1.

INTRODUCTION
This software simplifies the organization of data about Medicines in Medical shop,
by having easy and faster access to various details of Medicines includes Registration,
sales of Medicines with appropriate reports from time to time.
Moreover this software has efficient provision to keep the details about the
Medicine distributors. All the distributors have their own distributors ID. The Most
striking features of this software is that it automatically checks the stocks of medicines and
indicates the user about it. The security of this software is highly ensured with proper
authentication.
This project is very effective for all type of users, because ordinary users, who have
primary knowledge only about the computer, also, can use their project effectively.
Medical Shop Management System is developed to maintain the entire operation
done in the medical shop. Medical Shop Management System maintains records on the
stock of the medicine. This will be helpful to count the number of medicines in the stock.
This software deals with the buying and selling of medicines. Registering is to keep a
neat record of transactions. Our project wills surly help to maintain the details of
medicines. Human dealings may cause errors resulting in losses of data or faulty
transactions. The main functioning of this project is the systematic functioning of the
medical shop. The system performs in very smooth and fast. The current status of the
system can be understood by using report forms. This project also includes the stock
details of various medicines and non medicines and also maintains the transaction details.
The software includes all registration and maintains stock details including the report foe
the user to operate the software efficiently and accurately.

1.1 BACKGROUND

The existing system is manual. All the maintenance work has been done manually.
This has no proper record keeping and is not possible to collect accurate information about
this medical shop. Through this project the existing system may be replaced and can be

fully computerized. The science has increased a lot and it is developing at a great speed
day to day.
Processing of information and issuing bills are done in manual way which is
difficult task and need more employees and have a choice of creating errors. So the
existing system is more expensive and time consuming one. As operations like sales details
are high leading to an inefficient management. With manual system generating information
regarding an enquiry needs a faster lookup through the file folders which is very difficult.
There are many drawbacks in the existing system. As everything is done manually, it
will decrease the speed of processing and cause wastage of time and storage. All the details
regarding different entities are stored in the file folders and kept in file cabinets, which
cause wastage of space. And searching the details in these huge file folders is very difficult
and time consuming one.
In short the existing system has drawback that a manual system process. It can be
summarized as below.

To get information it may take days.

Storage
Wastage of many files
Overall efficiency is less

1.2 OBJECTIVES
This software is used to manage all the words in the shop, adding new medicines in
stock and sales transactions etc. Made easy and error free. By using this software we can
understand the present condition of the shop at any time.
The main features as follows:

Higher processing speed.

Helps in processing the data placed in several records in no time.
Gets more accurate information.
Data processed by the utilizing the services of properly programmed computers are
highly accurate. This helps the staffs to going smoothly with their workings.

Storage capacity.
Large volumes of data are conveniently stored, accessed and altered using a computer
so that separate places are not needed for this purpose.
Reduces paper work.
By using this project the paper work is reduced by storing data in the database and files
they can be retrieve when needed.
Reduces manpower requirements by performing of calculations and paper work with
high speed.
Creation of various reports is very easy.
Preparation of reports for the purpose runs at snails pace.
Help to categories medicines more easily.
Helps to get all information regarding medicines and needed things that already stored
in a given medical shop.
Easy to categories and select drugs with different trade names and the same chemical
name.
It is very easy to update new information.
It is easy to identify and remove the drugs which expiry date is over.
It helps to take inventory and reduces overburden.

1.3 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY

1.3.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this document is to specify the requirements and to give guidelines
for the development of above project. Medical shop Management is the processes of
managing the medicine stock and selecting the suitable medicines to the illness that
mention by patient or customer. The core of pharmacist profession is the maintenance of
quality and the subsequent
implication for patient care.
1.3.2 SCOPE
The scope of this project is Information Communication Technology in Healthcare.
Within the growth of the Information Communication Technology and Medical
Technology, the system developer takes this opportunity to help the pharmacist for
managing their stock and select the medicine using computer program.

1.3.3 APPLICABILITY

Processing of information and issuing bills are done in manual way which is
difficult task and need more employees and have a choice of creating errors. This
software deals with the selling of medicines. Registers are to keep a neat record of
transactions. Our project will surely help to maintain the details of medicines. Human
dealings may cause errors resulting in losses of data or faulty transactions. The main
functioning of this project is the systematic functioning of the medical shop. The system
performs in very smooth and fast. The current status of the system can be understood by
using report forms. This project also includes the stock details of various medicines and
also maintains the transaction details.

1.4 ACHIEVEMENTS
This system can help management of pharmacist to produce the information of
medicine to the customer. Therefore, customer can be more knowledge to the type of the
medicine that they want to buy. However, customer still has to refer the advice from the
specialist doctor.

2. SURVEY OF TECHNOLOGIES
OVERVIEW OF WINDOWS XP
The new features available in Windows XP are new security tools that user can use
to a help keep computer more secure, and new technologies that run in the background,
making computer run more efficiently and reliably.
Windows XP has improved upon security, including the new Security Center,
which allows user to check the status of the important security elements on users
computer-Windows Firewall, Automatic Updates, and virus protection software-making it
easier to understand how to keep the computer better protected against viruses and other
security threats. Performance is at an all-time high. User can now use more programs at the
same time and they will run faster than ever. Windows XP is dependable and stable, so
user can always rely on the performance and effectiveness of computer.
Improvements have also been made on many features that make using the computer
more effective and useful. For example, user can use Remote Desktop to access users
work computer and its resources from home, and to view files and documents on user
computers desktop from a co-workers computer. With NetMeeting user can have virtual
meetings with anyone, anywhere, and can participate in discussions using audio, video, or
chat. Getting help has never been easier. With Remote Assistance, user can just send an
invitation (either in e-mail or Instant Messenger) to users favorite computer expert or
support professional, and they can help fix problem from their location. Windows XP
provides extensive online Help for all operating system features, as well as digital tour to
help user to discover the possibilities waiting.
With Windows XP Professional, user can work with files and folders more
efficiently. User can perform tasks with a more intuitive Web page interface, and can view
file and folder details in new and helpful ways. Now user is having more options to
associate certain file types with specific programs, and working with files and folders
offline has never been easier. User can also compress files and folders quickly and easily,
so they take up less space on computer.
Windows XP Professional provides new ways of grouping and displaying files and
pictures in folders. User can categorize files and pictures into groups, either alphabetically

or by file type. User can also display files as thumbnails or icons, and view pictures as a
filmstrip.
Windows XP includes the newest version of MSN Explorer, with its full package of
Microsoft services, and the most recent release of Internet Explorer. User also gets more
control over privacy and security when browsing the Web.
With Windows XP Professional and an Internet connection, user can report system
and program errors to Microsoft. If an error occurs and user chooses to report the problem,
technical information about the problem is collected and sent to Microsoft over the
Internet. If similar problem has been reported by others, more information may be
available to the user. The information Microsoft receives is used by programming groups
at Microsoft for quality control, and will not be used for tracking individual users for any
marketing purposes.
Computer software may be classified into two board categories, application software
and system software. Application software is set of programs necessary to carry out
operations for specified application. System software on the other hand, is general program
written for system, which provides the environment to facilitate the writing of the
application software.
A man has to develop two skills before he can attempt to write a computer program
for solving a problem. Firstly he must learn to analyze the problem and convert it into
procedure, which comes within machine capabilities. Secondly, he must learn the language
in which he has to written the instructions of the program.
In computer technology formula or procedure intended for computer implementation
is called an algorithm. Sometimes algorithms are converted into flow charts are nothing
but pictorial representation of algorithm.
A computer does not directly execute flow charts and algorithms. It is necessary to
code these into a computer program. For that computer knowledge of programming
language is necessary.
The software for the development of the proposed system is follows. The software for the
development has been selected based on several factors such as,

1.
2.
3.
4.

support
cost effectiveness
development speed
ability to create robust applications in the least time

Microsoft SQL Server

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by

Microsoft. As a database, it is a software product whose primary function is to store and
retrieve data as requested by other software applications, be it those on the same computer
or those running on another computer across a network (including the Internet). There are at
least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server aimed at different audiences and
for different workloads (ranging from small applications that store and retrieve data on the
same computer, to millions of users and computers that access huge amounts of data from
the Internet at the same time). Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL.
A database management, or DBMS, gives the user access to their data and helps
them
transform the data into information. Such database management systems include dBase,
paradox, IMS, SQL Server .These systems allow users to create, update and extract
nformation from their database.
A database is a structured collection of data. Data refers to the characteristics of
people,
things and events. SQL Server stores each data item in its own fields. In SQL Server, the
fields
relating to a particular person, thing or event are bundled together to form a single
complete unit
of data, called a record (it can also be referred to as raw or an occurrence). Each record is
made
up of a number of fields. No two fields in a record can have the same field name During
an SQL
Server Database design project, the analysis of your business needs identifies all the fields
or
attributes of interest. If your business needs change over time, you define any additional
fields
or change the definition of existing fields.

SQL SERVER TABLES

SQL Server stores records relating to each other in a table. Different tables are
created
for the various groups of information. Related tables are grouped together to form a
database.

PRIMARY KEY

Every table in SQL Server has a field or a combination of fields that uniquely
identifies
each record in the table. The Unique identifier is called the Primary Key, or simply the
Key.
The primary key provides the means to distinguish one record from all other in a table. It
allows
the user and the database system to identify, locate and refer to one particular record in the
database.

RELATIONAL DATABASE

Sometimes all the information of interest to a business operation can be stored in

one
table. SQL Server makes it very easy to link the data in multiple tables. Matching an
employee
to the department in which they work is one example. This is what makes SQL Server a
relational database management system, or RDBMS. It stores data in two or more tables
and
enables you to define relationships between the table and enables you to define
relationships
between the tables.

FOREIGN KEY

When a field is one table matches the primary key of another field is referred to as
a
foreign key. A foreign key is a field or a group of fields in one table whose values match
those
of the primary key of another table.

REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY

Not only does SQL Server allow you to link multiple tables, it also maintains
consistency
between them. Ensuring that the data among related tables is correctly matched is referred
to as
maintaining referential integrity.

DATA ABSTRACTION

A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of

the
data. This system hides certain details of how the data is stored and maintained. Data
abstraction
is divided into three levels.

Physical level: This is the lowest level of abstraction at which one describes how the data
are
actually stored.

Conceptual Level: At this level of database abstraction all the attributed and what data
are
actually stored is described and entries and relationship among them.
View level: This is the highest level of abstraction at which one describes only part of the
database.

ADVANTAGES OF RDBMS

Redundancy can be avoided

Inconsistency can be eliminated

Data can be Shared

Standards can be enforced

Security restrictions can be applied

Integrity can be maintained

Conflicting requirements can be balanced

Data independence can be achieved.

DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS

A significant disadvantage of the DBMS system is cost. In addition to the cost of

purchasing of developing the software, the hardware has to be upgraded to allow for the
extensive programs and the workspace required for their execution and storage. While
centralization reduces duplication, the lack of duplication requires that the database be

adequately backed up so that in case of failure the data can be recovered.

FEATURES OF SQL SERVER (RDBMS)

SQL SERVER is one of the leading database management systems (DBMS)

because it is
the only Database that meets the uncompromising requirements of todays most
demanding
information systems. From complex decision support systems (DSS) to the most rigorous
online
transaction processing (OLTP) application, even application that require simultaneous DSS
and
OLTP access to the same critical data, SQL Server leads the industry in both performance
and
capability.
SQL SERVER is a truly portable, distributed, and open DBMS that delivers
unmatched
performance, continuous operation and support for every database.
SQL SERVER RDBMS is high performance fault tolerant DBMS which is specially
designed
for online transactions processing and for handling large database application.

.NET Framework
The .NET Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application
development in
the highly distributed environment of the Internet. The .NET Framework is designed to
fulfill the
following objectives:

To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object code

is
stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-distributed, or executed
remotely.

To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes software deployment and

versioning conflicts.

To provide a code-execution environment that guarantees safe execution of code,

including
code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.

To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance problems of

scripted or interpreted environments.

To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of

applications,

such as Windows-based applications and Web-based applications.

To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on the
.NET
Framework can integrate with any other code.

Features of the Class Library

The .NET Framework class library is a collection of reusable types that tightly
integrate with the common language runtime. The class library is object oriented,
providing types from which your own managed code can derive functionality. This not
only makes the .NET Framework types easy to use, but also reduces the time associated
with learning new features of the .NET Framework. In addition, third-party components
can integrate seamlessly with classes in the .NET Framework. The .NET Framework is
a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows.

It
includes
a
large library and
provides language
interoperability
across
several programming languages. Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in
a software environment, known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application
virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory management,
and exception handling.
The .NET Framework's Base Class Library provides user interface, data access,
database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms,
and network communications. Programmers produce software by combining their
own source code with the .NET Framework and other libraries. The .NET Framework is
intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Microsoft
also produces an integrated largely for .NET software called Visual Studio.
Microsoft started development of the .NET Framework in the late 1990s, originally
under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2000 the first beta
versions of .NET 1.0 were released.

Figure 1: .NET Framework

3. REQUIREMENTS AND ANALYSIS

In the software development process, the requirements phase is the first software
engineering activity. It translates the ideas or views in to requirements documents. This

phase is a user dominated phase. Defining and documenting the users requirements in a
concise and unambiguous manner in the first major steps to achieve a high quality product.
The requirements phase encompasses a set of tasks that helps to specify the impact
of the software on the organization, customers needs, and how users will interact with the
development software. The requirements are the basic of system design. If the requirements
are not correct, the end product will also contain error. Note that requirement activity like all
the software engineering activities should be adapted to the needs of their process, the
project, the product and the people involved in the activity.
Requirement analysis (also known as problem analysis) helps to understand,
interpret, classify and organize the software requirements in order to access the
feasibility,completeness and consistency of the requirements.
Requirements analysis in systems engineering and software engineering,
encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new
or altered product, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various
stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system
requirements.
Requirements analysis is critical to the success of a systems or software project.
The requirements should be documented, actionable, measurable, testable, traceable, related
to identified business needs or opportunities, and defined to a level of detail sufficient for
system design.

3.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION

Today, in this modern era of computers, they itself have made a great impact,
making it an unavoidable necessity in our lives. It made up to this mark with its greater
accuracy, utilities, and speed capabilities. Nowadays there is hardly any area where
computers are not getting into our minds to think of a way to make use of. It has spread
itself to each and every sphere of human activity, thus paving the way to the so called PC
revolution
The repeatedly reducing cost of computers, both hardware and software and exploding
demand

of data storage, maintenance and quick retrieval of information at the required time urges
us to use computer in all the field of our daily life. Computerized speed, accuracy,
reliability, versatility and veracity of a computer make them the best tool for data
processing. Computers being purely digital are accurate and reliable in the calculations
they make. In short computers are being a great boon to the mankind.
Medical Shop Management System is developed to maintain the entire operation
done in the medical shop. Medical Shop Management System maintains records on the
stock of the medicine. This will be helpful to count the number of medicines in the stock.
This software deals with the buying and selling of medicines. Registering is to keep
a neat record of transactions. Our project wills surly help to maintain the details of
medicines. Human dealings may cause errors resulting in losses of data or faulty
transactions. The main functioning of this project is the systematic functioning of the
medical shop. The system performs in very smooth and fast. The current status of the
system can be understood by using report forms. This project also includes the stock
details of various medicines and non medicines and also maintains the transaction details.
The software includes all registration and maintains stock details including the report foe
the user to operate the software efficiently and accurately.

3.2 REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

The software requirement specification is produced at the culmination of analysis

task. The
function and performance allocated to software as part of system engineering are refined
by
Establishing a complete information description, a detailed function description, a
representation
of system behavior, and indication of performance requirements and design constraints,
appropriate validation criteria, and information pertinent to requirements.

The introduction of the software requirements specification states the goals and
objectives of the
Software, describing in the context of the computer-based system. Actually the
introduction may
be nothing more than the software scope of planning documents.
The information Description provides a detailed description of the problem that the
software
must solve. Information content, flow, and structure and documented.Hardware, software,
and
Human interfaces and described for external system elements and internal software
functions.A
description of each function required to solve the problem is presented in the functional
description. A process narrative is provided for each function, design constraints are stated
and
Justified,performance characteristics are tested, and one or more diagrams are included to
graphically represent the overall structure of the software and interplay among software
and
function and other system elements. The Behavioral Description section of the
specification
examines the operation of the software as a consequence of external events and internally
generated control characteristics.
Validation criteria is probably the most important and, ironically the most often
neglected
section of the Software Requirement Specification. For each screen and each field in the
screen thev validation criteria is done as a part of the software testing. The specification
of validation a criteria is done as part of the software testing. The specification of
validation criteria acts as an of all other requirements implicit review of all other
requirements. when considering a software project ,two main different types of habitat

are required. The information description provides a detailed description of the problem
that
the software must solve. Information content, flow, and structure and documented.
Hardware ,software, and Human interfaces are described for external system elements
and internal software functions.

External Interfaces: User Interface:- Keyboard and Mouse

Hardware Interfaces:- Printer, Normal Pc
Software Interfaces:Front End: - VB.NET
Back End: - SQL Server 2005

Functional Requirements:-

This software contains the following functions and functional requirements.

Sales report in generated according to the form & to date, particular date and on the
basis of particular bill ID. Where bill report is generated soon after the each sale.

Staff Registration Details

Company Registration Details
Category Registration Details
Medicine Registration Details
Non Medicine Registration Details
Stock Details
Customer Registration Details
Sales Details
Sales Return Details
Report Preparation

STAFF DETAILS

The main purpose of this module is to register the staff details. It includes the staff
ID, staff name, address, phone number, qualification etc. We store these details in the
STAFF TABLE. By using this module we perform the following operations:

Adding new records i.e. we can store the details of a new staff.
Edit a record i.e. edit existing staff details.

COMPANY DETAILS

The main purpose of this module is to register various company details to mention
from which company the medicines are purchased. It includes the company ID, company
name, address, phone number, etc. We store these details in the COMPANY TABLE. By
using this module we perform the following operations:

Adding new records i.e. we can store the details of a new company.

CATEGORY DETAILS

The main purpose of this module is to register various category details to mention
which category a medicine belongs to i.e. a medicine can be categoriesed as tablets, syrup
etc. It includes the category ID and category name. We store these details in the
CATEGORY TABLE. By using this module we perform the following operations:

Adding new records i.e. we can store the details of a new category.

MEDICINE DETAILS

Medicine registration module is to register the medicine. In this we register medicine

details like medicine ID, medicine name, company, category, chemical composition,
reorder level etc. We store these details in the MEDICINE TABLE. By using this module
we perform the following operations:

Adding new records i.e. we can store the details of a new medicine.
Search a record i.e. to find the details of a particular medicine.

NON MEDICINE DETAILS

Non Medicine registration module is to register the non medicine. In this we register
non medicine details like non medicine ID, non medicine name, company, reorder level
etc. We store these details in the NONMEDICINE TABLE. By using this module we
perform the following operations:

Adding new records i.e. we can store the details of a new non medicine.
Search a record i.e. to find the details of a particular non medicine.

STOCK DETAILS

Stock module is to enter the stock details of both medicine and non medicine. After
each purchase the stock is entered by this stock module. If the item is a medicine then it
includes the details like quantity, expiring date, manufacturing date, mrp rate, batch no,
etc. Where batch number would be different for same medicine at different purchase or
same purchase indicating they have same price, manufacturing date, expiring date etc.
Where in case of non medicine it include details like quantity, price etc. We store these
details in the STOCK TABLE. By using this module we perform the following operations:

Adding new records i.e. we can store the details of a newly purchased item.

CUSTOMER DETAILS

Customer registration module is used to register the details of customer. It include details
like customer ID, customer name, address, phone number, etc. We store these details in the
CUSTOMER TABLE. By using this module we perform the following operations:

Adding new records i.e. we can store the details of new customer.
Edit a record i.e. edit existing customer details.

SALES DETAILS

This module is used to store the details of sales details. It includes details like sales ID,
customer details, medicine and non medicine details, quantity, price etc. We store these
details in the SALES TABLE and SALES DETAILS TABLE. By using this module we
perform the following operations:

Adding new records i.e. we can store the details of sales.

SALES RETURNS DETAILS

Sales returns details are entered in this module. Which include the details like customer
name, list of items, quantity, price, etc. We store these details in the SALES RETURNS
TABLE. By using this module we perform the following operations:

Adding new records i.e. we can store the details of sales return.

REPORT PREPARATION DETAILS

Computer output is the most important and direct source of information to the user.
Efficient, intelligible output design should improve the systems relationship with the user
and help in decision making. We can retrieve the data from tables and print it as report in a
particular format. The software must be capable of generating reports based on the user
needs. So, we include various reports according to the needs of users in Nethe Medical
Shop. Reports in our projects are:

Medicine Report
Non Medicine report
Item Report
Sales report
Bill report

Sales report in generated according to the form & to date, particular date and on the basis
of particular bill ID. Where bill report is generated soon after the each sale.

NON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:A non-functional requirement is a statement of how a system must behave, it is a
constraint
upon the systems behavior.

24X7 availability

Better component design to get better performance at peak time.

Flexible service based architecture will be highly desirable for future extension

Easy, efficient, simple, fault free.

Very user friendly.

Less time consuming.

Easy retrieval of data.

Error detection and correction is easy.

Data loss is low.

Speed and accuracy is high.

Password protection
.
Modification is possible.

3.3 Planning and Scheduling

Project planning is part of project management, which relates to the use of schedules such as
Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress within the project environment.
Project planning is an important step in the project formulation. As we progress on the
project we may face so many difficult and complex challenges. In order to avoid all this,
project planning is essential.

GANTT chart

3.4 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE SPECIFICATION

Processor

: Pentium 4

RAM

: 512 MB

Hard Disk Drive

: 40 GB or Higher

Monitor

: 17 COLOR

Keyboard

: 104 Key

Mouse

: Optical scroll

SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

Front End

: Microsoft VB.NET 2008

Back End

: Microsoft SQL Server 2005

Platform

: Microsoft Windows XP

3.5 PRELIMINARY PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

The emerging need of MEDICAL SHOP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM is to fast up the day
to day operations of the organization and thereby reducing the number of employees and to
increase the profit. The system ensuring the accurate and speedy operations in a few
seconds.
The proposed system promises and enhances the development of organization by improving
their day to day operation style and maintenance of data as an instant mode of operation.
From writing and entering each details of sales or any such operations, that take a lot of time
and probably makes error in transactions that indirectly effect the development of the firm,
an employee can seasily make the above listed process through the proposed system simply
with a little concentration that we are expecting from them.
The proposed system can easily make reports, can calculate accurate, and as a sum that
reduces the man power, number of employees and development of the firm is will not be
matter. In the case of the cost initial investment is will not affect the ongoing process
because the future profit with the proposed system overcomes the problem and it will be

greater than the manual work. The existing system will have some drawbacks. it will not
user friendly software, it do not generate reports daily and some operations like application
for sale and sales return are carry out manually. My software is equipped with all these
features and it satisfies almost all user needs.
The proposed system is developed on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008(Front End)
environment and Microsoft SQL Server 2005(Back End) is used for storage and
manipulation of databases to both the software and the database is restricted by providing
adequate security measures.

3.6 CONCEPTUAL MODEL

The data flow diagram was first developed by Larry Constantine. A DFD [also known as
bubble chart is a graphical representation that depicts information flow and the transforms
that are applied as data move from input to output .A DFD may be used to represent a
system software at any level of abstraction .A data flow diagrams can be partitioned in to
levels that represent increasing flow and functional detail.
A Data Flow Diagram is used to define the flow of the Data and the resources such
as information. Data Flow Diagrams are a way of expressing system requirements in a
graphical manner. It has the purpose of clarifying system requirements and identifying
major transformations that will become program in the system design. So it is the starting
point of design phase that functionally decomposes the requirement specification down
into the lowest level of details. The bubbles represent data transformation and the lines
represent information flow in the system. Data Flow Diagrams are useful in understanding
a system and can be effectively used for partitioning. The system may be an organization,
a manual procedure, software system, a mechanical system or any combination of these.

DFD Symbols

1. SQUARE: It defines a source or destination of system data

2. ARROW: It identifies data flow. Data in motion .It is a pipeline through which
information flows

3. CIRCLE: A circle or a bubble represents a process that transforms incoming

dataflow in to outgoing data flow.

5. OPEN RECTANGLE: An open rectangle is a data store, data at rest or a temporary

repository of data.

Rules for Drawing DFDs

Any data flow leaving a process must be based on data that are input to the process.

All data flows should be named. Name indicates the data flowing between process,
data store, source etc.

A process should depend on its own input and output.

Process should be named and numbered for easy reference. Each name should be
representative of the process.

Direction of data flow is from top to bottom and from left to right.

When a process is split down to lower level details it should be numbered accordingly.

Process and data flow have the first letter of each word capitalized.

The name of data store, source and destination should be written in uppercase letters.

Output from process can take the following form:

An input data flow with information added by the process.

A change in content of database.

Response of change of data form.

A change in status.

ZEROTH LEVEL DFD (CONTEXT LEVEL DFD)

FIRST LEVEL DFD

SECOND LEVEL DFD

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP Diagrams
E-R (Entity-Relationship) Diagram is used to represents the relationship between
entities in the table.

The symbols used in E-R diagrams are:

SYMBOL

PURPOSE

Represents Entity sets

Represent attributes.

Represent Relationship Sets.

Line represents flow

Structured analysis is a set of tools and techniques that the analyst.

To develop a new kind of a system:

The traditional approach focuses on the cost benefit and feasibility analysis, Project
management, and hardware and software selection an personal considerations.