AGUSTAWESTLAND

REDUCTION OF
HELICOPTER GEAR
MESHING NOISE
REDUCTION OF 2192 HZ GEAR MESHING
FREQUENCY NOISE IN THE HELICOPTER
E64221
12/15/2014

Noise in Helicopter main cabin is limited by 10-4 to 10-3 watt of power . The noise in cabin comes
from vibration of trim panels .

OBJECTIVE
EVALUATION OF THE TRANSFER OF ACOUSTIC POWER INTRODUCED FROM
THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TO THE MAIN CABIN OF HELICOPTER
UNDERSTANDING THE PATTERN OF TRANSFER OF SUCH POWER AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ALGORITHM USING SUPPORT OF EXPERIMENTAL
WORK DEDICATED
PREPARATION OF SPECIFIC TESTING OF TRANSMISSIONS TARGETED TO THE
DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS IN SUPPORT OF THE METHOD.
1. STUDY OF THE EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHY.
2. DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR ACOUSTIC TRANSMISSION
POWERS
3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ALGORITHM
4. PREPARATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODE OF ACQUISITION OF THE BASIC
PARAMETERS IN SUPPORT OF THE PREDICTION ALGORITHM
5. REPORT ON ALGORITHM AND THE SPECIFIC TEST BENCH TRANSMISSION

CONTENTS
1 . Finite length beam
2. Infinite beam
3. couple structure
4 . plot of modal mobility vs frequency
5. plot of transfer mobity of source beam of finite length
6. mean square velocity plot on source beam
7. average power from point source on beam of finite length
8. plot of power transfer to infite beam
9. plot of mobility of infite beam at coupling ponts .
10. Soulution scheme with finite element methods
11. conventional isolator
12.lever mass isolator

BRIEF DESTRIPTION AW139 TRANSMISSION :

AW139 transmission system consists of two stage reduction gears and a planetary gear
speed reduction . The AW139 is a dual engine helicopter .
The audio frequency vibration of gearbox are generated by internal excitation forces from
gear meshing and bearing forces and these vibration energy is being transmitted via
connections of gearbox frame to the fuselage structure . The exact analytical description
of vibration of gearbox is complex due to unknown distribution of internal excitation forces .

A convenient model of vibration of gearbox and transmission of vibratory power to airframe

structure is SOURCE DESCRIPTION MODEL , a simple multimodal system composed of a
finite length source beam as depicted in figure and connected to a receiving infinite length
beam via two springs .

Source Model : The finite length beam is exited at discreet location in y direction .

Inplane bending vibration of beam of finite length : If we consider a beam of finite length and
mass per unit length
, is the density of beam , is the cross section area of beam , with x
axis along the length of beam and y axis the plane of beam and z axis orthogonal to x , y axis in
rectangular right handed coordinated system . The beam is clamped at the end such that there is
no shear stress and bending moment at the ends .
Figure 1

Bending wave equation :

The transverse displacement in y direction as a function of x , ( ) follows following wave
equation .
(

Where
. E is the longitudinal Youngs modulus of beam . I is the moment of inertia of
beam cross section about y axis . The beam cross section is taken as rectangular .
If we consider stationary solution or standing wave , where the position of nodes do not change with
time , then the transverse displacement function can be written as product of a pure position
dependent function and pure time dependent function .
(
(

( )

c h(

c (

Boundary conditions :
( )

( )

( )

c h(

c (

)+

( )

i h(

i (

)+

(
i h(

)
)

Thus :
( )
c h( )

(
c (

)
)

( )
i ( )

or :
(
Finally :

c ( ) c h( )

and

) becomes :
(
(

The values of
for n > 7 is

Each value of
( )

c h(

*c h(

*c h(

c (

c (

c h(
(

)+

c (

( i h(

i (
)
)

100

275.5

)
*
)

are

)+

))
c (
i (

)
)

by

( )

( )
( )

Mode

c (
(

)+

A is the cross section of beam .

Translational rigid body mode :

describe a wave number of a mode , such that for n 1

Rotational rigid body mode :

is correct with in 10 digits

The wave number k is related to

)
)

that satisfy the c ( ) c h( )

c h(
i h(

)+

) Nodal
positions

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Forced vibration of beam of finite length with boundary condition : The figure below shows the
beam of finite length exited by point force at location with force of magnitude .

Source Beam :
1 . Heavy weight

2. Light Weight : length = 1.20 m

Thickness = 0.040 m
Width = 0.060 m
Y u g m du i

f e a ticity

N/m2

Density = 3646 Kg/m3

Loss factor = 0.03
Bending stiffness = 1.44 * 104 Nm2
Mass per unit length = 8.75 Kg / m

Numerical Investigation :
Internal excitations of the source beam is represented by two point forces Fi and Fj , which are
related as Fj = -0.5Fi , where Fi has unit amplitude , located at hi = 0.90 and hj = 1.01 .
The magnitude is so chosen to excite all symmetric and most anti-symmetric modes .
All results presented have been calculated at 500 frequencies evenly distributed along log
frequency axis.
The i put a d tra fer m bi ity Yii , Yjj and Yij , Yji of source beam are shown in figure .....

Average square transfer mobility : is the average of square of amplitude of transfer mobility over the
length of beam .

1.

( )

Average Square velocity : is the average of square of velocity amplitude over the length of
beam .
( )
2.

|
|

( )

( )|
( )|

( )

| ( )
(

( )|

| ( )
(

( )|
)

( )|
)

3. From measurement of 1 and 2 . equivalent force applied at h can be calculated as :

| (

| ( )|
| |

)|

The time average complex power supplied by equivalent point source at h , from measurement of
average square mobility and average square velocity is given by :
( )

| (

)|

The mean square velocity produced by pair of internal forces is shown as a function of
| ( )| . This is the spatial average of squared velocity , as
frequency in figure as
observed when beam is driven by single sinusoidals , or pure tones , at one frequency at a
time .
From figure (a) it is seen that all symmetric mode are exited more strongly than
antisymmetric modes .

The corresponding vibratory power supplied by pair of internal forces , in terms of modulous and
real part of power .

THE SOLUTION FOR INFINITE BEAM , EXITED AT

( )

:
|

|)

( |

|)}

Where damping has been taken into account by complex Youngs modulus . This results in complex

wave number
.
/
and
(
)

The sketch of infinite beam as receiving structure is shown in figure . The receiving structure is
excited at two points x1 and x2 with springs or connecting element to the source included . The
complex spring constant of connecting elements is taken as and . With these two connecting
point of receiving structure with connecting elements , the point and transfer mobility of infinite
beam as receiving structure can be written as :
(

| |)

( | |)}

v10 and v20 are free source velocities caused by internal forces applied to the uncoupled source
structure .
, -

v1 and v2 are velocities at same location in source at coupling point in coupled structure .
, -

F1 and F2 are coupling forces

, -

[ ]

The input characteristic of source structure :

, -

The input characteristic of receiving structure :

, -

Thus in coupled case , velocity of point 1 and 2 on source :

, -(

, -

, -(

, -, -

, -, -

Due to continuity of structure in coupled case : (

Thus , -

Thus power transferred to receiver :

RECEIVER COUPLED WITH HEAVY WEIGHT SOURCE :

B = 1.05 . 106
Mass per unit length = 10.8 Kg/m
Loss factor = 0.01
The coupling spring s1 and s2 = 3 . 108
Loss factor of spring = 0.001
The two spring connect the source and receiver at position x1 and x2 = 0.585 m and 1.260 m

RECEIVER COUPLED WITH LIGHT WEIGHT SOURCE :

Thickness of beam = 0.043 m
Width = 0.060 m

Youngs modulus = 70 . 109 N /m2

Density = 2700 Kg/m3
Loss factor = 0.01
Bending stiffness = E I = 2.78 . 104
Mass per unit length = 6.97 Kg/m

Conventional Isolator :

Lever Spring isolator :

Lever Spring mass isolator :

(
(

)
)

( (

, (

(
(

(
(

)
)

Effect of damping ratio :

Excitation Techniques :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Random
Pseudo Random
Periodic Impulse
Periodic Random
Sine
Impact

Random Noise Excitation : A random signal is a continuous type of signal that never repeats itself
and whose amplitude can only be predicted in terms of statistical parameters . It is usually described
in term of auto correlation function and amplitude probability density, defined as probability of
having amplitude value at time t with in certain amplitude interval a . Thus for each interval an ,
there exist a value of a value of probability pn . However , often the random signal has Gaussian
probability density distribution .
If x(t) is the a signal , the its auto correlation is defined as :

( ) (

Appendix 1
= Transverse velocity of the element
( ) = Rotation of plane about z azis of the element
( )
( ) = Rotational velocity about z axis

Moment about z axis

Moment balance on dx , neglecting the kinetic energy associated with rotation motion .
(

Force balance in y direction :

.

Appendix 2
(

(
( )

)e p(
)

( )e p(

)e p(

( )e p(

)
)

( )

(
)

)e p(

(
)
( )

) ( )

( )

) ( )
(

(
(

) ( )

) ( )
)

) (
( )

Mobility due to Translation motion :

( ) e p(

( ) e p(

Mobility due to rotational motion :

( )

) ( )

( )
(
(

( )

(
(

)
)

( )

Appendix 3 :
THE SOLUTION FOR INFINITE BEAM , EXITED AT

)
(
(

( )

(
.

( )

( )

))

( )

)
/

No rotation at a = 0 .
Taking on wave propagating towards positive x from excitation point at a = 0 , a > 0 .

(
(

. /

( )

( |

|)

( )

( )

( |

|)

( )

(
(

|)
|

|)

( )

( )

( |
(

|)

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

|)

( )
( )

( )
(

|)

|)+

|)

|)+

|)

( |

|)}

GENERAL FORM OF MOBILITY ABOUT LUMPED MECHANICAL ELEMETS :

The lumped elements mass, spring and damper are common mechanical elements for modelling
mobility of a complex structure . It is worthwhile to examine the mobility as function of frequency of
applied point load on these structure . Let us consider a simple mass acted upon by a point force .
1. For mass element :
( )

Assuming harmonic force excitation of form

( )
( ) e p( )

( ) e p(

( )

2. For Spring element :

( )
3. For damper elemet :
( )

) with displacement