Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
LECTURE
SUB-OBJECTIVE
At the end of the Lesson the Trainees will be able to demonstrate an understanding
of heat pumps complete air conditioning systems.
1.0
Heating only.
Cooling only.
Both heating and cooling.
Being factory assembled and tested, the systems are economical. They are easily
installed once hoisted to the site. However, the roof must be strong enough to carry
the extra weight. Openings must be leak proof. Units must be designed for ease
of service even in very cold or inclement weather. They are also exposed to the
wind, which may affect their operation. The service technician must carry tools and
supplies to the roof. Equipment must be adequate to service the unit in all kinds of
weather. Fig. 10-5-1 shows a typical rooftop unit for both heating and cooling.
Another assembly is shown in Fig. 10-5-2. These units are completely weather
roofed since they are exposed to all kinds of weather. Access doors for inspection
are designed to operate safely under high wind conditions. Fig. 10-5-3 is pictorial
drawing of the refrigerating mechanism of a roof top unit. A complete heating and
cooling system is shown in Fig. 10-5-4.
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Fig. 10-5-1. Roof top unit for both cooling and heating. This unit has gas-fired
furnace.
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Fig. 10-5-3. Refrigerating circuit of rooftop system. Notice service valves, sight glass
and vibration eliminators.
Electric heat may also be used in rooftop units. The electric heating elements are
partially removed from the housing. These heating elements are available in about
20, 40 and 60 kW capacities. Ceramic insulators carefully protect heating
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elements. The circuit has fuses, fusible links, and thermal cutouts.
Dampers control air. Sensing elements in the mixed-air duct control a motor, which
operates:
1.
The return danger.
2.
The conditioned air damper.
3.
The exhaust air damper.
4.
The fresh air damper.
Fig. 10-5-5 shows the air control system.
circulation systems.
Fig. 10-5-5. An air control system for roof top unit. Dampers are automatically
controlled to always provide desired air mixture.
2.0
Unitary.
Field-erected.
Central unitary systems are ideal for residential air conditioning. They are a
complete, manufactured package ready for assembly. All internal wiring and piping
has been done. The condensing unit is located away from the evaporator. There
are three evaporator designs in use:
1.
2.
3.
An A-type evaporator.
Slant type evaporator.
Flat type evaporator for horizontal airflow.
One can purchase the condensing unit, evaporator, controls and tubing,
assembling the conditioner on the customer's premises. Most of these
systems are installed in forced warm air heating systems. Fig. 10-5-6 is a
drawing of such an installation.
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b.
c.
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Fig. 10-5-7. All season air conditioner with oil burner, evaporator, electronic air
cleaner and humidifier
This type of system requires some very careful handling. Since the
condensing unit is charged with refrigerant. The service technician must be
very careful while uncrating the tubing to avoid kinks which might later crack
and leak.
Fig. 10-5-8 shows an A-type evaporator. A condensing unit is shown in Fig.
10-5-9.
3.
Some systems use the liquid line as the capillary tube. This larger bore (ID) tubing
reduces the chance of clogging from dirt or moisture. It is very important, not to
shorten or lengthen this liquid line capillary tube combination when installing this
unit.
Many systems use evaporators with aluminum fins mechanically bonded to copper
tubing. Plastic grilles are often used on the condensing unit to avoid corrosion
problems.
Field erected air conditioning systems are systems in which all the components motor compressor, receiver, evaporator, piping, and controls are assembled and
erected at the spot where the system is to be used.
There are a variety of central field erected systems. Some are large systems,
which heat and cool a number of buildings or various parts of a large building.
Others are field-erected systems, which service one domestic building or a small
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commercial building.
These systems may:
1.
2.
Cool and/or heat water, which is then pumped to heat exchangers in the
paced to be conditioned. The cabinets in the spaces have fins, filters and
controls in them.
Automatic controls make it possible for a system to change from heating to cooling.
The use of outside air is also controlled if the outside air is a degree or so above
the heating thermostat setting or a degree or so below the cooling thermostat
setting. The system then becomes an air distribution and air cleaning system only.
This permits greatest economy of operation.
Other systems use more fresh air as the outside temperature approaches the
temperature desired inside the system.
Solid state controls, operated by
thermistors, make this possible.
Fig. 10-5-8. An A-shaped evaporator designed for installation in warm air furnace
plenum chamber.
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Fig. 10-5-9. Condensing unit is for cooling system which uses an evaporator
installed in plenum chamber of warm-air furnace.
3.0
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Fig. 10-5-10. Complete water chiller unit is typical of those used for industrial
processing.
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Fig. 10-5-14. Centrifugal compressor for hermetic chilled water system uses rotors
instead of pistons.
Many large comfort-cooling installations use centrifugal type compressors. Large
centrifugal units are frequently designed with capacities of 100 to 2000 tons. Their
basic design is shown in Fig. 10-5-14.
These systems use low-pressure
refrigerants, and the evaporator operates at below atmospheric pressures. Both
condenser and evaporator are the shell-and-tube type. Water lines vary in size
from 6 ips to 14 ips internal pipe size). The compressor is two-stage centrifugal,
driven by a hermetically sealed motor. Inlet vanes to the two-stage centrifugal
compressor control capacity.
The vanes may be either electronically or
pneumatically controlled or hydraulically operated. During starting vanes are
closed to reduce the starting load. Fig. 10-5-15 shows compressor construction.
The compressor has a forced lubrication system. A separate motor drives the oil
pump. The compressor motor is a three-phase unit of 208, 240, 440, 480, 550,
2300 or 4160 volts. Note bolted construction for service purposes.
These systems have an automatic purging device for removing non condensible
gases. Design and construction details of the condenser and the evaporator are
shown in Fig. 10-5-16. Because of their capacity, these units must have thorough,
accurate control.
Persons responsible for the operation of these units should receive thorough
training in their correct operation. These units are also used to cool process
liquids. The evaporator, compressor suction line and chilled liquid lines are always
insulated.
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Fig. 10-5-16. Condenser and evaporator of large chilled water system which uses
centrifugal compressor.
4.0
REVIEW OF SAFETY
It is very important to be experienced (have some on-the-job training as an
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Will a dehumidifier, operating in a room, change the temperature within the room?
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Name three common ways of heating the water in a hydronic heating system.
16.
17.
In a complete central air conditioning system, where is the condensing unit usually
located?
18.
In an air-to-air pump installation, where is the heat to warming the room obtained?
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19.
20.
Is steam jet refrigeration recommended for use where temperatures below freezing
are desired?
21.
22.
Where are the heating elements usually placed in radiant heating installations?
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