Material Damping Factor () 7.e-003

GFRP90
Structural
Young's Modulus

17000 MPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.3

Density

1.4287e-006 kg/mm

Material Damping Factor () 7.e-003

21

3.3 METHODS OF VIBRATION MESUREMENT

Experimental Setup
The setup consists of the following parts
PLATE DETAILS
Steel, MILD steel, GFRP (Glass fiber reinforced Polymer) which is based upon the orientations
(00,450,900)
The motor specifications are as follows
POWER-1 hp
SPEED-1440 rpm.
THREE phase supply.
The three plates are combined by means of fixing bolts on the extreme four edges with
equispaced in its position
The motor is mounted on the center of the plates with the help of the base at the
bottom in it.
Now the setup is ready for to determine and observe the readings.
The motor shaft whose input parameters given is varying at three different speeds viz
(600,800,1440 rpm)
Measurements of vibration
The speed of the motor is measured by means of TACHOMETER and it is noted down for
consecutive different speeds at different intervals.
The OUTPUT parameters like DISPLACEMENT (mm), VELOCITY (mm/s), and
ACCELERATION (m/s2) is noted by means of VIBRATION METER.
That sensor only determining the notable output parameters in the case sensitive range
of monitoring and displaying.
22

 The probe is placed at the four different positions of the Plates and note down the four
different output readings and which is at different speeds at different intervals of time is
to be taken.
The plate setup is altered by dismantled and the materials which gets altered is again
ready for the experiment reading
This cyclic process is repeating for different experimental setup do for different
materials.

APPROACHES OF DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 DESIGN OF HYBRID PLATE STRUCTURE
STEPS FOR DETERMINING THE OVERALL DAMPING CONSTANT RATIO

Youngs Modulus of STEEL

= 210 Gpa
=2.1x1011N/m2

Youngs Modulus of MILD STEEL = 200 Gpa

= 2x1011N/m2

Youngs Modulus of GFRP

= 17 Gpa
=1.7x1010 N/m2

Poissons ratio for MILD STEEL, STEEL and GFRP is 0.3

Damping force of the motor

= 132.4 N

MODEL CALCULATION:
STEP 1
To determine the DENSITY of the STEEL:
Density

= Mass/Volume
23

w.k.t
1. The mass of the Steel
Density

= 4.21 Kg
=7.850x109 kg/m3

STEP 2
2. The mass of the Mild steel
Density

=3.865 Kg
=7.257x109 kg/m3

STEP 3
3. The mass of the GFRP
Density

=1.543 Kg
=1.428x109 kg/m3

STEP 4
To determine the Pressure:
Pressure

= Force/Area

Pressure

=132.4/120x150
= 7.35x10-3 N/mm2

STEP 5
To determine the overall constant damping ratio:
=C/Cc
Where
=overall constant damping factor
C=normal damping co-efficient
Cc =overall damping co-efficient
STEP 6
To determine Critical damping co-efficient
24

Cc= 2mn
Where
n =natural frequency of the system
m= mass of the motor in kg
STEP 6
To determine the natural frequency of the system
n= (k/m)1/2
Where
k= stiffness in N/m
STEP 7
To determine the stiffness of the plate by using fixed support at both the ends and also moment
of inertia by its known values,
k = 192 EI/ (l) 3
Where I= moment of inertia in mm4
I= bd3/12
Where
b = breadth of the plate in mm.
d = depth of the plate in mm.
By substituting the known values,
I= (0.6) x (0.006)3/12
I=1.08 x 10-4 m4
Therefore by substituting I in above equation,
k = 192 x (2.1 x 1011) x (1.08 x 10-8)/ (0.6)3
k = 1.92x106 N/m
STEP 8

25

For determining the Natural Frequency of the system:

n= (1.92 x 106/( 9.62)1/2
= 446.74 rad/sec.
STEP 9
To determine the normal damping co-efficient
C = fd/v
Where

v = velocity of the shaft in m/sec.

STEP 10
To determine the velocity of the shaft
v = r o
Where o = natural frequency of the system
o = 2N /60
=2 x1440/60
= 150 rad/sec
Therefore v= 0.0125 x 150
= 1.875 m/sec
STEP 11
To determine the normal damping co-efficient
C = fd/v
C = 132.4/1.875
C = 70.61 Ns/m
STEP 12
To determine the overall damping co-efficient
Cc= 2x 9.62 x 446.74
Cc= 8595.45 Ns/m
26

STEP 13
For determining the Overall damping constant ratio:
=C/Cc
= (70.61)/(8595.44)
= 8.21 x 10-3
= 0.00821

4.2 MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF HYBRID PLATE

PRO-E WILDFIRE 4.0
Introduction to Pro-E
Pro/ENGINEER part enables to design models as solids in a progressive three
dimensional solid modeling environment. Solid models are geometric models that offer mass
properties such as volume, surface area, and inertia. If you manipulate any model, the 3-D model
remains solid
Pro/ENGINEER provides a progressive environment in which can create and change our
models through direct graphical manipulation. Drive the design process for our project by
selecting an object (geometry) and then choose a tool to invoke an action on that object. This
object-action workflow provides greater control over the design of our models while allowing us
to express our creativity. The user interface provides further support for this design process.
Features used for Part Modeling
Editing Features:
Mirror:
The Mirror tool enables to create copies of features and geometry that are
mirrored about a plane surface. By using this tool, we can save the time by mirroring simple
27

parts into more complex designs. IN addition to part geometry, the Mirror tool allows copying
surfaces, curves and datum features about a mirror plane.
Trim
With this trim tool we can cut or split a quill or curve. A quill is a collection of
surfaces. Use the Trim tool to remove material from quill or curves to create a certain shape or to
split material. We can trim quills by
Trimming at an intersection with another quilt or datum plane
Using a datum curve that lies on a quilt
We can trim a curve by clipping or splitting the curve at the point of intersection with a surface,
another curve, or datum plane.
To trim a quilt or curve, select the quilt or curve to trim, activate the trim tool, and then specify
the trimming object. We have to specify and change the trimming object during the creation or
redefinition.
Engineering Features:
Hole
This tool enables to add, simple, custom and industry-standard holes to our
models. We can add holes by defining a placement references using secondary (offset)
references, and defining the specific characteristics of the hole. As we work, the
PRO_ENGINEER displays preview geometry of the hole.
We can create the following whole types:
Straight- Consists of a revolved cut with rectangular section.
Simple-uses (straight) geometry predefined by PRO-Engineer. By default,
PRO_ENGINEER creates 1 sided simple hole, however, this can create 2-sided Simple
Straight holes by using the simple slide up panel.2-sided simple holes are typically used
in assemblies and enable you to simultaneously format both whole sides.
Sketched- uses a sketch profile that can be created in sketcher.
Standard-Consists of an extruded can base on industry-standard fastener tables.
PRO_ENGINEER provides the industry-standard hole charts and tapped or clearance
diameters for the selected fastener.
Shell
The shell feature hollows out the inside of the solid, leaving a shell of a specified
wall thickness. It lets to specify a surface or surfaces that we want to remove from the shell. If
we do not select a surface to remove a closed shell is created, with the whole instead of the
part hollowed out and no access to the hollow. IN this case, we can later add the necessary cuts
or holes to achieve proper geometry. If we flip the thickness side (for example, by entering a
negative value, or by clicking on the dialog bar), the shell thickness is added to the outside of the
part.
28

When defining a shell, we can also select surfaces where we want to assign a
different thickness. We can specify independent thickness values for each such surface.
However, we cannot enter negative thickness values, or flip the thickness side, for these surfaces.
The thickness side is determined by the default thickness of the shell.
When Pro-Engineer makes the shell, all the features that we added to the solid before we
created the shell feature are hollowed out. Therefore, the order of feature creation is very
important when use the Shell tool.
Round
PRO-ENGINEER enables us to create and modify rounds. Rounds are a type of edge
treatment feature in which a radius is added to an edge or edges, an edge chain, or between
surfaces. Surfaces can be solid model surfaces or traditional PRO-ENGINEER zero thickness
quilts and surfaces.
To create rounds, we define one or more round sets. A round set is an organizational
unit containing one or more round pieces (round geometry).After we specify round placement
references, PRO-Engineer uses default attributes, radius values, and default transitions that best
fit the referenced geometry to create the round.PRO-ENGINEER displays preview geometry of
the round in the graphics window enable to create and modify both round pieces and transitions
before feature creation. Note that the default settings accommodate most modeling cases.
However, we can define the round sets or transitions to achieve the preferred round geometry.
Chamfer
PRO-ENGINEER enables you to create and modify chamfers. Chamfers are a type of
features when an edge or corner is believed. Surfaces can be solid model surfaces or traditional
PRO-ENGINEER zero thickness quilts and surfaces. You can create two types of chamfers;
corner chamfers and edge chamfers.

Edge Chamfer
We can create chamfers using the chamfer tool. To create edge chamfers, we define
one or more chamfer sets. A chamfer set is an organizational unit containing one or more
chamfer pieces (chamfer geometry).After we specify chamfer position placement references,
PRO-ENGINEER displays preview geometry of the chamfer in the graphics window, enable to
create and modify both chamfer pieces and transitions before creation.
Advanced Features
Helical Sweep
We can create a helical sweep by sweeping a section along a helical trajectory. The
trajectory is defined by both the profile of the surface of revolution (which defines the distance
from the section origin of the helical feature to its axis of revolution and the pitch (distance
29

between the coils).The Trajectory and the surface of the revolution are construction tools that do
not appear in the resulting geometry.
Helical Sweep is available for both solid and surface features.
Using the following ATTRIBUTES menu option in mutually exclusive pairs to define the helical
sweep feature:
Part Design and Modeling
Defining Geometry - Feature-Based Design

Create sketched features including protrusions, cuts, and slots made by

Either extruding, revolving, or sweeping along a 2D sketched trajectory, or
Blending between parallel sections
Create pick and place features, such as holes, shafts, chamfers, rounds,
Shells, regular drafts, flanges, ribs, etc.
Sketch cosmetic features
Reference datum planes, axes, points, curves, coordinate systems, and
Graphs for creating non-solid reference datum

Manipulating Geometry and Parametric Modeling

Modify, delete, suppress, redefine, and reorder features, as well as making

Features "read-only"
Create table-driven parts by adding dimensions to the family table
Capture design intent by creating relations between part dimensions and
Parameters
Generate engineering information, including mass properties of parts,
Model cross sections and reference dimensions
Create geometric tolerances and surface finishes on models
Assign density, units, material properties or user-specified mass properties
to a model
Additional functionality available through Pro/FEATURE.
Assembly Design

Place components and subassemblies using commands

Like mate, align, and insert to create full product
Assemblies
Disassemble components from an assembly
Modify assembly placement offsets
Create and modify assembly datum planes, coordinate
Systems and cross sections
Modify part dimensions in assembly mode
30

Generate engineering information, bills of materials,

Reference dimensions and assembly mass properties
Additional functionality available through
In Documentation (Model Drawings)
Create numerous types of drawing views, including general,
Projection, auxiliary, detailed, exploded, partial, area cross-section,
And perspective
Perform extensive view modifications, including changing the view
Scale and the bound-arise of partial or detailed views, adding
Projection and cross-section view arrows, & creating snapshot views
Create drawings with multiple models, delete a model from a
Drawing, set and high-light the current model of a drawing
Use a sketch as a parametric drawing format
Manipulate dimensions, including show, erase, and switch view, flip
Arrows, move dimensions, text, or attach points
Modify dimension values and number of digits
Create, show, move, erase, and switch view for standard notes
Include existing geometric tolerances in drawing notes
Update the model geometry to incorporate design changes
Markup drawings to indicate changes to be made
Export a drawing IGES file
Additional functionality available through Pro/DETAIL

BASIC MODES
Sketcher Define the 2D cross-section (or section) of an object
Model for sweeping.
Part Create the solid model of a part.
Assembly Form the solid model of an assembly of multiple
Components.
Drawing Produce engineering drawings of parts and assemblies
Created in Pro/ENGINEER. These drawings are fully
Associative with the 3D solid model. When a dimension
In the drawing is changed the dimension of the
Associated 3D model(s) will be automatically updated,
And vice versa.

31

Pro-e Modeling

32

ANSYS 11.0
Introduction to ANSYS

The ANSYS 11.0 is a computer program for FEA analysis and design. The program can be used
to find out how a given design works under working conditions. The ANSYS 11.0 is a general
program, mean that is used for almost all types of FE Analysis in any industry such as
Automobiles, Aerospace, and Railways
Machinery, Power generation etc., the analysis in all disciplines of engineering namely
Mechanical, Electrical, Thermal and Bio-diesel. The software can be in much type of computers
like PCS, workstations and mainframe etc.,
ANSYS finite element analysis software enables engineers to perform the
following tasks:
Build computer models or transfer CAD models of structures, products, components, or
systems.
Apply operating loads or other design performance conditions.
Study physical responses, such as stress levels, temperature distributions, or
electromagnetic fields.
Optimize a design early in the development process to reduce production costs.
Do prototype testing in environments where it otherwise would be undesirable or
impossible (for example, biomedical applications).
The ANSYS program has a comprehensive graphical user interface (GUI) that gives
users easy, interactive access to program functions, commands documentation, and
reference material. An intuitive menu system helps users navigate through the ANSYS
program.
The ANSYS program has many finite element analysis capabilities, ranging
from a simple, linear, static analysis to a complex, nonlinear, transient dynamic analysis.
33

The analysis guides in the ANSYS documentation set describe specific procedures for
performing analyses for different engineering disciplines.

The process for a typical ANSYS analytics involves three general tasks:
Building the Model
Applying Loads and obtaining the Solution
Reviewing the results
Building the Model
Building a finite model requires more of your time than any other part of the
analysis. First, we specify a job name and analysis title. Then, we use the PREP7
preprocessor to define the element types and material properties.
Defining Element Types
The ANSYS element library contains more than 150 different element types.
Each element type has a unique number and a prefix that identifies the element category:
BEAM4, PLANE77, SOLID185, etc. The following element categories are available:
Mesh
Shell
Solid
Matrix
The element type determines, among other things:
The degree-of-freedom set (which in turn implies the discipline-structural, thermal,
magnetic, electric, quadrilateral, brick, etc.)
Whether the element lies in 2-D or 3-D space.
SOLID185 Element Description
A 3-D 8-Node layered solid used for 3-D modeling of solid structures. It is
defined by eight nodes having three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x,
34

y, z directions. The element has plasticity, hyper elasticity, stress stiffening, creep, large
deflection, and large strain capabilities. It also has mixed formulation capability for simulations
deformations of nearly incompressible hyper elastic materials. The element allows for prism and
tetrahedral degenerations when used in irregular regions.
Defining Material Properties
Most element types require material properties. Depending on the application,
material properties can be linear or nonlinear. As with element types and real constants, each set
of material properties has a material reference number. The table of material reference numbers
versus material property sets is called the material table. Within one analysis, we may have
multiple material property sets to correspond with multiple materials used in the model. ANSYS
identifies each set with a unique reference number.
Linear Material Properties
Linear material properties can be constant or temperature-dependent, and isotropic
or orthotropic. To define constant material properties (either isotropic or orthotropic) using the
following:
GUI: Main Menu>Preprocessor>Material Properties>Material Models
Applying

Loads
and
obtaining
the
Solution
In this step, we use the solution processor to define the analysis type and analysis
options, apply loads, specify load step options, and initiate the finite element solution. We can
apply loads using the PREP7 preprocessor.
Applying Loads
The word loads used in ANSYS documentation includes boundary conditions
(constraints, supports, or boundary field specifications) as well as other externally and internally
applied loads. Loads in the ANSYS program are divided into six categories:
DOF constraints
Forces
Surface loads
Body loads
Inertia loads
Coupled-field loads
Specifying load step options
35

Load step options are options that we can change from load step to load step, such as number
of sub steps, time at the end of a load step, and output controls. Depending on the type of
analysis we are doing, load step options may or may not be required. The analysis procedures in
the analysis guide manuals describe the appropriate load step options.

The Frontal Solver

The frontal solver does not assemble the complete global matrix in continuous
operation. Instead, ANSYS performs the assembly and solution steps simultaneously as the
solver processes each element.
A term frequently mentioned in the context of a frontal solver is wave front.
The wave front is the number of degrees of freedom retained by the solver during
triangularization because they cannot yet be eliminated. As the solver processes each element
and its degree of freedom, the wave front swells and shrinks, and finally becomes zero when all
the degrees of freedom have been processed. The highest value of the wave front is called the
maximum wave front, and the averaged, root-mean-square value is called the RMS wave front.
The RMS wave front of a model directly affects solution time: the smaller its
value, the less CPU time required for solution. Before Solution, therefore, you may wish to
reorder the elements for a smaller wave front, The ANSYS program does this automatically at
the beginning of solution unless you have reordered the model yourself or have requested no
reordering.(The Modeling and Meshing Guide provide details about elements reordering.)The
Maximum wave front of the model directly affects memory requirements, in particular the
amount of memory allocated for scratch data.

Reviewing the Results

After the solution has been calculated, you can use the ANSYS postprocessors to
review the results. Two postprocessors are available: POST1 and POST26.
We use POST 1, the general postprocessor, to review the results at one sub step
(time step) over the entire model or selected portion of the model. The command to enter POST
is /POST1 (Main Menu>General Postprocessor). Valid only at the begin level.
The Time-History Postprocessor (POST 26)
Use the time history post processor to review analysis results at specific locations in
the model as a function of time, frequency, or some other
Change in the analysis parameters that can be related to time. IN this mode. We can process
results data in many ways. We can construct graphics displays, chart presentations or tabular
36

listings, or we can perform math operations on our data sets. A typical time-history task would
be to graph result items versus time in a transient analysis, or to graph force versus deflection in
a nonlinear structural analyses.
Structural Analysis
Structural analysis is probably the most common applications of the finite
element method. The term structural (or structure) implies not only civil engineering structures
such as bridges and buildings, but also naval, aeronautical and mechanical structures such as ship
hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine housings, as well as mechanical components such as pistons,
machine parts and tools. The primary unknowns (nodal degrees of freedom) calculated in a
structural analysis are displacements. Other quantities, such as strains, stresses and reaction
forces, are then derived from the nodal displacements.

37

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH OF DESIGN AND TESTING

5.1 FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE PLATES

GFRP00

Material selected composite plate is glass fibre reinforced polymer 00

Single mat thickness is 0.9mm
Total layers of the plate is 2.9 layers
Total plate thickness is 3mm
Total area of the plate is 2121
38

 Type of resin used is Epoxy resin

Hardner used is bisphenol

GFRP 450

Material selected composite plate is glass fibre reinforced polymer 450

Single mat thickness is 0.9mm
Total layers of the plate is 3 layers
Total plate thickness is 2.7mm

Total area of the plate is 2121

Type of resin used is Epoxy resin
Hardner used is bisphenol

39

GFRP900

Material selected composite plate is glass fibre reinforced polymer 900

Single mat thickness is 1mm
Total layers of the plate is 3 layers
Total plate thickness is 3mm

Total area of the plate is 2121

Type of resin used is Epoxy resin
Hardner used is bisphenol

LAYUP OF HYBRIDE PLATE

40

 At the first set of plate steel is at top and gfrp at the center and mild steel at the
bottom(SGM)
At the second set of plate gfrp is at the top and steel is at the center and mild steel at the
bottom(GSM)
At the third set of plate steel is at the top and mild steel is at the center and gfrp at the
bottom(SMG)
This alternating sets is replaced again and again and six sets of reading is noted

EXPERIMENTAL TESTING A DETAILED REPORT

VIBRATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL TESTING

PLATE DETAILS:
SET A1
POSITION
OF THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.037
0.064
0.025
0.020
0.040
0.045
0.038
0.050
0.095
0.087
0.076
0.065

1.8
1.0
0.7
0.
1.0
3.5
2.1
1.4
5.0
4.8
4.5
3.0

SET-A1(MILDSTEEL-GFRP-STEEL)

41

3.4
1.3
2.6
1.2
1.6
3.0
2.2
2.7
3.3
3.8
3.1
4.0

SET A2
POSITION
OF THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Speed(rpm)

Displacement(mm)

Velocity(mm/s)

Acceleration(m/s2)

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.011
0.014
0.024
0.010
0.030
0.016
0.015
0.026
0.043
0.018
0.039
0.036

0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
1.8
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.6
2.0
1.8

1.0
0.6
0.8
1.4
1.8
1.6
2.4
2.0
1.5
2.6
2.2
1.7

Speed(rpm)

Displacement(mm)

Velocity(mm/s)

Acceleration(m/s2)

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.020
0.016
0.025
0.028
0.053
0.039
0.042
0.035
0.075
0.065
0.070
0.068

0.5
0.4
0.8
0.6
1.5
1.7
1.8
2.0
0.9
1.2
1.2
1.4

1.6
1.0
1.2
1.5
2.1
3.1
2.8
2.5
3.5
4.2
4.5
4.8

SET-A2(GFRP-STEEL-MILDSTEEL)

SET A3
POSITION
OF THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

SET-A3-(MILDSETTL-STEEL-GFRP)

42

SET A4
POSITION
OF THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Speed(rpm)

Displacement(mm)

Velocity(mm/s)

Acceleration(m/s2)

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.067
0.075
0.060
0.053
0.042
0.045
0.027
0.032
0.019
0.012
0.029
0.043

0.3
0.4
0.7
0.8
1.4
1.5
1.8
2.2
1.5
1.9
2.2
3.4

1.4
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.5
3.1
3.3
3.2
3.6
3.5

SET-A4-(STEEL-MILDSTEEL-GFRP)
SET A5
POSITION
OF THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s)

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.020
0.018
0.025
0.035
0.025
0.060
0.050
0.052
0.065
0.053
0.095
0.072

0.1
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
3.5
4.8
5.2
4.6

SET-A5-(GFRP-MILDSTEEL-STEEL)

43

Acceleration(m/s2)

1.2
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.6
2.1
2.8
2.6
2.3

SET A6
POSITION
OF THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Speed(rpm)

Displacement(mm)

Velocity(mm/s)

Acceleration(m/s2)

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.023
0.015
0.032
0.033
0.018
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.038
0.017
0.018
0.020

0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
1.5
1.8
2.2
2.0
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.4

1.9
2.6
2.4
2.2
3.2
2.4
3.6
3.2
5.8
4.4
3.1
4.8

SET-A6-(STEEL-GFRP-MILDSTEEL)

44

DISPLACEMENT in(mm)

GFRP 00
0.1
0.09
0.08

A5

0.07

A3

0.067

0.06

A1

0.05
A4
A2

0.04
0.03

0.02

0.02

A6
0.011

0.01
0

600

600

600

600

800

800

800

800

1400

1400

1400

1400

0.05

0.095 0.087 0.076 0.065

Displacement A1

0.037 0.064 0.025

0.02

0.04

0.045 0.038

Displacement A2

0.011 0.014 0.024

0.01

0.03

0.016 0.015 0.026 0.043 0.018 0.039 0.036

Displacement A3

0.02

DisplacementA4

0.067 0.075

Displacement A5

0.02

0.06

0.05

0.052 0.065 0.053 0.095 0.072

Displacement A6

0.023 0.015 0.032 0.033 0.018 0.015

0.02

0.025 0.038 0.017 0.018

0.016 0.025 0.028 0.053 0.039 0.042 0.035 0.075 0.065

0.06

0.07

0.068

0.053 0.042 0.045 0.027 0.032 0.019 0.012 0.029 0.043

0.018 0.025 0.035 0.025

The graph drawn between displacement and speed of the motor for gfrp o0
The plate where gfrp is placed at the top experienced best damping effect and it with
stand high intensity of vibration in the setup
In graph A2 and A6 is less than 0.05mm among all other combination of plates

45

0.02

GFRP 00

VELOCITY in (mm/s)

A5
4
A4
A1

3
2

A2
A3,A6

1
0

0.5
0.1
600

600

600

600

800

800

800

800

1400

1400

1400

1400

Velocity A1

1.8

0.7

0.9

3.5

2.1

1.4

4.8

4.5

Velocity A2

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.2

1.8

2.5

2.2

1.9

1.6

1.8

Velocity A3

0.5

0.4

0.8

0.6

1.5

1.7

1.8

0.9

1.2

1.2

1.4

Velocity A4

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.8

1.4

1.5

1.8

2.2

1.5

1.9

2.2

3.4

Velocity A5

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.8

1.5

1.2

0.9

3.5

4.8

5.2

4.6

Velocity A6

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.4

1.5

1.8

2.2

2.1

1.1

1.4

The graph drawn between velocity and speed of the motor for gfrp o0
The plate where gfrp is placed at the top experienced best damping effect and it with
stand high intensity of vibration in the setup
In graph A2 and A6 is less than 5mm\s among all other combination of plates

46

GFRP 00
7

ACCLERATION IN m/s2

A3

A5

A1

A4
3
A6
2

1.6 1.9

A2

600

600

600

600

800

800

800

800

1400

1400

1400

1400

Acceleration A1

3.4

1.3

2.6

1.2

1.6

2.2

2.7

3.3

3.8

3.1

Acceleration A2

0.6

0.8

1.4

1.8

1.6

2.4

1.5

2.6

2.2

1.7

Acceleration A3

1.6

1.2

1.5

2.1

3.1

2.8

2.5

3.5

4.2

4.5

4.8

Acceleration A4

1.4

1.7

1.9

2.2

1.9

2.5

3.1

3.3

3.2

3.6

3.5

Acceleration A5

1.2

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.2

1.6

2.1

2.8

2.6

2.3

Acceleration A6

1.9

2.6

2.4

2.2

3.2

2.4

3.6

3.2

5.8

4.4

3.1

4.8

The graph drawn between accleration and speed of the motor for gfrp o0
The plate where gfrp is placed at the top experienced best damping effect and it with
stand high intensity of vibration in the setup
in graph A2 and A6 is less than 5m\s2 among all other combination of plates

47

GFRP-45
SET B1
POSITION
Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.015
0.014
0.018
0.022
0.075
0.052
0.062
0.044
0.215
0.115
0.158
0.168

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.8
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.8
6.2
5.8
6.6
5.2

2.4
2.2
1.8
2.0
3.6
3.0
3.2
2.8
4.8
4.2
4.5
4.0

SET-B1-(MILDSTEEL-GFRP-STEEL)
SET B2
POSITION
Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.032
0.028
0.042
0.025
0.038
0.075
0.042
0.055
0.038
0.083
0.072
0.063

0.5
0.4
0.8
0.6
0.7
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.5
4.3
4.2
4.5

SET-B2-( MILDSTEEL-STEEL-GFRP)

48

0.6
0.9
1.2
1.6
1.5
2.5
2.2
1.8
6.2
3.2
4.5
3.6

SET B3
POSITION Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.035
0.032
0.025
0.038
0.135
0.122
0.098
0.075
0.032
0.045
0.078
0.106

1.4
1.2
1.3
1.5
3.5
2.2
3.2
2.6
3.2
3.8
4.6
6.0

1.8
2.4
3.2
3.6
2.2
2.4
2.8
3.0
2.8
3.4
6.2
4.8

SET-B3-(STEEL-GFRP-MILDSTEEL)

SET B4
POSITION
Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.052
0.020
0.032
0.045
0.026
0.015
0.022
0.038
0.085
0.055
0.062
0.078

0.4
0.6
1.2
0.8
1.2
1.4
0.8
1.0
4.1
4.0
4.4
4.8

SET-B4-(GFRP-STEEL-MILDSTEEL)

49

0.8
1.1
1.2
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.9
2.3
2.5
2.8
2.2

SET B5
POSITION
Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.015
0.020
0.022
0.032
0.025
0.035
0.042
0.038
0.096
0.128
0.172
0.202

1.4
1.0
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
5.4
6.8
5.2
7.0

1.4
1.2
1.1
1.6
3.2
2.8
2.6
2.2
4.2
3.7
3.4
3.0

SET-B5-(STEEL-MILDSTEEL-GFRP)

SET B6
POSITION Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.015
0.021
0.022
0.018
0.025
0.012
0.018
0.022
0.062
0.076
0.072
0.083

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.8
1.0
3.5
4.2
4.6
3.8

SET-B6-(GFRP-MILDSTEEL-STEEL)

50

1.1
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.8
2.3
2.5

0.25

GFRP 450
B5

DISPLACEMENT IN mm

0.2
B1
0.15

B3

0.1

B6

B2

0.052

0.05

600

B4

600

600

600

800

800

800

800

1400

1400

1400

1400

Displacement B1 0.015

0.014

0.018

0.022

0.075

0.052

0.062

0.044

0.215

0.115

0.158

0.168

Displacement B2 0.032

0.028

0.042

0.025

0.038

0.075

0.042

0.055

0.038

0.083

0.072

0.063

Displacement B3

0.035

0.032

0.025

0.038

0.135

0.122

0.098

0.075

0.032

0.045

0.078

0.106

Displacement B4 0.052

0.02

0.032

0.045

0.026

0.015

0.022

0.038

0.085

0.055

0.062

0.078

Displacement B5

0.015

0.02

0.022

0.032

0.025

0.035

0.042

0.038

0.096

0.128

0.172

0.202

Displacement B6

0.015

0.021

0.022

0.018

0.025

0.012

0.018

0.022

0.062

0.076

0.072

0.083

The graph drawn between displacment and speed of the motor for gfrp 450
The plate where gfrp is placed at the top experienced best damping effect and it with
stand high intensity of vibration in the setup
In graph B4 and B6 is less than 0.15mm among all other combination of plates

51

GFRP 450

VELOCITY in (mm\s)

B5

B3

B1
B4
B2

B6

3
2
1.4
1.2

1
0

600

600

600

600

800

800

800

800

1400 1400 1400 1400

VelocitY B1

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.8

1.5

1.2

1.4

1.8

6.2

5.8

6.6

5.2

Velocity B2

0.5

0.4

0.8

0.6

0.7

1.2

1.4

1.6

2.5

4.3

4.2

4.5

Velocity B3

1.4

1.2

1.3

1.5

3.5

2.2

3.2

2.6

3.2

3.8

4.6

Velocity B4

0.4

0.6

1.2

0.8

1.2

1.4

0.8

4.1

4.4

4.8

Velocity B5
Velocity B6

1.4

0.9

1.2

1.1

1.3

1.5

5.4

6.8

5.2

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.8

3.5

4.2

4.6

3.8

The graph drawn between velocity and speed of the motor for gfrp 450
The plate where gfrp is placed at the top experienced best damping effect and it with
stand high intensity of vibration in the setup
In graph B4 and B6 is less than 5 mm/s among all other combination of plates

52

GFRP 450
7

ACCLERATION in mm/s2

6
5

B3

B1
B2

B5
B6
B4

1.8
1.1

0.6
0

600

600

600

600

800

800

800

800

1400

1400

1400

1400

Acceleration B1

2.4

2.2

1.8

3.6

3.2

2.8

4.8

4.2

4.5

Acceleration B2

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.6

1.5

2.5

2.2

1.8

6.2

3.2

4.5

3.6

Acceleration B3

1.8

2.4

3.2

3.6

2.2

2.4

2.8

2.8

3.4

6.2

4.8

Acceleration B4

0.8

1.1

1.2

0.9

0.8

0.9

0.6

0.9

2.3

2.5

2.8

2.2

Acceleration B5

1.4

1.2

1.1

1.6

3.2

2.8

2.6

2.2

4.2

3.7

3.4

Acceleration B6

1.1

1.3

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1.5

1.2

1.8

2.3

2.5

The graph drawn between accleration and speed of the motor for gfrp 450
The plate where gfrp is placed at the top experienced best damping effect and it with
stand high intensity of vibration in the setup
In graph B4 and B6 is less than 5mm/s2 among all other combination of plates

53

GFRP-90 DEG
SET C1
POSITION Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
600
0.010
II.
600
0.014
III.
600
0.016
IV.
600
0.018
I.
800
0.050
II.
800
0.042
III.
800
0.038
IV.
800
0.027
I.
1400
0.122
II.
1400
0.132
III.
1400
0.142
IV.
1400
0.138
SET-C1-(GFRP-MILSTEEL-STEEL

Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.4
2.5
2.2
1.8
1.4
6.2
6.5
6.8
7.2

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.4
3.5
3.2
3.8
4.2

SET C2
POSITION Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
600
0.028
II.
600
0.016
III.
600
0.018
IV.
600
0.022
I.
800
0.015
II.
800
0.022
III.
800
0.028
IV.
800
0.032
I.
1400
0.042
II.
1400
0.108
III.
1400
0.115
IV.
1400
0.092
SET-C2-(STEEL-MILDSTEEL-GFRP)

54

Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)

0.2
0.3
0.5
0.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.5
3.5
3.2
4.5
5.3

2.0
1.3
1.8
2.2
1.2
2.2
1.8
2.0
3.0
4.3
4.2
4.0

SET C3
POSITION
Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
600
0.050
II.
600
0.024
III.
600
0.022
IV.
600
0.035
I.
800
0.062
II.
800
0.043
III.
800
0.032
IV.
800
0.022
I.
1400
0.120
II.
1400
0.128
III.
1400
0.132
IV.
1400
0.138
SET-C3-(MILDSTEEL-STEEL-GFRP)

Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)

2.2
1.8
1.6
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.2
6.6
7.2
8.0
6.2

2.1
1.8
1.6
2.0
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
4.2
4.6
4.8
4.2

SET C4
POSITION
Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.015
0.025
0.032
0.028
0.132
0.122
0.110
0.098
0.110
0.103
0.112
0.115

0.3
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
3.8
3.6
4.2
4.8

SET-C4-(GFRP-STEEL-MILDSTEEL)

55

1.1
0.7
0.9
1.2
2.0
1.6
1.8
2.2
4.5
1.8
2.2
2.6

SET C5
POSITION Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.016
0.026
0.022
0.018
0.035
0.030
0.032
0.028
0.067
0.056
0.039
0.032

0.7
1.5
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.2
0.8
1.6
3.5
2.1
2.8
1.9

2.9
2.4
2.6
3.0
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.8

SET-C5-(MILDSTEEL-GFRP-STEEL)

SET C6
POSITION
Speed(rpm) Displacement(mm) Velocity(mm/s) Acceleration(m/s2)
OF
THE
PROBE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.

600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
1400
1400
1400
1400

0.027
0.039
0.030
0.042
0.022
0.014
0.032
0.042
0.042
0.033
0.032
0.038

0.3
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.0
2.2
1.8
1.6
2.0

SET-C6-(STEEL-GFRP-MILDSTEEL)

56

1.5
1.3
2.1
2.2
2.2
3.1
3.4
2.8
4.6
4.2
3.5
4.0

GFRP 900
0.16

0.14

C1

DISPLACEMENT IN mm

0.12

C4

0.1

C2

0.08

0.06
C6

0.04

C5
0.02

0
Displacement C1

600
0.01

600

600

600

800

0.014 0.016 0.018

0.05

800

800

800

1400

1400

1400

1400

0.042 0.038 0.027 0.122 0.132 0.142 0.138

Displacement C2 0.028 0.016 0.018 0.022 0.015 0.022 0.028 0.032 0.042 0.108 0.115 0.092
Displacement C3

0.05

0.024 0.022 0.035 0.062 0.043 0.032 0.022

0.12

0.128 0.132 0.138

0.11

0.103 0.112 0.115

Displacement C4 0.015 0.025 0.032 0.028 0.132 0.122

0.11

Displacement C5 0.016 0.026 0.022 0.018 0.035

0.032 0.028 0.067 0.056 0.039 0.032

DisplacementC6 0.027 0.039

0.03

0.03

0.098

0.042 0.022 0.014 0.032 0.042 0.042 0.033 0.032 0.038

The graph drawn between displacment and speed of the motor for gfrp 900
The plate where gfrp is placed at the top experienced best damping effect and it with
stand high intensity of vibration in the setup
In graph C1 and C4 is less than 0.15mm among all other combination of plates

57

GFRP 900
9
C1

VELOCITY IN mm

7
C3
6
5

C4

4
3

C6

2
1
0

0.3
600
0.2
0.2

600

600

600

800

800

800

800

1400

1400

1400

1400

Velocity C1

0.4

0.6

0.4

2.5

2.2

1.8

1.4

6.2

6.5

6.8

7.2

Velocity C2

0.2

0.3

0.5

0.6

2.4

2.2

1.5

3.5

3.2

4.5

5.3

Velocity C3

2.2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.6

1.8

1.2

6.6

7.2

6.2

Velocity C4

0.3

0.4

0.2

0.5

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

3.8

3.6

4.2

4.8

Velocity C5

0.7

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

0.8

1.6

3.5

2.1

2.8

1.9

Velocity C6

0.3

0.6

0.5

0.8

1.1

1.5

1.2

2.2

1.8

1.6

The graph drawn between velocity and speed of the motor for gfrp 900
The plate where gfrp is placed at the top experienced best damping effect and it with
stand high intensity of vibration in the setup
In graph C1 and C4 is less than 5

mm/s among all other combination of plates

58

GFRP 900
ACCELARATION IN mm

5
C3
4

C2
C6

3
C5
C4
2

0
Acceleration C1
Acceleration C2
Acceleration C3
Acceleration C4
Acceleration C5
Acceleration C6

600
0.9
2
2.1
1.1
2.9
1.5

600
0.8
1.3
1.8
0.7
2.4
1.3

600
0.7
1.8
1.6
0.9
2.6
2.1

600
0.6
2.2
2
1.2
3
2.2

800
2.2
1.2
2.6
2
2.6
2.2

800
2
2.2
2.4
1.6
2.2
3.1

800
1.8
1.8
2.2
1.8
1.8
3.4

800
1.4
2
2
2.2
1.6
2.8

1400 1400 1400 1400

3.5
3.2
3.8
4.2
3
4.3
4.2
4
4.2
4.6
4.8
4.2
4.5
1.8
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.8
4.6
4.2
3.5
4

The graph drawn between accleration and speed of the motor for gfrp900
The plate where gfrp is placed at the top experienced best damping effect and it with
stand high intensity of vibration in the setup
In graph C1 and C4 is less than 5mm/s2 among all other combination of plates

59

BUCKLING LOAD TABULATION

GFRP(0)

S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)A1
0.28
1.32
2.52
2.98
5.64

GFRP(0)

S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)A2
0.22
1.2
2.3
3.2
5.4

GFRP(0)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)A3
0.24
1.3
2.4
3.1
5.2

GFRP(0)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)A4
0.24
1.2
2.3
4.1
5.2

60

GFRP(0)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)A5
0.23
1.4
2.6
4.2
5.6

GFRP(0)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)A6
0.28
1.7
2.4
3.4
5.6

GFRP 00

DEFLECTION IN (mm)

A5

5
4

A4

3
A3
2

A2

1
0

A1
DEFLECTION
(mm)

DEFLECTION(mm DEFLECTION(mm DEFLECTION(mm DEFLECTION(mm DEFLECTION(mm

)
)
)
)
)

10

0.28

0.2

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.28

20

1.32

1.3

1.6

1.4

1.6

1.8

30

2.52

2.4

2.8

2.6

2.8

2.4

40

2.96

3.5

3.8

4.2

4.5

3.6

50

5.64

5.6

5.7

5.8

5.8

5.8

61

GFRP(45)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)B1
0.18
0.98
2.4
3.2
4.8

GFRP(45)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)B2
0.19
1.0
2.3
3.4
4.8

GFRP(45)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)B3
0.18
1.2
2.4
3.6
5.2

GFRP(45)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)B4
0.26
1.1
2.4
3.6
4.9

GFRP(45)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)B5
0.18
1.2
2.3
3.8
5.1

62

GFRP(45)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)B6
0.27
1.5
2.1
4.2
5.4

GFRP 450
6
B5

DEFLECTION IN (mm)

5
B4
4

3
B3

B2
1
B1
0

DEFLECTION(m
m)

DEFLECTION(m
m)

DEFLECTION(m
m)

DEFLECTION(m
m)

DEFLECTION(m
m)

DEFLECTION(m
m)

10

0.18

0.19

0.18

0.26

0.18

0.27

20

0.98

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.5

30

2.4

2.3

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.1

40

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.6

3.8

4.2

50

4.8

4.8

5.2

4.9

5.1

5.4

63

GFRP(90)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION (mm)C1
0.28
1.32
2.52
2.96
5.64

GFRP(90)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)C2
0.2
1.3
2.4
3.5
5.6

GFRP(90)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)C3
0.26
1.6
2.8
3.8
5.7

GFRP(90)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)C4
0.27
1.4
2.6
4.2
5.8

GFRP(90)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)C5
0.28
1.6
2.8
4.5
5.8
64

GFRP(90)
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

LOAD (kg)
10
20
30
40
50

DEFLECTION(mm)C6
0.28
1.8
2.4
3.6
5.8

GFRP 900

DEFLECTION IN(mm)

6
C1

C4

C3
2

C2

1
C5
0

DEFLECTION A1

DEFLECTION A2 DEFLECTION A3 DEFLECTION A4 DEFLECTION A5 DEFLECTION A6

10

0.28

0.22

0.24

0.24

0.23

0.28

20

1.32

1.2

1.3

1.2

1.4

1.7

30

2.52

2.3

2.4

2.3

2.6

2.4

40

2.98

3.2

3.1

4.1

4.2

3.4

50

5.64

5.4

5.2

5.2

5.6

5.6

65

GSM 00

TABLE
Model > Modal > Solution

12
Mode
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Frequency [Hz]
794.14
1445.1
1544.5
1866.9
2080.3
2139.3
2230.9
2522.3
2653.7
2967.7
3250.
3253.2

66

67

GMS 00

TABLE
Model > Modal > Solution

12
Mode
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Frequency [Hz]
799.15
1444.5
1548.2
1873.6
2073.1
2154.9
2238.
2520.5
2651.6
2973.4
3249.3
3273.

68

69

GSM 900

TABLE
Model > Modal > Solution

12
Mode
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Frequency [Hz]
801.94
1449.1
1553.6
1873.5
2080.
2154.7
2245.2
2528.7
2660.
2983.2
3259.1
3272.7

70

71

GMS900

TABLE
Model > Modal > Solution

12
Mode
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Frequency [Hz]
988.85
1771.7
1907.4
2276.5
2531.1
2614.1
2772.1
3106.7
3260.7
3689.1
3975.6
4031.8

72

GMS450
73

TABLE
Model > Modal > Solution

12
Mode
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Frequency [Hz]
807.94
1461.
1566.2
1882.
2098.3
2164.4
2262.8
2550.
2682.2
3007.8
3285.9
3287.5

74

75

GSM450

TABLE
Model > Modal > Solution

12
Mode
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Frequency [Hz]
807.89
1460.9
1566.2
1881.8
2098.2
2164.3
2262.7
2549.9
2682.
3007.7
3285.7
3287.3

76

77

BUCKLING LOAD ANALYSIS

TABLE
Model > Static Structural > Loads
Object Name
State
Scope
Scoping Method
Geometry
Definition
Define By
Type
Magnitude
Suppressed

Pressure Pressure 2
Fully Defined
Geometry Selection
3 Faces
Normal To
Pressure
4.1667 MPa (ramped)
No

78

79

COMPARASION OF RESULTS
COMPARESION OF DISPLACEMENT

0.14
0.12

D3

DISPLACEMENT IN mm

0.1
0.08
0.06

D2

0.04
0.02
0

D1
600

Displacement(mm)D1 0.011
Amplitude (mm)A1

600

800

800

800

800

1400

0.014

0.024

0.01

0.03

0.016

0.015

0.026

0.043

A1,A2,A3
1400
0.018

0.02

0.032

0.045

0.026

0.015

0.022

0.038

0.085

0.055

1.66E- 1.66E- 1.67E- 1.69E- 1.70E- 1.68E- 1.62E- 1.51E- 1.37E- 1.21E-

Displacement(mm)D3 0.015
Amplitude (mm)A3

600

1.54E- 1.53E- 1.53E- 1.54E- 1.53E- 1.50E- 1.45E- 1.36E- 1.25E- 1.12E-

Displacement(mm)D2 0.052
Amplitude (mm)A2

600

0.025

0.032

0.028

0.132

0.122

0.11

0.098

0.11

0.103

1.32E- 1.31E- 1.30E- 1.30E- 1.29E- 1.28E- 1.25E- 1.21E- 1.16E- 1.08E-

D1-EXPERIMENTAL VALUE OF DISPLACEMENT FOR GFRP 900

D2-EXPERIMENTAL VALUE OF DISPLACEMENT FOR GFRP 450
D3-EXPERIMENTAL VALUE OF DISPLACEMENT FOR GFRP 00
A1-ANALYSIS VALUE OF DISPLACEMENT FOR GFRP 900
A2-ANALYSIS VALUE OF DISPLACEMENT FOR GFRP 450
A3-ANALYSIS VALUE OF DISPLACEMENT FOR GFRP 00

Since the GFRP 900 absorb the high vibration

[The combenation of GFRP,STEEL and MILDSTEEL]
80

COMPARISON OF ACCLERATION
200
180

X1
X2

ACCELERATION IN m/s2

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
A1,A2,A3

20
0

Acceleration(m/s2)A1

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1.9

2.6

2.4

2.2

3.2

2.4

3.6

3.2

5.8

4.4

Amplitude (mm/s)X1 2.4738 9.6837 21.092 36.047 53.962 74.399 97.066 121.78 148.45 177.01
Acceleration(m/s2)A2

2.4

2.2

1.8

3.6

3.2

2.8

4.8

4.2

Amplitude (mm/s)X2 2.3021 8.9892 19.508 33.194 49.448 68.366 89.513 112.7 137.84 164.89
Amplitude (mm/s)X3 2.3021 8.9892 19.508 33.194 49.448 68.366 89.513 112.7 137.84 164.89

A1-EXPERIMENTAL VALUE OF ACCELERATION FOR GFRP 900

A2-EXPERIMENTAL VALUE OF ACCELERATION FOR GFRP 450
A3-EXPERIMENTAL VALUE OF ACCELERATION FOR GFRP 00
X1-ANALYSIS VALUE OF ACCELERATION FOR GFRP 900
X2-ANALYSIS VALUE OF ACCELERATION FOR GFRP 450
X3-ANALYSIS VALUE OF ACCELERATION FOR GFRP 00

Since the GFRP 900 absorb the high vibration[The combenation of GFRP,STEEL and
MILDSTEEL]

81

COMPARISON OF BUCKLING LOAD

COMPARISON OF BUCKLING
DEFLECTION IN mm

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

10

DEFLECTION IN mm A1 2.8992
DEFLECTION(mm)E1

0.27

82

20

30

40

50

3.2413

4.1151

4.0448

4.1309

1.5

2.1

4.2

5.4

Conclusion
In our Project, we considered the three different materials for taking into Vibration
and Buckling Analysis. The materials which selected and used here is MILDSTEEL,STEEL and
GFRP(Glass fiber reinforced Plastic).We made the analysis by these set of three plates
(HYBRID PLATES) and also made the analysis to determine the Vibration and Buckling
Analysis by using experimentally and analytically. Finally concluded that the GFRP material is
placed in the top position made the better damping efficient than mild steel material rather than
steel material by exceeding almost 65 percent. We also concluded by using the GFRP which is
placing at a top on the system vibration almost gets reduced, the weight of the material is also
reduced, the damping is effective and the durability of the system gets increased.

83

PHOTOGRAPHY
VIBRATION TESTING SETUP

84

BUCKLING TESTING SETUP

85

REFERENCES
1. P.K.MALLICK Fiber Reinforced Composites University of Michigan-The damping
properties of a material represent its capacity to reduce the transmission of
vibration caused by mechanical disturbances to a structure the measure of damping
of a material is its damping factor

increasing the value of

is desirable for

reducing the resonance amplitude of vibration in a structure compares the typical

damping factors for a number of material Fiber reinforced composites in general
have a higher damping factor than metals However its value depends on a
number of factors including fiber and resin types

fiber orientation angle and

stacking sequence
2. Sandwich Structures: Advancing with Sandwich structures and Materials, O.T. Thomsen,
E. Bozhevolnaya and A.Lyckegoard, August 2005 This paper is concerned with vibration
analysis of rectangular, symmetric composite Sandwich plates and the layup optimisation
of top and bottom laminated FRP composite Faces.
3. International Journal of Vehicle Design, Takeshi Takawa and and Takehito Fukuda
March 2003,In the present study, vibration control is investigated for a smart carbon
Fibre reinforced Plastic (CFRP) composite beam actuated by Piezo ceramics (PZT)
4. And electro- rheological fluid (ERF) actuators. The effect of the vibration control system
is Verified by simulation and experiment,
5. Journal of Composite Materials, D. X. Lin, R.G. Ni, R. D. Adams, October 2000,The
objective of this investigation is to predict the natural frequency and specific damping
Capacity of laminated composite plates in various modes of vibration by using the finite
Element method.
6. Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, Zhiqing

Zone a, August 2004,Two

methods for identifying the material parameters of laminated plates are presented.
Differing With respect to the type of residual vectors to be minimised. Both methods
used Eigen value residuals. The two methods were applied to sandwich beam and plate
structures using Simulated and real model tasted data.
7. Journal of Computer Science, S.A. Sadrnejad, A.Saedi Daryan and M.Ziaei, May
2009Rectangular steel plates are widely used in various steel structures and steel
industries. For a proper design of steel plate structures and efficient use of material, the
86

behaviour, strength, buckling and post buckling characteristics of plates should be

accurately determined.
8. Books on Fibre- Reinforced composites, P.K. Mallick, University of Michigan and
S. Newman (eds.,), Composite Materials Technology, Processes and Properties, Hanser
Publishers, Munich (1990).
9. Books on Introduction to Composite materials. S.W.T. Hann, Technomic Publishing Co.,
Lancaster, Pa. (1980).
10. American .Society for testing and Materials-(ASTM) , Philadelphia for finding out the
Permissible vibration ratios in the Structural system.
11. Design Data compiled by PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, Coimbatore

87