FUTURE GRID

CONTROL CENTRES

N.S.Sodha
Executive Director
Load Dispatch & Communication Department
POWERGRID

PRESENTATION FLOW

RLDC Project Highlights

User Interface Requirements
Back Control Centre
Challenges in Migration to New System
Project Management
Challenges to Integrate Offline Applications with

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

Network Applications
Architecture of New Systems
Cyber Security
Communication Infrastructure

13th -14th June

RLDC UPGRADE PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS

Setting up of Back up RLDC

IEC 60870-5-101/104 Protocol Support
Provision of New EMS Application
o Transient Stability Analysis
o Short Circuit Analysis

Hybrid estimator: PMU + SCADA

Integration Scheduling, Metering & Open

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

Access Applications
Data Concentrators/Protocol Converter 101
based RTUs.
3 Months of Parallel operation Existing and
New System
New Video Projection System (VPS)
13th -14th June

EXPECTED POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

SEQUENCE
SCADA Telemetry

PMU Measurements

Network Topology
State Estimator

Network model

Available Control

Real time state

List of
contingencies

Base case violations

Contingenciesononcurrent
current state
state ofof
Contingencies
system
system
Contingency
Analysis
Contingency Analysis

Optimal Power Flow

Base case control

recommendations

Post-contingency
violations

ATC/TTC

Available Control

Optimal OPF
Power Flow
SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

Post-contingency control
recommendations

USER INTERFACE
REQUIRMENTS

POWER QUALITY COUNTOURING DISPLAY

Power Quality Contouring

Real time contouring based on
PMU based power quality
readings

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

Source: www.spacetimeinsight.com

WIDE AREA VISUALISATION OF

SYNCHROPHASOR DATA

PMU visualization
Real time Phase/ Voltage Difference
compared to a reference angle

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

Source: www.spacetimeinsight.com

USER CONIFIGIRABLE DISPLAYS

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

Source: www.spacetimeinsight.com

BACK UP CONTROL CENTRES

RLDC
o
o
o
o

Consolidated Hardware of 4 RLDCs at NLDC

Design of redundant 100 MBPS Communication System
Image Synchronisation every 10 minutes
RTU/ICCP Connections to report to both Main and Back
up or Backup System can be updated from the Main by
exception.
o Daily Auto-Synchronisation of Displays and database
o Availability monitoring Every 120 seconds Alarm

WRLDC NLDC
NERLDC NLDC
ERLDC NLDC
SRLDC NLDC
NRLDC ERLDC

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

CHALLENGES IN MIGRATION TO NEW SYSTEM

Parallel Operation of Existing and New System

Minimisation of Downtime in Existing Systems
Reporting of existing RTUs in IEC-60870-5-104

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

protocol
Minimisation of Proprietary work in Existing
System
Integration of other LDCs
Portability of database and displays - Multivendor
scenario
State Estimator Centralised/Decentralised
Exchange of network model
Integration of Market Applications
13th -14th June

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Hardwire
Tapping of Signals.
Man in the Middle
(MITM)
Backup Control Centre

15th Month*

18th Month*

21st Month*

Main Control Centre

Central Sector RTUs

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

ICCP
Connection of
SLDC

* : From the date of

placement of LOA

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

Typical Control Room Layout
(Ground Floor and First Floor)

Server
Rooms

Offices

Server Room
for New System
+
Operator Work Stations
of Existing System

Control Room

Offices

Visitors Gallery

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

Aux.
Power
Supply
Room
13th -14th June

Offices

All Operator Work Stations and other

Peripheral will be shifted to the
New Space and
This area will be under

RENOVATION

Conference Hall

SLDC ICCP CONNECTIONS

MAIN RLDC

SLDC
(Without Backup)

MAIN
SLDCs

2 Mbps Link for ICCP

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

BACK UP RLDC

BACK UP
SLDCs

PRESENT & PROPOSED CONFIGURATION

NLDC

Existing RLDC

Back up NLDC

New RLDC

Back up RLDC

SLDC

CENTRAL
SECTOR RTUs

Data flow envisaged in

this project
Two way Data flow envisaged
in this project
SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

Data flow in existing

system.
Two way data flow
in existing system
13th -14th June

STATE SECTOR
RTUs

Back up SLDC

CHALLENGES TO
INTEGRATE OFFLINE
APPLICATIONS WITH
NETWORK APPLICATIONS

INTERACTION BETWEEN DIFFERENT

APPLICATIONS
ICCP/PMU
Weather Service

Power System Model

Digital

SAS/
RTU

SCADA

Alarms

Security
Constraint
OPF

Power
Network
Topology System
Model

Analog

Contingency
analysis
State
Estimator

Displays
Alarms
Penalty
Factor Calc.

Optimal
Power
Flow

Load Forecast &

Outage Scheduler
Schedules

ISR

Metering
& EA
ABT Appl

WEB
SERVER

STOA

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

Platform

Standalone

INTEGRATION OF OFFLINE APPLICATION

(ABT BASED DAY AHEAD SCHEDULE)

Day ahead
ABT schedules
(either .txt format or .xls)

SCADA applications
(Comparison with actual)

??

Network applications
For studies of congestion/
Violations
ATC and TTC Calculation

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

INTEGRATION OF OFFLINE APPLICATION

(STOA)

STOA Schedules
(Point of injection and
point of drawal)
(either .txt format or .xls)

SCADA applications
(Comparison with actual)

??

Network applications
For studies of congestion/
Violations
ATC and TTC Calculation

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

ARCHITECHURE OF EXISTING SYSTEMS

NMS

CENTRALISED
MANAGEMENT
CONSOLE

ADVANCED EMS
APPLICATION

RTUs IEC
60870-5-101
GPS

WORK STATION

RTUs IEC
60870-5-104

SCADA/PSA
CFE
ROUTER

SCADA LAN

ROUTER

ROUTER

REPLICA
DATA SERVER

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

ISR

ICCP

13th -14th June

To
SLDC/
CPCC

PDS and RTU &

ICCP TESTING
SERVER

DEVELOPMENT
WORKSTATION

RTUs IEC 60870-5-104

PROPOSED
ARCHITECTURE

RTUs IEC 60870-5-101

F/W ROUTER

CFE
VPS 6X2 MODULE

DATA ACQUISITION
LAN

WORK STATION # 4

GPS
DTS SERVER

SCADA/EMS
WORK STATION # 3

SLDC/ OTHER
UTILITIES
ICCP

SCADA LAN (BLUE ZONE)

DTS LAN

INTERNAL FIREWALL

ICCP LAN
OFFLINE LAN

PDS LAN

INTERNAL DMZ
GREEN ZONE
WORK STATION # 1

RD SERVER

CMC
ISR

PDS
SERVER

NMS

ALL PRINTERS

MANAGEMENT LAN YELLOW ZONE

EXTERNAL DMZ
ORANZE ZONE
F/W ROUTER

EXTERNAL
FIREWALL

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

CORPORATE NETWORK

WEB SERVER

CYBER SECURITY - CERTIFICATION

1. PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) vs. ICCP:
Inter Control centre communication protocol
(ICCP)
o The entities on two side of ICCP protocol are static
known to each other & theoretically the connections
once made will last for months/year.

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

o Series of Independent Certifiers for establishing

identity of entities dynamically connecting for
short duration service from each other.

Needed debate on PKI v/s internal self certifying

authority (say NIC)

Coordination from RLDC/NLDC left to each
party for getting 3rd party certificate.

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

CYBER SECURITY
2. IT patch Management vs. ICT System Life Cycle:
OS Patch Management is way of life in IT industry to
mitigate threat of malware or new attacks.
But, ICT in Power Systems, due to the critical nature of
usage, are required to undertake thorough testing before
a change is applied.
The dynamics of OEM/OTS vs. IT solution providers
remain at variance in terms of testing patches with
systems in field
Hence, regular patch management is not possible in ICT
systems used in control & operation of Power Systems.
Need for Patch Management discontinuity as part of
AMC downtime
Cyber Secure in line with CERTIn recommendations
SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS

POWERGRID is laying approx. 33000 kms of

OPGW based network under MW Replacement

and Regional Network augmentation projects
POWERGRID proposal for Fibre connectivity to
o Important Central Generating Stations
o POWERGRID Stations

Agreed in three RPCs and under discussion at NER

and SRPC
Points for deliberation:
o Communication Redundancy
o IPP, UMPP Voltage level related connectivity
recommendations (all 400 KV and above on fibre)

SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

ONE NATION - ONE GRID

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

KIND ATTENTION PLEASE
N.S.Sodha
Executive Director (LD&C)
sodha@powergridindia.com
Mob No.+91-9717890988
SCADA/EMS Conclave, New Delhi

13th -14th June

Emerging Requirements of Load

Despatch and Communication System
in Indian Power Sector

Outline
Indian Power System
Existing Control Centers Structure
Need for Up gradation / Modernization
Integration & Migration Philosophy
Expectations

Indian Grid

INSTALLED CAPACITY
NORTHRN :-

46,989 MW

EASTERN :-

23,197 MW

SOUTHERN :-

50,164 MW

WESTERN :-

53,562 MW

NORTH-EASTERN :-

TOTAL

2,329 MW

176,241 MW

224.2

104.0
98.6
93.5
85.6
79.9

Brazil
Italy
Spain
United Kingdom
Korea, South

Ukraine

54.1

55.5

117.8

France

Australia

122.6

Africa

57.2

127.6

Canada

Mexico

139.3

Germany

176.2

200

India

Russia

280.5

400

Japan

1010.2
960.0

1000

China

United States

Million Kilo Watts

Installed Capacity ( Giga Watts ) of Large Power Grids of the World

1200

Source : http:// www.eia.doe.gov/

800

600

Peculiarities of Indian Power System

High Growth Rate
Federal Structure
Decentralized Scheduling & Despatch
Diversity
Unique Holding pattern
Floating Frequency
Large Hydro Variation
Large Demand Variation

Indian Power System Network

4830
No.s
Buses

2672
No.s
Loads

557 No.s
Generating
Stations

DC Lines : 7 No.s
765 kV : 2 No.s
400 kV : 622 No.s
220 kV : 3034 No.s
132 kV : 5130 No.s

Branches

1148 No.s
Generating
Units

2031
No.s

Transformers

Existing Control Centres Structure .

Control Centre Hierarchy

Control Centres : Upgraded last time through ULDC Scheme
NRLDC : 2002
SRLDC : 2002
NERLDC : 2003
WRLDC : 2005
ERLDC : 2005
NLDC
: 2009

Data Exchange Philosophy :

Direct Reporting RTUs : IEC 60870 5- 101

Between Control Centre : ICCP

31

Communication Media used :

51

PLCC, Microwave & Fibre Optic

Redundancy :
Dual Channels based on channel Availability
Generally no route diversity

>
1600

Data Handling
Data Item

Northern
Region

Western
Region

Southern
Region

Eastern
Region

North
Eastern
Region

Total

RTU

408

400

450

225

95

1578

Analog

22000

16000

18000

11000

3100

70100

Digital

34000

22500

32000

15000

3700

107200

Total
Measurand

56000

38500

50000

26000

6800

177300

Control Centres Functional Requirement

Maintaining Reliability of physical system
Adequacy, Security, Dependability

Coping up with Growth

Network is fast expanding

Visualization and situational awareness

Effective visualization tools and avenues

Information exchange with accuracy

- Fast Data Archival & Retrieval system

Ease of Operation
Friendly User Interface
11

Need for upgradation & modernisation...

Need for System Upgrade

System overloaded and patched
Database size limitations
Absence of fast data retrieval and reporting
System Obsolescence
Need for advanced Tools
Need for Back-up Control Centres
Regulatory Compliance

New Business Requirements

Integration of Renewables
Implemention of emerging SMART GRID technologies.

Need for reliable Communication System

Large integrated and complex network
Increased volume of data transmission
Inability of PLCC to cater system expansion ( LILO )
Requirement of channel redundancy with route diversity
Dedicated administrative network for Power Utilities
Integration of Renewables
Integration of PMUs and SMART Technologies

Integration & Migration Philosophy ..

RTUs & Control Centres Integration

Reporting of existing RTUs
o

To continue with IEC-60870-5-101 protocol ?

Change over to IEC-60870-5-104 protocol ?

Data Exchange between Control Centre

o

Integration of existing Control Centre with New system

Maintenance of RTUs database
ICCP compatibility
Database maintenance for both old and new
SOE acquisition
Portability of Displays

Multivendor protocols interoperability

Operationalisation of new system

Smooth transition - Minimisation of Downtime in
running systems
Parallel Operation of Existing and New System
Database implementation & Maintenance
Philosophy
Staggered integration
Phasing out of old system

Data Exchange Philosophy

Running of State Estimator
o

Centralised or Decentralised

Complete or truncated network model

Integration of PMU / PMU data

Portability of database with offline Study applications
Integration issues of Renewables
Forecasting application for weather
Implementation of Cyber Security
Integration of data with evolving business applications
Sharing information with Market players/Statutory bodies

Knowledge Management

Cyber Security A typical configuration

RTU reporting on
104 Protocol
RTUs on 60870-5-101
Protocol

RTU interface
Front End

Router cum Firewall

VLAN

SCADA & EMS

Development System

Router cum Firewall.

Firewall Internal

Utility System ( DMZ )

Training Subsystem

Router cum Firewall

Routers at SLDC
Firewall Internal

Web Servers
Firewall Internal

Firewall Internal

IT Network

Firewall
Firewall -External
2
Firewall Internal
CORPORATE LAN

Selection of Back-up Control Centre

Possibilities :
Dedicated back-up of RLDC within Region
One RLDC as Back-up of other RLDC
NLDC as Back-up of all RLDCs
Any one Sub-LDC as back-up of SLDC
One SLDC as Back-up of another SLDC
A combined back-up for a number of SLDCs
Issues :

Availability of Reliable Communication Systems

Operation during peace and disaster

System upkeep and maintenance responsibility

Resources & Efforts Optimization

Expectations as a grid operator ..

Expectations
Decentralized Implementation
Seamless transition to new system

Availability of effective visualization tools

Advanced & Customized tools for decision support
Integration with Business Applications
CIM Compatibility
Integration of renewables

Expectations contd
Secured information acquisition and sharing
ISMS compatibility
Optimum use of PMU data Possibility in Estimator tuning
Continuous Training for development of Users
Ease of scalability and expandability
Life cycle maintenance
Fast track implementation

ERGONOMICS IN
CONTROL CENTRE DESIGN

Presentation Path

Ergonomic Imperatives
Improving quality of work life
Components
Physical Ergonomics
Cognitive Ergonomics
Situational Awareness
International Benchmarks
Process:

ISO 11064

References

Imperatives
Ergonomics scientific discipline concerned with understanding of interactions among humans and
other elements of a systemapplies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to
optimize human well being, overall system performance

Adopting Human Centric Design Approach

Impact of Environmental Factors on Human Capabilities

Improving quality of Working Life

Operator well being & Working efficiency primary considerations

Minimising Stress & Fatigue

Increasing level of work performance

Feedback Design Approach

Evaluating specific requirements

Operator Input for Design

Appreciating System Operation

Inherently stressful

24 X7 workplaces

80 % Repetitive 20% sheer terror

Appreciating impact on health & well being

Importance of Ergonomic Factors

Aligning System, Processes, practices & designs

Shift Practices

Based on scientific research

Rapidly rotating shifts
Adequate rest periods between the shifts
Forward shift pattern (morning, evening, night)

Components
Mental processes
Perception
Memory

Anatomical
Physiological
Bio-Mechanical

Physical
Factors

Cognitive
Factors

Human
Factors

Socio-Technical Systems
Organisational Policies
Processes
Work Design

Organisational /
Social Factors

Physical Ergonomics
Environmental
Design

Temperature
Control

Work Station
Design

Physical
Factors

Interior
design

Source: www.christiesdigital.com

Illumination

Physical Ergonomics

Environmental Design

Dimensions of Control Centre

Location of control centre
Accessibility of non-shift personnel
Disabled friendly Control Centres
Non- Intrusive Viewing Gallery

Interior Design

Aesthetics- cognitive Impact

Acoustics

Controlling the Noise Level

Echo

Adequate Storage Space

Control Centres & their relationship with other work systems

Temperature Control & Ventilation

Adjustable & Personalised

Air Quality

Source: www.iso.org

Physical Ergonomics

Visual Display Units

Distance between Operator & VDU

No glare or reflection monitors

Methods/displays to relieve eye strain

Vertical height of monitors

Minimising stress on back & neck

Lateral Distance between units

Clear Line of sight for main display unit

Semi circular Arrangement for viewing ease

Illumination

Sufficient Ambient overhead lighting

Workstation Lighting & console lighting

Workstation Design

Chairs with adequate lumbar support

Ergonomically designed Keyboards/ desks

Other Factors

Hygiene Factors

Pantry & availability of basic facilities

Special consideration for Night shift operators
Provision for short sleep naps to overcome fatigue

Knowledge Management

Information Archival for timely retrieval

Necessary documents/ reference material readily available- possibilities?
Capturing operator experience/ tacit knowledge

What can be the technological tools?

Communication

Importance of Inter-personal Operator communication

Provision for Bi-lingual displays
Communication devices & Technology

wireless phones and headset

Video Conferencing Facility

Cognitive Ergonomics
Cognitive Limits

Perception

Man- Machine
Interaction

Visualisation

Decision Making
Human Reliability
Situational
Awareness
Man Machine Interface:

Technology

Features to improve User Experience

Usability Factors:
Appreciating Grid Complexity
Simplicity
Consistency
Reduction in unnecessary mental efforts
Adequacy & ease of navigation
Search Features etc.

Situational Awareness
Understanding Current Environment and being able to accurately anticipate
future problems to enable effective actions
What is happening Now

Why is it
happening

What is likely to
happen

Prioritising
Accurate Predicition
Decision making

Use of colours
Visualisation
Cognitive Factors
Relationship between Persons &
Environment
Decomposing information
Coherence of Information
#

Presentation of Data
New techniques?
Possibilities of use of Sound
Alarms

Colour Perception easier than text

Standardisation of colour schema
in display
keeping in mind colour connotations
E.g. Red Vs. Green

International Benchmarks

ISO 11064: Ergonomic design of Control Centres

ISO 11064 Part 1: 2000

Principles for the design of Control Centres
ISO 11064 Part 2: 2000
Principles of Arrangement of Control suites
ISO 11064 Part 3: 1999
Control Room Layout
ISO 11064 Part 4: 2004
Layout & dimensions of Workstations
ISO 11064 Part 5: 2008
Displays and Control
ISO 11064 Part 6: 2005
Environmental Requirements for Control Centres
ISO 11064 Part 7:2006
Principles for Evaluation

ISO 6385: Ergonomic principles in Design of Work Systems

ISO 13407: Human Centred Design Processes for Interactive Systems

Process
CLARIFICATION
Purpose
Context
Resources
Constraints

PHASE I

Salient Features:
Feedback mechanism
Error tolerance

PHASE II

ANALYSIS & DEFINITION

Assessing Functional/
Performance Requirement
Job Design

PHASE III

CONCEPT DESIGN
Initial room layout
Displays & Control
Machine Interface

PHASE IV

DETAILED DESIGN
Operational Interface
Environmental Feedback

PHASE V

OPERATIONAL
FEEDBACK
Review
# ISO 11064, Part1:2000
Source:

References

www.iso.org
Kumar, Pramod et al, Ergonomics in Control Centre Design , IEEE
Andreas Lumbe Aas, Torbjrn Skramstad A case study of ISO 11064 in
control centre design in the Norwegian petroleum industry
Occupational Health and Safety, International labour Office
www.pnnl.org
Stone, Maureen Choosing Colours- Data Visualisation, 2006
Holmstrom, Conny O & Green, Mark : Human Factors & Control Centre
Design Issues, 2000
Cheaney, Margaret A. Stress in System Operation IEEE transactions on
Power Apparatus and systems, 1982
Krost, G; Lutterodt, S.; et al Improving Human Performance in the
Control Centre CIGRE Working Group 39.03
Johnson, Walter A.; Frank, C.J. et al Human Factors Review of Dispatch
Control Centres, IEEE transactions on Power Apparatus and systems,
1982
Chawapatnakul, Jatuphol, Redesign of control centre concept
for supporting Operator efficiency

Thank you