Answers To Homework Set #1 - MATH 242 (Fall 2012) - WikiNotes

12/21/2014
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MATH242
Fall2012
Coursesummary
Answerstohomeworkset#1
PrintHistoryEdit
Answerstohomeworkset#1
Professor:IvoKlemes
Studentprovidedanswerstohomeworkset#1,duedateunspecified(nottobehandedinandthusnotmarked).Thecontentonthispageissolelyintendedto
functionasastudyaidforstudentsandshouldconstitutefairdealingunderCanadiancopyrightlaw.
Problemstocomplete:(2.1)#112,(2.2)#113,16,17,(2.3)#114,(2.4)#18,#1319,(2.5)#113,(3.1)#118,(3.2)#123,(3.3)#112,(3.4)#116(omit
limsupandliminf),(3.5)#111(omitcontractivesequences),(3.6)#110.
Ifyounoticeanyerrors,pleaseregisterorloginandeditthispage,orcontact@dellsystemaboutit.
1Section2
1.1Section2.1
1.1.1Question1
1.1.2Question2
1.1.3Question3
1.1.4Question4
1.1.5Question5
1.1.6Question6
1.1.7Question7
1.1.8Question8
1.1.9Question9
1.1.10Question10
1.1.11Question11
1.1.12Question12
1.2Section2.2
1.2.1Question1
1.2.2Question2
1.2.3Question3
1.2.4Question4
1.2.5Question5
1.2.6Question6
1.2.7Question7
1.2.8Question8
1.2.9Question9
http://www.wikinotes.ca/MATH_242/summary/fall2012/answerstohomeworkset1/#section24
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1.2.10Question10
1.2.11Question11
1.2.12Question12
1.2.13Question13
1.2.14Question16
1.2.15Question17
1.3Section2.3
1.3.1Question1
1.3.2Question2
1.3.3Question3
1.3.4Question4
1.3.5Question5
1.3.6Question6
1.3.7Question7
1.3.8Question8
1.3.9Question9
1.3.10Question10
1.3.11Question11
1.3.12Question12
1.3.13Question13
1.3.14Question14
1.4Section2.4
1.4.1Question1
1.4.2Question2
1.4.3Question3
1.4.4Question4
1.4.5Question5
1.4.6Question6
1.4.7Question7
1.4.8Question8
1.4.9Question13
1.4.10Question14
1.4.11Question15
1.4.12Question16
1.4.13Question17
1.4.14Question18
1.4.15Question19
1.5Section2.5
1.5.1Question1
1.5.2Question2
1.5.3Question3
1.5.4Question4
1.5.5Question5
1.5.6Question6
1.5.7Question7
1.5.8Question8
1.5.9Question9
1.5.10Question10
1.5.11Question11
1.5.12Question12
1.5.13Question13
2Section3
2.1Section3.1
2.1.1Question1
2.1.2Question2
2.1.3Question3
2.1.4Question4
2.1.5Question5
2.1.6Question6
2.1.7Question7
2.1.8Question8
2.1.9Question9
2.1.10Question10
2.1.11Question11
2.1.12Question12
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2.1.13Question13
2.1.14Question14
2.1.15Question15
2.1.16Question16
2.1.17Question17
2.1.18Question18
2.2Section3.2
2.2.1Question1
2.2.2Question2
2.2.3Question3
2.2.4Question4
2.2.5Question5
2.2.6Question6
2.2.7Question7
2.2.8Question8
2.2.9Question9
2.2.10Question10
2.2.11Question11
2.2.12Question12
2.2.13Question13
2.2.14Question14
2.2.15Question15
2.2.16Question16
2.2.17Question17
2.2.18Question18
2.2.19Question19
2.2.20Question20
2.2.21Question21
2.2.22Question22
2.2.23Question23
2.3Section3.3
2.3.1Question1
2.3.2Question2
2.3.3Question3
2.3.4Question4
2.3.5Question5
2.4Section3.4
2.4.1Question1
2.4.2Question2
2.4.3Question3
2.4.4Question4
2.5Section3.5
2.6Section3.6
1Section2edit
1.1Section2.1edit
1.1.1Question1edit
Ifa, b R ,provethefollowing:
(a)Ifa + b = 0 ,thenb = a
(b)(a) = a
(c)(1)a = a
(d)(1)(1) = 1.
(a)b
= b + 0 = b + (a a) = (b + a) a =
associativity
(a + b)
a = 0 a = a
commutativity
(b)FromaxiomA4,weknowthat((a)) + (a) = 0.Ifweadda tobothsides,wehave(((a)) + (a)) + a

(A2)andA4again,wecanrewritethat((a)) + ((a) + a) = ((a)) + 0 = (a) = a.
= a.Byassociativity
(c)
(1)a = (1)a + 0 = (1)a
+ ((a) + a)
(A4) 3/20
12/21/2014
(1)a = (1)a + 0 = (1)a + ((a) + a)
(A4)
= a(1) + ((a) + (a))
(A1)
= (a(1) + (a)) + (a)
(A2)
= (a(1) + a 1) + (a)
(M3)
= (a((1) + 1)) + (a)
(d)Usingthestatementprovedinpart(c),witha
(1)(1) = 1 .
(D)
= (a(0) + (a)
(A4)
= 0 + (a)
(M3)
= (a)
(A3)
= (1),wehavethat(1)(1) = (1).Frompart(b),wehavethat(1) = 1,andso
1.1.2Question2edit
Provethatifa, b R ,then
(a)(a + b) = (a) + (b)
(b)(a) (b) = a b
(c)1/(a) = (1/a)
(d)(a/b) = (a)/bifb 0.
(a)
(a + b) = (1)(a + b)
(by 1 (c))
= (1)(a) + (1)b
= (a) + (b)
(D)
(by 1 (c) again, used twice)
(b)
(a) (b) = ((1)a) ((1)b)
(by 1 (c))
= ((1) (a(1))) (b) = ((1) ((1)a)) (b)

= (((1)(1)) a) b
= (1 a) b
(by M2, applied twice)

(by M1)
(by 1 (d))
= a b
(by M3)
(c)
1/(a) = (1/(a)) 1
= (1/(a)) (a (1/a))
= (1/(a)) ((a) ((1/a))
(by M3)
(by M4)
(by part (b))
= ((1/(a)) (a)) ((1/a))
(by M2)
= 1 ((1/a))
(by M4)
= (1/a)
(by M3)
(d)
(a/b) = (1) (a/b)
(by 1 (c))
= (1) (a (1/b))
(by the definition of division)
= ((1) a) (1/b)
(by M2)
= (a) (1/b)
= (a)/b
(by 1 (c) again)

(by the definition of division)
1.1.3Question3edit
Solvethefollowingequations,justifyingeachstep:
(a)2x + 5 = 8
2
(b)x = 2x
2
(c)x 1 = 3
(d)(x 1)(x + 2) = 0 .
(a)
(subtracting 5 from both sides)4/20
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2x + 5 5 = 8 5
(subtracting 5 from both sides)
2x + 0 = 3
(from above)
2x = 3
(by A3)
(1/2)(2x) = (1/2)3
(multiplying by 1/2 on both sides)
((1/2) 2) x = (3/2)
(by M2, and the definition of division)
1 x = (3/2)
(by M4)
x = (3/2)
(by M3)
(b)
2
= 2x
x x = 2x
(by the definition of exponents)
(x x)(1/x) = (2x) (1/x)
(multiplying by 1/x on each side)
x (1 (1/x)) = 2 (x (1/x))
(by M2)
x 1 = 2 1
(by M4)
x= 2
(by M3)
(c)
2
(x
2
1) + 1 = 3 + 1
+ ((1) + 1) = 4
2
(by A2)
+ 0 = 4
2
Notsurehowtousethistoconcludethatx
(adding 1 to each side)
(by A4)
= 4
(by A3)
= 2 .Whataresquareroots???
(d)Sincetheproductof(x 1) and(x + 2) iszero,weknowthatatleastoneofthefactorsiszero.Ifx 1

x = 1.Ifx + 2 = 0 ,thensubtracting2frombothsidesgivesusx = 2 .
= 0 ,thenadding1tobothsidesgivesus
1.1.4Question4edit
Ifa
R satisfiesa a = a
,provethateithera
= 0ora = 1.
First,weassumethata 0.Thena = 1 a = ((1/a) a) a = (1/a) (a a) = (1/a) a = 1 .Soifa

satisfiesa a = a ,as0 0 = 0 bypart(c)oftheorem2.1.2,thena = 0isapossiblesolutionconsequently,ifa a =
a = 1.
0, a = 1 .Sincea = 0
a
,theneithera
= 0or
Notentirelysureifthisisavalidproof.
1.1.5Question5edit
Ifa
0andb 0,showthat1/(ab) = (1/a)(1/b).
Ican'tseemtoformulatethisproofinawaythatdoesn'trequire((((())))))and9000usesofM1andM2soI'mjustgoingtogivetheanswerinwords.Theideais
that(1/a a) = (1/b b) = 1 ,soyoucanmultiplybyeither,thenwhenyoumultiplythosetogether,youget((1/a) (1/b)) (ab)(aftersome
manipulation)andthensinceab (1/(ab)) = 1youjustget(1/a)(1/b).
1.1.6Question6edit
UsetheargumentintheproofofTheorem2.1.4toshowthattheredoesnotexistarationalnumberssuchthats
(Forreference,theproofofTheorem2.1.4isthefamous 2
= 6.
proof,whichproceedsbycontradictionanduseseven/oddproperties.)
2
Proofbycontradiction:weassumethattheredoesexistarationalnumberssuchthats = 6 .Sos = p/q ,wherep, q Z andq 0 .Lettheratiobe

writteninitslowestform,suchthatpandq havenocommonfactorsotherthan1.Sinces2 = 6 ,p2 /q 2 = 6 andsop2 = 6q 2 = 3 2q 2 .p2 must
2
beeven,since2isafactor.Itfollowsthatpisevenaswell,sinceifpwereodd,thenp = (2m + 1), m Z andsop = 4m

wouldalsobeodd.Sosincepiseven,itfollowsthatq mustbeodd,becauseotherwisepandq wouldhave2asacommonfactor.
Now,sincepiseven,wecanwritepintheformp
2
= 2m ,wherem Z .s
2
= 6 tellsusthatp /q
2
= (2m ) /q
+ 4m + 1
= 4m /q
which
= 6.
Multiplyingby(1/2)q onbothsides,wehave2m = 3q ,whichindicatesthat3q iseven.Since3isodd,q mustbeeveninorderfortheirproduct

2
2
tobeeven.Butq canonlybeevenifq iseven,asifq wereoddthenq wouldbetheproductoftwooddnumbersandwouldthusbeodd.Soq mustbe
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even.Butthisisacontradictiontotheconclusionthatq isodd,whichwasreachedinthepreviousparagraph.Consequently,itmustbethattheredoesnotexista
rationalnumberssuchthats2 = 6 .
1.1.7Question7edit
UsetheargumentintheproofofTheorem2.1.4toshowthattheredoesnotexistarationalnumbert suchthatt2
= 3.
Proofbycontradiction:weassumethattheredoesexistarationalnumberssuchthatt = 3 .Sot = p/q ,wherep, q Z andq 0 .Lettheratiobe

writteninlowestterms,suchthatpandq havenocommonfactorsotherthan1.Sinces2 = 3 ,p2 /q 2 = 3 andsop2 = 3q 2 .Now,therearetwo
possibilities:eitherp2 iseven,orp2 isodd.Ifp2 iseven,thenq 2 mustalsobeeven(ifitwereodd,thentheproductofq 2 and3bothoddnumberswould
alsobeodd,contradictingthepremisethatpiseven).However,ifbothp2 andq 2 areeven,thenpandq mustbothbeevenaswell,bythereasoninginthe
previousquestion.Consequently,pandq arebotheven,andsotheyshareafactorof2.Butthiscontradictsthepremisethatpandq havenocommonfactors
otherthan1.Sop2 cannotbeeven.
Nowlet'slookatthecasewherep2 isodd.Forthistohappen,q 2 mustalsobeodd,otherwisetheproductofq 2 and3wouldbeeven.Sopandq areboth
2
2
2
2
odd.Wecanwritethemasp = 2m + 1 andq = 2n + 1 ,m, n Z .Sop = 4m + 4m + 1 andq = 4n + 4n + 1 .Substituting
2
2
theseintotheequationp = 3q ,wehave:
2
4m
+ 4m + 1 = 3(4n
+ 4n + 1)
Byperformingsomealgebraicmanipulationswecansimplifythisto:
2
2(m
+ m) = 6(n
+ 1) + 1
2
Ontheleftsideoftheequation,wehaveaneveninteger,as2isafactor.Ontherightsideoftheequation,wehaveanoddinteger,as6(n + 1) isevendue
to2beingafactorof6.Anumbercannotbebothevenandoddthisisacontradiction.Consequently,itmustbethattheredoesnotexistarationalnumbers
2
suchthatt = 3 .
1.1.8Question8edit
(a)Showthatifx, y arerationalnumbers,thenx + y andxy arerationalnumbers.
(b)Provethatifxisarationalnumberandy isanirrationalnumber,thenx + y isanirrationalnumber.If,inaddition,x
xy isanirrationalnumber.
(a)Letx
= p1 /q 1
andy
= p2 /q 2
,wherep1 , p2 , q 1 , q 2
andq 1 , q 2
0,thenshowthat
0 .Then
x = (p1 /q 1 ) 1 = (p1 /q 1 )(q 2 /q 2 ) = (p1 q 2 )/(q 1 q 2 )(skippingsomesteps,andusingsomepropertiesprovedinpreviousexercises).Similarly,

y = (p2 q 1 )/(q 2 q 1 ).Then,x + y = (p2 q 1 + p1 q 2 )/(q 1 q 2 ) (don'tknowifwe'reallowedtojustdothis?),whereboththedenominatorandthe
numeratorareintegers(andthedenominatorisnonzero).Soit'srational.Forxy ,theargumentissimilar.
(b)Ithinkthiswasmentionedinclass.Later.
1.1.9Question9edit
LetK
= {s + t 2 : s, t Q}
.ShowthatK satisfiesthefollowing:
(a)Ifx1 ,x2 K ,thenx1 + x2 K andx1 x2

(b)Ifx 0andx K ,then1/x K .
(a)x1
= s 1 + t1 2
.x2
= s 2 + t2 2
.Wecanwritetheirsumasfollows:
.Also,wecanwritetheirproductas
x1 + x2 = (s 1 + t1 2) + (s 2 + t2 2) = (s 1 + s 2 ) + (t1 + t2 ) 2 K
2
x1 x2 = (s 1 + t1 2)(s 2 + t2 2) = s 1 s 2 + s 1 t2 2 + t1 s 2 2 + t1 t2 2
= ( s 1 s 2 + 2t 1 t 2 ) + ( s 1 t 1 + t 1 s 2 ) 2 K
(b)Don'tknow
1.1.10Question10edit
(a)Ifa
(b)If0
< b andc d ,provethata + c < b + d
< a < b and0 c d ,provethat0 ac bd .
(a)Thisissimilarto(thoughmorecomplicatedthan)somethingwedidinthefirstlecture.a < b meansthatb a

d c P {0} .Fromproperty(i)ofP ,weknowthat(b a) + (d c) P (thisassumesthatd c
somealgebraicmanipulations:
(b a) + (d c) = ((b a) +
d) c)
P ,andc d meansthat
0 ).Nowwejustneedtoperform
(by A2) 6/20
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(b a) + (d c)
= ((b a) + d) c)
(by A2)
= ((b + d) a) c
(by A1, A2)
= (b + d) + (a c)
(by A2)
= (b + d) (a + c)
Consequently,(b + d) (a + c)
andso(a + c)
(by something)
< (b + d) .
Inthecasewhered c = 0 ,thenwecan'tuseproperty(i)directly,butsinceb a P and(b a) = (b a) + 0 = (b a) + (d c) ,

then(b a) + (d c) P sotheabovestillapplies.I'mnotactuallysureifthisextrastepneedstobemadeexplicit,but,whatever.
(b)Later
(a)a
(a)Showthatifa
> 0,then1/a > 0and1/(1/a) = a.
(b)Showthatifa
< b ,thena <
(a + b) < b
1,weknowthat1/a
> 0meansthata P .Bysomeaxiom
R .BytheTrichotomyProperty(forP ),therearethreepossibilities:either
1/a P or,(1/a) Por,1/a = 0.
Now,thethirdcaseisclearlyfalse,because1/a a
isnottrue,byaxiomM3.
= 1 ,byaxiomM4.Butif1/a = 0,then1/a a = 0 a = 0
.Sowehavethat1
= 0which
Let'slookatthesecondcase.Ifthisistrue,then(1/a) a P bytheclosureofP undermultiplication.Thissimplifiesto1 P .Butitwasprovedin

classthat1 > 0,andso1 P ,whichmeansthatitcannotbethat1 P .Thus,we'vereachedacontradiction,andthiscaseisnotvalid.
Sothere'sonlyonepossibilityleft:that1/a
Toshowthat1/(1/a)
P .
= a:
1/(1/a) = (1/(1/a)) 1
(b)Weknowthata
(by M3)
= (1/(1/a)) ((1/a) a)
(by M4)
= ((1/(1/a)) (1/a)) a
(by M2)
= 1 a
(by M4)
= a
(by M3)
< b .Addinga tobothsidesgivesusa + a < a + b
Additionally,ifweaddbtobothsidesoftheoriginalinequality,wegeta + b
,i.e.,2a
< b + b
< a + b .Dividingbothsidesby2,wegeta <

1
,andso 2
(a + b) < b .Sothena <
1
2
1
2
(a + b)
(a + b) < b
Leta, b, c, d benumberssatisfying0
< a < b andc < d < 0 .Giveanexamplewhereac < bd ,andonewherebd < ac .
Ifa
= 3,b = 4,c = 5andd = 3 ,thenac = 15andbd = 12 ,hence15 < 12 (soac < bd ).
Ifa
= 3,b = 10,c = 4andd = 2 ,thenac = 12andbd = 20 ,hence20 < 12 (sobd < ac ).
1.2Section2.2edit
1.2.1Question1edit
Ifa, b R andb 0,showthat
(a)|a| = a 2
(b)|a/b| = |a|/|b| .
(a)Fromtheorem2.2.2(b),wehavethat|a|
= a
.Takingthesquarerootofbothsides,wehavethat|a|
2
2
= a andso|a| = a .
(b)Fromtheorem2.2.2(a),wehavethat|ab| = |a||b| foralla, b R .Sincea/bisequivalenttoa (1/b) ,then

|a/b| = |a (1/b)| = |a| |1/b| .Butsince|1/b| = 1/|b| ,then|a/b| = |a| 1/|b| = |a|/|b| .
1.2.2Question2edit
a, b R
|a + b| = |a| + |b|
ab 0
7/20
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Ifa, b
R ,showthat|a + b| = |a| + |b|
ifandonlyifab
0.
Firstweprovetheleftwardsimplication(thatifthestatementholds,thenab 0).Assumethat|a + b| = |a| + |b| .Thereare4casesforthevaluesofa

andb.Eithera andbareboth 0 ,ora < 0andb 0,ora 0andb < 0,ora andbbothare< 0 .Forthefirstcase,ifeitheris0,then
ab = 0otherwise,bothare P ,andsotheirproductabisaswell,whichmeansthatab 0.Forthesecondcase,
|a| + |b| = a + b = b a |a + b| fora < 0.Similarlyforthethirdcase.Inthefourthcase,sincebotharenegative,theirproductispositive
(sincea, b P ,andsotheirproduct,(a)(b) P,andfromexercise2(b)insection2.1wehavethat(a)(b) = ab),whichmeansthat
ab > 0(andconsequentlyab 0).(Itdoesn'tactuallymatterifthestatementholdsornot,justthatit'sfalsewhentheinequalityismaterialimplication!)
Nowweprovetherightwardimplication.Ifab 0,theneitherab > 0orab = 0.Intheformercase,theneithera > 0andb > 0ora < 0and
b < 0(from2.1.10).Inthelattercase,eithera = 0inwhichcasethestatementsimplifiesto|0 + b| = |b| ontheleftsideand
|0| + |b| = 0 + |b| = |b| ontherightside,whichistriviallytrue,orb = 0inwhichcaseitsimplifiesto|a| = |a| whichisagaintriviallytrue.If
a, b > 0 ,thena + b > 0 aswell(by2.1.5(i)),andso|a + b| = a + b .Also,|a| = a and|b| = b ,sowehvaea + b ontheleftanda + b
ontheright,whichprovesthatthestatementistrue.However,ifa, b < 0 ,thentherightsidesimplifiestoa b = (a + b) .Wemagicallyrealise2
thata + b < 0 ,whichmeansthat|a + b| = (a + b) .Sotheleftandrightsidesmatchup,whichmeansthatthestatementholds,andsoeverythingis
proved.
1.2.3Question3edit
Ifx, y, z
andx
z ,showthatx y z ifandonlyif|x y| + |y z| = |x z|
.Interpretthisgeometrically.
Probablywanttousetriangleinequalityforthis.Skipping.
1.2.4Question4edit
Showthatx a
|x a| <
<
meansthat
ifandonlyifa
< x a <
< x < a +
.Addinga toeachtermgivesusa
< x < a +
.Thatwasnice.
1.2.5Question5edit
Ifa
< x < b anda < y < b ,showthat|x y| < b a
.Interpretthisgeometrically.
Justneedtoshowthat(b a) < x y < b a .Well,a y < x y < b y .Also,a x < y x < b x .So
x a > x y > x b ,i.e.,x b < x y < x a .Addingthefirstandlastinequalitiestogethergivesus
a b + (x y) < 2(x y) < b a + (x y) .Subtractingx y fromeachtermgivesusa b < x y < b a whichiswhat
wewanted(since(b a) = a b ).
1.2.6Question6edit
Findallx
R thatsatisfythefollowinginequalities.
(a)|4x 5|
(b)| x2 1|
13
3
(a)Weneedtosolve13
2 x 4.5 works.
4x 5 13 .Well,ifx = 4.5 ,then4x 5 = 13 ,andifx = 2 ,then4x 5 = 13 .So
(b)Wecanfactorthatas|(x 1)(x + 1)| 3 .So3 (x 1)(x + 1) 3 .Well,ifx 2,thenwehavex + 1 3 and

x 1 1 ,sothatworksfortherightinequality.Andifx 2 ,thenx 1 3 andx + 1 1 ,so(x 1)(x + 1) 3 .So
2 x 2 works.
1.2.7Question7edit
Skipping
1.2.8Question8edit
Skipping
1.2.9Question9edit
Skipping
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1.3Section2.3edit
1.3.1Question1edit
LetS 1
= {x R : x 0}
.ShowindetailthatthesetS 1 haslowerbounds,butnoupperbounds.Showthatinf S 1
NoupperboundbytheArchimedeanproperty.0isalowerbound,andifwisanylowerbound,weknowthatw
is0.
= 0
0 because0isintheset.Thustheinfimum
1.3.2Question2edit
Skip
1.3.3Question3edit
LetS 3
= {1/n : n N}
.Showthatsup S 3
= 1 andinf S 3 0
Comingsoon
1.3.4Question4edit
LetS 4
= {1 (1) /n : n N}
Firstfewterms:1 (1)/1
.Findinf S 4 andsup S 4 .
= 2 ,1 (1)/2 = 1/2,1 (1)/3 = 4/3 ,1 (1)/4 = 3/4.Sotheinfis1/2,thesupis2.
1.3.5Question5edit
Skip
1.3.6Question6edit
Skip
1.3.7Question7edit
Skip
1.3.8Question8edit
9/20
12/21/2014
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1.3.9Question9edit
Skip
Skip
Skip
Skip
Skip
Sigh
1.4Section2.4edit
1.4.1Question1edit
Showthatsup{1
1
n
: n N} = 1
First,weshowthat1isanupperbound:since n > 0 forn > 0 ,then1 n < 1 .Soyeah,1isanupperbound.Nowweneedtoshowthatifv < 1,

thenthereexistssomeins S suchthats > v .Let'swritevas1 forsome > 0 .Well,bytheArchimedeanproperty,weknowthatthereexists
1
1
m N suchthat
< .Sothens = 1
> 1 = v .Sothenthereexistss S suchthats > v ,provingthatnothinglessthan1isan
m
m
upperbound.Weconcludethat1isthesupremum.
Thisisprobablynotstandardprocedurebutitseemstowork.Also, !!<3
1.4.2Question2edit
IfS
= {1/n 1/m : n, m N}
,findinf S andsup S .
inf:1.sup:1.
1.4.3Question3edit
Skipping
1.4.4Question4edit
Skippingfornow
1.4.5Question5edit
Skipping
1.4.6Question6edit
Skipping
1.4.7Question7edit
10/20
12/21/2014
Skipping
1.4.8Question8edit
Skipping
1.4.9Question13edit
Skipping
Skipping
Skipping
Skipping
Skipping
Skipping
Skipping
1.5Section2.5edit
1.5.1Question1edit
IfI
= [a, b] andI
= [ a , b ] areclosedintervalsinR ,showthatI I
First,weshowthatI I impliesthata a andb
alsohavethatx I ,thena x b .Clearly,a
a a andb b . .
b
I
ifandonlyifa
a andb b
.Letx I .Then,fromthesetdefinitionofaninterval,wehavethata x b .Sincewe
,andalsob I .Soa a b anda b b .Fromthiswecanconcludethat
Now,weshowthatifa a andb b ,thenI I .Letx I .FromthesetdefinitionofI ,weknowthata x b .Sincea
a x ,thena x bytransitivity.Similarlywehavethatx b .Puttingthattogether,wegetthata x b ,andsox I .
a and
1.5.2Question2edit
IfS
R isnonempty,showthatS isboundedifandonlyifthereexistsaclosedboundedintervalI
suchthatS
First,weshowthatS beingboundedimpliesthatthereexistsaclosedboundedintervalI suchthatS I .Well,ifS isbounded,thenithasaninfimumand

supremum.Weleta = inf S andb = sup S ,andwecreateanintervalI = [a, b] .Then,ifx S ,bythedefinitionofinfimaandsupremawehave
thata x b .Sox I ,bythesetdefinitionoftheinterval.
Now,weshowthatifthereexistsaclosedboundedintervalI suchthatS I ,thenS isbounded.Leta betheupperboundofI andletbbethelower
boundofsomeintervalI satisfyingthisproperty.WecanwriteI as{x R : a x b} .SinceS I ,thenforanys S ,wehavethat
a s b .a isthusalowerboundofS ,andbisalowerbound.Consequently,S isbounded.
1.5.3Question3edit
IfS R isanonemptyboundedset,andI S
containingS ,showthatI S J .
= [inf S , sup S ]
,showthatS
IS
.Moreover,ifJ isanyclosedboundedinterval
11/20
12/21/2014
Notveryinteresting(fairlytrivial,andsimilartopreviousquestions)
1.5.4Question4edit
IntheproofofCase(ii)ofTheorem2.5.1,explainwhyx, y existinS .
Wow,askingustoanswera"(Why?)".Okay.Well,sincez < b ,thentherealwaysexistsay suchthaty
isnotboundedbelow,thereisalwaysanxsuchthatx z .Isthatenough
z (fromthesupremumdefinition).Also,sinceS
1.5.5Question5edit
Writeoutthedetailsoftheproofofcase(iv)inTheorem2.5.1.
Seriously?Thisisaquestion?That'sonewaytowriteatextbook,Iguess.
Inanycase,ifS isnotboundedaboveorbelow,Idon'tevencare
1.5.6Question6edit
IfI 1 I 2 I n isanestedsequenceofintervalsandifI n
andb1 b2 bn .
= [ a n , bn ]
,showthata 1
a2 an
Ican'tevenpretendtocare
1.5.7Question7edit
LetI n
= [0, 1/n] forn N .Provethat I n = {0} .

n=1
LetA
= In
.Clearly0
In
foreveryn ,hence0
A .Supposex A .Thenx [0, 1/n) foralln N .Sox 1/n foralln .Hence
n=1
x 0bytheArchimedeanproperty(why?seriously,I'mnotsure).Thusx = 0.
Thisistakenalmostverbatimfromthesolutionstoassignment1,question8(b)(parttwo).SeeMyCoursesforthesolutions.
1.5.8Question8edit
LetJ n
= (0, 1/n) forn N .Provethat J n = .

n=1
BytheArchimedeanproperty,theonlyx
anopenset.Sotheintersectionisempty.
R suchthatx < 1/n foralln is0.Soonly0couldbeintheintersection.But0isnotintheintersectionasit's
1.5.9Question9edit
LetK n
= (n, ) forn N .Provethat K n =
n=1
Prettyboring
skipping
skipping
3
Givethebinaryrepresentationsof 8 and 16 .
12/20
12/21/2014
Onlynotskippingbecauseit'ssoeasy:
3
8
7
= 0.0112
16
= 0.01112
1
(a)Givethefirstfourdigitsinthebinaryrepresentationof 3 .
1
(b)Givethecompletebinaryrepresentationof 3 .
(a)0.0101(drawthediagramandyou'llseewhy)
(b)0.01
2Section3edit
2.1Section3.1edit
2.1.1Question1edit
Thesequence(xn ) isdefinedbythefollowingformulasforthen thterm.Writethefirstfivetermsineachcase:
n
(a)xn
(b)xn
= 1 + (1)
(c)xn
= (1) /n ,
1
n(n + 1)
(d)xn
1
=
n
+ 2
(a)(0, 2, 0, 2, 0)
(b)(1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5)
(c)(1/2, 1/6, 1/12, 1/20, 1/30)
(d)(1/3, 1/6, 1/11, 1/18, 1/27)
2.1.2Question2edit
Thefirstfewtermsofasequence(xn ) aregivenbelow.Assumingthatthe"naturalpattern"indicatedbythesetermspersists,giveaformulaforthe
n thtermxn .
(a)5, 7, 9, 11, ,
(b)/1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, ,
(c)1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, ,
(d)1, 4, 9, 16, .
(a)3 + 2n
n+1
n
(b)(1)
/2
(c)n/(n + 1)
(d)n2
2.1.3Question3edit
Listthefirstfivetermsofthefollowinginductivelydefinedsequences.
(a)1,4,13,40,121
(b)3/2,17/12.577/408,etc
(c)1,2,3,5,4
(d)8,13,21,34,55
2.1.4Question4edit
Foranyb
R ,provethatlim(n/n) = 0.
SeeExample3.1.6(a),onlymultiply1/K byb,let
= b ,etc.
13/20
12/21/2014
2.1.5Question5edit
Usethedefinitionofthelimitofasequencetoestablishthefollowinglimits.
n
(a)lim (
n
(b)lim (
) = 0,
+ 1
2n
) = 2,
n+ 1
(c)lim (
3n + 1
3
) =
2n + 5
(d)lim (
2n
2
1
) =
+ 3
DON'TSKIPTHIS.ITLOOKSUSEFUL.
2.1.6Question6edit
Showthat
(a)lim (
(b)lim (
n + 7
2n
) = 0,
) = 2,
n+ 2
(c)lim (
) = 0,
n+ 1
n
(d)lim (
(1) n
n
) = 0,
+ 1
SAMEASABOVE.
2.1.7Question7edit
Skipping
2.1.8Question8edit
Skipping
2.1.9Question9edit
Skipping
Everythingsucks
Idk
Idk
Idk
1/n
lim((2n
) = 1
14/20
12/21/2014
1/n
Showthatlim((2n)
) = 1.
Igiveup.
Showthatlim(n
/n!) = 0 .
MightaswellwritethequestionsoutsinceI'llhavetodothemoneday
IthinkIhavethewrongversionofthetextbook.Myquestionnumbersdon'tagree.
Whatisalimit?Seriously,howdoyouproveshit
sigh
2.2Section3.2edit
2.2.1Question1edit
Converge/diverge?
(a)xn = n/(n + 1)
n
(b)xn = (1) n/(n + 1)
2
(c)xn = n /(n + 1)
(d)xn = (2n2 + 3)/(n2 + 1)
(a)Convergesto1.Proof:?
(b)Ithinkitdiverges.Proof:?
(c)Diverges.Proof:?
(d)Convergesto2.Proof:?
2.2.2Question2edit
2.2.3Question3edit
2.2.4Question4edit
2.2.5Question5edit
2.2.6Question6edit
2.2.7Question7edit
2.2.8Question8edit
2.2.9Question9edit
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12/21/2014
2.3Section3.3edit
2.3.1Question1edit
Letx1
= 8 andxn+1 =
xn + 2
forn
N .Showthat(xn ) isboundedandmonotone.Findthelimit.
Inanyproblemlikethis,withinductivelydefinedsequences,weneedtothreethings:showthesequencehasabound(upperifthesequenceisincreasing,and
lowerifit'sdecreasing),provethesequenceisincreasingordecreasing,andfindthelimit(usuallybyinvokingthepropertyofsequencesthatifxn x ,the
mtailofxn alsoconvergestox .
Justbyfindingx2
= 6 ,weseethatthesequenceisdecreasing.Let'sprovethiswithinduction:
Basecase:we'vealreadyshownx2
Inductionstep:xk+1
1
implies 2
xk+1 + 2 <
1
2
1
2
< x1 .
xk + 2
.Ourinductionhypothesisisthatforsomek
xk + 2
N, xk+1 < xk
.Thusbytherulesweknowaboutinequalities,this
.ThuswecaninvoketheI.H.inourinductionstepasfollows:
1
xk+1 =
1
xk + 2 >
xk+1 = xk+2
2
Thusxk+1 > xk+2 k N ,thus(xn ) isdecreasing.Sinceit'sdecreasing,wenowneedtoshowthatthesequenceisboundedbelow.Lookingatthe

sequencedefinition,wecanguessthatthesequenceisatleastboundedbelowby2.Thismaynotbethegreatestlowerbound(ortheinfimumofthesetconsisting
ofallxn )butwejustneedtoshowanylowerboundexists.Solet'sprovethat2isalowerbound,onceagainwithinduction:
Basecase:x1
= 8, 2 8
Inductionstep:xk+1
1
2
xk + 2
.OurInductionHypothesisisthatxk
1
xk+1 =
k N .ThususingtheI.H.:
1
xk + 2
2+ 2 = 3
2
3 2
Astheimplicationistrue,wehaveprovedthesequenceisboundedbelowby2.BytheMonotoneConvergenceTheorem,weknowthesequenceconvergesas
we'veprovenit'smonotoneandbounded.Now,finally,weneedtofindthelimit.By3.1.9inthebook,weknowthetailofasequenceconvergestothesame
thingasthesequence(asmentionedbefore).Soifxn L thenxn+1 L .Sowecanwrite:
1
L =
L + 2
2
L = 4
Andnowwe'redone.
2.3.2Question2edit
Letx1
> 1 andxn+1 = 2
1
xn
forn
N .Showthat(xn ) isboundedandmonotone.Findthelimit.
16/20
12/21/2014
Thisproblemissimilartotheoneabove,butthereissomeextrachallenge.It'stoughertoseeifthesequenceisincreasingordecreasing,andbecauseofthe
inequality,thebasecaseishardtoprove.Solvingforx2 wegetx2 > 1 ,whichdoesn'ttellusanythingaboutthesequence'sbehavior.Let'sdothisadifferent
way,bysolvingx2 x1 .Ifthedifferenceispositive,thesequenceis(inthebasecase)increasing,andifit'snegative,thesequenceisdecreasing.Ourstrategy
istousethefactthatx1 > 1 tomakesomeinferenceaboutthedifference.
x2 x1 = 2
1
x1
x1
( x
x1
+ 2x1 1)
x1
(x1 1)
As(x1 1) > 0 andsincex1 > 1 (1/x1 ) < 0 theentireexpressionmustbenegative.Thereforethebasecaseimpliesthesequenceis

decreasing.Havingdonethebasecase,let'sproveitfortherestofNusinginduction,aswedidinthepreviousquestion:
2
1
xk+1 = 2
Thusxn
> xn+1
xk > xk+1
1
xk
xk
= xk+2
xk+1
.NoteIwasn'tasformalhereaboutstatingouruseoftheinductionhypothesis,andIdidn'texplicitilyshowthat
n N
1
> 2
> 2
1
x k+1
(itjustfollowsfromtherulesofinequalitiesfromearlierinthecourse).Amoreformaltreatmentcanbefoundin
Question1above.Whendoingquizzes/tests,it'sagoodideatocompletelyrationalizeeachstep.
Anyway,nowweshowthereisalowerbound.Asweknow2
induction:
Basecase:x1
> 1
Inductionstep:xk+1
1
xn
can'tbelessthan1,1seemslikeagoodcandidateforalowerbound.Provingby
= 2
1
xk
1
1
1 1
ThusbytheMonotoneConvergenceTheorem,(xn ) converges.UsingthepropertyofmtailsexplainedinQuestion1:
1
L = 2
L
= 2L 1
L = 1
Andwe'redone.
2.3.3Question3edit
Letx1
21 andxn+1 = 1 + xn 1 forn N .Showthat(xn ) isdecreasingandboundedbelowby2.Findthelimit.
Becausex1 isdefinedwithaninequality,thisproblemalsorequiresthetrickweusedinQuestion2.Let'sseewhatwegetwhenwetakex2
x1
x2 x1 = 1 + x1 1 x1 = x1 1 (x1 1) = x1 1 (1 x1 1 )
Sincex1 2 x1 1 1 ,weknow1 x1 1 0 .Thusthewholeexpressionisnegative,andforthebasecase,thesequenceis

decreasing.Let'sproveitfortherestofthenaturalnumberswithinduction.Havingalreadydonethebasecase,here'stheinductionstep:
xk+1 = 1 + xk 1 > 1 + xk+1 1 = xk+2
Bam,easy.Justremember,whendoingquizzesortests,explaineachstep,likeIdidinQuestion1.Nowlet'sshowthesequenceisboundedbelowby2,asthe
questionasks.
Basecase:x1
Inductionstep:xk+1
= 1 + xk 1 1 + 2 1 = 2
2 2
Nowforthelimit,usingthesamemethodasinQuestions1and2(rationalizationforitisgiveninQuestion1):
L = 1 + L 1
Wegettworoots,L
(L 1)
= L 1
3L + 2 = 0
= 1, L = 2.Thelimitmustbe2inthiscase,asthesequenceisdecreasing,soitwillhit2beforeithits1.
2.3.4Question4edit
Letx1
= 1 andxn+1 = 2 + xn forn N .Showthat(xn ) convergesandfindthelimit.
SameasQuestion1,prettymuch.ThereisnoextradifficultylikeinQuestions2and3.Iknowyoucandotheproofsforshowingthesequenceconverges,but
thelimitpartmightbeabittricky.Asalways,ifxn L ,wecansay:
L =
L 2 = 0
2
(L 2)(L + 1) = 0
17/20
12/21/2014
L = 2 + L
L 2 = 0
(L 2)(L + 1) = 0
Sowegettwolimits,1 and2.Sincexn isdefinedbyasquareroot,alltermsofxn mustbepositive.Thereforeanegativelimitmakesnosense,sothelimit

mustbe2.
2.3.5Question5edit
> 0,andy n+1 = p + y n forn N .Showthat(y n ) convergesandfindthelimit.[Hint:Oneupperbound
Lety 1 = p ,wherep
is1 + 2 p .]
Nowthisonelooksfunwehaveavariableinhere!Wewanttoshowitconverges,soifweshowthatthesequenceisbothmonotoneandboundedthenwe've
accomplishedthat.Solet'sfirstshowthatthesequenceisincreasing(thehintsortofgivesawaythefactthatitincreases).
Basecase:y 2
= p + p > p + 0 = p = y 1
Inductionstep:y k+1
= p + y k < p + y k+1 = y k+2
Nowweneedtoshowthesequenceisboundedabove.Thequestionhintsthatanupperboundis1 + 2 p .Thereasontheygivethisparticularboundiswill
becomeapparentwhenwedotheinductionstepfortheproof.
Basecase:y 1
= p 1 + 2 p
Inductionstep:y k+1
= p + y
< p + 1 + 2 p = ( p + 1)
= p + 1 1 + 2 p
k
Nowweknowthesequence,let'sfindthelimit:
L = p + L
L p = 0
UsingouroldmiddleschoolfriendMr.QuadraticEquation,weobtainsolutions:
1 + 1 + 4p
L =
1 1 + 4p
,L =
Asthelattersolutionisnegative,wecanignoreitsincethesequenceisstrictlypositive.Thusthelimitis:
1 + 1 + 4p
L =
2
2.4Section3.4edit
2.4.1Question1edit
Considerthesequencexn = (1, 1/2, 3, 1/4 ) .Thissequenceisunboundedbutthesubsequencexn+1 converges.Itiseasytodefinepiecewise
sequenceslikethisthatsatisfythestatedcondition.
2.4.2Question2edit
UsethemethodofExample3.4.3(b)toshowthatif0
1/n
< c < 1 ,thenlim(c
) = 1.
Ifwedefinez n := c1/n ,thenwecanshowthatz n ismonotoneandusetheMonotoneConvergenceTheoremtoprovethesequenceconvergestosome

limit.First,we'llshowthatthesequenceisincreasing.Since0 < c < 1 wecansaythat:
a
c =
a, b R, 1 < a < b
b
Ifwecanshowthatz n+1
zn
ispositive,thenweknowz n isincreasing.Thus:
1/(n+1)
z n+1 z n = c
Asx +
1
n
1
n + 1
x =
1/n
1/(n+1)
a
= (
)
b
)
b
wecancontinuewiththeaboveequationasfollows:
n(n + 1)
1/n
a
(
18/20
12/21/2014
a
(
n(n+1)
)
b
= (
)
b
a
(
n(n+1)
a
= (
)
b
b
(
n(n+1)
)
a
Astheexponentiationofanypositivenumberispositive,weknow(
1/n(n+1)
> 0 .Byourdefinitionofa, b weknowb/a > 1,so(b/a )
)
b
> 1.
Thustheexpressionbetweenthebracketsisalsopositive,hencetheentireexpressionispositive.Thereforez n isincreasing.
Nowweneedtoshowthereisanupperbound.Itmakessensetochoose1,andwecanproveitusingthesamedefinitionofc
1/n
= a/b .Sincec
1/n
a
b
anda
1/n
< b
1/n
1/n
,thusc
1/n
< 1.
Sowenowknowthatz n convergestosomelimitsuchthatz
seethat:
= lim(z n ) .ByTheorem3.4.2itfollowsthatz = lim(z 2n ) .Bythedefinitionofz n
we
1
1
z 2n = c
ByTheorem3.2.10,z = lim(z 2n ) = lim(z n ) =

andgreaterthan0foralln N wededucethelimitis1.
2n
= (c
.Thusz
= z n
= z
z = z
whichmeansz iseither0or1.Sincez n isincreasing
2.4.3Question3edit
Let(f n ) betheFibonacciSequence(seeExample3.1.2(d)).Letxn
Noticethatf n+1
= f
+ f
n1
f n1
fn
= (xn1 )
.Giventhatlim x
= L exists,determinethevalueofL.
.Thenwehave
xn =
Noticethat
f n+1
f n+1
f n + f n1
fn
= 1 +
f n1
fn
fn
.ByTheorem<someonetellmewhattheoremtoquote>,weget
1
L = 1 L
L 1 = 0
.
Thisgivesustwopossiblesolutions.Oneisnegativewedonotneedtoconsiderit.Thisleavesuswith
f
lim(xn ) = lim (
n+1
1 + 5
) =
2.4.4Question4edit
Showthatthefollowingsequencesaredivergent.
n
xn = 1 (1)
Considerthesequencex2n
xn isdivergent.
+ 1/n
= 1/n .lim(x2n ) = 0 .Nowconsiderthesequencex2n+1 = 2 + 1/n
.lim(x2n+1 )
= 2 .Thusbytheorem3.4.5
xn = sin(n/4)
Weknowthatsin(n/4)
theconstantsequence(
1
2
= sin(n/4 + 2) = sin(9n/4)
),thelimitofwhichisofcourse
1
2
(atleastyoushouldprobablyknowthat).Thisisthesubsequencex9n ,anditis
.Also,sin(2n)
= sin(8n/4) istheconstantsequence(0),withlimit0.Thisisthe
subsequencex8n .Sincewehavetwosubsequenceswithdifferentlimits,wecaninvokeTheorem3.4.5againtoconcludethatxn isdivergent.
2.5Section3.5edit
Later
2.6Section3.6edit
19/20
12/21/2014
Later
1. Idon'treallyknowwhich.TakenfromthelecturenotesforTuesday,September11,whichIhaven'ttypedupyet.
2. Kindoflikehowonceinawhile,thetextbookwillpresentsomestepwithoutjustifyingitandthenenclose"Why?"inparentheses.ExceptinthiscaseI
don'tactuallyknowwhy,whereasI'massumingtheauthorsdo.(Whydon'ttheyjusttellusthen????(Why?))Inbothcases,the"Why?"isleftasan
exerciseforthereader
ResetquizGradeanswersoutofcorrect(percent)
Backtotop
AfreeresourcebuiltbyMcGillstudents,forMcGillstudents.ForkusonGitHub
20/20

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(b)FromaxiomA4,weknowthat((a)) + (a) = 0.Ifweadda tobothsides,wehave(((a)) + (a)) + a

= a(1) + ((a) + (a))

= (a(1) + (a)) + (a)

= (a((1) + 1)) + (a)

= (1),wehavethat(1)(1) = (1).Frompart(b),wehavethat(1) = 1,andso

= ((1) (a(1))) (b) = ((1) ((1)a)) (b)

(by M2, applied twice)

= ((1/(a)) (a)) ((1/a))

(by the definition of division)

(by 1 (c) again)

(subtracting 5 from both sides)4/20

(subtracting 5 from both sides)

(multiplying by 1/2 on both sides)

(by M2, and the definition of division)

(by the definition of exponents)

(x x)(1/x) = (2x) (1/x)

(multiplying by 1/x on each side)

(adding 1 to each side)

(d)Sincetheproductof(x 1) and(x + 2) iszero,weknowthatatleastoneofthefactorsiszero.Ifx 1

First,weassumethata 0.Thena = 1 a = ((1/a) a) a = (1/a) (a a) = (1/a) a = 1 .Soifa

0andb 0,showthat1/(ab) = (1/a)(1/b).

Proofbycontradiction:weassumethattheredoesexistarationalnumberssuchthats = 6 .Sos = p/q ,wherep, q Z andq 0 .Lettheratiobe

beeven,since2isafactor.Itfollowsthatpisevenaswell,sinceifpwereodd,thenp = (2m + 1), m Z andsop = 4m

Multiplyingby(1/2)q onbothsides,wehave2m = 3q ,whichindicatesthat3q iseven.Since3isodd,q mustbeeveninorderfortheirproduct

Proofbycontradiction:weassumethattheredoesexistarationalnumberssuchthatt = 3 .Sot = p/q ,wherep, q Z andq 0 .Lettheratiobe

x = (p1 /q 1 ) 1 = (p1 /q 1 )(q 2 /q 2 ) = (p1 q 2 )/(q 1 q 2 )(skippingsomesteps,andusingsomepropertiesprovedinpreviousexercises).Similarly,

(a)Ifx1 ,x2 K ,thenx1 + x2 K andx1 x2

< b andc d ,provethata + c < b + d

< a < b and0 c d ,provethat0 ac bd .

(a)Thisissimilarto(thoughmorecomplicatedthan)somethingwedidinthefirstlecture.a < b meansthatb a

(by A2) 6/20

(by A1, A2)

Inthecasewhered c = 0 ,thenwecan'tuseproperty(i)directly,butsinceb a P and(b a) = (b a) + 0 = (b a) + (d c) ,

> 0,then1/a > 0and1/(1/a) = a.

< b ,thena <

> 0meansthata P .Bysomeaxiom

1/a P or,(1/a) Por,1/a = 0.

Let'slookatthesecondcase.Ifthisistrue,then(1/a) a P bytheclosureofP undermultiplication.Thissimplifiesto1 P .Butitwasprovedin

< b .Addinga tobothsidesgivesusa + a < a + b

< a + b .Dividingbothsidesby2,wegeta <

(a + b) < b .Sothena <

< a < b andc < d < 0 .Giveanexamplewhereac < bd ,andonewherebd < ac .

= 3,b = 4,c = 5andd = 3 ,thenac = 15andbd = 12 ,hence15 < 12 (soac < bd ).

= 3,b = 10,c = 4andd = 2 ,thenac = 12andbd = 20 ,hence20 < 12 (sobd < ac ).

(b)Fromtheorem2.2.2(a),wehavethat|ab| = |a||b| foralla, b R .Sincea/bisequivalenttoa (1/b) ,then

R ,showthat|a + b| = |a| + |b|

Firstweprovetheleftwardsimplication(thatifthestatementholds,thenab 0).Assumethat|a + b| = |a| + |b| .Thereare4casesforthevaluesofa

< x < b anda < y < b ,showthat|x y| < b a

4x 5 13 .Well,ifx = 4.5 ,then4x 5 = 13 ,andifx = 2 ,then4x 5 = 13 .So

(b)Wecanfactorthatas|(x 1)(x + 1)| 3 .So3 (x 1)(x + 1) 3 .Well,ifx 2,thenwehavex + 1 3 and

= 2 ,1 (1)/2 = 1/2,1 (1)/3 = 4/3 ,1 (1)/4 = 3/4.Sotheinfis1/2,thesupis2.

First,weshowthat1isanupperbound:since n > 0 forn > 0 ,then1 n < 1 .Soyeah,1isanupperbound.Nowweneedtoshowthatifv < 1,

First,weshowthatI I impliesthata a andb

alsohavethatx I ,thena x b .Clearly,a

.Letx I .Then,fromthesetdefinitionofaninterval,wehavethata x b .Sincewe

,andalsob I .Soa a b anda b b .Fromthiswecanconcludethat

Now,weshowthatifa a andb b ,thenI I .Letx I .FromthesetdefinitionofI ,weknowthata x b .Sincea

a x ,thena x bytransitivity.Similarlywehavethatx b .Puttingthattogether,wegetthata x b ,andsox I .

First,weshowthatS beingboundedimpliesthatthereexistsaclosedboundedintervalI suchthatS I .Well,ifS isbounded,thenithasaninfimumand

= [0, 1/n] forn N .Provethat I n = {0} .

A .Supposex A .Thenx [0, 1/n) foralln N .Sox 1/n foralln .Hence

= (0, 1/n) forn N .Provethat J n = .