KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15

KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

KARAPAKKAM, CHENNAI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Tutorial Plan
15/12/2014
UNIT I
BASICS OF MECHANISMS
1. State and explain the three inversions of a four bar chain?

(AU Dec 2011)

2. Using kutzbach Criterion, find the number of degrees of freedom of the two mechanisms M 1 & M2
shown below.

(AU Dec 2011)

3. Define Kinematic pair and discuss various types of kinematic pairs with example.
(AU Dec 2009, Jun2007)
4. State and prove the kutzbach criteria for following kinematic chains. (AU Dec 2008)
(a)Cam with roller follower (b) Three bar chain (c) Four bar chain

16/12/2014
5. State and explain the three inversions of a four bar chain?

(AU Dec 2011)

6. Using kutzbach Criterion, find the number of degrees of freedom of the two mechanisms M 1 & M2
shown below.

(AU Dec 2011)

7. Define Kinematic pair and discuss various types of kinematic pairs with example.
(AU Dec 2009, Jun2007)

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
8. State and prove the kutzbach criteria for following kinematic chains. (AU Dec 2008)
(a)Cam with roller follower (b) Three bar chain (c) Four bar chain

9. What is inversion of mechanism? Describe various inversions of double slider crank mechanism
with sketches.

(AU Dec 2011, June 2010)

10. Explain the working of toggle mechanism and its application with a neat sketch.
(AU Dec 2010, Dec 2009)
11. Explain the working of pantograph and one indexing mechanism with a neat sketch.
(AU Dec 2010)
12. Explain the working of any two inversions of a single slider crank chain with neat sketches.
(AU Dec 2010, Jun2007)

13. State and explain the various inversions of four bar chain mechanism. (AU Jun 2010, Dec 2007)
14. Explain with neat sketch the working of crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism.
Deduce the expression for length of stroke in terms of link lengths.

(AU Jun 2010)

15. Perform kinematic analysis of following exact straight line motion mechanisms: (AU Jun 2010)
(a) Peaucelliers mechanism (b) Harts Mechanism

16. Define Kinematic pair and discuss various types of kinematic pairs with example.
(AU Dec 2009, Jun2007)
17. Draw a neat sketch and explain any one approximate straight line generating mechanism.
(AU Dec 2009)
18. With a neat sketch, explain the Ackermann steering gear of an automobile.
(AU Dec 2009, Dec 2006)
19. State and explain Whitworth quick return mechanism. Also derive an equation for ratio of time
taken for return strokes and forward strokes.

(AU Dec 2009)

20. Define transmission angle. Sketch a drag-link mechanism in maximum transmission angle
positions and explain.

(AU Dec 2009)

Explain the Indexing mechanism

21. Explain mechanism in kinematics point of view.

(AU Dec 2008)

Ratchet and Pawl Mechanism

22. State and prove the kutzbach criteria for following kinematic chains. (AU Dec 2008)
(a)Cam with roller follower (b) Three bar chain (c) Four bar chain

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
23. Discuss and explain about the straight line generators.

(AU Dec 2006)

24. Explain the following

(AU Dec 2006)

(a) Mechanical advantage (b) Grashoffs law (c) Mobility of a mechanism

UNIT 2
KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
PART A (2 Marks)
1. What is Coriolis component of acceleration?

(AU Dec 2011)(AU Dec 2010) (Ap/May-2008)

When a point on one link is sliding along another rotating link, such as in quick return motion
mechanism, then the coriolis component of acceleration must be calculated.
2. A slider sliding at 100 mm/sec on a link, which is rotating at 60 rpm, is subjected to coriolis
acceleration. Find its magnitude.
(AU May 2010)
ACBC = 2 v
Where
= Angular velocity of OA, and
V = Linear velocity of B.
3. Define Rubbing velocity.
(AU May 2010) (AU May 2007)
The links in a mechanism are mostly connected by means of pin joints. The rubbing velocity is defined
as the algebraic sum between the angular velocities of the two links which are connected by pin joints,
multiplied by the radius of the pin. R = w. r.
4. Explain how the direction of coriolis acceleration is obtained. (AU May2009, Dec 2008)
The direction of the Coriolis component of acceleration can be determined by rotating the velocity of a
sliding vector Vs through 90 in the direction of rotation of angular velocity . The magnitude of
Coriolis component of acceleration can be determined by
F = 2 Vs
=Angular velocity
Vs =Linear velocity

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
5. Define instantaneous centre of velocity.
(AU June 2007)
Instantaneous center of a moving body may be defined as that center which goes on changing from one
instant to another.
Consider three points A, B, C on a rigid link. I am being instantaneous Center. Let VA, VB, VC be the
points A, B & C.
Then we have
VA/IA=VB/IB=VC/IC

6. Write the condition for Coriolis component of acceleration.

(AU Dec 2006)
C
A BC = 2 v
Where
= Angular velocity of OA, and
V = Linear velocity of B.
7. Illustrate the instantaneous centers of a typical four bar.
(AU Jun 2006)
Number of instantaneous centres, N = n(n-1)/2
Where , n = Number of links.
In four bar chain mechanism, n = 4
N = 4(4-1)/2=6centres are possible.
8.
Define Kennedys theorem.
TheKennedystheorem states that if three bodies move relatively to each other, they have three
instantaneous centers and lie on a straight line.
9.

What is centrode, space centrode, Body centrode?

The locus of all instantaneous centre is known as centrode.
The locus of the instantaneous centre in space during a definite motion of the body is called the space
centrode.
The locus of all instantaneous centre relative to the body itself is called the body centrode.

10. Write down the different types of Instantaneous centres.

1) Fixed Instantaneous centres.
2) Permanent Instantaneous centres.
3) Neither fixed nor permanent Instantaneous centres
11. What is the objective of Kinematic analysis?
The objective of Kinematic analysis is to determine the Kinematic
displacement,velocity and acceleration of the element in a mechanism.

quantities such as

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
12. Write any two rules to locate Instantaneous center?
When two links are connected by a pin joint the instantaneous center lies on the center of the pin.
When two links have a sliding contact,the instantaneous center lies at infinity in a direction
perpendicular to the path of motionof slide.
13. In a four bar chain mechanism crank AB = 0.3 metre rotates with 100 r.p.m. and lever CD
oscillates with a linear velocity of 5 m/s and what is the mechanical advantage of the system.
Solution: Mechanical advantage = VAB/VDC
VAB = ABxAB = 2NAB/60xAB
= 2X100/60=0.3=3.14m/s
VDC = 5m/s =3.14/55=0.628m/s
14. What is angular velocity ratio theorem? (AU Apr 2011)
The angular velocity ratio theorem states that the angular velocity ratio of any two bodies in
planar relative to a third body is inversely proportional to the segments into which the common
instantaneous centre cuts the line of centres.
15. What are the properties of instantaneous centre? (AU Apr 2011)
(i)A rigid link rotates instantaneously relative to another link at the instantaneous centre for the
configuration of the mechanism.
(ii)The two rigid links have no linear velocity relative to each other at the instantaneous centre. At
this point the two rigid links have the same linear velocity relative to the rigid link. In other words, the
velocity of the instantaneous centre relative to any third rigid link will be same whether the
instantaneous centre is regarded as a point on the first rigid link or on the second rigid link.
16.

17.

18.

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15

19.

UNIT II
PART - B (16 Marks)
1. A link AB of a four bar linkage ABCD revolves uniformly at 120rpm in a clockwise direction.
Given AB=75mm, BC=175mm, CD=150mm, DA=100mm and angle BAD equal to 90.AD is fixed
link. Using graphical approach, find the angular accelerations of links BC and CD and
acceleration of point E on the link BC, if EC = 150mm.
(AU Dec 2011)
2. The lengths of crank and connecting rod of a horizontal reciprocating engine are 100mm and
500mm respectively. The crank is rotating at 400rpm. When the crank has turned 30 from the
inner dead centre, find analytically, the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the
connecting rod.
(AU Dec 2011)
3. A mechanism of a crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism is shown in Fig 1. If the crank
rotates counter clockwise at 120rpm. Determine for the Configuration shown, the velocity and
acceleration of ram D.
(AU May 2011)

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15

Also determine the angular acceleration of

the slotted lever.
Crank, AB=150mm; Slotted arm , OC =
700mm and link CD = 200mm.

4. For the slider crank mechanism shown in fig below, determine (i) the acceleration of slider B and
(ii) acceleration of point C. The crank OA rotates at 180 rpm. OA = 500mm, AB = 1500mm & AC
=250mm.
(AU May 2011)

5. The mechanism of a warping machine is shown in figure below. Various dimensions are as follows:
O1A = 100m; AC = 700mm ; BC = 200mm ; BD = 150mm; O2D =200mm; O2E = 400mm, O3C =
200mm. the crank O1A rotates at a uniform speed of 100rad/sec. Determine
(AU May 2010) (AU May 2007)
(i)Linear velocity of the point E on the bell crank lever
(ii) Angular velocity of link AC & BD.
(iii)Acceleration of the points B & E.

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15

6. In a slider crank mechanism, the length of the crank is 200mm and length of connecting rod
825mm. the angular velocity and acceleration of crank is 60rad/s and 1100 rad/s 2. When the crank
has turned 120from the inner dead centre, find :
(AU Dec 2009)
(a) The velocity and acceleration of piston
(b) Angular velocity and acceleration of connecting rod.
7. A four bar chain mechanism ABCD with its dimensions is shown in fig below. It is driven by the
crank AB which rotates at 600 rpm in clockwise direction. The link AD is fixed. Find the absolute
velocity of point C and angular velocity of the links CB and CD.
(AU Dec 2009)

8. In a simple steam engine, the lengths of the crank and the connecting rod are 100mm and 400mm
respectively. The weight of the connecting rod is 50 kg and its centre of mass is 220mm from the
cross head centre. The radius of gyration about the centre of the mass is 120mm. If the engine
speed is 300rpm and the crank has turned 45from IDC, determine : (AU Dec 2009) (Dec 2006)
(i) The angular velocity and acceleration of the connecting rod
(ii) Kinetic energy of the connecting rod.
UNIT 3
KINEMATICS OF CAMS
PART A (2 Marks)
1. Define pressure angle of cam mechanism and state the best values of pressure angle
(AU Dec 2011) (AU Dec 2009)
Pressure angle represents the included angle at any point on the pitch curve between the line of motion
of follower and normal to that point on the cam profile. This angle is of great importance in designing
the cam profiles.

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
(It is the angle between the direction of the follower motion and a normal to the pitch curve. If the
pressure angle is too large, a reciprocating follower will jam in its bearings. Pitch point is a point on the
pitch curve having the maximum pressure angle)
2. Define tangential cam.
(AU Dec 2010)
When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle and nose circle, the cam is
known as tangent cam.
3. Define undercutting in a cam mechanism.
(AU Dec 2010) (AU Dec 2009)
The cam profile must be continuous curve without any loop. If the curvature of the pitch curve is too
sharp, then the part of the cam shape would be lost and thereafter the intended cam motion would not be
achieved. Such a cam is said to be undercut. Undercutting occurs in the cam because of attempting to
achieve too great a follower lift with very small cam rotation with a smaller cam.
Prevent undercutting in cam
- By decreasing the follower lift.
- By increasing cam rotation angle.
- By increasing the cam size' (i.e., Base circle).
4. What are the different types of follower motions used in cam follower mechanism?
(AU Dec 2010)
The cam rotates at a uniform angular velocity; the follower may have the following motions
1. Uniform velocity or uniform motion
2. Simple harmonic motion SHM
3. Uniform acceleration and retardation
4. Cycloidal motion
5. What is cam?
(AU Jun 2010)
A cam may be defined as a machine element having a curved outline or a curved groove, which, by its
oscillation or rotation motion, gives a predetermined specified motion to another element called the
follower. The cam has a very important function in the operation of many classes of machines, especially
those of the automatic type, such as printing presses, shoe machinery, textile machinery, gear-cutting
machines, and screw machines
6. What is dwell period of cam?
The period during which the follower remains at rest is called dwell period.
7. Name any two types of cams with specified contours.
Cam followers are classified based on shape as follows
1. Knife edge follower
2. Roller follower
3. Flat follower
4. Spherical follower

(AU Jun 2010)

(AU May 2010)

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
8. What are the different of motion with which a follower can move?
1. Uniform velocity or uniform motion
2. Simple harmonic motion SHM
3. Uniform acceleration and retardation
4. Cycloidal motion

(AU May 2010)

9. Define the term pressure angle of a cam mechanism.

(AU May 2010)
Pressure angle represents the included angle at any point on the pitch curve between the line of motion
of follower and normal to that point on the cam profile. This angle is of great importance in designing
the cam profiles. If the pressure angle is too large, a reciprocating follower will jam in its bearings.
10. How the maximum velocity of the follower of a cam mechanism is found out during the lift which
takes place with simple harmonic motion?
(AU May 2010)
Maximum acceleration of follower during out stroke,
ao = 22s/2(o)2
Maximum acceleration of follower during return stroke,
aR = 22s/2(R)2
Where, = Angular velocity of the cam,
S = Stroke length,
o = Out stroke angle, and
R = Return stroke angle.
11. Why is roller follower extensively used?
(AU Dec 2009)
Roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary gas oil engines,
and aircraft engines.
12. Define pitch curve of the cam.
(AU May 2008) (AU Dec 2008)
The path generated by the trace point at the follower is rotated about a stationary cam. i.e., By holding
the cam fixed and rotating the follower in a direction opposite to that of cam, then the curve generated by
the locus of the trace point is called the pitch curve.
(It is the curve generated by the trace point as the follower moves relative to the cam. For a knife edge
follower the pitch curve and the cam profile are the same, whereas for the roller follower, they are
separated by the radius of the roller.)

13. What are the classifications of cams based on contact surfaces?

Cylindrical cam and Radial or Disc cam

(AU Dec 2007)

14. What the advantages of roller follower than knife edge follower?
Excessive wear of the knife edge follower is reduced by roller follower

(AU Dec 2006)

15. What is radial or disc cams?

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
In radial cams the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction perpendicular to the cam axis . The
cams are all radial rams. In actual practice, radial cams are widely used due to their simplicity and
compactness.
16. What are the necessary elements of a cam mechanism?
(AU Apr 2011)

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Cam-The driving member is known as the cam

Follower-The driven member is known as the follower.
Frame-It supports the cam and guider the follower.

17. Define Angle of ascend and Angle of descend? (AU Apr 2011)

The angle of rotation of the cam from the position when the follower begins to rise till it reaches its
highest points . it is denoted by
The angle through which the cam rotates during the time the follower returns to the initial position . It is
denoted by r.
18. Classify cam based on a shape ?
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

wedge cam
radial cams
spiral cams
drum cams
spherical cams

19. What do you know about gravity cam?

In this type, the rise of the cam is achieved by the rising surface of the cam and the return by the force of
gravity or due to the weight of the cam.
20. What is the application of cam?
Closing and opening of inlet and exit value operating in IC engine .

UNIT III
PART - B (16 Marks)

1. A cam with a minimum radius of 25mm and rotating in the CW direction, is to be designed for a
knife edge follower with the following Data:
(AU Dec 2011)

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
- Ascent of the follower through 35mm during 60cam rotation;
- Dwell for next 40of the cam rotation ;
- Descent of the follower during the next 90 of the cam rotation;
- Dwell during rest of cam rotation.
The ascent and descent of the cam are with simple harmonic motion and the line of stroke of the
follower is offset 10mm from axis of cam shaft.

2.

3.

4.

5.

(i) Draw the displacement diagram

(ii) Draw the profile of the cam.
(iii) What is the maximum velocity and acceleration of the follower during the ascent and descent
if cam rotates at 150 rpm?
The following particulars relate to a symmetrical circular cam operating a flat faced follower ;
least radius =25mm, nose radius = 8mm, lift of the valve = 10mm, Angle of action of cam = 120,
cam shaft speed =1000rpm
(AU Dec 2011)
(i) Find the flank radius
(ii) Determine maximum value of velocity, acceleration and retardation of follower.
(iii) Draw the profile of the cam.
A cam with 30mm as minimum diameter is rotating clockwise at a uniform speed of 1200rpm and
has to give the following motion to a roller follower 10mm in diameter:
(AU Apr 2011)
(i) Follower to complete outward stroke of 25mm during 120 of cam rotation with equal uniform
acceleration and retardation.
(ii) Follower to dwell for 60of cam rotation.
(iii) Follower to return to its initial position during 90of cam rotation with equal uniform
acceleration and retardation.
(iv) Follower to dwell for remaining 90of cam rotation. Draw the cam profile if the axis of the
roller follower passes through the axis of the cam.
Draw the cam profile for the following data:
(AU Dec 2010)
Basic circle radius of cam = 50mm, Lift = 40mm, Angle of ascent with cycloidal = 60, angle of
dwell = 90, angle of descent with uniform velocity = 90, speed of cam = 300rpm, Follower offset =
10mm, Type of follower = knife Edge.
In a symmetrical tangent cam operating a roller follower, the least radius of the cam 30mm and
the roller radius is 15mm, the angular of assent is 75and the total lift is 20mm. The speed of the
cam is 600 rpm. Calculate :
(AU Dec 2010)
(I)The principal dimensions of the cam. (II)The acceleration of the follower at the beginning of lift,
where straight flank merges into the circular nose and at apex of the nose.

6. Draw the cam profile for the following data:

(AU Dec 2010)
Basic circle radius of cam = 50mm, Lift = 40mm, Angle of ascent with SHM = 90, Angle of Dwell
= 90, Angle of descent with uniform acceleration and deceleration = 90, speed of cam = 300 rpm,
Type of follower = Roller follower (With roller radius = 10mm).
7. Construct a tangent cam and mention the important terminologies on it. Also derive the
expression for displacement, velocity and acceleration of a reciprocating roller follower when the
roller has contact with the nose.
(AU May2010)

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
8. It is required to set out the profile of a cam to give the following motion to the reciprocating
follower with a flat mushroom contact face:
(AU May2010)
(i) Follower to have a stroke of 20mm during 120of cam rotation.
(ii) Follower to dwell for 30 of cam rotation.
(iii) Follower to return to its position during 120 of cam rotation.
(iv) Follower to dwell for the remaining period. The minimum radius of the cam is 25mm. the
outstroke of the follower is performed with simple harmonic motion and the return stroke with
uniform acceleration and retardation.
9. A disc cam used for moving a knife edge follower with SHM during lift and uniform acceleration
and retardation motion during return. Cam rotates at 300rpm clockwise direction. The line of
motion of follower has an offset 10mm to the right angle of cam shaft axis. The minimum radius of
cam is 30mm. The lift of the follower is 40mm. The cam rotation angles are: lift 60, dwell 90,
return120and remaining angle for dwell. Draw the cam profile and determine the maximum
velocity and acceleration during the lift and return.
(AU Dec 2009)
10. A cam is designed for a knife edge follower with following data: Cam lift = 40mm during 90 of
cam rotation with SHM, dwell for next 30, during the next 60of cam rotation, the follower
returns to its original position with SHM, dwell during remaining 180. Draw the profile of the
cam when the line of stroke is offset 20mm from axis of cam shaft. The radius of base circle of cam
is 40mm.
(AU Jun 2009)
11. What is tangent cam? Derive the expression for the velocity and acceleration for a roller follower
with tangent cam.
(AU Dec 2009)
12. Draw a cam profile for operating the exhaust valve of an oil engine .It is required to give equal
uniform acceleration and retardation during opening and closing of the valve each of which
corresponds to 60of cam rotation. The valve must remain in the fully open position for 20of cam
rotation. The valve is 37.5mm and least radius of cam is 40mm. The follower is provided with a
roller of radius 20mm and its line of stroke passes through the axis of the cam.
(AU Jun 2009)
13. A symmetrical circular cam opening a flat faced follower has the following particulars: (AU Dec
2008)
Minimum radius of the cam = 30mm; Total lift= 20mm; Angle of lift=75; Nose radius =5mm;
Speed = 600rpm. Determine: (i) The principal dimensions of the cam. (ii) Acceleration of the
follower at the beginning of lift, at the end of contact with the circular flank, at the beginning of
contact with nose and at the apex of the nose.
(AU Dec 2006)

UNIT 4
GEARS
PART A (2 Marks)
1. Define the following terms used in a gear: (a) Pressure angle (b) Module.

(AU Dec 2011)

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
The pressure angle is the angle which the common normal to the contacting tooth profiles, at the point of
contact, makes with the common tangent to the two pitch circles at the pitch point.
Module (m): is the ratio of pitch diameter to the number of teeth on the gear. m = D/T, where D- pitch
circle diameter, T no of teeth
2. State the law of gearing.
(AU Dec 2011) (AU June 2010) (AU Dec 2009)
The law of gearing states that for obtaining a constant velocity ratio, at any instant of teeth the common
normal at each point of contact should always pass through a pitch point, situated on the line joining the
centre of rotation of the pair of mating gears.
(The common normal at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always pass through the pitch
point for all positions of the mating gears.)
3. What is interference in involute gear and how it is prevented?
(AU Dec 2011) (AU Dec 2009) (AU May 2008)
The phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the roots on its mating gear is known as interference.
1.The height of the teeth may be reduced.
2. The pressure angel may be increased.
3. The radial flank of the pinion may be cut back (undercutting).
4. What is the difference between simple gear train and compound gear train?
(AU Dec 2011) (AU June 2010)
The advantage of a compound gear train over a simple gear train is that a much larger speed reduction
from the first shaft to the last shaft can be obtained with small gears.
5. What is the significance of contact ratio in gears?
(AU Dec 2010)
Contact ratio is defined as the ratio of the length of arc of contact to the circular pitch. Mathematically.
Contact ratio = length of arc of conta [Pc]
Where Pc = circular path.
6. What are the advantages of epicyclic gear train?
(AU Dec 2010) (AU May2007)
Epicyclic gear trains are used in the differential gear box of an automobile, wrist watches, hoists, pulley
blocks, back gear of lathe machine, in aircrafts etc.
In epicyclic gear trains, the axes of the shafts on which the gears mounted may move relative to a fixed
axis. But in other types, the axes of the shafts over which the gears are mounted are fixed relative to each
other.

7. Define contact ratio.

It is the ratio of the length of arc contact to the circular pitch is known as contactratio. The value gives the
number of pairs of teeth in contact.

8. What is meant by diametral pitch of gear wheel?

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
(AU June 2010)
Diametral pitch (PD): It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter.
PD = T/D = /PC
9. What is axial pitch of a helical gear?
(AU May2010) (AU May2007)
It is the distance, parallel to the axis, between similar faces of adjacent teeth. It is same as circular pitch
and is therefore denoted by pc. The axial pitch may also be defined as the circular pitch in the plane of
rotation or the diameteral plane.
(Axial pitch is the distance measured parallel to the axis between similar faces of an adjacent teeth.
Axial pitch = Pc/tan
Where
Pc = Circular pitch, and = Helix angle.)
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of involute gear tooth profile? (AU May2009)
Advantages:
a) It is easy to manufacture and the center distance between a pair of involute gears can be varied
without changing the velocity ratio. Thus close tolerances between shaft locations are not required. The
most commonly used conjugate tooth curve is the involute curve.
b) In involute gears, the pressure angle, remains constant between the point of tooth engagement and
disengagement. It is necessary for smooth running and less wear of gears.
c) The face and flank of involute teeth are generated by a single curve where as in cycloidal gears,
double curves (i.e. epi-cycloid and hypo-cycloid) are required for the face and flank respectively. Thus
the involute teeth are easy to manufacture than cycloidal teeth.
11. What are the applications of reverted gear trains?
(AU May2009)
A reverted gear train is a compound gear train in which, the first and last gears are coaxial with each
other. E.g In clocks and simple lathes where back gear is used to impart slow speed to the chuck
12. Define undercutting in gears
(AU May 2008)
The under cutting concept in gearing is, when the two gears mates, pinions whose base circle is more
than the dedendum circle, therefore the profile of tooth below the base circle is non involute. In this
case the profile of wheel and pinion will not be tangent to each other and the tip of the wheel will dig out
or interfere with the flank of the pinion and remove the part of material called under cut and the process
of removal of material is under cutting of gears. The teeth of pinion will become weak due to
undercutting.
13. Define the following terms used in gears: (a) Pitch circle, (b) Circular pitch, (c) Diametral pitch
and (d) Module.
(AU May2007)
Circular pitch (PC):
It is the distance measured along the circumference of the pitch circle from a point on one teeth to the
corresponding point on the adjacent tooth.
PC = D/T
Diametral pitch (PD):
It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter.
PD = T/D = /PC
Module (m):

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
Module is the ratio of pitch diameter to the number of teeth on the gear.
m = D/T, where D- pitch circle diameter, T no of teeth
14. Define cycloidel tooth profile and involute tooth profile. (AU Apr 2011)
A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls without slipping
on a fixed straight line.
Involute profile is defined as the locus of a point on a straight line which rolls without slipping on
the circumference of a circle.
15. Where the epicyclic gear trains are used? (AU Apr 2011)

The epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear of lathe, differential gears of the automobiles,
pulley blocks, wrist watches, etc.
16. What are the types of gear trains?
1. Simple gear train
2. Compound gear train.
3. Reverted gear train
4. Epicyclic gear train.
17. What is the advantage of a compound gear train over a simple gear train?
The advantage of a compound gear train over a simple gear train is that a much larger speed reduction
from the first shaft to the last shaft can be obtained with small gears.
18.

19.

20.

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15

UNIT IV
PART - B (16 Marks)

1. Two involute gears of 20 pressure angle are in mesh. The number of teeth on pinion is 20 and the
gear ratio is 2. If the pitch expressed in module is 5 mm, and the pitch line speed is 1.2 m/s,
assuming addendum as standard and equal to one module, find (i) the angle turned through by
pinion when one pair of teeth is in mesh; and (ii) the maximum velocity of sliding.
(AU Dec 2011)
2. An epicyclic gear train shown in figure below.
(AU Dec 2011)

The internal gear D has 90 teeth and the sun gear A has 40 teeth. The two planet gears B & C are
identical and they are attached to an arm as shown. How many revolutions does the arm makes,
(i) WhenA makes one revolution in clockwise and D , makes one revolution in clockwise and
D makes revolutions in opposite sense.
(ii) When A makes one revolution in clockwise and D remains stationary.
3. (i)State and prove the law of gearing and thus derive the expression for Velocity of sliding.
(AU Dec 2011) (AU May 2010)
(ii)Show that the involute curves as the profiles of mating gears satisfy the law of gearing.
4. The pressure angle of two gears is 20 and has a module of 10mm. The number of teeth on pinion
and gear is same and equal to one module. Determine
(i) the number of pairs of teeth in contact and
(ii) the angle of action of pinion and gear and the ratio of sliding to rolling velocity at the beginning
of contact. The pitch circle diameter of the annular gear in the epicyclic gear train in fig below is
425mm and the module is 5mm. when the annular gear 3 is stationary, the spindle a makes one
revolution in the same sense as the sun gear 1 for every 6 revolutions of the driving spindle
carrying the sun gear . All the planet gears are of same size. Determine number of teeth on all
gears.
(AU Dec 2010)

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15

5. Prove that the maximum lengths of arc of contact between a pair of gear tooth to avoid
interference are (r+R) tan.
(AU Dec 2010)
6. Diagrammatically show the following with reference to a spur gear tooth: Face width, pitch circle,
clearance, tooth thickness, addendum& dedendum. (AU Dec 2010)
7. A pair of spur gears with involute teeth is to give a gear ratio 0f 3:1. The arc of approach is not to
be less than the circular pitch and smaller wheel is the driver. The angle of pressure is 20.
(AU Dec 2009)
(i) What is the least number of teeth that can be used on each wheel?
(ii) What is the addendum of the wheel in terms of circular pitch?
8. In an epicyclic gear train, an annular wheel A having 54 teeth meshes with a planet wheel B which
gears with a sun wheel C, the wheels A and C being rotated about the axis of the wheels A &C.If
the wheel A makes 20 rpm in a clockwise sense and the arm rotates at 100rpm in the anticlockwise
direction and wheel C. (AU Dec 2009)
9. A pinion of 20 involute teeth and 125 mm pitch circle diameter drives a rack. The addendum of
both pinion and rack is 6.25mm.What is the least pressure angle which can be used to avoid
interference? With this pressure angle , find the length of arc and the minimum number of teeth in
contact at a time.
(AU Dec 2008)
10. In an epicyclic gear train shown in fig below, the pinion A has 15 teeth and is rigidly fixed in the
motor shaft. The wheel B has 20 teeth and gears with A, and also with annular fixed wheel D.
Pinion C has 15 teeth and is integral with B(C, B being a compound gear wheel). Gear C meshes
with annular wheel E, which is keyed to the machine shaft. The arm rotates about the same shaft
on which A is fixed and carries the compound wheel B-C. If the motor runs at 1000 rpm, find the
speed of the machine shaft.
(AU Dec 2008)

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15

UNIT 5
FRICTION
PART A
1. What is limiting angle of friction.

(AU Dec 2011)

The limiting angle of friction () is defined as the angle at which the resultant reaction R makes with
the normal reaction RN.
1. If limiting angle of friction () is equal to tan-1 , then the body will move over the plane irrespective
of the magnitude of the force (F) (Limiting force of friction).
2. If < tan-1 , then no motion of body on plane is possible irrespective of how large the magnitude of
F may be.
2. What is the difference between sliding friction and rolling friction? Give example? (AU Apr
2011)
Sliding Friction When two dry surfaces have a sliding motion relative to each other, then it is called as
sliding friction E.g friction between nut and bolt.
Rolling friction When two dry surfaces have a rolling motion relative to each other, then it is called as
rolling friction E.g friction in ball and roller bearings.
3. What are the advantages of V belt drive over flat belt drive?

(AU Apr 2011)

1. V belt cannot be used in large distance.

2. It is not as durable as flat belt.
3. Since the V belt subjected to certain amount of creep therefore it is not suitable for constant speed
applications such as synchronous machines, and timing devices.
4. It is a costlier system.
4. What is self-energizing brake?

(AU Dec 2010)

When moments of efforts applied on the break drum and frictional force are in the same direction, the
breaking torque becomes maximum (frictional force aids the braking action). In such a case the brake is
said to be partially self-actuating or self-energizing.
5. Write the various types of brake.
1. Hydraulic brakes: e.g., Pumps or hydrodynamic brake and fluid agitator.
2. Electric brakes: e.g., Eddy current brakes.
3. Mechanical brakes: e.g., Radial brakes and Axial brakes
(1. Block or shoe brake
2. Band brake
3. Band and block brake
4. Internal expanding shoe brake)-mech

(AU Dec 2010)

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
6. Define sliding friction and rolling friction.

(AU Dec 2010)

Sliding Friction When two dry surfaces have a sliding motion relative to each other, then it is called as
sliding friction E.g friction between nut and bolt.
Rolling friction When two dry surfaces have a rolling motion relative to each other, then it is called as
rolling friction E.g friction in ball and roller bearings.
7. State the condition for maximum power transmission in a belt drive and deduce the expression
for corresponding belt velocity. (AU Apr 2011)
Condition for maximum power transmission in a belt drive
P = (TV-mv3) x C
Where, C = 1-1/e
8. What are self-locking screws? Why self-locking screws have lesser efficiency?
(AU Dec
2009)
Self-locking needs some friction on the thread surface of the screw and nut hence it needs higher efforts
to lift a body and hence automatically the efficiency decreases.
9. What are the functions of clutches?
To engage or disengage the rest of transmission as required.
To transmit the engine power to rear wheels when the rear wheels without shock.
To enable the gear to get engaged when the vehicle is in motion.

(AU Dec 2009)

10. Give the effect of centrifugal tension in belt drives.

(AU Dec 2009)
Centrifugal tension in belt depends on Mass of the belt per unit length (or) Density of belt material and
Velocity of the belt and it effects the power transmission.
11. . What are the types of friction?
i) Static friction
ii) Dynamic friction
(a) Sliding friction
(b) Rolling friction
(c) Pivot friction
12. What is creep in the case of belt?
(AU May2008)
The relative motion between belt and pulley surface due to unequal stretching of the two sides of drive.
The effect of creep slows down the speed of the belt on the driving pulley than the peripheral velocity of
pulley.
13. List any four desirable characteristics of brake lining material.
2007)
a) It should have low wear rate
b) High heat resistant
c) It should have high coefficient of friction with minimum fading

(AU Dec

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15
d) It should have adequate mechanical strength and high heat dissipation capacity
e) E.g materials bronze, steel, wood on cast iron and fiber, asbestos, leather, cork on metal,

14.

15.

16.

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15

17.

18.

19.

KCG\MECH\KOM\2014-15

UNIT V
PART - B (16 Marks)

1. A single plate clutch has dimensions 300mm outside diameter and 100mm inside diameter. Both
side of the plate are effective. Assuming uniform wear and coefficient of friction of 0.35, determine
the maximum power that can be transmitted at 1500rpm,if the maximum pressure on the plate is
not to exceed 1 MN/m2 .Find also the minimum intensity of pressure and its location.
(AU Dec 2011) (AU Dec 2006)
2. A rope drive is required to transmit 230KW from a pulley of 1m diameter running at 450rpm.the
safe pull in each rope is 800N and mass of the rope is 0.46Kg/m. The angle of the lap and groove
angle are 160 and 45 respectively. If the coefficient of friction between the rope and the pulley
is0.3, find the number of ropes required.
(AU Dec 2011)
3. The mean diameter of the screw jack having pitch of 10mm is 50mm.A load of 20 KN is lifted
through a distance of 170mm.Find the work done in lifting the load and efficiency of the screw
jack when (i) the load rotate with the screw. (ii) The load rests on the the loose head which does
not rotate with the screw. The external and internal diameters of the bearing surface of the loose
head are 60mm and 10mm respectively, the coefficient of friction for the screw as well as the
bearing surface may be taken as 0.08.
(AU Dec 2011)
4. A rotor is driven by a coaxial motor through a single plate clutch, both sides of the plate being
effective .The external and internal diameters of the plate are respectively 220mm and 160mm and
the total spring load pressing the plates together is 570N.The motor armature and shaft has a mass
of 800kg with an effective radius of gyration of 200mm. The rotor has a mass of 1300kg with an
effective radius of gyration of 180mm.The coefficient of friction for the clutch is 0.35.The driving
motor is brought up to a speed of 1250rpm when the current is switched off and the clutch
suddenly engaged.
(AU Dec 2011)
Determine (i) The final speed of motor and rotor, (ii) The time to reach this speed (iii) The kinetic
energy lost during the period of slipping
5. An effort of 200N is required to just move certain body up an inclined plane of an angle 15, the
force is acting parallel to the plane. If the angle of inclination of the plane. If the angle of
inclination of the plane is made 20, the effort required parallel to the plane is found to be as 230N.
Determine the weight of the body and the coefficient of friction.
(AU Dec 2010)
6. A compressor 90KW to operate at 250rpm.The drive is V-belts from an electric motor running at
750rpm.The diameter of the pulley on the compressor shaft must not be greater than 1 meter
while the center distance between the pulleys is limited to 1.75m. The belt speed should not exceed
1600m/min. Determine the number of V belts required to transmit the power if each belt has a
cross sectional area of 375 mm2 , density 1000 kg/m3 and an allowable tensile stress of 2.5 Mpa.
The groove angle of the pulley is 35.The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is
0.25.Also calculate the length of each belt.
(AU Dec 2010) (AU Dec 2008)
7. What are block brakes? Derive an expression relating the applied force and breaking torque in a
block brake.
(AU May 2010) (AU Dec 2006)
8. The diameter of a block brake is 250mm. The L shaped lever has its longer arm horizontal. The
vertical distance of the pivot (of the lever) from the centre of the drum is 75mm. the horizontal
distance of the pivot from the centre of the drum is 200mm.An effort of 700N (vertical) is applied
at a horizontal distance of 400mm from the pivot. The contact angle of the block is 90 degrees. The
coefficient of friction is 0.35.Determine the breaking torque.
(AU May 2010)
9.
Derive an expression for the centrifugal tension in belt drives. (AU May 2010)