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PLUTARCH
MORALIA
VOLUME XV
Translated by
F.
H.
SANDBACH
iiigiimiiBifgjfaiaiiaiaiiBitBiiEUiBiEiimiiBiiaiBiiaiafBKBiEilii
PLUTARCH
was born
tral
at
(Plutarchus), ca.
Chaeronea
in
ad 4^-1
20,
Boeotia in cen-
at
Athens,
He
appears as a
man
of kindly character
Plutarch wrote on
many
subjects.
Most
last
The Loeb
Moralia
is
kL{K-
2013
http://archive.org/details/moraliainfiftee15plut
LL.D.
EDITED BY
G. P.
GOOLD,
ph.d.
FORMER EDITORS
tT. E.
t
W. H.
tE. H.
t L.
WARMINGTON,
A.
POST,
m.a., f.r.hist.soc.
PLUTARCH'S
MORALIA
xv
429
ll.d.
l.h.d.
PLUTARCH'S
MORALIA
IN SIXTEEN
VOLUMES
XV
FRAGMENTS
EDITED AND TRANSLATED BY
F. H.
SANDBACH
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
American
ISBN
0-674-99473-6
British
ISBN
434 99429 4
Reprinted 1987
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XV
PAGE
vii
Introduction
xi
Works by Plutarch
Ancient Lists
A. Photius
B. Lamprias Catalogue
2
3
Tyrwhitt's Fragments
31
74
Scipio Africanus
76
Life of Nero
78
Life of Heracles
78
Life of Hesiod
80
Life of Pindar
82
Life of Crates
Dai'phantus
82
82
Aristomenes
84
AlTfcOU
El
YJ
T(x)V
ApULTOV
AlO(r'A///,ltoV
....
d)<f>\l.fJLOS
88
Q6
V
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XV
PAGE
5
102
Ets E/A7re6WAea
t
Ets
t<x
Et9
r<x
Hcri68ov"Epya
NiKOLvSpOV Qr)pLai<d
.....
Kara f)8ovqs
KaT tcrxvos
t
OjjLrjpiKoX
"On
Uepl
226
230
236
238
pekerai
242
248
eputros
260
TLepl evyeveias
Uepl
104
rjfxepcov
264
Tlepl rj(jv\tas
266
Uepl kolXXovs
268
Uepl pLavTiKqs
272
Tlepl opyrjs
274
Uepl ttXovtov
276
280
ev
Uepl <iAias
IlAaTaiats Aru8aAo.>i'
eiri<TTo\i)
Uepl
<f>vcre<DS /cat
Uepl
\pv\y\^
282
298
306
306
324
^TpojjjLarei^
Other Fragments
irovwv
341
Appendices
403
Index of Names
411
Index of Subjects
VI
.417
of the Books of
the Moralia as they appear since the edition of
I.
De liberis
Quomodo
educandis
adolescens
poetas
PAGE
1a
audire debeat
17d
rov aVouetv) .
internoscatur
(Ilai? O.V TLS 8l(LKpivL TOV KoXcLKCL TOV <j>l\ov)
Quomodo quis suos in virtute sentiat profectus
(Ilais dv tls atadoLTO iavrov irpoKOTTTOVTOs in
dperfj)
II.
.......
De capienda
V7T*
xOp>V
ex inimicis utilitate
<X)<f>XoLTo)
37 b
48E
75a
(litis dv tls
86
93a
97c
100b
....
AitoXXwvlov)
.
sanitate praecepta ('Tytetvd napayyeXfiara)
Coniugalia praecepta (TafMLKa napayyiXfiaTa)
Septem sapientium convivium {Tcbv eVra oo<f>a>v
.
De tuenda
.122b
avpLTTocfLov)
III.
<f>64yfjLara
pacnXecov
arpaT7)yd)v)
.......
......
/cat
Apophthegmata Laconica
KcovLKa)
(' ATTo^deyfiara
10 If
138a
146 b
164e
172a
Aa208a
236 F
vii
......
Mulierum
Parallela Graeca et
Romana
.......
......
......
fortuna
rvxys)
De
Romanorum
Pa>/Aat/ccoi>)
'AAe^dVSpou rvx^S
rijs
305a
bri ii (Ilept
Xoyoi jS')
240c
242e
263d
29 Id
(Lwaycoyr) loro-
De
drro-
316b
li-
dperijs,
rj
326d
V.
.....
......
345c
351c
384c
(jltj
De
Xprjorr)pLcjv)
VI.
An
De
De cohibenda ira (Ilept dopyrjoias)
De tranquillitate animi (Ilept evdvpLias)
De fraterno amore (Ilept <tAaoeA</>tW)
De amore prolis (Ilept rijs els rd e/cyova
oropyias)
An
vitiositas
avrdpKTjs
f)
394d
e'/cAeAot7rdra>v
409e
439a
440d
452e
464e
478a
<tAo-
.493a
/ca/ct'a
irpds KaKoSaipLOvlav)
498a
Animine an corporis
.......
(Ilorepov rd rijs
X^Lpova)
VII.
De
Vlll
vtto
.
500b
502b
515b
523c
528c
536e
539a
rod
.
548a
....
....
......
568b
575a
599a
t-^v
608a
libri vi (Lvfiirocna-
612c
I,
....
VII, 697c
697c
748e
77 1e
Maxime cum
Set rov
Ad
.......
......
<f>i.\6(jo(f>ov
StaAe'yecrflat)
Sevrov)
seni respublica
An
gerenda
sit
gerendae
reipublicae
.798a
783 a
(IIoAtTt/ca
TrapayyiXp.ara)
.
unius in republica dominatione, populari
statu, et paucorum imperio (Ilept fiovapxtas
/cat SrjiMOKpaTLas /cat dAtyap^tas)
De vitando aere alieno (Ilept rod pr) Selv oavctteadai)
.
779c
(Et 7Tpofivrepa>
ttoXltvtov)
Praecepta
776a
i}ye/io'va a7rat-
De
(Ilept ra>v
.826a
8e'/ca
827d
prjro-
832b
Comparationis Aristophanis
pendium
dvopov
XI.
*
De
.....
......
'
eVtro/Lt^)
Herodoti malignitate
(Ilept rrjs
KaKOTjOetas)
placitis philosophorum, libri
De
dpeoKovrcov tols
(Ilept
elief) at vofxivov
v-qs)
7rpooa)7TOV ra>
.
kvkXco
.
is
rrjs
854e
r&v
.
XII.
853a
'Hpooorov
874d
911c
oeXrj.
920a
945e
Aquane an
vbcop
7]
nvp
\pricniAU)Tpov)
955
Terrestriane an aquatilia animalia sint callidiora (Uorepa tcov t,cocov cf>povt,LL(OTpa tcl ^epaata
rj
tcl
.....
evvhpa)
959a
Xoyoifi')
Compendium
Timaeo
libri
in
......
......
tov
993a
999c
.1012 a
de animae procreatione
('E^ito/at)
ipvxoyovias)
985d
1030d
^Ltcoikcov ivav-
1033 a
Compendium argumenti
poetis dicere
Etohkoi tcov
Stoicos absurdiora
tov ort 7Tapa8ooTpa oi
{IlvvoiJjis
Xiyovai)
7TOirjTa>v
De communibus
suaviter vivi
lfr\v
(iipos
^iriKOvpov)
KcoXcottjv
dXXiov tj>iXo(j6<f>a)v)
recte dictum sit latenter esse
.
An
kolXcos etprjTat,
to XdOe
De musica (Hepi
XV. Fragments
XVI. Index
1058E
secundum Epicurum
Adversus Colotem
1057c
notitiis
jStojcra?)
llovoiktjs)
virkp
1086c
tcov
vivendum
1107d
(Et
1128a
.1131a
INTRODUCTION
The surviving works of Plutarch, although they occupy
25 volumes of the Loeb Classical Library, seem on the
evidence of the so-called Lamprias Catalogue (p. 3)
to represent less than half of his literary output.
Some of his lost writings were known to authors and
but I
anthologists down to the sixth century a.d.
know of no evidence that, when learning revived
after the Greek Dark Ages, anyone had any knowledge of any work that we do not now possess. Such
scraps of information as occur in writers of the ninth
and later centuries reached them at second hand.
The first attempt to offer a complete collection of
fragments of Plutarch is to be found in Wyttenbach's
edition. A few additions were made by Duebner and
others by Bernardakis. The following works deserve
mention as dealing with a wide range of fragments,
and are referred to by their authors' names.
;
J.J. Hartman,
De
Plutarcko scriptore
et
pkilosopho,
Leiden, 1916.
INTRODUCTION
R. Volkmann, Plutarch von Ckaeronea, Leben und
Schriften, Berlin, 1869article " Plutarchos " in Pauly-Wissowa,
Realencyklopadie, xxi (separately printed 1949).
K. Ziegler,
translation to his
added to Amyot's
Vies.
INTRODUCTION
De Animae Procreatione not only informs us of
but also gives a summary of his reasons.
Since the time of Maximus Planudes the " Collected
Works of Plutarch " have always embraced a number
of spurious writings. It may therefore be logical to
include in a collection of fragments those which are
in all probability falsely ascribed to him in our sources,
but are not the work of any other identifiable author.
I follow my predecessors in doing this, but in one
I have excluded,
respect depart from their practice
for reasons explained in Appendix B, a number of
viving
this
he wrote.
to
Unfortunately
it
distinction
INTRODUCTION
my
will
xiv
INTRODUCTION
be out of place. That must be restricted to the
correction of copyists' accidental errors. Even this
is exceptionally difficult where spurious fragments are
concerned. The author being unknown, there is no
norm for his style. An editor who is also a translator
finds, however, that he must sometimes temper caution with temerity. When error has resulted in patent
nonsense, he can feel obliged to introduce sense by
means of changes which at the best may not misrepresent the author's intentions, but are not likely to
capture his exact wording.
It is a pleasant duty to thank the authorities of the
Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, of the Biblioteca di
S. Marco in Venice, and of the Abbadia de el Escorial
for allowing me to consult, or obtain photographs of,
manuscripts in their keeping. I am also obliged to
the Institut de recherche et d'histoire des textes, by
whose aid I obtained a microfilm. Of scholars who
have helped me I must mention in particular Mr. R. T.
Wallis, whom I consulted with profit on the second of
Tyrwhitt's fragments, and above all my colleagues at
Trinity College, Mr. H. J. Easterling and Dr. R. D.
Dawe, who between them generously undertook the
reading of the first proofs. To their care and acumen
I owe the detection of many errors and inadequacies.
For those that remain uncorrected the responsibility
is mine.
F.
H. Sandbach
xv
WORKS
BY PLUTARCH
ANCIENT
LISTS
A.
PHOTIUS
Epaminondas (Lamprias
7)
149-152)
lie pi
(jyvcreius
'
and
finally
gum
et
kcu irovinv
0,
AvpQ>v v8owv
Rh.Mus.
xxvii (1872), p. 523, rejects any possimight be identical with the spurious Ilepi
which survives only in a Syriac version, and of
Biicheler,
translation.
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
B.
Editio princeps
torius at
Manuscripts
Paris. 1678 (Plutarch, Lives, etc.), described by
Nachstadt, p. vi of preface to vol. ii of Teubner
Moralia, and by Ziegler, Rh. Mus. lxiii (1908), p. 239,
has the catalogue on fol. 148 recto and verso, now
only partially legible owing to wear and creeping of
the ink. Through the kindness of the authorities of
the Bibliotheque Nationale I have an ultra-violet
photograph. Ziegler ascribes the hand to the twelfth
century (one may compare Vat. gr. 504, De' Cavalieri
and Lietzmann no. 28, dated a.d. 1105). This list is
not the source of the other, later mss., since it omits
several titles that they include.
Neapolitanus III. B 29 (Diogenes Laertius), has
the catalogue on fol. 246 verso and 247. A collation
is given by C. Wachsmuth, Philologus, xix (1863), p.
577, who ascribes it to the late fourteenth century.
The
but this
is
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
248, which presumably contained the
list, only a narrow margin survives.
From it are derived Vat. gr. 1347 and Paris. 1751.
Marc. 481 (now 863), a miscellany written by
Maximus Planudes in a.d. 1302, has on its last folio
(123), still in his hand, a list without any heading.
Not always easy to read, it gives the titles, first of the
surviving Lives, then of those Moralia that he then
possessed, and concludes with nearly all those items
of the Lamprias Catalogue that had not occurred
previously. The few omissions are probably due to
accident. Derived from this are the lists in Marc.
verso
of
fol.
remainder of the
186 (now 601), Marc. 248 (now 328), which was written
by John Rhosos, and Pal. Vat. 170. I call it Ven.
In
my
When
Par.
Title
Whoever composed
this
may have
intended what in
7Tpt
GOV
Ol5S'
ae
eirepuftd aot*
TjfJLOJV fXfXV7JfJLVOV t
ipp6>odai evxofxai.
/Cat r)0<X)S
rjOeArjoas tcov
jLt/)t
7T<iXLV
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
the event happened, namely that the writer should
be identified with a Lamprias mentioned by Suidas
:
He wrote a
Greek and Roman history.
all
Besides all these titles, there were also found some time
ago, as was recorded in an ancient book, summaries of the
works listed below, but they have not survived to our times,
except for their titles, since I have never yet met with them.
But I have set out their titles for the benefit of scholars, so
that they may know all the works composed by this sage
of Chaeronea. c
There follows the remainder of the Lamprias Catalogue, including nos. 65, 79? and 121, of which soa
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
called summaries do survive. These and these only,
are marked with a sign
but it is a cross, and not that
;
promised.
Origin
Vit.
Orat., Plac. Phil., Parallela Minora.
T>e Amic. Mult., De Fortuna, De Virtute et Vitio, De
Vitiositas, De Invidia
Cohibenda Ira, De Amore Prolis,
b
An
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
ciple, the list is likely to
sition
be
fairly early a
The
library
dispo-
on
rolls
century.
2.
3.
pLUJTOKArjs
4.
HoXtov
5.
HeptKXrjs
6.
'AA/ctj8taS^9
7.
8.
<J>o)/cta)v /cat
/cat
Ho7r\LKo\as
/cat
/cat OajStos"
/cat
Md^tuos
Map/aos" KoptdAavos
>
9. "Ayts* /cat
Kara)v.
KAeoucV^?.
ratos Tpa/c^ot.
1
13.
16.
Tlvppos
/cat
Mapto?.
use
found.
found
2.
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
22.
'
Auyouarou
26.
j8ios.
27. Tijiepios.
Zfamcov K<f>piKavos
28.
29. KAauStos.
30. Neptovos jStos
raio? Kcuaap.
31.
32a. TaAjgas-.
32b. "O^wv. 1
33. Btre'AAto?.
34. 'Hpa/cAeous-
jStos".
35.
HatoSou
ftlos.
36.
YlcvSdpov
j8to9.
1'.
ovaias
44.
Ilept
45.
ttJs* 7TfjL7TTfjs
/,
47.
48.
Ilepi
49.
jStjSAta e'.
The
2
10
titles
Possibly
are separated
Treinrrrjs
/?'.
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. Tiberius.
Frag. 182.
? Frags.
3, 4.
29. Claudius.
Frag.
5.
32a. Galba.
32b. Otho.
33. Vitellius.
34. Life of Heracles.
Frags. 6-8.
On
An
On
Rhetoric, 3 vols.
Introduction to Psychology, 3 vols.
the Senses, 3 vols.
49.
50. Selections from Philosophers, 2 vols.
47.
48.
11
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
UoXeajv evepyeoiai, /StjSAta y
Hepl Qeo^pdarov rrpos tovs Kcupovs
51.
53.
Xltlkcov j8tj8Ata
54.
(52) 770-
jS'.
55.
Ylapoipuchv jSt/JAia
56.
Taw
'
j8'.
ApiGToreXovs to7tlkcov 2
jStjSAta 17'.
/?'.
58.
59.
)8'.
60.
Ilepi TroirjTLKrjs.
61.
3^
63.
sr'.
ro
Ilept
/uW
eirat
otto
ro>
nAarcovos'
'A/caS^/zetav.
64.
t^?
IIc/h
'
8ia(f)opas
tcx)v
YivppcDvelcov
/cat
AKa8r)iJLaCKtov
65.
Ilept,
66.
Hepi
GfJLOV.
1
The order
52, 53.
2
3
4
12
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
51. Benefactions
52-53.
by
ship, 2 vols. a
On
64.
65.
the Academics.
On the Generation of the Soul in the Timaeus.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59-
60.
61.
62.
63.
(xiii)
On
66.
had a Beginning.
71
is
vol. xi.
Possibly the
since
it
sophical."
Cf. Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, i. 220-235.
Mentioned, Moralia, 1013 e someof what follows there,
down to 1023 b, will be drawn from this book.
9
13
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
67.
68.
II ou eloiv at ISeac;
IIw?
vXrj
rj
rcov tSecov
fJLTiXr)<f)v ;
on ra
70.
71.
T7re/o
ITc/ot fjLavTiKrjs
fiaiKOVs
ore ocp^erai
72.
73.
74.
Horepov 6 irepiaaos
apidfjbos
fj
6 aprios a/xt-
VO)V.
75.
El TTpofSvTptp 7ToXlTVTOV
76.
77.
rie/H evvotoov
777)09
rous Stou/cous.
1
78.
79.
"On
Xeyovoc
80.
TroirjTtov
81.
82.
"On
83.
o*3Se
771;
<f>lXoo6<f)Oi)V .
'Em/coupon.
(f>iXlas.
1
Joined to 69 in Ven., omitted by Neap. Joined to 70 by
Volkmann, made independent by Ziegler.
2
The manuscripts of this book have, more correctly, nepl
14
Plato, Timaeus, 53 c
IF.
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
67.
68.
Affairs,
(x)
78.
79-
76.
77.
the Poets,
80.
81.
(xiii)
(xiv)
82.
b
United in the mss. to the previous title, but that work
bears no such dedication.
Volkmann suggested that the
words belong with no. 70. Alcidamas is unknown.
The authenticity of the Theages was disputed, and since
Plutarch never quotes it as Plato's, Patzig thought this work
spurious.
d
Cf. Stoic. Rep. 1036 c-e, S. V.F. ii. 109, Pohlenz, Die
Stoa, i. 29.
e
Usener, Epicurea, p. 103, if the " lecture " is identical
with what is elsewhere called a " book." But On the Gods
ought perhaps to be a separate title.
15
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
84. 'AfjLfJLWvios,
7}
7Tpl
rod
fMTj
rjSecos
rfj
/ca/ct'a
ovvelvai.
rico? av ris iavrov eiraiveoeiev dveTTi^dovojs ;
Et dperrj r) p-qropiKT).
87. Titos av res aioQoiro iavrov TrpOKonrovros
85.
86.
irpos dperrjv;
88.
89.
rod
itpilar ov
xp r] (JT7]P^a)V
rod (friXov; 1
'
90.
Ylepl
91.
92.
Ile/ot
93.
Ileot dpyrjs.
ifivxpod.
rod Oeiov.
dSoAeaxtas".
95.
Ileot evOvfjdas.
Ileot 7ToXvrrpayp,oavv7]s>
98.
Ilept <f>iXa8eX(f)ias
101.
Ileot
102.
103.
<f)vyfjs.
104.
rioAtrt/cd 7rapayyeXfiara.
105.
Ileot plcQV
ev dXXcp
Se
Ylepl
rod rov
fiiov
eoucevai KvfSelq.
106.
1
yv\ivda[iaoi xpfjaOai;
rov /cdAa/ca rov <f>l\ov Par. : tow <f>lXov rov /c<$Aa*a Neap.
2
axoAiKofc Par. Ven. : axoAaoriKofr Neap.
a
Ven.
i.
Vitio.
6
16
ef.
Cicero,
De
Oratore, in.
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
Ammonius,
84.
or
On
How
85.
(vii)
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99100.
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
Compliancy,
(vii)
Officiousness.
(vi)
Brotherly Affection,
Which
of a Man's three
102.
103.
How
Names
On Ways
On Life's
is
his
Proper
Philosophers' Lectures,
(vi)
Comets.
Name ? c
On Exile, (vii)
On Listening to
101.
(vii)
of Life.
(i)
(i)
(x)
title
esse
dixerunt."
c
i.e., the Roman praenomen, nomen, and cognomen.
Qf.
Life of Marius, chap. 1.
d
De Tranquillitate Animi, 467 a, ascribes this comparison
to Plato (cf. Rep. 604 c)
see also Epictetus, ii. 5. 2-3*
;
"In
rhetoric.
17
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
107. 'Epam/co?.
108.
'
VLKOL,
109.
111.
TlapafjLvdrjTiKos Trpos
AaKA7)7nd8r)v.
112.
113.
Hepl
(friXoKoapLids
114. TirdevTixos.
115.
Ta/xt/ca TrapayyeXfiara.
116.
Ilcpt rou
Hepl rod
118. Ile/H rou
117.
/xt)
XP^
rou V
/car'
AeA<f>OLS.
125. 'ATTOfJLvrjiJLoveviAaTa.
126. rWat/ccov dperai' iv aAAco Se Ilept rou 77009
Set
77 v
yuvat/ca
777009
aVSpa.
Kpivovfiev
Ven. Neap.
Kplvofxev
Volkmann.
18
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
107.
1
08
109.
110.
1 1 1
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
rapis. c
(v)
121.
00
122.
123.
(xi)
124.
125. Recollections d
.
Brave Deeds by
126.
On
Women
(iii)
in another copy,
to her
Woman
Husband/
127.
On
work/
but
The
it
no. 108.
f Ziegler
no. 222.
would identify
19
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
128. Air)yr)GLS rrapdAArjAoc,
'EAAtjvikclI
'Pco-
koll
jjuatKaL
SrjfiaLKOv Aoyov.
d'A-
Aw
136.
nAarcovt/cd ^rtjfjiara.
137.
Ilou?
hia<f>vyoi;
Ilept
143.
"On
rwv
Trap*
'AAe^avSpevoi TTapotpaajv
napaSo^orepa
ol
E7TiKOVpeioi ra>v
77-0177-
rtov Aiyovoi.
144.
145.
Ti to ovvievai;
3
ITept ro Sev /cat
fxr]8ev.
"On
rj
it
d^' Bernardakis
wr' Ven. Neap.
Ziegler
<f>i\o7rpayn6va)v
:
<j>i\o7rpdyiJLovos
Par.
Ven.
(-d>v)
Neap.
3
8e*>
Patzig
identical with
Ven. Neap.
this
was
really a different
20
ouSev
on no. 222.
is
work,
otherwise
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
128. Parallel Stories, Greek and Roman, (iv)
129. On Epicurean Inconsistencies.
130. How to profit by one's Enemies, (ii)
131. On the Fact that there is no Conflict between
01
Will.
134.
135.
Academic Lectures.
Can Animals think ?
How
140.
On
(xiii)
141. Protagoras'
142.
On
On
drians.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
more
intelligent,
(xii)
6
It would be surprising if an otherwise unknown work of
Protagoras had survived late enough to be included by error
in this list, cf. no. 56.
Perhaps there are two Plutarchean
works, On Protagoras and On First Principles.
c
So we may represent Democritus' jesting division of
see Adversus Colotem, 1109 a.
prjSdv as ^17 hdv
;
21
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
148. 2toh/co>v
'Em/co^pet'cov
/cat
e/cAoyat
/cat
eAey^ot.
149.
A mat
150.
Hepl
151.
Ilept Trepiepyias.
152.
rjfAepcjv.
153. 'YiroderiKos
Ilepi tou
154.
irepl ap^r}?.
rj
</>'
rjfjuv
B^or/ai/ rrapafjLvOrjTiKos
157.
II/009
158.
Ilepi
159.
raw
E7Tl/COL>pOV'.
163.
Ilept fjLovdScov.
on
ov
7Tl<7l.
165.
1
Srcot/ccuv] ? laropicov.
511]
ii,
p.
T07rcm>.
TroAtn;?]
ov
7rovrjGL
ttoXltlkos
Pohlenz.
by Hoeschel.
The
22
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
and Refutations of, Stoic and
Epicurean Authors.
149. Explanations of Current Stoic Doctrines.
148. Extracts from,
On
On
151.
Dates.
A
A
Stoics.
155.
stition d
,
Advocate
for
any and
all ?
Life.
160. Explanations
161. Explanations of
162. On Tautology.
163. On Monads.
164. Should a Citizen give his Advice,
knowing
it will
be rejected ?
165. On Contemporary Opinions.
c
17/uv
d
i<f>
but expounded
See Diogenes
79-88, Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism,
Laertius,
36-163.
ix.
i.
23
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
c
166. Atrtat
167. Atrial
168.
169.
EAA^vo>v.
yvvaiK&vr
A7TO<f>04yiJ,aTa
AaKcovcKa.
Ilept aAuTTtas".
173.
Ilept yvfjbvaafjudrajv.
174.
Ilept TTidvp,ias.
175.
et
dOdvaros
rj
xfjvxq.
179.
180.
181.
Ilept
178.
7-779
ets*
2
r)
aperr).
Tpo<f)a)vLov /caTa/Jaaea)?.
182. 'I/ce'T^?.
183. Ol>CH/a]
184.
7TLTOfJLrj.
aurcov.
185.
Ilept
186.
uAt^s".
Ilept Kt^vat/ccov.
191.
Ilept yea)(f)dyu)v
193.
Ilept 7Tpo^XrjiMdrcov.
1
24
AtVtat]
a/ocrat
Nachstadt.
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
166.
(iv)
Women. a
On Famous Men.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
the Pro-
blem of Immortality.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
Science.
their Successors
187.
188.
On
Defence of Socrates.
190. On the Condemnation of Socrates.
189-
191. On Earth-eaters.
192. Lecture on the Ten Categories.
193.
On
Problems.
a Nachstadt suggests
that this
be identical with no. 126.
6
Perhaps rhetorical exercises.
2
hiSaKTov Bernardakis
3
Kvp7]vaiKa>v
title is
SiScwctc'ov
Bernardakis
Ven. Neap.
KvpTjvatwv.
25
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
194.
195.
TIoAgojv KTiaeis.
'
Kara
198.
tl v8ool 'Ad-qvaZot;
/cat TravrjyvpiKcov.
Ile/oi vyevLas.
204. '0 7rpos Alcova piqOels iv 'OAv/xma.
f
205. Ile/ot rou ri eho^ev Hpa/cAeiTa>.
206.
207.
ndrepov xP rJ GLlJb(^ TP 0V
3
ra fox^s ^
208.
rioTpoi>
209.
rie/ot ifsvxys-
210. El CLTTpCLKTOS 6
Tleyot <j>iAo7rAovTias.
212.
Ile/H GLGfJLCOV.
rid)? Set Aa/ccova jita^ca^at;
214.
nporpeTrrt/co?
vSa>/>.
213.
efc
TxdvTOJV 7T^COV.
776/01
211.
^P
viov ttAovgiov.
n/3orpe7rTt/c69 vrpos
'AaKArjTTidSrjv
Ylepyafjarj-
Title separated
2
Par. Ven.
'
a Perhaps not
to be identified with no. 61, Placita Philosophorum, since that work is in five books, and this should by
its place in the list be contained in a single one.
b
There is some error in the mss., for which a possible
remedy is to divide, as above, what they give as a single title.
But there is still a strange combination in no. 200a.
c
Cf. no. 227. Perhaps Dio of Prusa.
26
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
194.
On
197.
What was
Renown
(iv)
198.
On
199.
200.
What
Advocates.
is the best Way of Life ?
On Dates.* Cf. no. 150.
200a. A Collection of Scientific Lectures and Public
Addresses.
201. On the Festival of Wooden Images at Plataea.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
Frags. 157-158.
Collection of Introductions to Literary Problems.
On Nobility of Birth. Frags. 139-141.
The Reply to Dio delivered at Olympiad
On the Question of Heraclitus' Beliefs.
Whether Fire or Water is the more useful, (xii)
An Exhortation to Philosophy, addressed to a
or the Body
are the worse, (vi)
209. On the Soul. Frags. 173-178.
210. Whether Reserving Judgement on Everything
involves Inaction.
211. On Love of Wealth, (vii)
212. On Earthquakes.
213. How a Spartan should fight.
214. An Exhortation to Philosophy, addressed to
Asclepiades of Pergamum. e
208.
known.
27
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
rod
Selv havei^eodai.
215.
Ylepl
216.
Ylepl KvvrjyeTLKfjs.
/jltj
TlpOS TOVS
St(Z
TO p7]TOpVLV
[XTJ
<f>l\oGO<f)OVV-
TOLS.
220.
221. Ti to
rj
avTcov eTTifieAeia;
222. 'Epam/cai
8c7]yrjoiS'
dXXcp 2
iv
Ylpos
tovs
iptOVTCLS.
Ylepl YLvpiirLhov.
225.
Ylcos Kpivovfjiev
rj
ttjv aArjdeiav;
i/w^ry.
Some
is
referred to in
De
Soil.
Anim.
WORKS BY PLUTARCH
215. On the Disadvantages of Borrowing, (x)
216. On Hunting."
217.
Reply to those who attempt Deception.
218. Explanations of Natural Phenomena, (xi)
219220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
On Euripides.
How shall we determine
That the Soul
Truth
Imperishable.
Discourse in Reply to Dio. d
is
encomium on hunting" to be Plutarch himself; see Helmbold's note ad loc. I side with those who find this incredible,
since Autobulus speaks of this person as a dangerous influence, but at 964 d holds up Plutarch's teaching as a safe
guide to follow in the treatment of animals.
5
This is impossible as an alternative title and may really
be that of another book, possibly that from which frags. 134138 are derived.
c
d
Cf. no. 124.
Cf. no. 204.
29
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
DESIRE
BODILY PHENOMENA
(DE LIBIDINE ET AEGRITUDINE)
THE AFFECTIVE ELEMENT IN MANIS IT A PART OR A FACULTY
OF HIS SOUL
(UTRUM PARS AN FACULTAS ANIMI
AFFECTIBUS SUBIECTA SIT)
?
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
von Plutarchs Moralia, iii. 32) as an argument that
they were by Plutarch the son of Nestorius, the neoPlatonist. a
The argument is worthless, since the
very next item to follow them in the manuscript, De
Sera Numinis Vindicta, is similarly headed YlXovrapyov
cf)iXocr6if)OV.
S3
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
accord with Meyer's " law," or to seek or avoid
For example,
many By-
a
good account of the principles to be followed in investigating accentual prose is to be found in S. Skimina, fitat
actuel des etudes sur le rythme de la prose grecque, ii, Eus
Suppl.
b
34
Cf.
(Lw6w, 1930).
M. Pohlenz, Die Stoa,
1
ii.
175.
TYRWHITTS FRAGMENTS
heavily coloured by Stoicism, but he does not reveal
his own position, at least in what survives. There is
a terminus post quern in the mention of Posidonius,
and of Diodotus, if he is one of two philosophers who
bore that name in the first century B.C. I see no
reason why the work should not have been composed
in the first century a.d., while suspecting it may be
later.
It is notable that there are many parallels
with the genuine Plutarch
the report about Democritus and Theophrastus (chap. 2), the unfamiliar
story of the dismemberment of Horus (chap. 6), a
simile (chap. 7), a verse quotation (chap. 8), and much
in chap. 9- These similarities are too striking to be
due to chance, and some may think that, in spite of
the differences from Plutarch's usual style and manner, they make it probable that he was in fact the
author. Certainly the case is much stronger than
that for Aquane an ignis (see L.C.L., vol. xii, p. 288).
Another possibility is that the work was written by
someone closely associated with him, perhaps a member of the group of friends and younger men with
whom he pursued his philosophical studies.
The first fragment is easily summarized. The question whether body or soul is responsible for the affections of desire, grief, a pleasure, and fear [the cardinal
" passions " of the Stoics] is an old and important
one (chaps. 1-3). Strato assigned them to the soul
(chap. 4), Heraclides (?) to the body
Posidonius
ascribed some to the soul, some to the body, but
thought that others belonged to one but involved the
other ; Diodotus also tried to divide them, but body
:
No
\vttt),
which
35
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
and soul are not easily distinguished (chaps. 5-6).
Other philosophers [Peripatetics] said that affection
belonged to the whole man (chap. 7) but this dodges
the issue, which is, does the whole man make use of
his body or of his soul when he suffers an affection ?
;
"
193.
36
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
brings difficulties.
The
soul
is
if this potentiality is
37
1.
[lev TrpoOeais
crco/xaros'
ipvxrfv.
TO
yap
Tj
yeyove KOI
7TL CTCO/XaTt
et rrjv
acojita
7Ti9vp,ias
avTOTTadtiav aTroXvoerai to
aAAd Sid
2
nepl
TraOr) <f>atvTai, /cat av iXeyx'QTat
8e kolvottjs rod Xoyov /cat to. Xolttol iraQt]
ipvxfjs* /cat
Trj
irepl
\V7T7JS,
rj
tflTTjoei ovvvTrofidXXei,
fJLV XV7T7)
avdpojiros
6
Sv
<x)v
TO
41
<f>6fiov
y TT&S
tojv,
S' opeyeTCLi
p,evois?
r)pp,6adai,
10
KaT
avTideow
/cat
avTiTai*tv aAAr^Aot?
kov
UXovrdpxov
<t>i\oo6<j)ov
rrorepov h.
H.
F.
7r.
ift.
S. : /cat air^Xiyx^TaL
aTreXiyxqTai Pohlenz.
tt.
ifs.
hk.
/cat it.
iff.
iXdy^qrai
8
9
38
/cat
ok
<j>Q6vov.
<Lv
8c 8c8i
DESIRE
AND GRIEFPSYCHICAL OR
BODILY PHENOMENA?
desire
and
grief.
Fear
is
cognate with
grief,
and
Pohlenz
(c/.
Mor. 943
f)
owriprjadai.
avvrfpTTJodai
Tyr-
whitt.
39
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
KiVL
KOLl
dXoyais
TOVVdVTlOV aTOLKTCOS
TTpOS
8ia(f)pi
rrjv ifjvxtfv,
fjLtov
yap
/Cat
(fro/Sos,
fJueraax'rjI^CLTL^opbevrjv.
eirapois
retverai
Xvtttj*
S'
o ye pbrjv dvpuos,
ecre rfjs eTTidvjxias earlv etSos kovt ope^iv dvriXv7Trj<J(JL>S V<f>LOT<i[JLVOS LT TpOV TL /Cat 8ld(/)OpOV
7toXXolkls 8e /cat \xayp\Lvov irpos liriQv\iiav irddos,
virevoei
(bs
ifjvxtfs
/cat
avros
avrrjs Kivovpbevrjs
8
rod ad) pharos eKpc7nt,6pLevos ^et/xa^et rov dv-
etre
Qpixmov.
7raAata tls avrrj rco adS/xart StaSt/caata
2. "Eot/ce
KpiTOS pbV
/cat A77/ZO-
/Ca/Co8at-
10
fjboviav <f>7]alv, el
rrjv
by Pohlenz
2
Tyrwhitt
<f>66vos.
F. H. S., cf. S. V.F,
:
vTreppalvcLV
4
Tyrwhitt
tivtcli
cere ...
Hartman
8
9
ttjv
vafxtv
10
40
hi.
opfxcov cvfjL^Tptav
in
KivovfjLvr)s
yLyvtru.
added by Pohlenz.
iKpiirrov^vos,
KaKohaipboviav Patzig : KaKohatficov.
:
ttjv
Pohlenz.
/Ltcra-
5
8e omitted by hk.
ktivzt<u Wyttenbach.
rjbovrjs.
margin
Pohlenz)
avrfj
Wyttenbach
17
avrr),
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
ness and disorderliness in us, as they drive the soul
chaotically and irrationally in opposite directions, to
rise in pleasure and to sink in pain, to advance in
desire, and to draw back in fear, being given its successive shapes so to speak in consequence of disproportionate impulses a for its swelling is pleasure, and
;
contraction grief, it stretches out towards its deAnger, moresire and retreats from what it fears.
over, whether a species of desire, its essence being a
longing to inflict pain in reprisal, 6 or something
different and distinct, an affection that, as Plato supposed, often positively conflicts with desire, will
obviously also provide a subject for inquiry
{is it
by a disturbance of soul) or of body that anger is
fanned to fire and drives the man in its tempest ?
2. This claim and counterclaim in the suit of body
versus soul over the affections is, it seems, of long
standing. Democritus, ascribing unhappiness to the
soul's account, says that if the body were to bring an
action against the soul for all the torment and illtreatment it had suffered throughout its life, and if
he were a member of the jury trying the charge, he
would be glad to cast his vote against the soul, for the
reason that it had destroyed some parts of the body
by neglect, or weakened them by drunken carousals,
while others it had ruined and ravaged in its purits
a
According to the Stoics a passion is an " excessive
**
it oversteps
the natural proportion of the imimpulse "
pulses/' i.e., is a reaction disproportionate to the stimulus.
But " impulses " are introduced into the text only by an
uncertain emendation.
6
Aristotle, De Anima, 403 a 30, so defines opyij.
c
Republic, 440 a.
;
11
koX
12
added by Tyrwhitt.
Tyrwhitt
13
Wyttenbach airiXvae.
8t
and lacuna.
41
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
OpyaVOV TWOS
0)07Tp
CplXrjSovlatS ,
TOLLS
Tj
OKVOVS
itfS
ZKWOV
KCLKOJV dva-
ov TrpoarjKovTcos.
AyojvcoTeov ovv virkp ttjs dXrjdeias.
kolXos
yap 6 dytov, /cat ttj ifwxfj* o Xoyos TrdvTtos XPV~
Sexofjuevrj tcls curias'
s
3.
GL/JbOS,
[JLV
diroXoyiav,
ei
OVK
CLVTTJS
(f>vXdaodai to kovolov
t}
cf)aWTaL, 7TpOS
Trddrj
T(X
avTrjs, rrpos
S'
firj
aVaAAayr/v coot
rj
XoiSopeZoOai to dX-
XoTpcov.
4. "ESet p,ev tovs SoypLCLTLKOVS /cat KaTaXrj7TTikovs etvat <f>t,Xoao<f)ovs cpdoKOVTas et /jltj 7repl dXXo
5
tl ttjv ye tcov iradcov eWpyeiav 6/JboXoyew dXXtfXois
/cat ovfjufiepeodau- 7roXvs 8' avTcov 6 TrapdXoyos
ioTW.
oi fjuev yap diravTa avXX'q^Srjv ratrra ttj
ifrvxfj cf>epovTS dvedeoav, cooirep UtTpaTCov 6 <f>voikos, ov jjbovov Tas iTridvjjLias dXXd /cat Tas Xvnas,
1
Tyrwhitt
8
rijs
avrov.
A^^s.
De Tuenda Sanitate,
Porphyry, De Abstinentia, iv.
cvoiKiov,
ws
(f>7}GL
nov
42
Wyttenbach
Tyrwhitt
ivdpyciav Pohlenz.
Diels-Kranz, Frag. d.
briefly cited,
6
vfipcoov.
5
7roAAa>.
Ziegler
tpvx'rjs,
De Tuenda
iv.
TYRWHITTS FRAGMENTS
he might be laying the blame for
suit of pleasure
the bad condition of some tool or utensil on the person
who had used it without care. a Theophrastus, on the
contrary, said that the soul's lodging in the body was
an expensive one 6 that for a short tenancy it paid
a heavy price in its pains and fears, desires and
jealousies
and that its involvement with these
emotions in the body gave it a better case to take to
court, since it could accuse the body of mayhem for
all it had been caused to forget, of forcible seizure for
its detention, and of outrage for the ill-fame and vituperation it suffers through being undeservedly held
responsible for the evils that befall the body.
3. We must enter the lists then as champions of
the truth. The contest is an honourable one, and the
soul will in any event profit by the discussion. If the
affections prove not to belong to it, that answers the
charge if they are found to belong, it will be helped
to be rid of them. The result will be either that it is
on its guard against voluntary misdeeds, or that it is
not reproached for another's acts.
4. Whatever else they may disagree about, it
might be expected of philosophers who have a positive creed and claim to apprehend reality, that they
would at least concur and agree with one another on
the action of the affections. They are, however, far
from meeting our expectations. Some have ascribed
all affections indiscriminately to the soul, like the
scientist Strato, c who declared that not only our
desires but also our griefs, not only our fears and
;
43
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ovSe rovs
dAAd
Sovas
/cat
adai
<^d/xevo9
LVOU,
tovs (frdovovs
/cat
(f>6f$ovs
Xatpe/ca/ctas"
^VX1 S
rfjs
/cat
T(*
flTJ
rag eVt-
/cat
/cat
ovviora-
iftvxfj
roiavra
rjpLCOV
ttolvt
OTGLV TTpOO"
Se
ra
/cT/xa>/>tev *
dvaioQryra ydp
XoittcL ttXtjv
ttjs 7rXr]yrjs
dXyqhova /caAou-
avrols ivrjxovGav
p,ev.
8idarr]fMa
TTapaTrXrjoLoos tov
aiaOrjocv
rrjv
aiodrjoei
rfj
7TpoaXoyt^6pLVoi,
e/c
iXr]<f>V
dXX
oOev ecr^e
rrjv
OV 7T7TOvd.
6<f)pvs
8l6
TrpOOKOlfjCLVTZS
/Cat
avv^ydyofiev,
fjLols
ivLGTafjuevoi
7TXrjyrjv
3
4
by
/cat rrap-
X P aL cr^oSpa
77-te'o/zev,
Bernardakis
Bernardakis
Madvig
/xt).
awryyayov
iv.
Tip
pLiq
avvdyo^v Duebner.
irapey'kottto^v.
by Pohlenz,
F.
Bernardakis
anoOXlpovTcs Pohlenz.
44
rjye-
rod
TOLS
CLVTLKCL
clpxty
^VXV S ^4^
tVra/Licvoi.
7t\iJttovts
hk.
rpavfia
rats
TYRWHITTS FRAGMENTS
envies and malicious pleasures at others* misfortune
but also our physical hurts and pleasures and pains
and in general all sensations come about in the soul.
According to him, everything of this sort is a psychical
event
we do not have a pain in the foot when we
stub our toe, nor in the head when we crack it, nor
Nothing has any
in the finger when we gash it.
any
sensation except the soul's centre of command
blow is quickly relayed to this centre a and its sensation is what we call pain. One may compare the way
we think that a noise which in fact sounds in our ears
we add to the sensation an estimate of
is outside us
the distance between the origin of the noise and the
centre of command. 5 Similarly we think that the
pain resulting from a wound is, not where it is sensed,
but where it originated, as the soul is drawn towards
the source that has affected it. Hence, when we
bump into something, we often instantly contract
our eyebrows, and sometimes catch our breath,
while the centre of command rapidly refers the sensation to the part which received the knock. Again,
if our limbs are secured by bonds {there is no feeling
in our extremities, and if we are wounded,) we press
hard with our hands, resisting the transmission of
the injury and squeezing the blow to keep it in the
parts that have no feeling, so that it does not become
;
ra>
added by Pohlenz.
45
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
owdipai irpds to tf>povovv dX'/7)8chv yevqrai. tclvtol
ovv 6 Hrpdrcov irrl ttoXXols cos lkos tolovtois.
5. "Evtot 8' dvnKpvs kcu 86av Kal 8iaXoyiopiov
p,v
ovoiav Pohlenz
2
6
7
oto) 8*
odv Pohlenz
ovrco.
Ziegler
avrw.
a
Strato connected sensation and thought, arguing that
there was no sensation without mental attention, cf. De Soil.
Anim. 961
b
And
a-b.
hence
also,
a fortiori, the
affections.
(c.
46
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
a pain by making contact with the part of us that has
This is the explanation given by
understanding.
Strato for many similar cases, as might be expected.
5.
Some, however, go so
far as to restrict
even
and
its
have thought
47
PLUTARCITS MORALIA
etvai ifrvxiKa t<x Se oojpLaTLKd, /cat tol pbev ov
7Tpl ifjVX^jV
aat/xa 8e ifrux^Ka
rd ev
/c/Hcreat
fox^S
OV GcbflCLTOS 7T6/H
1
2
i/o^t/ca /xev a7rAa)9 Aeycov
<>
<f>r)oi,'
/cat VTroArji/jeoiv,
otov eTTidvp,Las
(f>6-
acjfiariKa, tol 8*
Wyttenbach,
fact,
by
.
^u^t/ca
.
Ziegler.
Wyttenbach
S. V.F.
cf.
4
6
7
8
9
10
12
i.
and
iftvxiKa
fiv
added by
209.
Tyrwhitt
Tyrwhitt
coj/xaTi/cas
8t'
Wyttenbach
Wyttenbach
:
:
or aajfiaTiKal.
6
oSoVtos.
Tyrwhitt
</>rjp.i.
by Duebner.
Wyttenbach
Wyttenbach
KKxvfivov.
voarjaav.
u Duebner
re.
av/j,7T(f>vKVLav.
kclt
lyKpa.rr\oiv.
48
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
(a) of the soul, (6) of the body, (c) of the body and
manifested in, although not proceeding from, the soul,
(d) of the soul and manifested in, although not
proceeding from, the body. Of the soul without
qualifications are those connected with judgements
of the
and suppositions, e.g., desires, fears, angers
body without qualification are fevers, chills, contracof the body but manifested
tions and expansions
in the soul are lethargies, atrabilious derangements
of mind, reactions to hurts, sense-presentations, and
feelings of relaxation a
of the soul, on the other
hand, but manifested in the body, are tremors, pallors,
and other changes of appearance related to fear or
grief. 6 Diodotus, c again, says that some of the soul's
affections are peculiar to the rational element of the
soul, and others peculiar to the conjunct irrational
element
he blunders about among them all and
guesses which is which, as if playing blind man's
In the case of jars or other vessels it is hard
buff.**
to determine when it is through some fault of their
own that they have spoiled their contents, and when
on the other hand they have been eaten away because
the liquids in them became unhealthy. That being
so, can we suppose that, when the soul has been
intermingled with the body and integrated with it
in a unifying blend, it is a simple matter to make the
distinction between them clear-cut ? You are looking
;
iii. 400.
h-qyixos is a natural involuntary experience at a
painful stimulus, S. V.F. iii. 439 ; Cicero, Tusc. Disp. iii. 83.
c
Perhaps the brother of Boethus of Sidon, who was
Strabo's fellow-pupil in Aristotelianism ;
less probably
Cicero's Stoic house-philosopher.
The author appears not
to observe that the doctrine he ascribes to Diodotus is not
relevant to his present topic, the distribution of the affections,
some to the body, some to the soul.
4
Cf. Plato, Phaedo, 99 b.
49
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
fiaros eiritjirels, ovs rj <f>vots dvtlXev k Svolv /xt'av
ova lav 1 yeveoO ai oofa^ofAevr) , /cat ra> Xoyco rrapev-
Swat 2
yAt^o/xevos
StacrreAAets'
Tj
fJ,6v(A)
KOivojviav
OaVOLTO),
ret
ovoevl
KLVOS 0
1
77
oltto-
p,vdoXoyovp,vr]
Siavofjufj,
12
SiKaoavTos twos
rep
Tvarpl Tipucopcov
to at/za avrov
/cat
TOV
/cat
odpKas,
/cat
ovoTaoiv
OLTTO
TTJV
added by F. H. S.
Wyttenbach rrapevhovvcu.
ovalav
3
4
5
Pohlenz
dpx6fivos.
Wyttenbach : StaarcAAet.
Tyrwhitt : ovh* ivl avrrjv or ovB* eviavrrfv.
:
6
avfi7rXaKVTa added by F. H. S. (awScfleVra Wyttenbach,
ovfi7rayVTa Pohlenz, ovyKpadivra Ziegler) to fill a lacuna in
MSS.
7
Wyttenbach
Pohlenz
koivcjv.
Tyrwhitt opov.
Kara added by Tyrwhitt.
:
11
18
Koipas.
Tyrwhitt
10
dpvovfjLevrjv cV.
Wyttenbach
Tyrwhitt
o.
em.
50
TYRWHITTS FRAGMENTS
boundary marks between body and soul
but
nature has removed them, using all her skill to make
one substance out of two. When you crave to introduce a theoretical division between them you are
trying to break up a partnership to which only
Death,
death can bring dissolution or divorce.
indeed, when it severs or disentangles these things
that are there intertwined one with the other, will
prove how much there was in the very being of each
that was not its own. But until that time, the partit refuses to
nership exhibits a complete blending
admit that it has two constituents, it conceals the
original contribution of the pair to the common stock,
and so impregnates each with the other, that there
is no affection of the soul that does not attack the
body, and no change in the body that does not permeate the soul. We are in danger of trying to
effect something like the division of Horus in Egypfor
marrow."
51
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
KaOdnep yap ovtoi tqjv
yeveaiv pvevTcov avra).
1
gtt epfjidr ojv rrjv dvojQev Kara <f>vcriv Kpaoiv d^c6/)tOTOV TnXipOVVTS 8t,(LlpLV a^pt X6yOV fJLV0d)8oVS
2
/cat dnLGTOv Trpoepxovrac, tov avrov rpoirov rjfJLeis*
GtbfJLCLTOS /Cat ifjVXfjS V0VS V TTpOJTT) KCLTafioAfj OVyXvdevTOJV 7rddrj otaAajSety /cat x a) P^(iaL tpr^rovvres
dicpifiovs a</>68pa Xoyov KaOdirep opydvov Xctttov
7rpos rrjv oiaipeoiv SeofxeOa.
4
Ot oe ravrrjv diroyvovres*
7.
<j>aoi
(f>iX6ao(f)OL
a#at
/cat cjyofieiodai,
a>G7Tp
Kpiois yap
crufx^eperaL,
rj
Xvttt) /ca/cou
twos avrto
(/>'
to
Wyttenbach
ojenrcp.
2
3
Wyttenbach irpoeppvovrau
Tyrwhitt ripXv.
5
added by Duebner.
Tyrwhitt avoiyovrts*
Wyttenbach tlvcl. Ziegler keeps nva and omits avOptoirov.
8
Wyttenbach ojs.
6t added by Wyttenbach.
:
4
6
ot Be
52
Pohlenz
o$.
10
Tyrwhitt
/cat ov.
TYRWHITTS FRAGMENTS
The Egyptians go
fairy-tale
in their
In the
need of a delicate
of the soul, but of the man poverty, disease, disgrace, or death. It follows that grief and fear must
be affections of the man, not of the soul.
Text uncertain.
Cf, Life of Phocion, chap.
Xoyov bet-
Tyrwhitt
ianv or
iartv.
12
Tyrwhitt
reAcvr^v.
53
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
2
1
opfirj fiev rrXeovd^ovaa to irados,
dXoyco to* o<f>o8pov e-^ovaa /cat drreides' opfia
8e to t^coov, ox>x ^ l* v Xl> iTpos T KLpaadai rrpos to
4
OTrXivaodai rrpos to XovaaoOai /cat /caTa/cAi^rar
raura yap eort 5 tu> dvdpwrrcp rrpaKTa, ttj iftvxfj S*
dovpmTOJTa. ols /cat inOavov op/JL&v tov avOpumov,
ovxl ttjv ifjvxrfv el S' 6pp,av, /cat opeyeoOar ovkovv
6
/cat dXoyojs dpeyeodai, tovtotw 7ridvp,LV
el o*
7
7n0vfiLV, /cat T)hea9ar el S' rjSeoOai, /cat XvireloOai
8
/cat <f>of$eiodar TavTa ydp e/cetVots i dvdyKrjs eire9
10
aOai crvpLfiefSrjKev ojot pLrjSev etvai i/jvxfjs lSlov,
dAAd /cat ^at/oetv 11 /cat axQeodai /cat opeyeodat /cat
<f>ofleZod ai tov dvdpojrrov.
8. TauTa S' ccrrtv ov Xvovtojv ttjv drroplav dAA'
aTToStSpaoKovTOJv. /cat yap t ra /idAtora ^at'77 Tt?
etrat rou dv0pa)7rov TavTa rrddr], puevei to dnopeLV
tlvl /cat /caTa rt Taura rrdox^t, noTepov /cara r^y
12
n) xh v V Karo^ To cra>jLta. /cat yap dp^trat d avdpco*l
7tos dAAd rats' X P at > Ka ^ Aa/cTtet d avdpojiros dAAd
rot? GKeXeai, /cat fiXeTrei /caTa r^v di/rtv, /cat a /covet
/card rd cSra* /cat oAoj? to /xev epyov eort kolvov
TOV K TOVTOJV TTaVTOJV OVVeOTWTOS , TtyJ/ 8' atTtW
T7js" avfirrpd^ecos exei to puepos <L Trpoaxpwpievos
14
evepyei d avdpamos.
dAAd to jLtep' TrActo^ 77oAudt/co? iroXp,oiOy" (/)7)olv 'A^AAeus*, " x W $ ejitat St-
rw
'
'
Wyttenbach op/Li.
to added by Duebner.
:
Tyrwhitt
Pohlenz
4
7rpoor7rAeovaouoa.
added by Duebner.
added by Tyrwhitt.
/cat
hnJBvpktv
iiridv^l or 7n6vfia>.
Tyrwhitt eWvoi or exeom.
10 Tyrwhitt
Tyrwhitt : oco0cu.
7
hrl.
Duebner
11
Tyrwhitt dWpeu'.
Pohlenz
rod or ra>v.
:
18
54
12
/^8\
TYRWHITTS FRAGMENTS
There is also another line of argument. An affecis an excessive impulse towards something, and
one that gets its violent and disobedient nature from
the irrational element in the soul. a Now it is the
living being and not the soul that has an impulse to
get its hair cut or to arm itself or to take a bath and
go to bed for these are actions that the man performs, not things that happen to the soul. These
tion
But
My
a
ko0' o
<j>aoi
55
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
enovcnv," ovk airoorepcbv eavrov tcjv rroAefUKcbv
epytov 6'rt rat? x P aLV ^Treypoufje ttjv olltlclv, dXXa
1
StjAovoti Tat? p>V X P aL KOvreipyd^tTO tovs 7roAejjbiovs /cat rep L<t>i y avros fJievroL rjv 6 8ipya,6p,evos.
/cat 6 Aeyojv
8eiVOS KoAaGTTJS TTtAeKVS avxevos TO/JLVS
ov
to
etprjKev
KOAaL,i
aAA
KoAa^ovoiv.
a>
/cam
TTj
iftVxfj
7TpOOXp(**lJl,VOS
louts tcls
10
pueda tov Aoyov /cara
ttjv ^rjTrjGcv
ScrjTToprjKev.
9. "OcTOt
dddvcLTov
Tip GcbpLCLTL
Tj
r}8r).
(f>vAoLTTLV, pcop,rjv
7Tpo^aXA6puVOL
/cat
to
ttj
dcfrdapoiq
Trdoxov dpiwayeTrcos
rjSr)
(f)dopas
on Bernardakis.
Post
3
4
SrjXov otl.
StjXcov
TOfievs F.
added by Tyrwhitt.
ttjv /fu^v y added by Pohlenz,
8e
Kara
Tyrwhitt
10
/cat
56
Tyrwhitt
a>s".
Hartman.
iraoxeiv.
Tpa7Ta>iJLda 9
11
after
rrjs */tvxfjs.
Wyttenbach added
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
but does not mean thereby to rob
says Achilles
himself of his deeds in war by ascribing the responsibility to his hands
obviously, although it was by
employing his hands and his sword that he used to
kill the enemy, it was he himself who took their lives."
The character who speaks of
;
The dread
Be Genio
Socratis, 582 c.
at Moralia, 813 f.
d
Cf. De Virtute Morali,
follows has a close likeness.
12
Hartman
13
rf}
Tyrwhitt
450
f451
57
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Kara xpovovs
/cat
/cat
<f>vaeis
/XTa/?oAas\
olov
7rp(Tj3u-
/cat
wcuxta paySaiov
/cat
7rapOT7)K Se
/cat
avaKivel
/cat
C&V
ras rrpd^eis,
7roAvo<f)VKTOv
em
7TKe/>o/xeVoi>
at/xaros , c
1
optopbev.
rjSrj,
cS
TTvevfjiaTi
7T/)t
Tct9
iTriOvfiriTiKov
^aAcov
1
10
/caTaTeT/CH/x/xeVo? tco
/cat
^Sovas ,
dve^ajTrvpelTO,
/cat
tco
aoj/xaTi
KLV7JTOV * *
1
Wyttenbach
8 added by
to added by
Bernardakis
tou
at/xa
H.
F. H.
F.
:
to Oepfialvov KCKparcu.
S.
S.
7ToXva<f>aKrov,
7ri<l>poiAvov
Post
5S
7rpi<l>piv.
</>v<Jt.
iTpi<f>opq.
tov Pohlenz.
Wyttenbach
None of these
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
and psychological changes. To take an
immediate example, desire is at its height in the
young, dejection in old men. The reason is that the
former have a hot composition of their blood, and a
tempestuous spirit for their actions, and a body, too,
characters,
them that is always in tune, with organs unblemished and uncontaminated their strong pulse
excites and fans their desires, which take fire from
the flow of blood as it were from fresh fuel. As a result we see the young man subject to many a change
in his impulses.
The old man, however, now abandoned by the heat that formerly re-kindled his power
of desire, relaxed in spirit, his body worn out in
pleasures, {his pulse) sluggish and slow to be moved
to serve
by
desires
suggestions
convincing.
is
own
involves
an unusual hiatus.
8
7
8
9
10
11
Wyttenbach 4( 6v.
6pa>fjiv added by Wyttenbach.
8e added by Bernardakis.
cf cov
rov re Tyrwhitt
Tyrwhitt
exL to
line blank.
ware
a<f>vy/j,a
tovto.
CTndvixrjTov dva^wTrvpel to.
sense,
h leaves half a
59
dXoyov
^wfjs, Trorepa
JJLpOS
OVTOJS OL
d^iov ovv
KLV(DS
S'
/cat
0i7TO<f)r]vdfJLVOl
diroprioavTas
7]jJLas
/cat
fJLV
7Tpl
aVTTJS
iiri
^rrjaiv
tyrovoi
8rj
7TL-
/cat
(f)aVLTCLl 7TldaV(x)TpOV.
ov yap
rod
6
avrov Tvyxdvovoiv ovoac eVetra /cat ovwrrdpxeiv
TTOiovot rdvavria /cara tolvto- at yap Swdfieis
8iaipovvrai
at
dXXrjXcov
air*
StW/zet?,
6'aat
Tyrwhitt
ovk
tlvai
ye (8e h)
60
Wyttenbach
That
is,
elirep.
Wyttenbach
.
oi58a/xa>?
7Ttra
:
below
if
dv.
(i
dv.
they do so
Bernardakis
Kivcu or cKelva.
cireira
on
Ziegler.
HIS
SOUL
It
is
irrational life
that vovs
is
Anima, 413 b
5).
61
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
1
ecr#at
7
a/x'
fjuev
rov
to auTO, 17 T to Aoyt9
tou dAoytoreti' 7Tot T17V *pvXV v ajua, v
jjievTOi /cat at /cam TavTas ivepy eiai.
/cat irXeico
8rj to avTo 8vvaodai ovdev kcoXvcl, olov to dXrjQevecv tov T 7naTrjfAova /cat tov StaAe/cTt/coV
/cat
^eadaL
ovtco
/cat
aAoytoretv
/cat
8r)
ttjv
dAdyaw
t tcov
ojojv
ifruxty KaL
a0at.
OV
OTTflVLK
1
PXei/jJ)
oXov Tyrwhitt
7Tpl
added by
ivos
oXtjv,
Ziegler.
v h.
dbwarov
vofii^ertu* dXXa,
? iroietv
4
avrcov.
Pohlenz
tovto emoKtirriov
#cal.
iorw Wytten-
bach.
6
Tyrwhitt
added by Duebner.
vyid&w /cat tov added by Wyttenbach.
tov added by Pohlenz, after Wyttenbach.
tc
8
9
dfi
62
p,V,
Aa/ujSavovrcu.
TYRWHITTS FRAGMENTS
as belonging to the whole underlying substance.
This is not the relation of the rational and irrational
to the soul. They are considered to be sections of
the whole and to have different activities.
And reasonably so, since they are opposites and {it
is believed to be impossible that) opposites should
co-exist in a single thing in the same respect. {But
10
Tyrwhitt
avrrjv.
63
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ioTiv 6 iv avrfj vovs, /card Se rrjv dXoyiav, oirorav
8'
iarl rd alad-qrd.
aAAo to iv toIs
to [lev ydp iv tovtols fax 7!* T ^ * v dvdpojtto) SvvapLLS' Kal tovt
dv eirj ttjs tov XoyL^eoOai
Svvdjxeojs a^dypiOTOV. opOtbs dpa /cat 'Aptorore'Ary?,
ttjv dv6pd)7Tov i/wx^jv Svvapuv ovvairoKaXcov on
7TOT6 p,ev Aoyi^eTai ttotz o ov.
/cat
^cools'
3.
"Orav ovv
dp* ovv
/caret
rj
Xoyt^eodai
dAA'
Aoyt^r/rai, aAAo tl
to Aoytea#at Svvapus
ioTi,
ifsvxfjs
yd? TTi v
ypd(f>LV rrepl
ov;
firj
fax
7)
/cat
0"7"t
&'
dAoytaret;
77
/cat at/To
to 1
woirep to
^X
el
to epyov
Kipuvov
,X
p,iv exjj
^tei>
fax 7!* V
e^ts
>cor)
rj
Wyttenbach
*P V
64
Q* v
-?rA7]
fax 7!'
XV
Pohlenz
a
ou/c
8' a>9
7]
to
2
&'
TravTairaoiv
TO 8wd[ML TO
a>? et?
/cat
rd^a Si
d^ooos earat,
yap
ovSepuia
'"
to.
De Anima, 412 a
^V X^P^S
tfi i,
vnoKeLpiivov.
omitted by h.
added by F. H. S.
4
Duebner
:
22-27,
may
7tojs.
be intended.
TYRWHITTS FRAGMENTS
the mind that
whenever
it
is
in
it,
and
in respect of unreason
irrational in
man
is
life in its
nature
it is all
potentiality.
So
it will
be
is soul, life
as a state,
it
follows that
it is
65
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
roiovrov yap
rrjv
v7roXap^fSdvop,ev , o ttjv
i/svx'rjv
wapd
yap i
otbp,a rjv to
eoTrjKos
^ls.
Sta tovto
a/caS Autos,
/ctvetrat
Kepi
7Ttra /cav
crcD/xa.
5.
rrjs xiXrjs.
/cat
k'xovoa
craJ/^art
diroXXvoi to
ipVX^ ,
OXJVafJLLS S'
/cat 77/30?
puaXXov S* ovoa
^ojtjv,
^fV)(r\s
/cat
iXevdepov,
rj
rot?
/cat
ox>x
0*77,
tovto 8e
V7toXt]tttov'
/c
d)S
6tt6t /JouAerat.
owfiaTtov
TTjs ^a>
KpaTTjOeloa
yap
iavTr)v
/ca#'
Tj
iXevdepa
r)
yap
TrdOeaiv
toxjtov
ottotc jSouAcrat
ivepyeias,
av
L7]'
olov
yap arroAAurat
oXedpos
etrj,
ovtos
opevvvpLevrjs lv avTjj
a ok So/cet ivepyeiav
TavTa Tradr^aTa av etrj fxaXXov, ovk
ivepyqfiaTa, /cat ovk avTrjs ratrra, dXXd tov ><pov,
/car' avTrjv puevTot.
to yap Aoytea0at /cat deojpelv
[movov airrrjs, /cat tov& r) Kvpiws ive py eia, ra 8e
rrapa tovto tov ,<pov rrdvTa, /cat rrdOrj pu&XXov, ovk
/caTa vovv ivepyeias.
Trjs
a7TOOTp<f)iv /
ivepy ecat.
6.
AAAa
1
66
ttojs,
et
/car
avrijs Ziegler
Wyttenbach
rat.
avTrjv
avrrjs.
clvtov
s
7raa^t Ta
a>a,
Pohlenz.
Wyttenbach
ovrws.
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
substrate. For we suppose the soul to be a thing that
has an inherent life, derived from the soul itself and
not from any other source. It is only bodies that
acquire life from some source outside themselves.
But if the soul were something composite, being compounded of substrate and form, it would not derive
its life from itself but from something else, namely
its form, just as fire is essentially hot from its heat
and not from its material. Secondly, the soul would
in fact be a body, as any combination of substrate
and form constitutes a body.
5. Soul is, then, a vital potentiality, but a potentiality in the form of a state of being. For this reason
having
free
life,
*
s
Duebner
Wyttenbach
:
auro.
vpyiv airoorpifei..
this
word.
67
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ovk
avTTj 7radrjTLKij ;
tlktjv
evAoyov
ifjv)(qv
tovto
yap Kara
Traoytiv
rrjv rradrj-
Kara
ttjv
77
p,ev dArjdes
imoKeTTTeov
S'
eTi y
77x09 e<f>apLev
to
t.coov
1
2
Wyttenbach
to.
cit
yap
to.
added by Pohlenz.
Wyttenbach ivcpyeiTai.
6
Wyttenbach to axno.
Duebner 17877.
7
Kal iraoytiv to ^coov added by Wyttenbach.
cVatvcrd
68
TYRWHITT'S FRAGMENTS
why is it not itself affective ? It seems logical
that to be affected should involve an affective aspect
of the soul, just as to weave involves the knowledge
of weaving in the soul. Yet, even if this is true and
must be granted, is not the nature of the so-called
affective aspect still a problem, as indeed is the very
causation of affection ? Does it come about by the
mere absence of rational activity on the part of the
soul or in some other way ? If it is the result of the
absence of such activity, no affection is praiseworthy.
But it is clear that praise is due to all affections to
which due measure is given by reason, since they are
useful.
We give them the name of social virtues a
and praise their possessor. But they could not be
given due measure if mind did not supervise them
and afford them a measure and limit of its own determination, and what is this but to display an activity
concerning them ? So the activity of reason and the
affection of the living being are simultaneous, and
it is the same instrument by which we simultaneously reason and are affected. It has one form, but
its potentialities turn out to be more than one, namely
the potentiality of activity, and that of non-activity.
Or rather there is only one potentiality for non-activity would seem to belong to a lack of potentiality,
in respect of which the living being was also said
to show a failure to reason.
7. Now it is clear that there are a number of odd
consequences of this hypothesis at the same time it
is not easy to explain men's affections in any other
way.
have also still to consider in what sense we
said that there is simultaneous activity of the reason
and presence of the affections in the compound of
body and soul, the animal. It is clear that activity
soul,
We
69
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
<f>alvTcu
djj,<f>a),
aAAa 1
jjLeivdarjs jxev
TrdOrj
TTpl
4,
ev avTcp
{,0)7]$, rfv
arraoa owa/uV
1
2
evoioajoiv
nva
rj
dc/S avrfjs
aAAd added
70
ojs
evoLOojot
diroppoiav ra>*
by Bernardakis.
added by Tyrwhitt.
3
Wyttenbach Sofafei.
ovra dyada added by Wyttenbach.
tov vov
ipv^rj.
yap
TYRWHITTS FRAGMENTS
when
and affection do not arise simultaneously
thought stops and is inactive, the affections enter the
compound, and when they have come into being in
it, reason subsequently comes forward to bring them
into order. What then is the so-called affective soul ?
;
It is
It
an affection of the reasoning soul not to be in ceaseless activity and it is affective because it is unable to
contemplate reality permanently and continuously.
Now when it is not contemplating reality it is directed
towards the body and averted from the intuitive
mind and being averted it may properly be said to
be devoid of intelligence and unsound of vision and
to judge nothing correctly, but to deem what is not
good to be good and vice versa upon this way of
thinking and judging there follows the completion
of the affections in the composite thing that is compounded of the body and the life in the body, life
afforded it by the soul. For every potentiality provides a kind of emanation from itself
is
Duebner tc.
h leaves a page and a half blank.
:
71
FRAGMENTS FROM
LOST LIVES
a),
a comparison also
made
YloXXwv 8e
c.
28.
74
iv
TlpoOoov
EPAMINONDAS AND
(Lamprias Catalogue
noted by
Wilamowitz, Hermes,
SCIPIO
7)
2
(1874), p. 439
viii
and
and
Peper regards
13-15 as of Plutarchean
viii
ioc.
origin
Many
75
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
rod Aolkwvos ivavriovpievov 7Tpos ttjv arparetav,
ovk dvfJKev 6 ' AyrjotAaos aAA* iijeirpatje tov ttoAz[AOV.
2
Plutarch, Life of Pyrrhus,
c. 8.
Hvppov,
2/ct-
irlcova Se
SKiniQN AOPIKAN02
Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus,
c.
21.
'
SeVa
StKCLiorepov
reAeuTT^
ro>
/c
TCOV 'OfMTJpLKCOV
COS CLTToXoLTO
enetra rcov
irepl
Tdiov
/cat
KXrjGtas 7rvvdavop,evcov rl
OouAjStov avrov
vtt*
St' e/c-
Ttj8e/Hov
klvov 7T7toAi-
filcp
76
e/c
FRAGMENTS
LOST LIVES
SCIPIO AFRICANUS
(?
any other man, very nearly fell out of favour and lost
the goodwill of the people. The first reason of this
was that when he heard at Numantia of the death of
Tiberius Gracchus, he exclaimed in the words of
Homer
So
perish
like.
Then when
frags. 3 and 4 to
preceding frag. 1.
and
77
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Kat OT
YiKLTTLCOV
c. 10.
nepl
TOV OovA-
KLVOV yeypOLTTTCU, TO
JJLV
7rAetOTOV
Kiv7jV 7Tt
TOV
PtfjJLCLTOS
ovra
7Tt
rod Tatou
virovoia.
rj
NEPftNOS BIOS
5
Plutarch, Life of Galba,
Nv[M(f)i8ios
c. 2.
yap SajStvos
tbv
enapxos, ojottco
elprj-
HPAKAE0Y2 BIOS
6
Plutarch, Z*/* 0/ Theseus,
"OTt
rroXejJLLois
Aulus
c.
29.
8* 'Hpa/cAr}? TTpcoros
iv toZs 7Tpl
Gellius,
i.
'
H pa/cA^ot;?
yiypairrai.
1.
quamdiu
78
Klotz, quali
j3
(cod. Buslidianus).
fuerit p.
FRAGMENTS
LOST LIVES
4*
LIFE OF
NERO
LIFE OF HERACLES
(Lamprias Catalogue 34)
physical
It is
and
79
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
virtutibus conscripsit scite subtiliterque ratiocinatum
Pythagoram philosophum
landaque
nam cum
dicit in
reperienda modu-
pedum quidem
numero
factis anteiret.
8
Arnobius, Contra Gentes,
iv, p.
144.
HZIOAOY BIOS
After p*dh p adds quanta lonffinquitas corporis
sura* conveniret.
1
ex
men-
of 32-8 cm.
80
FRAGMENTS
LOST LIVES
during his life on earth Plutarch says that the philosopher Pythagoras made a clever and acute calculation to determine the extent by which that hero
exceeded normal human height and stature. There
was general agreement that Heracles had measured
out the running- track at Pisa that adjoins the temple
of Olympian Zeus, making its length 600 of his own
feet. a
It was also agreed that the other tracks in
Greece, laid out later by other men, were 600 feet
long but somewhat shorter than that at Pisa. From
these data he had no difficulty in concluding by attention to proportionality, that Heracles' foot was larger
than that of other men in the same ratio as the course
at Olympia was longer than the rest. Having thus
ascertained the size of Heracles foot, he calculated
what would, following the natural relation of the
parts of the body to one another, be the bodily height
appropriate to that size, and so arrived at the consequence that Heracles was taller than other men by
the same factor as that by which the running track at
Olympia exceeded all the others that had been laid
out to have the same number of feet.
'
epileptic
fits.
LIFE OF HESIOD
(Lamprias Catalogue 35)
(Material to be found in Moralia, 153 f, 162 d, 674 r,
e, may have been used in the Life.)
969
81
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
niNAAPOY BIOS
It is probable that
material
from
the
Eustathius,
25.
c.
nap oh
Kara re UXovrapxov
<f>pT(LL
on
kcll
irepovs,
Qrjpaiajv oi KvvooKe-
Koypjt]
<j>a\oi}
KPATHTOS BIOS
10
Julian, Orat.
vii, p.
200
b.
p,av-
AAIOANT02
ll
Plutarch,
To
Mulierum
Virtutes,
244
b.
ovyypacfreajs,
82
1
KWOK<f>a\oi MS.
tov after irapepyov deleted
by Cobet.
FRAGMENTS
LOST LIVES
LIFE OF PINDAR
(Lamprias Catalogue 36)
based on Plutarch (Wilamowitz, Pindaros, p. 58). In Plutarch's own work stories told at Moralia, 347 f, 536 b, 557 p>
717 a, may have found a place in the Life also.
The
make a record
they found in Plutarch and
LIFE OF CRATES
was a Theban
10
If you get hold of the biography of Crates by Plutarch of Chaeronea, you will not have any need to
make a cursory study of the man.
DAIPHANTUS
(Lamprias Catalogue 38)
11
The
His Boeotian
ori-
Compare
83
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
els aperrjv
a SptOOl
jjlolgl
<S>0)KlS TL
to Se
toji>
yvvai-
APISTOMENHS
*12
Stephanus of Byzantium,
s.v. 'AvSavta.
interest.
6
In N.E. Messenia.
Cf. Dio Chrys. xxxv. 3, Pliny, N.H. xi. 70, " pectus dissecuere viventi, hirsutumque cor repertum est." The Greek
is ambiguous and might possibly mean " an organ out of the
c
84
FRAGMENTS
LOST LIVES
LIFE OF ARISTOMENES"
(Lamprias Catalogue 39)
*12
ordinary, namely that the heart was hairy." One may compare the hairy heart of Leonidas, Parallela Minora, 306 d.
Such stories may have been suggested by the Homeric Xdatov
KTJp.
d
Aristomenes.
85
NAMED WORKS
AITIAI
Some material from Plutarch's work on Aratus' Diosemiae found its way into the scholia on that poem, perhaps
more than they explicitly acknowledge. But there is no
justification for printing as fragments of Plutarch anything
beyond the notes to which his name is attached. Previous
editors could not isolate these, since they only knew the scholia
in a confused form. A great advance was made by E. Maass,
Commentariorum
in
Aratum
He
Reliquiae (1898).
based
13
Schol. Aratus, Diosemiae, 88
rjeXlcp kclI jjl&AAov
At rod
= Phaenomena
iotKora
820.
arjfjbara Kelrac.
tjXlov rrpos 1
(jeArjvrjs
rrjs
7rpos
Kara S.
3
88
eloi'
8evrpov 8e otl
TKfii]pia
:
/cat
S.
arjfxeta
S.
EXPLANATIONS OF ARATUS'
WEATHERLORE
(Lamprias Catalogue 119)
due to error or deliberate alteration, but they include some
The text here presented is based on
plausible emendations.
and S ; I am indebted to the authorities of the Monasterio
Real de S. Laurenzo de el Escorial for a microfilm of the
S, which is very corrupt, has
relevant part of the latter.
it entirely omits frags. 15-20.
many fewer scholia than
;
But it appears to retain some words and phrases omitted by
the other ; it also confirms the lines of division between indi-
vidual scholia.
Plutarch's concern seems to have been to find in each case
a single natural cause that would account both for the
weather-sign and for the weather it was supposed to foretell.
He was thus in the tradition of but not necessarily dependent
on, the Stoic Boethus, who in the latter half of the second
century b.o. wrote a four-volume commentary on the Diosemiae, giving such explanations of the weather-signs (Geminus, Elements of Astronomy, 17. 14 Petau ; Pohlenz, Die
Stoa, ii. 94).
I disregard the scholiasts' lemmata, substituting enough
of Aratus' text to explain the comment.
13
In the case of the sun even more likely signs are established.
89
>
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Xafjurporepos earc,
1
tov depos
et
/cat
purj
/cat
fjbeydXrj
ovk dv
/xera/JoA^,
eir)
loyvpa
Ta?
KparrjOeLrj'
OKeSdvw-
/cat
14
96=Phaen.
Ibid, Dios.
aAA' ovx
At
828.
6tttt6t.
<f>av-
Tacrtat S' etat rrjs oifjea>s /car' eir litpood eoiv l^ocfrepov
depos.
ovaa
kvkXoj
rj
cu(jls.
Trepifieyyovoa* to kXiits*
5
OV TpOTTOV ydp OL
KOlXoTTJTOS 7Tap^t.
Se
XafjL7rpa
JJL(f>aOLV
/cat
yyvovoi
ttjv oi/jlv,
are
rij
<j>voi
rod
(f>ojrl
rpa-
fxev Xafirrpov
vrrooKid^iv /cat fiaOvveaOac SokovvTOS, OVTOJ /Cat TTepl TOV tJXcOV TO* (f)aiVOfJLVOV T7J
oipL /cara dvTi(f>paiV tov depos kkottj)v tov \xlaov
9
o SXrjv
XafJL7rpov Sta ttjv GKidv 7rott vrro^aiveod ai.
ttoil ttjv dvTL<f>paiv 6 drjp G(f>68pa iriX-qOeis /cat
UXovttolxvs, l^ocfrcodels Sta ^et/xeptov to ^coSlov.
10
Tapxos.
tov 8e
677
jjLtXavos
tr) r)
fiiKpas Kal
vvglv by M.
3
F. H. S.
tenbach)
4
a>?,
6
7
S.
and
ovtoj
XafjLTTpa
UXovrapxos omitted by S,
ovaa ookcI
90
oKtoav-
7rpi,<f>vyLV (7TpL<f>yyt,v
Wyt-
els.
Bekker added
kclI
FRAGMENTS
is
14
it
looks hollow as
it
rises.
" Hollows " in the sun are not real features of the
sun, but optical illusions due to the interposition of
dark air. What is seen is not the centre, but the
circular rim
that rim, however, being bright and
shining all round the part that is invisible, gives it an
appearance of concavity. For as artists, when painting cavernous places, use light to affect the eye by
contrast, since a bright colour naturally gives the impression of jutting out and pushing forward, while a
dark one seems to be overshadowed and to lie in a
deeper plane a similarly in the case of the sun what
appears to our sight when air is interposed suggests,
because of the shadow cast, the hollowing out of the
b
centre of the bright disc
;
meaning.
rj iKKovq
7toll Aldine edition :
.
correct wording appears to be lost.
TlXovrapxos in S only.
o o\rjv
Ikkoittiv
cklclv
MS. The
10
91
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
15
Ibid. Dios. 97-9$
=Phaen. 829-830.
CLKTLVCOV at
OuS* OTTOT
jSaAAoxxt,
cr^t^d>fJLvou
VOTOV at fiopfjd
av 7Tpl fieoaa
(JLV
ra
S'
cf>a-
eivrj
t;
Q,G7Tp
TCOV
7TL
O^daXfJLLKCOV, 1
OTOLV
GV/JL^aLVrj
KOiXaiveaOai tovs 6<f>da\pbovs y SrjAovori e^aodevqoavros rod awfiaros, rj caoirep orav fiAecfrapov /car-
ayayovres
fj
TrepidALijjavTts
rep
Av*x vo?
OAli/jt)
/cat
olktlvcls
avtbfJLaAos irpo
vecfxjoais
fj
rrjv
(f)a>s
tov
oeLGT)
pajSooetoefe,
/cat
oi/jlv
aAAa
a^Aus
rrepi-
et? AerrTas
irdoxo^v avrol
elvai
tjAiov
rfj
SoKovpbev.
16
Ibid. Dios. 301-304 -=Phaen. 1033-1036.
OT
fJLTJO
.
nvp
TTiareveiv ^et/xcuvt.
92
ovtoj HAovTapxos.
fl&AAoV
FRAGMENTS
to the south,
16
hard to light, or lamps, although the weather
beware of storms.
If fire
is fine,
is
fire
when
the air
is
may
may
wood.
1
2
3
? 6<j>daXiJLL(x)VTa)v.
Maass
Maass
KardyovTcs.
TTpoorpLfiovoi.
by Maass.
Perhaps to should
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
17
Ibid. Dios. 312-316
=Phaen. 1044-1048.
TTplvoi
aX wot
aTreipTyroi
K Xeyoiev
X^ifJicovos
errl
rrXeov loxvoovros
az>xp<v}po\ rfj
alrias ovorjs
St'
rjv dpb<f>oTepots
rod Kapirov to
S' vrrepfidXXei
orjpLelov dpuerpov
yap
TroXvKapTTia* el
r)
ttXtjOos,
eTropifSplav
/cat
ovk dyaOov
TrXeovaopuov
18
Ibid. Dios. 319-321
=Phaen. 1051-1053.
"Oaa yap
This
94
is
V(f>opla
F.
Aldine edition
H.
:
S.
d^opi'a.
rov rcXevralov
M.
On
the other
FRAGMENTS
Now
Theophrastus says that holm-oaks and masbeing arid in their temperament and naturally
drier than other trees, do not bear much fruit unless
deeply penetrated by moisture a It is with good
reason, therefore, that farmers use their productivity
to make a forecast about the crops they have sown,
since one and the same cause brings about a high
yield in both cases. But if the quantity of fruit is
very great, it is not a good sign
the relaxation and
softness of the air indicate an immoderate rainfall
tichs,
Thus Plutarch.
18
hand
Pistacia Lentiscus.
Cicero may have understood Aratus better, when he
translated tria tempora monstrat arandi : the flowering of the
mastich indicates the times for ploughing, of which there
were three (note d on frag. 60).
c
95
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
19
Ibid. Dios.
325-326
= Phaen.
1057-1058.
Ov
/cat
\l6vov
Iv roZs
iv tols <f>VTOL$.
ovfiTrdOetd
t,cpois
eon dXXd
fj
<f>rai
and rwv
/cat
Se
Kap7TO(f)opL, ret
ojitotat
\x*kv
dXXrjXojv owa/cju,aet
/JLer*
depei
ra Se
^et/xcovt rivd
/cat efapt.
S'
rpe-
Sto 7roAAa
pbapatverai.
/cat
avyyevels
o<f>6hpa*
rcov
ovv
rrjv
nvpos.
ovtoj YlXovrapxos
20
76^. Dio*. 362-364, =Phaen. 1094-1096.
ouoe
e/c
//,ei/
dpovpacs
ILrjpoTepai
cos
<f>rjoi
r)7Tipu)v
/cat
VTrdpxovoai
paov rod
Sto
pov KaraorrjiJiaTos avTiXapbfSdvovTai.
opvea <f>vyL /cat Tat? r^Treipois eTTiireXdt^ei.
EI
/cat
Ta
TAere
is
no such
title
in the
96
av^ju/^-
FRAGMENTS
When the heavily laden mastieh yields its finest crop, then
most of
all will
flourish
20
says,
drought. That
the mainland.
IS
is
why the
birds leave
them and
fly
to
FOREKNOWLEDGE OF FUTURE
EVENTS USEFUL
found a
*AKa8r)fialKovs.
1
oaaovv F. H. S.
Aldine edition
VOL. XV
:
:
orav ovv.
77.
ocr'
3
av ovv (with
XJ])
Aldine edition
Duebner.
gwcxovtcov.
97
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
The Stoics argued that the reality of prophecy proved the
existence of Fate, and that in turn the Providence of God
guaranteed the reality of prophecy, since it is to our advantage
This utility was denied by Epicureans
to know the future.
21
Stobaeus,
i.
5. 19
(i,
p. 81
UAovrdpxov K rov
(jis
el
Wachsmuth).
twv
rj
/xcAAoVtojv npoyvco-
tu^eAi/xos"
To yap
el\xappAvov aTpeirrov
XCOTTtp
elfiapfjievrjv
Kal
dirapdfiaTOV
/cat
dVay/ca.
Yleirpwiievriv*
/cat
avK<f>evKTOs
7riTi9rjot,v
ovoa
/cat
avairo-
Spacrros.
22
Stobaeus,
'E/c
ii.
8.
25
(ii,
yva)ois oj^eAi/zos"
Wachsmuth).
p. 158
tov UAovrdpxov
el
rj
vavs (frvAdaaovoL
\tp7Tp
/cat
8t,aKeAev6p,evos
Gaisford.
98
Wyttenbach, deleting
Be
Stoic.
Repugn.
FRAGMENTS
De
Divinatione,
it.
22-24).
Stoic doctrine.
What
is
fated
is
And by
For this reason they give Fate the names of Pepromene (Destiny) and Adrasteia because, being a
power unavoidable and inescapable (anapodrastos), b
she attaches to causes a
final
necessitated result
(per as).
22
From
Useful?
"And was
it
words
1056 c (S. V.F.
olitttos)
99
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ovtco vvv
alpecra),
reKva (frvAdaaere,
(f>tXa
/zrySe tiv
vttvos
/XT)
ov yevrjoopueOa,
ov8* dv KadevSajpbev, el
tls,
<f)7]oi
'
7T7Tpajfjbvov
eort
OVK
$,V LTTOl
[AT}
TtV
to
yap gtl
ovra>
aAAa)?
p/rj
<f)v\aKri
ovSe depioai p,rj OTTtipdvTOJV yrjv dyaOrjv* /cat Kadapdv, ovSe yevvrjoat firj crvyyevopuevov yvvatKL rjAtKiav
ixovorj /cat ocjpbaTos <f>voiv yovipuov,
TvyzZv iv dOripois xojpiois.
oi)S'
aypas
23
Stobaeus,
'E/c
yvojois
41
3.
(iii,
207 Hense).
p.
5
el
rj
ojcfreAijJLos .
'AAAd
[LaTOJV
iii.
tov TlAovTapxov
fjbrjv
oifjis
<f)p6vrjois
rj
ttov, ottojs
fJLev
ovv
p,6vov oj/x/Aarcorat
rrpouoj
crtofAa
7rapcp-)(r]fMva
Canter
5
6
Gercke
17
rrecfrvKev
bvoTadfiov.
3
Se Stdvota
pLvrjpLr)
Kal to Usener.
4
100
tjj
rrjv
ayaOrjv
? /x^8a/xa>?.
yijv.
ar^xvojs Tr.
rot? 8*
Ta
yap
/cat
FRAGMENTS
We
should
we go
'
Who
it
There
is
23
From
Useful?
Iliad, x. 192-193.
Nestor will have been the last of a
number of examples
adduced by the imaginary opponent, who uses the so-called
b
all
ii.
101
PLUTARCH'S xMORALIA
iyKadrjfJbevos del /cat OLKOVpcov ypapufiarevs iv rjfuv,
C09
TWV
ion
6 UXdrcov, ovtos
<f>r)Gt,v
2
/cat
rrpoyeyovcbs
J)
imorpefovaa
/cat
EMnEAOKAEA
EI2
24
Hippolytus, Refutatio,
v. 20. 5.
Cobet
fjfjuv
irpoyzyovoos
vig.
4
filva).
twv Wyttenbach
a>
rrpoyiyovas* npoyeyovos
Madvig
Gesner fepoficvov.
d>Xvfj Schneidewin ( Axatas for
Q)\v4a)v Diels.
o.
kcli
Mad-
Duebner.
ttjs
'Attiktjs
Meineke).
Xeyo-
fiW} iAya\y)yopia.
a
b
102
Philebus, 39 a.
If the emendation
is
right, this
is
FRAGMENTS
Memory
memory.
always
sits
NOTES ON EMPEDOCLES
(Lamprias Catalogue 43)
yos, Kaddirep xaAfccv? tls fiTaKOOfia>v oihr^pov koX k Trvpos et?
uScop fiTafid7TTQ)v, has a faint resemblance to De Sera Numinis Vindicta, 567 c, but the chance of a Plutarchean origin is minimal,
24
These (Orphic) doctrines have been made the subject of initiation and were revealed to men at Phlius d
in Attica at a date earlier than the initiation at
Eleusis that belongs to Celeus, Triptolemus, Demeter,
the Maiden, and Dionysus. For the rites of the socalled Great Goddess at Phlius are earlier than the
Eleusinian mysteries. There is in that place a colonby which we are born with latent
memories.
c
In view of the Stoic elements in frags. 21, 22 it is worth
noting that the non-existence of the past was emphasized by
the Stoics (S. V.F. ii. 509, 518). How the non-existent could
be known would be a problem, to which an answer is here
given.
d
cf.
tjv
^cufioi
Tijs,
103
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
8e rrjs TraordSos iyyiypairrai
8e tols rrAelooi
/cat
7roAto9 TTTepcoros
TA HSIOAOT EPrA
EIS
to
ra T&v before
ttolvtcdv
iv rots TrvXctoai
Miller
by Miller.
Tat? iraoTaoi Wendland
deleted
:
rots kclooi
Maass.
3
Miller
kvvoclStj.
Gottingen edition
Brink OdV^s ipiivrr^s (?) Maass.
ipiivrov Koprj (?) Maass.
Upcr<j>6v7] OAua ten Brink
6
6
104
TTtTpuros.
KvavoeiSrj
FRAGMENTS
nade
COMMENTARY ON
HESIOD'S
WORKS
AND DAYS
knowledged indebtedness to Plutarch, but it is certain that in
the form to which his work has been reduced acknowledgement
is at times omitted.
The problem of deciding what parts of
the old scholia derive from Plutarch is not an easy one, and
it seems to be impossible to identify otherwise unknown
Plutarchean elements in Tzetzes or Moschopulus. But to
confine a collection offragments to those passages where he is
mentioned by name would result in the omission of much that
is virtually certain to be his.
Unfortunately either Proclus,
a
of Seth."
b
The woman
his source.
later said to symbolize water. Ten Brink
supposed the old man to be the Orphic god Phanes, quoting
Orphic Hymn, v. 7, iravrr) Sivrjdeis TTTcpvyayv pnrals Kara Koafiov,
XafJLTTpov dyojv <j>dos dyvov, d(p* ov o Qdvrjra klkXtioko} rj$ IlpLrjis
nov dvaKra. In Life of Themistocles, chap. 1, rlutarch mentions paintings at Phlye, and the hereditary priesthood of the
Lycomidae, who are otherwise known to have had connections with Orphism, see J. Toepfner, Attische Genealogie,
p. 209.
105
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
who " seems
106
FRAGMENTS
tradition.
One is headed by A, which needs however to be
supplemented by other and on the whole inferior manuscripts,
PZBT. The other is represented by L and R, which, though
they have suffered much modification, preserve a certain
amount that is not in the first branch. QUO belong to a
mixed tradition. The manuscripts denoted by these sigla are
as follows
A
Z
B
T
P
Q
commentary are
1893.
M. R.
107
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
K.
Sittl,
P.
'HoxoSou
to. a.7ravTa 9
1889.
et les jours, 1914.
*25
Works and Days,
Schol. Hesiod,
Tov
7.
kglI
dyqvopa
Kapcpei.
"
ttocklXov to rjOos 8cd iravovpylav " gkoXlov
26
Ibid. 41.
ovo
oaov ev
fjuaAaxj]
re
aocpooeAco
accu
p,ey
oveiap.
y
"lacos 8e Kal
ydp V
770?
d<f)
Tip
aXifiov fipcooecos
Kal
Hp68copos ev
7Tpl l
Xeyei*
added by Jacoby.
Casaubon 'HpoSoros.
:
00<f)COV
"Eo/xi7T7Tpl
TTJS
Se ttjs dXipuov
tov Kad* 'HpafcAea
[p,4jjLvr]Tai
Tto 7T/jL7TTcp*
7rpi
3
TCOV eiTTOL
irifnTTa}] te'
Jacoby.
quotes him as
saying that mallow is an excellent ingredient for the so-called
Plutarch used this work of HerdXifios or anti-hunger food.
mippus for his Life of Solon (see most recently M. L. Paladini,
R.E.O. lxix (1956), pp. 377 ff.) and mentions this anti-hunger
F.H.O.
108
iii.
37, 40.
Athenaeus, 58
f,
FRAGMENTS
T. A. Sinclair, Hesiod,
*25
With ease makes
authentic.
On
26
may
in fact
in
109
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
X6yOV,
KrnfJiVL8r]v
(j>rjcrl
avrov aXifiov
/cat
dSuftov ttoUl.
27
Ibid. 48.
Et Se
Upop^Qevs
ayKvXojJLiJTrjs
/cat
UXovrapxos)
(ovtcd
.
yap
Ibid. 126.
Kat nXovToSoras
4
/cat
Kadapeveiv rraoiqs
rfjs
KaKovpyias
avSpas
/cat ttJ?
tcDv
xP rjy OL KaT ^
to)
added by Bernardakis.
:
reXelv or Sid 0A171; TeAeu\
aoiTov koX clttotov Pertusi
aairos kcu clttotos
the other
;
mss. omit, perhaps rightly.
4
Omitted by all mss. but L.
6 Pertusi
ndayjs re (except -naa-rjs L and re Traces T). Perhaps T should be followed, with Gaisford.
oXrjv SiareXelv
F.Gr.Hist. i. 31, F 1.
677 d-e
Epimenides gave a practical demonstration of
Hesiod's theory.
110
FRAGMENTS
27
Prometheus, crooked of counsel, cheated him.
If
Prometheus
is
crooked of counsel
this
.
is
the
*28
They had
Givers of wealth
kings as well.
this privilege of
b,
with
c Diog. Laert. i.
114, also knows of Epimenides' magic
food, but does not mention its ingredients. Porphyry, Vit.
Pyth. 34, gives an elaborate recipe, said to have been used
by Pythagoras, including mallow and asphodel. Pliny, N. H,
xxii. 73, thinks that alimus is a specific plant, and has
Ill
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Ibid. 127-128.
SevTepov
dpyvpeov
afire
7TOL7joav
Urt be apyvpos
reyyofjievos
ifjVXpOTrjTCL
tcov
vtto
TTdVTOS
/cat
0U7]oiv egco
fJL&AAoV
Kpd/JLOV
KOLL
Kal
^oAkOV
i/jvx^rat
TTUKVOTOLTOV OVTOS
30
Ibid. 143-145.
Xevs 8e
7raTrjp TpiTOV
aAAo yevos
[lepoircov dv-
dpCOTTCOV
ofipi/jbov.
SvvaoTelav
Sid
fiir)
<f>rjot,v
Kal x ty s darrTOi
e cofxcov errecpVKOv.
irpos
112
FRAGMENTS
The
dwellers in
Olympus made,
of
silver.
when it
warmth
is
very compact.
Sandbach, as suitable to Plutarch's
interest in physics.
30
father made a third new race
unlike the silver ; these of bronze,
Of men
From ash-trees, dread and mighty.
*This race
men
employed bronze
a
1
for this, as
Cf. Lucretius,
o$ Z, Gaisford.
8
voP 6v
QOL
i.
494.
F.
vwdpov
H. S.
vyporqra.
AZBT.
113
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Sta twos
<f)V<ji
j3a<f>rjs
iaolAclkov.
*Tovto
/cat
piaiovs.
31
Ibid. 199-200.
[Toureart to
KpaTt]adof]s
Trapp7)oiav.
KaAaVs' ovv
yiyove tois
tcl>v
/cat
/car'
1
Kal
/ca/caw eoyaTov.
/cat
added by F. H.
QUOL
omitted by
S.
AZBTR.
a
This note has suffered some
Cf. Pyth. Orac. 395 b.
mutilation, since Hesiod clearly states that the Bronze Men
had no iron and used bronze for agriculture (v. 151). Perhaps
114
FRAGMENTS
farming.
soft,
Wester wick.
31
ally used
115
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
alaxvveodcu kolkovs ovtcls.
on 8e delov itpaypa
/Cat 7] VfJLGLS SrjXoL TO KOI Oeols CLVTTjV VTTOLpX^iV
Pfiar)G 8e irorvia "H/o^/' <f>7]olv rj 7Toir)ois. <f>66vo$ S' ea>0v Qelov %opov ttolvtos.
32
Ibid. 214-215.
vfipis
yap re
/ca/07 heiXto
p7]i8la)S cf)p/jLv
77/Doc^ovras', a>s
vfipiv a<f>6prjTov.
8vOXpCLLVOVOLV
(f)7]olv
7TL
6 YiO)KpaTr)s , dv 6 8eiva
iirl
Kopprjs 7Tard;r)
dSt/ca)?.
JJL
*3$
Ibid. 219.
d/>ta
17JS 0 0LK7JS
GKoAtfjac Slktjgiv.
OVO OrjAOVOrjS
7]
TTjV
UOV aVTTJV
7)
quoted, Moralia, 19 d.
Plato, Phaedrus, 247 a, also quoted, Moralia, 679 e.
c
Hubris is for Hesiod the use of force or violence in contempt of right ; he meant that neither a great (or rich or
well-born) man nor a lowly (or poor) man would profit by
his own hubris or outrageous behaviour. The scholiast misinterprets the poet, making him mean that neither can
tolerate being treated with hubris. Such misunderstandings,
Iliad, viii. 198,
b
116
FRAGMENTS
answer
"
To have no shame
in being wicked."
And
that indignation
is
Patzig.
32
Hubris
is
bad
Cannot bear
it
for poor
means two
justice.
to
117
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
oltt*
fjv /cat
to
34
76R
220.
T779
7TL
8tx)pOLS
T(Z?
KpiVOVTixiV
St/Ca?
6869
rj
/cat
OTCoAtOJ?,
f>60oS
rpa^ela, 81
rjs
*35
Ibid. 230.
Ovkovv ov8e
euTeAetav StatT^sr,
St'
77V
1
22
There
d25
118
is
b.
AlfJLOS 07Trjbei.
A,
^ai
R.
ras Pertusi.
distinctions in
De Aud.
Poet.
FRAGMENTS
the poet
or the act that proceeds from her a
sometimes calls the goddess Justice (he also names
her the Maiden), sometimes he uses the word of the
verdict and the penalty, as when he says, " Justice
for them far-seeing Zeus provides."
And here by
" crooked justice " he means verdicts that are badly
judged because the judges are not right-minded but
self,
all
give their decisions as their passions dictate
passion is crooked, as dispassionateness is straightforward.
:
Westerwick comparing
25 d, 468 c.
:
Mora-
lia,
34
A
By
is
as Justice
is
dragged
off.
*35
Famine
is
simplicity of their
119
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ddpevov
eXdovaa
tolls
yap TroXyreXelaLS
r)
rrXeove^ia avveia-
Ibid. 240.
TOVTO 8oKL
flV
OVK
dvSpos aTrrjvpa. 1
8e Xeyeiv on fioxdrjpov ivos ovros oocrrrep voar\fiaros r) ttoXis rrapaTroXavovaa ttoXX&kis els SXrjv
eavrr)v dvafidrrerat rrjv Trovrjpiav i^ofioiovfievrj rep
yeyovaoiv, ohs
twv
rr)v itjovacav
TTOvqptov.
37
Ibid. 244.
imjCpev
2
120
Rzach
iravoai.
FRAGMENTS
it
Pertusi doubtfully.
36
Often a whole city suffers for a sinner.
is
and
contagiously affected
if catching a disease.* It may also mean that if there is one bad man
the whole city is punished because it does not restrain
his wickedness, although it could do so. Thus when
Agamemnon had dealt with the priest as he pleased,
the plague spread to all the Greeks, because they had
failed to support the priest, and when Ajax committed an act of impiety at Athene 's shrine, they
were all liable to punishment because they had expressed no indignation at the act. We ought not to
let outrage have its way, nor connive at wrong-doers,
omitting to put a stop to the licence of the wicked,
although it is in our power to do so.
like
that individual
is
Patzig, thinking
it
in Plutarch's
manner
to
adduce the
example of Agamemnon.
37
after
c.
121
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
tovs ev tols
3
orixovsy to
tcov ye
7}
ovtlo UXovTapxos.
38
Ibid. 270-272.
vvv
eyco fnqr
8r)
et'ryv \xrc\T
ejJLfJLevai,
el
[To
Xeyopuevov cj>avepov
fJLv
el purj
e^ovoi tl irXeov oi
tcov aoLKCov ev Tco8e tco napovTL o e<j>opa 6
/card tcov olSlkloVj
TLfJLcopLa
St'/catot
Zeus',
8lktjs
clvtos
psfyr
yap ovk
etrjv
jJL7]8
St/cato?
p,r\Te
ttoIs
ep,6s'
be
orj
/Cat <f>VKTOV
irdvTCL IScov
ecos
Alos
6<f>9aXjj,6s
tov
dXXd Ta
y* ovttco
eoXna TeXelv
'HatdSou
At'a p,rjTioevTa,
dStKcov
Kpioecos.
1
122
817
LR.
FRAGMENTS
with
He may
etc,
most copies. a
Thus Plutarch.*
38
So now may
to
That
as being
all-wise
Zeus
will
justice
and
injustice.
And women
Ctes. 134,
123
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
39
Ibid. 282-284.
*Td yap
CKyovovs avTcov
piais-
Ae'Aet7rrat.
/cat
/cat
d8iKiiov avjJbpaivovoL,
/cat
tiozis
/c
tcov dfjuaprr)-
Trarepes
avvairoXavovoi tcov
avTcov,
Kivois KoXdoecov
6cj>eiXopievcov
gol o
eyco
eouAa voecov
epeco.
tovtcov 6
'ApxiXoxov
/cat
tov 'IrmcovaKTa
elire
fiev
fS\aocf)r)iiias
8 id
yap
ovy-
124
vovcov
Bernardakis.
FRAGMENTS
And
if
fathers.*
Alternatively divine
Wester wick.
40
I've
good advice
for you.
Plutarch said that these lines excellently demonwhat sort of thing a philosophic character is.
Archilochus and Hipponax, he said, composed slanderous attacks on those who had hurt them, while the
Epicureans Timocrates and Metrodorus, being
brothers who had fallen foul of one another, published writings against each other. 6 Why mention
strate
Be Sera Numinis
Vindicta, 562 d.
c, Cicero, Nat. Deor. i. 93,
Metrodorus, frag. 30 Koerte (Jahrb. Klass. Phil., Suppl. 17).
Cf.
Cf.
125
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
1
oltottovs
7tol7]t<jl)v ;
alas, /cat
tcra>9
41
7^U
rr}v
287.
/cat
Ovk anoScKTeov
rjytfocLTo,
Xovv.
42
76/rf.
293, 295.
p,V 6
Acyaiv
oStos
ccj^Aos" S'
auros
R
3
126
m^rar
votJct^
TtJ (/>p0V7]0l
Pertusi : Scro^aiTTs.
(the correct text of Hesiod).
vot)g7} edd. : vo^crct.
3,
8e
TCI
FRAGMENTS
41
Your bad
life
can be got
in
companies.
ously
a
,
42
Far best the man who sees all for himself,
Yet good the one who follows good advice.
Wilamowitz.
235, where add references to Julian, Or. viii.
s.v. 6pBa>s.
Diog. Laert. vii. 25 explains
that Zeno meant that action is superior to theoretical knowb
S. V.F.
i.
127
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Sevrepeta. ' ApcaTLTnros S' air* evavrias 6 2o>/c/oaTtkos eXeye to avfjufiovAov 8elo6ai x ov ctWt tov
6 S'
TTpovaiTeZv.
Tvyxdvet,
rpels
e^cts SteXcJjv, ttjv epucfrpova ttjv
dvorjrov ttjv pbearjv Siv rj p,V dpioTr) kolI rep deico
2
TraparrXrj a ta'
/cat
'
tt
>/
-\
aiTp aV
Ta
L7] 7TL
>
apLLVO).
-ft
*43
Ibid. 313.
8* dpT7j /cat
ttXovtw
kv8os 077^8et.
ctV
tov rroXvdpaTov
Kaiav ovaav
ap,vrjv.
1
is rpcls
3
LR.
Duebner
a>G7Tp F.
H.
ovaa hvvayns.
5
128
/cat
eiprjTat,
rov
added by
FRAGMENTS
Wyttenbach.
*43
And
its
train.
Frag.
i.
16=Diog. Laert.
6
This refers to
Jjolv dficlvoj,
as to Aristotle
and others
in antiquity.
129
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
epytov tovs dvOptonovs ylveoOai rroXvp.'qXovs
d(f>66vovs
/cat
tco
acf)VLovs.
o&x
S'
/cat
dXX
cos*
iravTOS,
cos
os av ovrco
dyadrjv KeKTrjpuevov
St' rjv
86av eVea^at
<*>s
TTOpias
/cat
Se tolovtlo ttXovtco
/cat
7rXovrfj,
/cat
86av
44
Ibid. 314.
epyd^eodai dpuewov.
ra
rjpLerepa Kpelrrcov
rjpLLV
tov
jStov /cat
rjpbtov /caAetrat,
dAAa
avros 6 aV' eKeivov jSt'o? t<doTOLS 2 aTrovefjLofJLCVOS, LS OV fiXeTTOVTZS TOVS (J>V v8aLfJLOVLV (f)afJbV
tovs Se /ca/coSatjLtovetv cos /cat rv^ Aeyerat 97 re
/cat
Suaru^etv Xeyopuev.
TTpoTperrcov
e/cacrra)
TJpLLOV /Cat
TO a77oStSdjLtVOV
to
els
Tvyydvr\
pur)
fSLos aTroSeSopbevos,
tovtco dp,LVOv
ipyd^eodaL, lt dpLelvtov lt xelpwv /cat pur) ttolzloOoll Trp6(j>aoLV dpyias ^At/ctW r) tv^v tj dXXo tl
tolovtov, dXXd rrdvTcos epyov tl
Tj
TKTOVLKOV
130
ipLTTOpLKOV
r)
6 Kpelrrcov
D. Heinsius
TLR.
Tj
Kaorco
tprjTtlv
rj
yetopyLKov
aAA' OTLOVV*
Kpclrrov Bernardakis.
3
CKdaTco TL.
FRAGMENTS
it is
in flocks
labours.
Scheer, but although the method of interpretation is Plutarchean, it is applied at Moralia, 24 e in a different way,
by giving dpcrrj the sense not of " virtue " but of " renown "
or
power."
44
Whatever your fortune
be, to
work
is
best.
"
Oclrjs
rvxys 7n.TpoTTvovarjs
131
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
45
Ibid. 317.
alScos 8'
Kai tovtov
Koait,t.
/cat
\rf<f>9VT(LS CZ7TO
46
Ibid. 327-334.
rep o
rj
epycov dvr
132
kolI
added by Bernardakis.
FRAGMENTS
sense of
shame
ill
suits
a needy man.
line
46
To
On
He made
the god to
especial
whom men
133
PLUTARCITS MORALIA
/xaTa to)v decov Svacre/SeZs, t? avrovs dva<f>epovoi
rovs deovs, cov to. dydXfMara, ttjv hvooefieiav ware
cIkotojs (f>7] rov Ala /cat vepuecrav tovtois /cat tt&oiv
ofxov rcov dSiKtov epyajv, dnep StrjpidjJLrjoaTO, ^aAc77*37 v aTrootSdVat
ktlolv.
avrrj yap rj dp,OLJ3r) rcov
dSiKrjfjLdrajv ripLajpla tls
ovoa
dot/cta? d/coA-
rrjs
ovdos.
47
Ibid. 336.
*T6
ddavdroioi 0oiolv.
TO O
OJVOfXOL^OV OL TTdAaiOl KOLL pL,LV
drrapxeoQai rcov irapovrajv Std rod dveiv iSrjXovv
/cat dvrjXas ras a7ra/)^ds' c/cdAow
o 0' i> 7rt>/ot
pOLV
/JdAAe dvrjXds,"
To
/xev
cf>rjolv
ow /card
"Op,rjpos
.*
irddeiav eladyovoav, koXcos ovv rod AaKOJVos elirovros, os epcorrjdels Std ri evreXrj dvovacv <f>rj on Iva
iroXXaKis dvcooiv. ovro) yap /cat Novfias 'Poj/zatots ,
1
ojs
AvKovpyos
AaKeSaifJLoviOLS,
evreXeardrajv dveiv.
irepiovolav iv
rfj
to yovv
virtpfSaXXeiv rrjv
Ion
oaiov
a
134
Cf. Quaest.
Conv. 729
f,
but
this is
a grammarian's
FRAGMENTS
'
Westerwick.
47
Do
*What more
such offerings
To
sacrifice
Cf Apophthegmata
chap. 19.
Etym. Magn,
Laconica, 228 c
Life of Lycurgus,
*
Life of Numa, chap. 8.
;
135
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Xovot, rrjv
av
fjuev
iv avrfj
ttj
^cofj
roiavrr)
8*
ioTiv
iijdvTrjs
rrdor]s
ttjv
dvoicov
rots'
rots'
iepols,
crco/xa
rjpicov
-*'
Xcus
rats'
olv o
p,r)
XP7)
tolls rotaurats"
drrap-
r)
cos itcelvoi
and
rots
added by F. H.
Gaisford
8'
Gaisford
136
S.
koX
added by Gaisford
after dvciv.
mss. save
added by Bernardakis.
:
irepiohwv.
(ra. iravra).
after
nam
FRAGMENTS
Wyttenbach.
a The word eumenes is often used of the gods, derived
from menos, " disposition," not menein, " remain.' Ancient
137
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
48
Jbid. 342-343.
tov
(fyiXeovr*
cxar
Tavra
tovs
/cat
cf)iXovs
tol
/cat
yeirovas
KadrjKovrojv
2
tcjv
e^et
npos
rrjv
VyVS TjdoS KCU SctoV TTpOOayOVTCL TOV 7Tl66ov yap Set ro\ avra ^tAots" /cat ixOpois o\ttoStSoVat ouS' o/jlolcos Karepovs opLOTpaire^ovs 7roteta#at /cat 6fJLoo7rov8ovs , rjyovpbevovs /cat rpdVe^av
3
Pojjjlov etvai rrjs 'Eorta? /cat 0a)v 7ravra>v tcov ttjv
A
6veiv /zev ovv /cat vp,VLV
rpo<f>7]v Scoprjcra/jLevcov.
vojjlos irpo rod ttjs Tpo<f>r}s dt/facrflar 0t OVV flTj tovs
ixOpovs dyetv eirl Satra <j>i\Lav 8rj VTroKptvopbevovs,
dAAd tous oVto)? (f>i\ovSy ols /cat Koivojveiv ooiov <bs
tt}s dXXrjg (^tAta? oura> /cat aAa)v /cat ottovScov /cat
carta? /cat <f)iXocf)poovvrjs
/cat yd/) et a>9 erv^e /cat
rous e^Opovg toTicofJuev, ri Tronqooiiev Klvojv rjfju&s
19
fjievov.
iv
kolXovvtojv
fjudpei
ydp
em
to.
o/xota;
/Z17
vttclkovovtS
/CtjLteVot9.
1
Westerwick yovc'a?.
F. H. S., c/. apcXrcpov, Moralia, 530 d
0ca)v transferred here by F. H. S. from
:
rjdiKd,
lines below.
4
vfivelv
QLR
etymology
vfuv
17/xtv
ZB.
138
is
FRAGMENTS
48
Invite your friend to dinner, leave out your foe
Above all ask the man who lives near by.
silly,
as
man who
some
follows
them
It
to gentlemanly and courteous conduct.
would be wrong to treat friends and enemies in the
same way, or to invite both on an equal footing to
share our board and our libations, since we believe
that the table too is an altar of Hestia and of all the
gods by whose gift we have our food. It is indeed the
custom to sacrifice and sing a hymn before touching
food. One should not, therefore, bring one's enemies
to a feast under a mask of friendship, but one's real
friends,
who may
they share
deed,
if
we
all else
and one's
hospitality, just as
in-
what
shall
we do when they
we
And
If
in
we
decline,
shall
towards us.
Westerwick,
*
139
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
49
Ibid. 346, 348.
rrrjixa
eiap
aya66s
p^ey*
ov~
et jxr)
ytirojv kclkos
eurj.
Tavra /cat 8ia rrjs ioropias 6 HAovrapxos emaTuxjaTO* /cat yap AlrtoAovs /cat 'A/capydVas , "EAArjvas ovras /cat yelrovas, KTpiifjaL otd rrAeovetjiav
aAArjAovs, /cat XaA/c^oovtous /cat Bv^avrtovs Sta
r^v ficf)VTov SuoyzeWtav 7rept cr/caA/xoi; 1 SievexdzvTds
1
2
Hoanopa) vavp,axrjaaL /cat 7rt rcov tSta>Tt/cd>v
yetrwaaeaw 77-oAAa jxev ayaOa avfi^aivecv oca rav-
ev to)
'
WS
TOLS,
eVavrta*
7TL
VLOT TToAAtOV
Avtos
7T7)pt,(x)V.
4,
50
Tzetzes on 346.
Scholia on 347.
(a)
(6)
(a)
1
Hemsterhuys added
2
Duebner
3
4
(bs
140
rrjv TLfjLrjv
Gaisford
<f>vXaKov.
ejLuaro /cAea
el
firj
added by
ovveioayetv
QR
F. H. S.
avvaXXayfidrajv
AZB.
FRAGMENTS
Bad neighbours
many
affronts.
50
(a)
Plutarch demonstrates
this.
He
records that
141
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
yap
ore
51
on 353-354.
Tzetzes on 353-354.
(a) Scholia
(b)
tov <f>i\ovra
/Cat 86fJLV,
(friXtlv /cat
OS KV Sep,
/Cat p,r)
86flV, OS KV
fJL7]
Sep.
(a) Tovtovs 6 UXovrapxos c/cjSaAAct tovs ort6 yap fJbeXXojv Xeyeiv otl tols dyaOols to
Xovs.
StSoVat TrpoorjKi /cat cos x a ^P ovai 8l86vts, oltottos
av etrj Xeycov /cat StSoVat tco StSoVrt /cat pur) StSdvat
tco firj 8l86vtl' ovtco yap av ras 86ols dvayicaias
inoUi, tols 8e 7rpoKadr}yovfJLvas tcov evepyeoicov
iKOl/jV.
(b)
'0
UXovTapxos tovtovs
fiv
ojSeAt^ct
<f>lXov, el
tovs
tcov
TOV TpOV
.*
52
Scholia on 355.
8ojT7J fAV TLS 8cOKV t d8cOTTj 8'
OV TLS e8cOKV.
142
FRAGMENTS
51
Love him who loves, and him who helps you, help
To him who gives, not him who gives not, give.
it
would be absurd
52
By " giver
man who has
a Life
of Themistocles, chap. 18, Reg. et Imp. Apophthegm.
185 d. A. Pertusi, Aevum, xxv (1951), p. 152, argues that
Tzetzes wrongly ascribed this anecdote to Plutarch.
1
Bernardakis
irpo<i<f>i\La)drjvai.
143
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
aAAa top
SajprjriKov xapirojv
6 TlAovrapxos et/cact
TOVS TOIOVTOVS, OOOL TTpoalpeOW ScOpTJTLKrjV ZyOVOl,
1
tols cnfxiipi^ovoiv , ot XafSovres rrjv vtt* aAA^Aajv
pi<f>elaav o<f>alpav ovre Karexovoiv ovre avTiirep,ififieXcov
h(x)p7]TLKov
/cat
TTOVGL TOLS
7rfJLipai
/cat
firj
^apteVrajv.
elSoOL G^acpi^eLV,
fJLrj
dXXd Tols
OLVTl-
Svvapuevois.
53
Ibid. 359-362.
eTreihrj
ydp
elirev
on,
kolv
crpbLKpov
rj
Sta TTjv
Kpov irnaajpevofjievov
opdcbs
'
dXXijXwv
AZBR
2
it
may
144
aXkorpioiv
Duebner
Q.
aXXcuv Bernardakis.
Trpdtjoifiev.
FRAGMENTS
can send
it
on.
53
Whatever a man may seize in shamelessness,
However small it be, it chills the heart.
For set aside a little on a little,
And do it often that soon grows to much.
;
'
6
This interpretation of Hesiod's line is defended by Wilamowitz, although others think the meaning to be that the
taker loses his peace of mind.
e
Perhaps in a lost exoteric work the fragment is omitted
by Rose.
d
Cf. MoroHa, 85 e, and Wyttenbach's note there.
;
145
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
TOVTO
VOfALCLlS XtJMiO^OfMeV
7rd8oVTS* V Sc
OLL
noXAaKis
Siairr} voarjaojxev
rj
yap
Tjj
to op-
[lev irapopcovres
kolO* ev
54
Ibid. 368-369.
dpxofxevov 8e nldov
XrjyovTOS Kopeaaodou,
/cat
Kat
rjv
eV rols Trarptot?
rod
/L&eraStSovcu
elprjTai 8elv
defurov
8<jbpov
Trjs
drroXav-
dXXd Ovaavras
rod kiovvoov.
rraoi
/caAcos ovv
'
ioprrj
rjv,
Set
'
ov[j,<f)<j[)va)s
Se
/cat
<f>i8ovs rajJbLevofJLe-
adai
/cat avflts'.
el S'
to XenropLevov oXlyov
9
tovto ydp,
ivlois Trarpios
Ta^a aV
</>r)GL,
</>l8cl).
/cat
a^p^-
Wester-
/cat Tparreir]
(f>iaap,vois.
Bernardakis.
wick.
2
UidoiyLa Duebner.
<7Vfi<f>a>va)S
AZBQR
Setv Pertusi.
Wyttenbach
146
avfufrtoveiv
TL.
<j>i$ovs rafiLvofidvovs.
FRAGMENTS
way
Wyttenbach.
54
Starting the jar and finishing, drink your fill,
Go slow between no good to spare at the bottom.
:
at
TOVTO
AQLR
TOT
Geoponica,
vii. 6.
fcibeaBai rov
fiecrov
rovs r.
ZB.
147
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
55
Ibid. 370-372.
/cat
yap
tovtOtlv
ttoAAovs
irai^ovTas
ojs
/cat
amoTeiv 8eov,
oirov8d,ovTas
[jbTj
yap dnoAeadaL 8 id to
2
.
8eov.
56
Ibid. 375.
ye
(prjArjTTjoc.
Wyttenbach
dboKrjrov.
i.
81
3
,
irai^cjv
Pertusi.
W. J. Verdenius, R.E.G. lxiii (1960), p. 350, notes that
Aristotle, E.N. 1164 a 25, explains in the same way, but
does not explicitly ascribe the lines to Hesiod : they are
absent from most mss. and P. Oxy. 2091.
Plutarch, Life of
148
FRAGMENTS
Some have excised these lines, but Plutarch includes them, because it is right that even a friend
ought to be engaged as an assistant at a definite
wage, since it causes bad blood if, when the work is
over, a the reward turns out to be short of his expectations.
The injunction not to make unwitnessed
agreements with one's brothers is of the same sort.
To remove the invidiousness of this the poet said
that a man should do it with a laugh, that is as if in
Many people have been
jest and not in earnest.
ruined by misplaced trust or distrust. 6
56
Who
trusts a
woman, puts
commentary.
149
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
57
Ibid. 376.
fAOWoyevqs Se
ttolls
A6^LV av cLtottos 6 gtlxos etvat /cat ayavaKTOvvtos or i yeyovev ov pbovos Ttp 7rarpL pb^woTe, <f>r)alv 6 HAovrapxos, /cat UXdrcov enerai rep 'HatdSa)
/cat 'RevoKparrfSy /cat AvKovpyos rrpo tovtcov ot
Trdvres cpovro 8elv eVa KXr)povop,ov /caraAt7retv /cat
tovto rjv to V7t6 'HcrtdSot; Xey6p,evov.
58
Tzetzes on 378.
yrfpaios 8e Odvois
Ot
tovto
irepi
UpotcXov
UXovrapxov dhiavor^rov
59
Scholia on 380.
MrjTTOTe 8e,
<f>rjolv
There are old variants aa>oi and cfy, the latter requiring
377 to complete the sense. Since the scholiast speaks of
2
one line, he must have read oa>t,oi.
ddvoi Hermann.
v.
Laws, 923.
Frag. 97 Heinze.
Elsewhere Plutarch condemns Hesiod's sentiment,
Fraterno Amove, 480 e.
c
150
De
FRAGMENTS
And may
and
this is
58
May
this
is
unintelligible
59
May
it
cares
but greater
is
the gain.
is
a second son, may you die old, having had time to accumuwealth enough for both." More probable is Hermann's
emendation, which gives the sense, "And may he (sc. your
only son) die an old man, leaving another son in his turn."
* So Plutarch seems to have understood the text.
But he
must have neglected the previous line, which requires a
different interpretation, viz., " Yet easily could Zeus give
untold wealth to a numerous family
the more they are, the
more trouble they take, and greater is their gain."
late
151
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
rod Ad/jLTnSos,
on
irXeiajv
fjuev
rj
rj
<f>povrls irrl
enioocris, rjv
rod
ernur)-
<f>rj
^aAeTrd)?, rov oe
rjSrj
ra>v vnovpyovv-
nXodrov rov 1
p,ev
rojv.
60
Ibid. 391.
yVjJLVOV OTTLpLV.
KdAAtov 8i
verov
fjuerd
ov/Jbfirjvai
rj
ttXovtov rov
yap omitted
6
6
added by Bernadakis.
3
by LR.
Wilamowitz
Bergk
Bergk
rpirroXeov 8e
raTL:
rov
AZBQR.
ots.
ndt.
152
FRAGMENTS
fortune easily
a as
by then
me.
60
Strip to sow.
occur after
seed sown
and before the winter
so, for
which is mentioned in connexion with these rites, Wilamowitz, Griechische Verskunst, 286. The first ploughing is in
the spring, the second in the summer, the third at seed-time,
to cover the seed
Varro, Res Rusticae, i. 29, " tertio arant
iacto semine " (Mazon, pp. 111-112).
:
153
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
61
Ibid. 414-421.
rjfjbos 8rj
vXrj.
Ae'ycu S' aV
/cat
ttjv
OLKLOV, TOLS
TOfJLrjv
TTJV
refJLvetv
ttjs
av^avopbevrjs'
ttoii to.
TfJLVOVGLV 0)OT*
fJLTj
OrjTTodai
fJLTOL
69
rj
8ev8pa
yap tov
cf>cdros
KOLi ev7TL(f>opa
7tl8ogis
vypoTtpa
GTJlfjLV.
62
Ibid. 423.
oXflOV
fJLV
TpLTToSrjV.
154
tot Pertusi
coar yc.
TL
omit.
FRAGMENTS
61
fierce sun's
Then
iron tools
But he may
fell
also
mean,
gnawn,"
Pertusi.
62
three-foot mortar.
a
Cf. Quaest, Conv. 636 d, where okvZtts (insects that live
under the bark) take the place of Opines.
b i.e., from the first autumn rain.
c
Cf. Quaest. Conv. 659 a, and frag. 109. Athen. 276 e,
v.
i.
3,
Geoponica,
iii.
1.
155
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
6ai avfjupberpias
KaraoKevfjs,
fjbovov
AvKovpyov
dno jrplovos
oelv 1
aTTOiKikoi.
dovos
r&v
dvpcov
neXeKecos
ovv dnoSex^^dai /cat rov
/cat
lv*
irepl rr\s
coat
/cat
/cat
Scon rwv
ovtojs* ovopbdcrai,*
7rAacrtv coore
t,eiv
dXXd
/cat
/cat a<f>vpas.
firj
rrjv ra>v
xP L(XJ 8tov,
TTpnroLr)oiv.
63
(a) Scholia, 426.
(6)
Hesychius,
s.v.
rpiGTridaixov S'
(a)
^TTidapjf]
SeKabwptp afia^y.
difjlv
fiev
em
SaKrvXov
Scdarrjfjba
7raAatCTT^,
/cat
X&v
1
Ae/caSdioa) dp,dr}'
Se/ca
SwpcovJ
Wyttenbach
3
8td touto ourcus
sufficed.
156
Set.
rjs
r)
h&pov
8e,
2
added by ZB.
<hs
p,ev
rives,
ovtcds alone
would have
ovopdadcu Fischer.
aTTo tov avrlxeLpos added by Schultz.
ofrros (with iTakatarrjs) Gaisford.
otircos.
avryf Pertusi
:
r)
Uidecov Z, Lenschau.
*
FRAGMENTS
63
Cut a three-span rim
for a ten-palm
waggon.
span
is
Cf
An
fingers.
7
bKa8<opos
Musurus.
157
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
OTdV TOVS TGOapaS SoLKTVXovs ovorpeipas iyeiprjs rov dvTiyeipa, 009 UXov7TaXaLGTTj' d)S S' TpOL,
TOLp)(OS
64
Scholia, 427.
0 yVTjV.
<f>ptV
[Tov
"
7)
fjuev
/car'
65
Ibid. 435.
hd(f>vr]s S'
aKiwraroi loropofjes.
TTTeXerjs
tj
aOT)7TTOV 0rjA0JOV
YlXovrapxos i^rjyi^oaTO
LTT(X>V
OLKtWTCLTOV' O 0
rd vXa' tovto
rod xpvoov Xeyovra,
Trepl
Pindar : kwov.
ovbe kls 8a7rTet Pindar.
klvov ov
2
a Latte thinks that this note was transmitted by Diogenianus. A span is reckoned as three iraXcuoTal or hand's
breadths. Rightly or wrongly, the scholiasts suppose that by
158
FRAGMENTS
"
palm
"
64
And
[Now he
carry a plough-beam.
plough-beams.
65
Poles of bay or elm are akiotatoi.
By akiotatos he means " uncorrupted." Plutarch explained the reason, saying that there is a small creature named kis (beetle), which eats through wood,
and that Pindar gives it this name, saying of gold
as being incorruptible
rim
(atpis) is
p. 103).
159
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ovv
rots yAu/cecrt
nreXea
fiaXoLKOLS
/cat
tcl
rocavra drjplSia
tjvXots,
8dcf>vr]
Se
/cat
S/ot/xurara.
66
Ibid. 453-454.
yap
prjiScov
ndpa epya
fioeaoiv.
r>/->
O '
L7TOl aV O OLLTLOV
llOVTCOV TO fJLV O
apOVTTJS
dpoorrj tov Kaipov kclXovvtos, to S' d
fioas lv
1
dv, otl /cat ol nap*
eviropcov fiocov diroKpivaiTO
rT
avTco
epya
fioes
aiTovfievos
<<
<
> >
>
e^ouort,
Soltj.]
/cat
/cat
carat
/cat
>"
XP 71 (J, J S
epL TavTov 6 aiTrjdeiS, "
/cat
jitot
/cat crot
'
'I
dxprjoTOL*
et
et
jjltj
67
Ibid. 465.
Taura
/cat
rd eoya Taura
em
rpeVovra
T<i9 7rapaKXrjtJis
i<f>opcovTcov /cat
tcov
reAetow 8vvafievcov
decov /cat ouSev a7roAet7ret 77790? Tepipiv, et eVvo^aotov dpovv /xe'AAovra Xafiopuevov ttjs ix^Xrjs {rjv
)Ltev
-tjtcu Q
Gaisford
dnoKplvcro LR
ov (or ^i>) .
o
Aa*cov Gaisford
:
160
-ercu
ZB.
Xdficov.
soft timber,
66
Easy
Easy
to say : lend
to answer : I
me
[The former sentence would be spoken by the " oxman, asking for oxen to plough with when the
time calls, the latter would be the answer of the man
with plenty of oxen, namely that his oxen have their
work to do and that he would therefore not lend
them.] This is the same answer that the Spartan is
said to have given when asked for the loan of a cap
" If the weather is fine, it will be no good to you
less "
either
if there is a storm, I shall need it too."
And in fact the man who is asked for a loan will say
;
"If it is not a
the same thing about his oxen also
suitable time for ploughing, they will be no good to
you either if it is suitable, I shall need them too."
:
Gaisford, Westerwick.
67
Pray
to Zeus of the
Kvvrjv
4
Scaliger
Koivrjv.
hibdyfiara L.
161
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
O TL 7TOT 8t]XoZ TOV dpOTpOV fJLpOs)
tovs jSoa?, fidprvpa kclXovvtcl tov epyov
tov Ata /cat ttjv Arjfirjrpav, tov puev ujs TeXecnovpyov
Sta tGjv ofjufipojv ttjs onopas, ttjv o' <bs irpooTaTiv
7T/30l7rO/ZV
irplv iXdor]
TO>v
irap*
iavTov
Troirjoas
XapLpavofievov
indyOVTCL TOIS VOJTOIS TO)V
to apoTpov.
68
Ibid. 486-489.
rjjxos
dp virepfidXAcov
rjfjLOLTi p,r]8'
aTToXtfyot,
diroXeiTrajv
2
"Ort 8' o toiovtos ojjifipos xpryatjLtos", ttiotovvtcli
dno tov ttjv Zt/ceAtav evKapirelv ttoXXovs Se^opbivrjv iapwovs ofjufipovs' /cat drro tov irpoorjves
tlvai Trj yfj tot to v8a>p* virodepfxaivopievov /cat
vr]7Tiois ovoi toIs KapiroZs crvfi^epov /cat diro TOV
iavrov Bernardakis.
Tnarovrai ZBLR.
ZB : rfj yfj to vScop totc Bernardakis.
to vScjp tot
162
ttj yfj
b,
where
is
of Socrates.
68
When
To
fill
less.
rain
slightly
warm
is
913
a.
163
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
TTVpOS VTTO TOIOVTOJV Ofl/SplM KTp(f)odai OLK
TWV
eapivcov.
69
Ibid. 496-497.
ae kclkov
fjbrj
avv
to
7T6VL7J,
oLojv,
p,rj
X lP l Triers.
TTOS)(yV.oQ<xL
<f>T]Ot,
waxuvQfj tovs TToSas. lows Se /cat rrjv drro Kadlaecos /cat dpyias Trayyvoiv SrjXoZ tcov ttoS&v*
Xl/jlov
Se
/cat
r)
eV tols
XijjloZs
70
7foU 502-503.
Set/at> Se Sttcoeacrt depevs ere \iiooov iovros'
ovk
Ata tovtov rod irapayyeXybaros /cat ra opuoca voovk aet evTOxr\oo\i.v rrapaaKevaoreov ovv
rjreov.
164
ov after dneTrrov
AQUL
omitted by ZBT.
seems to owe
its
growth
Wyttenbach.
And
*He
swell.
70
When summer's
" It won't be
at
its
summer always
things,
165
'
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Kal TTpOS TCLS 7TpiOTaaLS.
Ol5S' del Vy taVOV[JLV
TWV TOIS VOOOIS 7nT7]8LCDV.
71
(a) Ibid. 504.
(b)
Hesychius,
fjirjva
s.v. Arjvaiojv.
UXovrapxos ouSeVa
(a)
<f>rjol fjbrjva
Aryvcuajva Bot1
fj,vos Tip
Kad ov Kal
Tapur^XicovL,
'AdrjvaLois* "Iowa?
tcl
Arjvala Trap
raiawa KaAelv.*
LKa^L Se 6
Wyttenbach
Q
8
AZBR.
rov
tov
5
6
a
6
Pertusi
/caAct
*Ian>s.
koXowjl
ZBR.
traditional accent of /fovhopa (not pov86pa) suggests that f}ov- is the intensive prefix,
and the word has nothing to do with oxen ; see, however
166
shall
is
useful in disease."
Wester wick.
71
Lenaion, month of wretched days,
all fit to
skin an ox.
is no month named
but he suspects that the
poet means either Bucatios, which is at the time when
the sun is passing through the zodiacal sign of Capricorn the phrase " to skin an ox " agrees with Bucatios, as the greatest mortality among cattle takes
place then b or Hermaios, which comes after Bucatios
and at the same time as Gamelion, c the month in
which the Athenians celebrate the Lenaia and this
(a)
Ionians,
who
Lenaion.
(6) The Boeotians do not give this name to any
month, but Plutarch guesses Bucatios to be meant
for it is a cold month. Some people think Hermaios,
which is about the time of Bucatios, to be intended, as
the Athenians celebrate their festival of the Lenaia
during it.
call it
167
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
72
Ibid. 524.
or avooTtos ov
s
ApiaroTeXrjs 8e
7ToAv7roSas* avrovs
find rajv rrayovpcov
<f>r)ai
ttoocl revoei.
iftevSos elvcu
yap iavrovs
1
firj
to Kara rovs
KareadUw
dAA'
KareaOUadai.
*73
Ibid. 539-540.
rpi^S
pir]8
arpefieojai,
74
Ibid. 541-542.
dfjb<f>l
t(f>i
Krapbevoio
evroade irvKaaoas
rd virohrniara,
o<f>ayevT(A)v
davovrojv.
/cat
tovtcov rcov
aavres
rj
1
2
rj
yoyypwv Aristotle.
nvKvwaiv QR.
omitted by LR.
AZBL
168
yap
vocrq-
rwv
AZBQ,
72
his foot.
crabs a
,
Patzig.
*73
Put on
Not
and stand up
rise
is
char-
74
Around the
From
He
History of Animals, 591 a-b ; Plutarch, Be Soil. Anif, where, as in Aristotle, Athenaeus, 316 e,
Antigonus, 92 (99), and Pliny, N.H. ix. 87, the damage to the
cuttle-fish's tentacles is ascribed to congers (yoyypoi).
It is
likely, but not certain, that this is what Plutarch wrote in
his commentary, and that the word has been corrupted.
b
Cf. QuaesL Conv. 642 e.
malium, 978
169
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Gcfxxyevrajv
rj
vei.
8e
7tlXols
kolI
7togl
SvvajjievoLS
aKpa
rod
ro
jjbeaov, iv cS
pb(/)vrov deppuov.
75
Ibid. 548-553.
rjoo'Cos 8'
dr)p 7TVpo(f)6pos
dXXoT
JJbV (P
*TauTa Xeyerat
<f>pop,VO)V
pucov
r)
Xcpuvcov
avrov puera^v 1
kXoVOVTOS
V<f>OL
dvaQv\xidoecov
7TL
.
els
rov depa
rrjv
8e
Qeviv
"
eloco
Kal
ravras
1
170
vifsoZ
/xera^t) avrrjv.
Wyttenbach.
75
starry heaven
Stretches a mist, wheat-bringing for the fields
Of rich men ; drawing from ever-flowing rivers,
Raised high above the earth by swirling wind,
Sometimes it rains at evening, sometimes blows
When Thracian Boreas drives the thickening clouds.
a
Cf. Quaest. Nat. 915 b. We have here, as in frag. 76,
an example of the widespread view that in the face of cold
heat
may
concentrate
2
itself
and so gain
Pertusi
in effectiveness.
clAikwv.
171
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
TOVTO
OTOLV
tpvxOetorjs
TOT
yV7]TCLL
rrjs
rore Se
arfAiSos,
els
TrvevfJuaTcov
fjLerapdAAei ovoTaoecs.
76
Ibid. 559.
rfjfJLos TOjfJLiav
dpfxaXirjs' (JLOLKpal
yap inLppodot
etrj
evcfrpovcu elotv.
Ata tov x l
lov IM)va Tpo<j>7]v irXeiova /ceAeuet
StSoVat, tolls p>V poval to rjfXiov ttjs elcodvias npoo-
^P
Tj
TO TJfJLLOV t
to nXeov Set ovvTaTTeiv, iv
2
djj,(f>OTpOLS irXeov rj to rjpbcov otSa> tls tov edovs'
7TTTTai yap ^et/xoDvos" ovtos rj Tpo<f>rj jjl&XXov iv
fJLT]KL TCOV VVKTCOV T\ T ydp depflOT^S LOCO KadtipySta Trjv e^codev ttvkvcooiv nXecova Sa7rava
fjuevT]
/cat pbrJKOs at vvktgs k\ovoai irXeiova ttIttovgl Tpoz
<j>rjv,
fjv " dpp,aXidv " elwev cos 7rpoo(/>tXrj tols rpe-
dpa to
firj
dvdpCOTTOLS TtXzOV
rjfJLiov
/cat
<f>OfJLVOLS /Cat
evdpfJLOCTTOV
77
Ibid. 561-563.
Taura
Tovtov
1
/cat
hiaxOttorjs
<f>vXaoo6fjLvos
tovs
efjs
dvaypd<f>i
172
8vo Staypa^et
UXovTap-
Bernardakis
Sihcom.
ttjv rpo<f>rfv Q.
ypd<j>i R.
Trepiypdfat, Dimitrijevic.
:
AZBQ
a i.e., in addition.
R.
3
The author
currents.
When
this
happens, sometimes
it
rains at
76
Half-rations for the oxen now, but more
For men the nights are long, and that's a help.
:
those
it
nourishes.
Westerwick.
77
Guarding against
this
173
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Xos.
i&s-
*78
Ibid. 571.
'0
[lev
yXLcLv,
7nTLjJL7JaaL
8e
(f>r)aiv
79
Ibid. 580.
tjojs,
r\
dvdpibiTovs.
T6v
OVV "OfATJpOV
fJLV
(f>7]OLV
6 HXoVTCLp)(OS
TTl-
fiaXavrjcfadyov, ovr<a
/zcAtTTfl in
4
5
174
rov \L[id)va L.
<f>alvaOcu after dva8. deleted
by
Tzetzes found
F. H. S.
difficulties
of which
FRAGMENTS
ing ones a ... If they are struck out, the next follow
consecutively.
*78
But when House-bearer
"
Dionysius of Thrace b said that " House-bearer
c
means the snail, but (Plutarch (?)) says that an
Arcadian criticized him for the statement, asserting
"
that it is possible to observe the " House-bearer
d
in Arcadia a very small animal like a bee
(?),
which collects fluff and rubbish to make itself a
covered nest to meet bad weather, but climbs up the
the snail, on the other hand, does
plants in summer
not appear in summer, but whenever there is rain it
comes out and climbs about the plants drawing its
.
light shell
behind
it.
Maes.
79
Many
Now
men's
Mazon and
Sinclair
sets
feet.
make
Homer adorned
light.
the day
tarch.
The name
175
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
derois els
repifjtv
1
pav " KpoKOTreirXov" avrrjv Xeyovra /cat " po8o8df
ktvXov" tov S' Ho~toSov fiet^ovcos diro rcov epycov,
8rj
Trpoiovaa
Kivel rovs dvOpcoirovs /cat oltto
a
ecff
*
rrjs
torjv.
80
Ibid. 586.
8 pes.
Ma^Aorarat Se yvvaiKes
glv /cat
Std
v6jj,evcu.
depfJLrjs d</>avaw6fjLvoi,
Oeppiorepoi ovres
<f>vaei
*TOtaura Se
/cat
/cat
tov 'AA-
yap darpov
irepireX-
kcuov aSetv
otva)
nvevfiovas* reyye* to
Aerat,
a o a>pa ^aA7ra,
8
d^et 8' e/c ireraXcov dSe'a ttti,
dvdel Se /cat oKoAvfios* *w Se ywakej pnapcorarat,
Ae7TTOt Se' Tot dv8pes, eirel KecfiaXrjv /cat ydvara
Uet/nos det.*
1
2
ij<3
Pertusi.
jfy>a8ioj>]
4
6
176
AZBL
lost after
TQR.
d<t>avp6rarot,
Wyttenbach dva<f>aiv6fivo(,.
So also Athenaeus, 22 e, Macrobius, vii.
:
p$ov Coraes.
opyajoan,.
s. v.
riyyci rcyye
AZB.
b.
8
15.!l3,jEustathius,
otvw Plutarch, Mora-
irvcvfiova
aSea Graeve
ZBR.
rdhedv.
calling
80
Women
most
lustful,
but
men
Women
most lustful as being colder in bodily temperament and therefore coming to sexual heat more
slowly, but now being warmed (sc, by the heat of the
summer). But men are weaker (aphauroteroi) through
being desiccated (aphauainomenoi) by the external
heat, being naturally hotter and drier b than women.
"^Similar sentiments are expressed in Alcaeus' ode
:
Wet your
Wyttenbach.
a
Cf. Quaest. Conv. 650 f, but it is the common Greek
view that women are colder than men
cf. G. E. R. Lloyd,
J.H.S. lxxxiv (1964), p. 102.
b
Cf. Quaest. Conv. 650 b.
c
Frag. 39 Bergk, 94 Diehl, of which this is a somewhat
abbreviated and unmetrical version, retaining few traces of
the Aeolic dialect. For a full version see Page, Sappho and
Alcaeus, 303.
On the sexual significance of " head and
knees " see R. B. Onians, Origins of European Thought, pp.
110 ff. The fact that the same unmetrical form of the first
line is found also in Athenaeus and Macrobius shows that
this false version was current.
Neither it nor the other mistakes should be corrected, since they may have been in Pro;
177
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
81
Ibid. 591-596.
reroKvcrjs
fJLrjTTOj
pi<f>ojv eirl 8*
irptoToyovtov r
aWorra
TTivefxev
olvov y
iv OKtfj i^ofievov, KKopr)fJLVOV rjrop i8aj8r)S ,
OLVTLOV OLKpatOS 7j(f>VpOV TpeifjCLVTa TTpOOOJTTOLy
Kprjvrjs
tj
t adoXojros
* 9 lEpydrr)
puev
r)
rpo<f>r)
rod
Trpenovoa 7rXrjpovv
fSoeitov
/cat
rpia fierpa
ypd<f)i
fiiojTiKols' rots
rrjs
yap
/xacri.*
rrevre ttiviv
rd 8e rpia
rpi
7]
fiiyvvvat, rrpos v
1
2
rj
aKidbajp
Seofidvois
reoaapa'
fir)
roiovrov
etvat,
8okl.
D. Heinsius.
AQL
o/xev^s
ZBR.
clus' text.
178
first line
correctly (Moralia,
81
Drink
a),
this
tion here.
a
Used, like
6 The word
aKparjs has here been understood to mean
unmixed "
more probably it is a compound of arjui
blow " and means 44 blowing strongly " or 44 blowing on
the heights " (Frisk, Or. Etym. Worterbuch, s.v.).
44
44
Quaest.
179
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
aAA' Klvoli
jjbev
rjyepb'ovas
TToXXaTrXaoLojv
/cat rjpuoXiov,
tovs
ernpLopicov,
/cat
els
Kat
fJLTjv
/cat
%ov
/cat Kovcf)ov
kov<J)OV
jiteV
v8top
Kpivovai /catrot
tov
St'
7roAAa-
UXovrapxos loropel to
>
rrjs
Apedovor)s.
ol 8e /cat
apioTov,
olvcov
els
TToXXrjS
els
to
8eop,evov
cfrcopadrjvou
rreipas
8ia<j)6pcov
/cat
aAAot 8e
tolovtov ov.
8c*
ovot&oolv
/cat
deVTOLl TTJS
pLeXavc^ovoav
/cat
tovto
or)pLelov rl-
Ov8* OVTOL
irdvTcov
8r)
Hatooo9 KeXevei
77"t-
ovv tcov
tco yecop-
fj
pbr)
1
KtvovpLevov
/cat
XenTov*
/cat
ddoXcoTov, dXXd
Pertusi doubtfully.
180
nrj
last kind.
ness.
*
lh lh
According to the dictionaries the Greek word does not occur elsewhere in this sense. The instrument meant is perhaps
the hydrometer described under the name of vBpooKOTriov by
Synesius, Epist. 15, cf. A. Fitzgerald, Letters of Synesius,
b
p. 99.
c
Line 595
is
Kal XCTTTOV
ZBQ
XaA7TOV
XtlTTOV
ATL.
181
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
82
Ibid. 639-640.
QL^vpfj ivl
"AaKprj
K(xi\ir\ t
7TL
<f>0)V
0pXOp,VLCOV 7ToAtTtaV.
TTJV
*83
(a) Ibid. 643.
(6)
Be Audiendis
Plutarch,
vt)
Poetis, 22 r.
oXtyr]v alveiv.
"Alvetv " 8e Ttves dvTi tov TTapaiTeladai napetov xatpeiv Aeyeiv r) Trapepxtvdai rj ovk alveiv
."
8lVTjV 0)G7Tp " 7TaiVrjV U pO <f)OV' LOLV
(a)
Aafiov,
OJS
avTTjv
avro
all
other mss.
182
fuller
account in Septem
In a wretched village,
Ascra.
in their
own
book
a
,
*83
Praise a small ship.
D. Heinsius.
dubious fragment : the sign prefixed to
the scholion in
indicates that it is not derived from Proclus,
and the passage printed as frag. 83 (6) shows that its matter
falls in the category of " what every schoolboy knows."
It
may be, however, that Plutarch's commentary, although
not the source of the scholion, nevertheless expressed the
same views.
a non lucendo.
183
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Xdpiev Se
(b)
to
/cat
(7VVOLKLOVV ToZs
fJLOLTOJV
tt)v
ypeiav
rrjv rcov
V7rOKt,{JLVOL9
<t)S
ovo-
TTpdy/JLCLOLV,
aAAa
yap
/jlV
to
rod 7rapcuTLO0ou
dvrl
irraiveZv
avro Se
vvv
Key^pf]-
yt
vecav
84
Ibid. 651-662.
evda
S'
iycbv
irr*
ae#Aa
hat<f>povos 'A/x^tSa/xav-
ros, ktX.
3
TauTa
rrdvra Trepl rrjs XaA/ctSos* /cat rod 'A/x<trod dOXov /cat rod rplirobos eit/Je/JA^oOai (j)7]uiv 6 UXovrapxos ovSev eyovra ypr^oTOV.
SdfjuavTos /cat
4,
rrpos
tov fiev ovv Att</>tSa/xai/ra vavfiaxovvra
'Eperpieas vrrep rod ArjXdvrov dwoOaveZv ddXa S*
avra> /cat dytbvas deZvai TeXevrrjoavrL tovs
en-'
ttcllScls*- viKTJoai S' dyojvi^ojxevov tov 'Hatooov /cat
dOXov fJbovoiKov rpiiToha XafieZv /cat dvadeZvcn, tovtov
iv
'EAt/ccovt,
t<2>
1
to
aura) Sc to)
ottov /cat
most mss.
some
184
koX
added by
mss.
arjfiatveTai to inaivelv.
Pertusi.
By
is
meant
"
commend
"
"
"
is
so
called
because
we
84
There to the games of wise Amphidamas,
etc.
Plutarch says that all this about Chalcis, Amphidamas, the games, and the tripod has been interpolated, and contains nothing of value. The story is
that Amphidamas died in a naval battle with the
Eretrians over the Lelantine Plain
contests and
games for the dead man were held by his sons
Hesiod competed and won, and received, as a prize
for poetry, a tripod which he dedicated on Helicon,
where he had been possessed by the Muses
the
;
Xlot
*
errcuva).
Not wishing
may be
6
QULR
185
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Moiiaats,
ovv ravra
XrjpojSrj
Xeycov CKelvos
air*
avToov ap^erat
TrevTrjKovTa."
85
Ibid. 706.
7Tpl ydfJbOV
X6yOVS
ydo,
cos
HXdrcov
<f>r)oiv,
ye o
cos
rj
tovs deovs.
dXXd
avTovs ;
/cat vtt*
/cat
/cat
/cat
ri
dW^crat tovtcov,
Xeyw tovs ayadovs
pLT)
aax r)P<ov
eij
wdv-
rt
irpo
Scots'.*
jxrf
yap
iravToov
/cat
7TpOOLfJLl6v
Set
7TpooifJLV7)
rrpatjai,
ScvoKpaTovs
et/cdvt
tov
ctoj-
<f>povos.
1
F. H. S.
kclI
avrov deleted by Wyttenbach after dacXyTifidTcuv.
3
ri
Westerwick
F.
H. S. : /at) on yc.
:
o
ye
firj
4
rod QL.
rfj tov Pertusi : rfj AZB
:
186
constantly quoted.
is
85
was famous
Westerwick
on ground of
interest in Xenocrates.
will certainly
in the
187
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
86
Ibid. 707-708.
/JLrjSe
8e K
el
Troirjorjs, purj
<f>vXdrreiv
Kal ydp
eraipois'
Trpd^opiev, ovs
<p7]GLV,
e<peona
ovras
oeojv.
dydXnara,
ovtoj oe
6
t)
(/>tXa
pbrj
/cat
rrjv
olKelas,
K&V
rrjv
Kara
Tip
L7T
oyeoiv.
<f>vocv
7toXltt]v
TToXtV dpKLV.
(JLtaV
OU)<f)pOVl
Kal 6 TtOV
rj
(f>iXoXaKa)V "
L 1
ovra) o
p,eda
(f>iXov,
*Kal ydp
rj
avrrjv
AZBTL
Duebner
r ovras ZBT.
2
avrov
Gaisford
Herwerden
8iaKO)Xvoeiev dv,
Pertusi.
188
7rpa a/xeVots
<f>tXov
-(jlcvojv
-fidvoj
irpar-
86
make
Don't
But
if
c
.
189
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ra dp*apTr\\iara rov <f>i\ov Trpatos (frepeiv, 1
dv 8vvd)p,eQa, napaKeXeverai
/cat e^et to rrap-
aAAa
ea>s
/cat
dyyeXfia irpos
yap
ikos
ra>
rfj dXXrj
/cat
rjfjids
hiKaioovvrj
/cat
to
avrov
rroielv
ydpiv.
<f)lXcp,
efjL<f>pov
Xvov
rrjv
Xvirelv
8id
a^e'cnv.*
*87
Ibid. 709.
M^
TrapaireloOai
\iovov
rov
<j>iXov
firjSe
i/jev86[Jbevov
rrpos
rijs
oierai
<f>iXov elvai
/cat
eiridoXovv rrjv
<f>iXiav.
88
Ibid. 717-718.
p,7]8e ttot
rerXad
6veihit,eiv , /za/caoa>i>
Tr)v ireviav
1
irpfios <f>piv
<j>4pew
*
190
rjixels
Bernardakis
irpoa<f>pLv
ZB.
elvai
fy
r)*
placed before
ZBR.
irpos ov
by ZB.
AQL
{nrofievew
rj
kolI
commentary.
lie
to please
your tongue.
made
whom
waters of friendship.
Westerwick, on ground of diction.
88
Poverty
a
is
either of our
Carmen Aureum^
own making,
<f>CXov
b
in
one of
aov afiaprd&os
Laws, 730
c.
191
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
dpyiav
St'
iravros
aioZ
daojriav Trevopuevoi,
dnoKXripajdelaav tjimv.
St'
r)
)(OfjLv
ws
oveiSl^eiv,
fjurj
8rj
KCU
VOOOV
TTjV
ye Trap
fJLV
rov
r)p,as
vc/)'
d^iav
rjfjbcov.
OV Set
OLKpaataS St(Z
6v vytaivetv ox>x
LfiaplJbVT]V
TTJS rjfJLerepaS
OLTTO
aKpaoLav 6vei8ioreov , oh
rr)v
diro
ravrrjv ovv
ov porjdovjJLevrjv
OVTU)
rr\v
rj
89
Ibid. 719-721.
<f>i8(jo\rjs t
et
<7ats\
*'0
fJLev
fir)
Orjoavpos
rrjs
yXoornqs iorlv
rj
Kpvipis roov
vo-qfidrcov
rj
KtvovfJLevrjS'
yap
Set
rrjv
Kpioiv 1
irnfierpelv
rfj
rov Kaipov
rfjs
KLvrjmv Gaisford.
3
192
QU
aura)
Duebner
AZBLR.
cclvttjs.
two ways,
laziness or extravagance, or
by the Universe.
we have
it
kind
he thinks we should not taunt a man with, since the
kind that we have ourselves to thank for deserves a
million reproaches, if we do nothing to relieve it.
Similarly one should not make a disease for which
fate is responsible a subject of reproach, but when a
disease comes from our own self-indulgence, reproach
owing
is called for, because of that self-indulgence
to it we are not well, although we could have been.
allotted to us
It is this latter
Patzig
cf.
Be Audiendis
Poetis,
23
f.
89
131.
193
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Kal OLKP
<f)VOlS
7J
TO
fJLV
ovaav
2
pbV7].
90
Ibid. 724,-725.
i rjovs
Xepolv aviTTTOiGiv
p,rj87roT
'Ev
OVV
fJLV
KadiGTajjuevoi
J!i7rdpT7)
</>opoi*
Ah
AetjSetv
aWoira olvov
jjLVGTGLKas,
evheiKWTai tov
irepl
tovto
KaTayva)GOJS ,
d^iov elvai
firj
a>9
TreiGopuevov fJLi,ovos
aveTTLTrjSeiov
npos
Traiheiav.
91
Ibid. 733-734.
jU/^S'
Taura
1
2
ttjs
Duebner
F. H. S.
:
:
Bernardakis
tto\Lt(us
Jjs
napa U).
cvSeLKvvjidvrjv.
added by Maes,
menes, chap.
6
Ruhnken
9.
:
/ca#icrra/ivois.
194
ol
up because it is
and easily set in motion, and has placed the
brain above it to indicate that the check on it should
come from our reason.
in front of the tongue, shutting it
weak
Wyttenbach.
90
Never at dawn pour fire-red wine
With unwashed hands.
to
Zeus
issue
Wyttenbach.
91
And
These
minor
Plate X.
If this note derives from Plutarch, it must be a garbled
version of what he wrote. In the Life the object of the ban
on moustaches is said to be that of making the citizens
obedient even in small matters.
Athens,
xii,
195
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
See 7Tapa(f>vXdTTLV, kclAcos tov
on
yovros,
yap
/cat
U7toSo^.*
G7TOv8cOV
/Cat
92
Ibid. 742-743.
p>r)&*
avov
oltto
IIapa/ceAei/Tat tolvvv
iv evcj^lais Oecov
purj
3
tjjl-
Set
6/cetVats"
TTOieiV.
*Kat ydp
Ttva
fjuoplcov
ovfJLirecpvKOTa to
oefSrjoop,v ,
purjSe
cos
ttot Tpicptrai.
9
rjfjblv
iypvTCOV TTjv
tov
c^corjv
added by
Bernardakis
4
Bernardakis:
(UpOVflVOVS R.
5
Bernardakis
QLR
ZB
afc.
196
Pertusi.
Oecov evcox^ais
11
'
dAAoTpiov ydp
yvpvovadai. Pertusi.
rcfivovras.
kclO
p ficvovs
.
KKadapfivovs
ZBQL
kcl&-
cWW.
a<f>aipovvrai
8
A.
t d<f>aipovvr(u
va^rjaofjLcv
added,
Schultz.
e.g.,
by
F.
H. S.
92
men
So he enjoins
fes-
tivals,
Cf.
Be hide, 352
ae LR.
11
ZB rewrite this passage
followed in whole or in part
[vr\
first
sentence as Plu-
e.
10
ra added by Post.
from veKpovv to eutuxiW and are
by
editors.
197
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
*93
Ibid, 744-745.
firjSe ttot
TTIVOVTOJV.
IloAAa roiavra /cat rols Yivdayopeiots iXeyerotpyov p,r) VTreppaiveiv /cat xeAtooVa fir) elaSex^aOai
/cat ixa-^aipa irvp fir) GKaXeveiv, ovpupoXiKcos irapaivovvras 1 Ttov opyt^opbevcov fjir) eireyeipeiv ota Xoycov
Trapo^vvTiKCjv to TrdOos , /cat <f>Xvdpovs fir) elodyeiv
eis rov oIkov /cat AaAous* /cat pur) Setv to Slkcliov
V7Tp/3aiVLV
TOLOVTOV OVV /Cat TO 7TlTL0VaL Tip
KpCLTTJpi T7)v OlVOypr\V OVfJb^oXlKOV 7Tal8Vfia* tovtGTL fJLTJ TTL7rpOo6V dyW TOV KOIVOV TO tStOV. O
.
ydp
JJLV
K 8e
KpOLTTjp 7TpOVKLTO
7*779
TTVOVVTS
olvo)(6rjs
KOWOS
dpvofjievoL
oi
owoet-
94
Ibid. 746-747.
toi
i(/)^ofJivrj
Kpcotjrj
Set OLKtas
ttjs
tt/oo
/caTaAetVet]/
XaKpv,a Kopojvrj.
TTapawovvTa U, Pertusi
ot
^eipiibvos orvvTeXelv
but there
may
2
be an anacoluthon.
The scholia give a variant
avzTrlppzKTov
198
*93
Don't put the ladle down above the bowl
When men
Many
are drinking.
Pythagoreans
'
94
When
Oavarov koX
^cuptor/Lcov
<f>a)vdr),
ckcI onq-
ddpoov.
199
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
1
on [AT] dreXrj Set tov oIkov i&v, p,rj ipoyov eVaydyrj trap dXXcov, ovs rfj Kopcovrj dneiKaoev, cog
2
7ToXXd dv (fidey^afAevovs vefieacovTas eVt tco eAAt7ret. *
Set Se /cat inl rd aAAa to 7rapayyeA/xa S^aretVety
/cat fJLTjSev tcov rjfjLerepojv kpycov dreXes irepiopav
<f)p6[jLvov dAA' e/cacrra) to TrpoofJKov indyeiv reXos.
S'
95
Ibid. 748-749.
a770
firjS*
eodeiv
x VTP 07r
voiav
dv7nppKrcov dveXovTa
Cx)V
Xoeadcu.
/JLTjSe
ravrrjv
UXovrapxos
lepd
npoye^pov /cat
ioOUcv
cov pLeXXopiev
d(f>*
ndvra
at tcov
yap
jjievoi
air*
avTcov iSatvvvTO.
*xpy vaL ^e
Spav eXovovro
XOfjbvoL
copicov
/cat
tl
Xprfoecos tepo>
Oecov,
rrjs
^v
XPW
rjfj,Tptas
ovrco to Aot77oV
/cat
KLL
Se irepi-
ets"
rrjv
p>r}8
7t'
dKivrjroLGi /ca#tetv, ov
77atSa Sua>Se/caTatoi>, 6 t
pirjSe SvcoSeKafJLrjvov
1
Westerwick
3
Duebner
rrjs
AQR
/cat
rrpo rijs
dcols
dpueivov,
tovto TeVu/CTat.
Bernardakis
200
loov
Seiv.
yap
ZB.
c'AAeiTret.
ZBL.
cos
Upov Wyttenbach.
FRAGMENTS OTHER NAMED WORKS
:
Others that one ought not to leave the house unfinished for fear of attracting censure from others, whom
the poet compared to the rook, because they would
make a great noise in their indignation at your
failure to finish.* But we ought to extend the injunction to other things a and not suffer any of our tasks
to run on unfinished, but give everything its proper
completion.
Patzig.
95
Don't take and eat food from the cooking-pot,
Nor bathing-water, without a sacrifice.
96
Don't seat a boy of twelve days (better not !)
On what may not be moved it unmans the man
Nor yet a twelve-month old that's just as bad.
b
At Quaest. Conv. 703 d, it is explained that an offering
should be made to the fire which had heated the pot. But
Hesiod probably meant that there should be a sacrifice before
c
a new pot was taken into use (Mazon).
Odyssey, x. 362.
201
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
M.rj7roT Se kolXXlov
UXovrapxos , on
KaOi^eiv
/cat
aaXevetv
aura
S*
Kadtr)*
77 1
Set
ra
airorideodai iv aKwqrois'
/cat
jjltj
8iol
on
7rl*
tovtojv, old
/xaAtora.
KWOVfJLVO)V
now
vkl-
97
Ibid. 753.
jjirjSe
Mr) 8elv ovvaTToyvpLvovodcu reus yvvai^l rovs dv8pas* 7rpos yap rip doyr)p,ovi
/cat
diroppoial nves
povow,
ojv dva7TLfjL7rXaodai
rcoSes ion'
/cat
/cat
it<
^a>-
tV
rots'
Aauetv.
98
Ibid. 757-759.
pbrjSe ttot
jLtr^S' 7rt
jLtTjS'
7Tpo-)(orjs 7TOTafJLcov
ivairo^vyjew
Tavra
1
iv
St,aypd<f>t
ZB add
to yap ov rot
UXovrapxos,
2
<f>7]m.
202
aAaSe rrpopeovrcov,
Pertusi
Xoj'Cov
ionv.
D. Heinsius
Kaditdvy*
Sew.
dv-
But it may be that Plutarch gives a better explananamely that young babies should not be left
unmoved or put down on something immovable,"
since they thus become weakly. They ought to be
kept on the move as much as possible, but if one does
set them down on anything, they should be set on
moving things and be swayed by them, as in the
rocking cradles that some people have devised for
tion,
97
Let
men
Men
them.
Wyttenbach.
98
Never
Pertusi
7ri
added by Wyttenbach.
xadt,dvi,v.
Ttpnro}\ia.ra.
Duebner.
203
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Movar)$*
dj la TraihevTiKrjs
*p,r]
ovptiv iv irpoxoals
TTorayLcov
TO
Kprjvcjv firj8
iirl
rj
a7ro7raTlv,
tovto yap
a7TOlfjVXlV
99
Ibid. 760-764.
cSS'
epSew
[Tovto to
kolI
$r)p/i)v
avr^.
to 7Tcu8voai T^tas to iavTwv rjOos, vXa^OV[JLvovs ttjv (/)tffjLr]v.] *ov yap oaov apTr\s ol avdpojiroi
o<f>dXXovTai tooovtov /cat Kpcoeojs apeTrjs, <f>r)olv
ets*
6 UXaTOJv
[xeydXas 7Tollv*
vevei /cat d)$
<f>rjfir]
"
ex^iv tl
fjv
ofUKpcljv
e/c
(ffrj/JLi^coat/
/cat
Sta tovto
as avT7)s ovk
St'
Kal
iirl
Xaol ttoXXoI
/cat
<f>rip,as
7TLOTrjiJLa)v*
jJbev
dp-
<f>rj[JLr)v.
/caTa
'
opyias' eAeye 0,
1
204
7roAAot Aaol
Q, Pertusi.
(with Hesiod).
firj
tvxov
FRAGMENTS
99
So do, and so avoid an
Repute, too,
is
ill
repute
herself a goddess.
*"
An odd mistake
dno^vx^Lv must, as in Homer, mean
" wash off sweat." For the meaning of 7r/>oxo<u, not " mouths,"
but " flowing waters," see Bacchyl. 6. 3, eV 'AXfaov npoxocucrfi viKtov, and other passages collected by W. Biihler, Die
Europa des Moschos, p. 80.
:
3
4
7norqfiajv
aMj
added,
avrq.
e.g.,
6
by F. H.
Duebner
S.
:
#cat.
205
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
rov
to Se So/cetv aaOeves
So/cetv,
etvai."
e^et
ra
/cat
X@pOV
napa
<f>LXov
Eevo-
*AXeav8pov ^etv
eVe/ca p,rj8
fjbev
rvxov rov
'
purj
to So/cetv lox vv
e/c
/cat
OVTCO
purj
'HcTt'oSo? TTJS
/Cat
aSo^'as, tva
purj ovfJLJ3fj,
irdvra 7rotet-
Xoyov.
cr#at
100
Plutarch, Life of Camillus> chap. 19.
'
dyadds
ovvri
rroLOVfievoj
ra? Se
<f>avXas,
ojs
dyvo-
TjTropijrat.
101
Scholia, 765-766.
rjfjLara S' e/c
AioOev
rre^paSepbev S/xc6ecrat.
At
oui>
after
2
206
/ucv
e?T
deleted
Reiske
by
etre
F.
ilx}.
e/c
H.
S.
rcov irapa-
100
I have discussed elsewhere the question whether
one should reckon certain days as inauspicious, or
whether Heraclitus c was right in reproving Hesiod
for considering some days good and others bad, on
the ground that he did not know that the nature of
all days is one and the same.
101
right well,
207
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
dXXai 8e Trap* dXXois 1 eKpdrrjoav,
rrjprjoeoov,
Trap*
/cat
'AOrjvaicov irarpiois
ev rols
/cat
jjLev
dy adai
/cat
oi>x
eirei
'0/><et
Sicopiodrjoav,
at
oXas
ore 8e rd
rd
rd jxerd
irpos fJLeorjfiPpiav
aeis, els
8e
elprjKaoiv rjpcooi
pLeorjpi^piav.
noXXds ev rovrois
/cat
rd ecodivd eiraivovvres
deois oiKeia
8e
fjiev
/cat
avrov iraparrjprjoeXrjvrjs
/cat
rds
/cat
rd 8e
r)
rwv
dXXorpioJS e%ei.
(f>vrcov
rjXicp-
irpos 8e rds*
rd
fiev
rd
fiev
irepi-
oeXrjvr)
yap p68a
ovy-
/cat ta /cat
rpeirei
rd
<j>vXXa St-
/cat
Xeifiepivds
KaraSvofievov oboavrcos
rd 8e rcov eXaicov
r)
r)
1
2
208
QR
npo
omit
aAAaty.
fl(T7JfJ,PpLaS.
tu>v,
perhaps rightly.
We
see
among some people and others among others.
that distinctions between days are also recorded in the
works of Orpheus, and it was determined by the ancestral customs of the Athenians that some days were
good, some bad, and others intermediate. And certain people have supposed that not only whole days,
but also times of day were opportune for the putting
in hand of certain actions, approving sometimes the
early morning hours and sometimes those of late
evening. They have also said that the hours up to
noon are appropriate to the gods, those after noon to
the heroes a Hesiod, then, knew most of the contemporary observations in this field, and himself took
the step of referring the differences between propitious and unpropitious days to the movements of the
all mortal
sun and moon and their mutual aspects
things in the realm of change have in these b their
chief source of becoming, but some more than others ;
and having an affinity for their revolutions or being
alien to them, are favourably or unfavourably affected.
This is shown indeed by plants, some of which move
in conjunction with the moon, others with the sun.
Roses and violets and also the heliotropes turn their
leaves to the rising sun and similarly to the setting
sun, inclining towards the west. And the leaves of
the olive tell the farmers by turning over that the
winter or summer solstice has come, having the
darker side up at one time and the lighter at another.
,
viii. 33.
This is a Pythagorean injunction,
P. Nilsson, Entstehung d. griech. Kalenders, p. 22.
According to another reading, " all mortal things have
these movements, etc."
cf.
Diog. Laert.
M.
in
209
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ra 8e rcov alXovpcov
XevKov.
8e
<f)dlveiv p,kv
a/c/>taouc^ns'
en
2
.
ra
aeX-qvrjs
.
el p,ev
/cat
Xrj-
Sta^et to aeXrjvcuov
rjv
<j>cos
avijavofievov,*
tols 8e fiAafiepas.
102
Aulus Gellius, xx.
8.
sam
ATQL
7rdvTs
Lacuna noted by
? av^avofidvoLS,
7ravTo>v
ZBR,
Pertusi.
Schultz.
cepe turn some mss. (see Skutsch, Archiv filr Lexicographie, xii, p. 199).
4
6
6
Hertz
Hertz
Cf.
670 b
210
:
:
edunt.
aucta.
Be hide, 376 e
it is
1/
|
Everybody
entrails of
And
Schultz, Pertusi.
102
that contract with the moon, and this peculiarity of the shrew
(fivyaXrj) is alluded to also by Pliny, Nat. Hist. ii. 109, and
Iamblichus, De Mysteriis, 5. 8. Probably here too Plutarch
himself spoke of shrews, but it would not be right to alter
the scholiast's jjlvcjv to fivyaXa>v.
b The name of a plant is missing.
c
Frequently mentioned by Plutarch, e.g., Moralia, 658 f,
917 f, and the note there.
d
Cf.
Be hide, 353
e.
H.
211
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
*103
Scholia, 770-771.
VY] TTpds T Kal i^SoflT] UpOV rjfJLCLp'
y
yap A7r6X\a)va xpwdopa yeivaro Ay)toj.
WpCOTOV
rfj
Kal
fJLrJ7TOT
yevvrjoeoi
jjll^gl
KpVTTTO\ivr)s
yaip.i
vtto
Xoyov %X eLV
[fJLTCL
Se ravrrjv
rrjv
eiraivel
dppevd <f>aai.
ra? rpels' ttjv evrjv
ttjv ejSSd/z^v,
Trpd8a
OrjXeos irpos
cos*
'AnoXXcovos yevedXiov
TO KaVOVV 7nGT<f)OVTS
104
Ibid. 780-781.
firjvos S* LGTafjuevov
TpLOKaiSeKarrjv dXeaodai
iavTov StaSovvat,
1
2
212
6aolv
:
Scaliger
AZBL
:
</>vaw
QT.
airoarptyovres.
*103
Holy the new moon, fourth day, and the seventh,
When
it
Pertusi, doubtfully.
104
Avoid the thirteenth day of waxing moon
For sowing yet it's best for making trees grow. *
:
By <f>vrd
this phrase is uncertain.
Hesiod probably intended mainly fruit-trees and vines. h>dpcipaadai is taken by Evelyn- White, Mair, and Sinclair to
mean " plant, " but the scholiast seems to have understood
6
it
44
The meaning of
as " cause to
cultivate."
grow M
Mazon
believes the
meaning
is
213
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
avro
<f>VTtav to
dyetv
ovojjloltos, 777909
a owreAet
XrjVT)S
/cat
f$XdaTr)v
iorjfJLrjve
TrXelov ov to
Sta tov
iv TaVTTJ (/)COS*
105
Ibid. 782-784.
z
rj
fjbiaar]
ovtc yeviaOai
irpcjjT
yap
<f>cos
/caAetrat
(f>rjGLV
St'
fjV
L7TOp,V OlItLOLV'
TO
jxev oiripixaoi ov{JL(f>opov OrjXeoi 8' aovjX(f>oaiTiov Se tovtcjv otl to puiv eort tjrjpoTepov to
appeal
pov
H.
BtoixQetvy F.
delarj
Gaisford
Wyttenbach
/xaA' aovfjL<f)op6s
Gaisford
214
S.
SioixydeLcrr)
Sioi/ojflcicrfl
Duebner.
irpooKakiaaodai.
mss. of Hesiod.
TTpooKaXeiTcu.
(Stot^^ar/ L).
to
/cat
hiox^v-
105
The middle
And good
Both
calls
the
The seed
is
215
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ras avJ^Xrji/jeis rag p>*v fiopeltov Trvevfxdrcjv ovrtov
ywofJLevas etvcu dppevoyovovg rag 8e voricov OrjXvyovovg.
/cat
/jlVtol
/cat
rag
ScapOpcjaetg
rj
rcov
rcov dppefirj
paSicog
rrjv
<f>VGiKOJS
dppevoyovov
p,ev
rrjg
/cat
<f>vcn-
106
Ibid. 790-791.
parjvog 8*
oySodrrj Kairpov
/cat fiovv
ipipbVKov
raXaepyovg
em
deep
XOVTL TCOV iv KlVTjGei OTOLXLCOV. 8l6 /Cat TOVS TCLVpovg avrco <f>povreg dvrJKav cog opfirjTLKOvg /cat rovg
1
rr)v
ZBT add
2
tJXlov
F.
H. S.
rrjs
After
r)Xiov.
aeXrjvrjs
ovcrqs.
apxovri.
216
106
Nothing more
is
known about
this festival.
For guesses
is
Posidon's realm.
217
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Kairpovs*
yap ota
afJL(f>a>
0v[jl6v a/ca#/cTot
rrjv
os
'Evoat^aw KaXovfievos toKelco-
aKivryrov yrjv
yivovrai t
TrpavvovTCu 8e iKTfJLrjdevTes.
/ctvet
/cat tt)v
Trpavvovoa Sta
ttJ? TOfifjs
npog
TTpd^is OLKeLorrjra
ravrrjv
ttjv
apa
e^ct S'
ra a>a ra
/cat
77
rffjuepav.
107
76td. 791.
Ta?
acA^^*
yap
auT^v
ItTTTOS
xOovlov d)s
Se creA?^
,0000,,
TOVTO
to
8e
TTpos
2
3
*
218
&
ovos
elArj^evat
7]
cf)tos.
rjfJbiOVOS.
Pertusi.
added by Schultz.
Pertusi
rj
exovaa to gkotl-
TTpOS CLVTTJV
added by
o fxev
olKLa)oav Schultz.
F. H. S. : KLV7JTLKOV.
6
oIkziov
OVV 0)/CtO)Tat
/cat
ovvovoiaoTucov**
jitecr^
rjXtov
jJLV
oyziodai.
kcu.
Sta
"
sacrifice to
107
Pertusi.
a
Pertusi
oiVeiWcu
De hide, 371
AZBTL
c.
gjkciWo Q.
219
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
108
Ibid. 797-799.
TTpdS dXevaoOai
dXyea dvfiofiopetv.
7T</>vAao oe 6vp,cp
(f>divovros 6* lora\iivov re
109
Ibid. 805-808.
rpia/caSa F.
H.
S.
tt4vt Pertusi.
rerpdda,
npcorrjv
rcrpaSa Wyttenbach.
220
Possibly
meaning 3 J
108
Bear in mind to shun
Fourth day of waning, or of waxing, moon
For heart-devouring sorrow.
109
On middle seventh
And woodman cut the
.
note).
The statement
day "
especially displays
221
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
To
[JL7TpoadV
TfjfJLOS
fJLerpicos
twos ovk
ovtojv
7tl8(a)v.
/cat p,7)vos
rj
vXojv
vypor-qros re
a S evKoupos
7rraKai8Kdrr) xprfv^os, ore to fiev
irjpcov
rj
tcov
yap
dpx'fj
TV S
<A>P
<f>cbs
rrjs oeXrjvrjs
yeyovvias
eVt/c/xa
*iiQ
Ibid. 809.
Kat tovto
tols
cru/xj8atWt
yap
dta>/xacrty el
OTLypbij p,ev
rrepl
rj
ttjs
fjiovds
TTpd8os
dvdXoyos
ypa/JLfJbfj 8' rj
?
2
L7rofMev,
T.
epyov evKatpiav
rj
/cat
TavTj] irpos to
8l8cooiv.
ov8ev yap
r)
Then
The wood
iron tools
fell
full
moon
is
is
light
in
it,
comes a diminu-
Pertusi.
*110
On
four.
If the
fits
number one
V. 414.
place.
S on
769-771
f,
f
223
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ovtcjs apfjbovias Selrac rcjv epycov, ojs vavs fieX/cat depos Kivrjaei /xa^eta^at /cat daXdoarj
Xovaa
rroXXfj,
/cat
eyovoa
fjiovrjv
rrjv
drro
rrjs
appuovias
Ibid. 814-816.
Travpoi S'
[Tplrrjv
elvdSa 1
rrjv
eiKoorrjv etirev
ivdrrjv,
rjv
Schultz
224
So/cet.
harmonia means
work, as well as " musical scale."
a
work.
a so
much
as a ship,
which
will
Bernardakis.
*111
Iliad, v. 60.
c
The word araios has several senses
Hesiod probably
meant narrow when he applied it to ships, but this note supposes him to have intended a later use, loose in texture,
which would imply light.
d The scholion clearly supposes this to mean 29th, but the
alternative 27th is more plausible.
225
:
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
reus orav yJKiara rovro rrpo^dXrj KeXevec rov irldov
dVot'yetv /cat
112
Ibid. 819.
TTpd8l
S'
oty TTldoV.
*Trjv fiewqv rerpdha ravrrjv Xeycov rrjv 1 reaaapecrKaiSeKdrrjv iiraivti /cat <bs irLOoiyov /cat <bs ttcLgiv
dpLGrrjv /cat yap to <f>(x)s rrjs oeXrjvqs ttXovoiov
cifjLa rep rjXicp KaraSvofJLevo) dvareXXovarjs*
Kat tis Alyvnrios pLvdoXoyet puvdos rov "Oaipiv
Tooavra errj fSaoiXevocu ottogos iarlv 6 rtov ^/xepa)V TOVTCxJV dpidfJLOS, *iv8lKVVfJLVOS (1)9 iflOL 8oKL
navrcov avrov etvai rcov yevvrjrcov 8rnJuovpyov /cat
reXeatovpyov, fierd rtov aeXrjviaKcov d/crtVcov t^X v T\
revxovra rrjv yeveaw ru>v re avtjrjTiKcov /cat tujv
.
EIS
rd
TA NIKANAPOY 0HPIAKA
lis
226
t^v
LT, omitted by
AZBQR.
Gow
is
jar
least.
112
the fourth
*By
this
perish.*
Pertusi.
ON NICANDER'S ANTIDOTES TO
SNJKE-BITE
(Lamprias Catalogue 120)
113
With
seed
pestle grind.
227
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
[AavKOV 8vo
8*
to 8e koivov
/cat
rj
yap
TTvp&hes, <hs
/cat
Spifjuv
rj
puev KprjriK'q,
UXovTapxos nXetova
AaiaTiKrj.]
/cat
fiev
rj
(/>T]cnv
rj
yevacs aladdverai
z
SrjXov etvac /cat
fJL[A7]va
dep/MOTTJTL,
/Cat
KadapriKov
/cat
TTpoaeri ye
Xztttvvtikov e^et
jatjv
oOevos**
114
Scholion (Ambr. C. 32 sup.) on Nicander, Theriaca, 333
(Studi classici e oriental^ vi [1956]).
AevKOil o'
dpyivotooav 7TiaoVovrai
'0 UAovrapxos
twv
7Tpoaa)7T<x)v
<f>r)Xw.
dp,vy8dXas
5
aipLV e^AtSas".
tgls irucpas
</>r]al
rd?
115
Stephanus of Byzantium,
s.v. Kopoirrj.
Nt/cavSpo? v QrjpiaKois*
fj
fAavrelas
Ot Se
rapxos
Keil
2
7)
4
x*t>
5
7
'A7roAAa>v
v7TOjJLvr)/JLaTLaavTS
/cat ArjfirjTptos
/cat
kol <Ls or
avrov Qecov
6 XXtDpos
</)cl(jc
IIAov-
NiKavSpos
<bs.
added by Bernardakis.
Trcipojfidvw
Warmington.
228
/cat
teristic is to
be pungent and
smell perceive
and that
if
114
Leprous eruptions spread a chalky rash.
from the
face. a
115
Nicander in
his Tkeriaca
.
oracle
b
.
'
'
'
ii.
20)
is
not
known,
229
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
on AfJL<f>iapdov lepov, ovk 2 'AttoXXojvos ecm. Aeyerai 8e kclt eXXeixftiv rod i Ko/oo7rato9 3 Koponrj Se
ecraaAta? ttoAis. fSeXriov Se U7rovo6tv on rjjjidpTrj1
S'
'
rcu.
feat ypdcfrerai
EujSotas',
*0po7raios' *OpoTrrf
oVof 'AttoAAojvo?
yap
ttoXis
hiaorjfjiOTaTov Upov.
RATA HAONHS
Wi/amowtte, Hermes, /vm (1923),
*116
Stobaeus,
6.
iii.
49
(iii,
297 Hense).
p.
"On
rd acopbara
dvirjacv
rjSovrjs'
rj
kclO*
rjSovrj
rjpbepav
iKfjuaXdrrovaa rals rpv(f)cus, d>v rj ovviyeia rrapaipeirai rov rovov ara^aAcocra ttjv loyyv avrcjv
(hv pqoTOJvr) p,ev voacov paarcovrj Se KafJbdrwv, irpopiXTCL)fjLvov 8* iv veoTrjri*
yr\pas
*117
Stobaeus,
jV
iii.
ravrco
6.
50
(iii,
p.
297 Hense).
Salmasius
8e to.
oi)/c
added by Salmasius.
230
LA
'
AGAINST PLEASURE
(Not in Lamprias Catalogue)
in denying the authenticity of these fragments, on the grounds
of hiatus and the " nauseous affectation " of their style.
*116
*117
In the same work
Pleasure
is
its slaves,
but
it
"
Possibly meaning " not Coropiaean.'
6 It is uncertain
how much of this greatly confused note,
discussed by Wilamowitz, Euripides Herakles 1 , i. 190 141
(where he rejects the ascription in Grammatici graeci iii, p.
188, to Herodian), derives from Plutarch.
c This town was
called Orobiae.
The shrine of Amphiaraiis was at Oropus in Boeotia.
On these places see R.E.
xi. 1436, xviii. 1133, 1175.
'
iv Tatfra*
omitted by L.
17
added by Hense.
231
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
piov eWe yap rjv (fravepojs dV 7roXefiovaa ra^ecus
edAar vvv 8e /cat ravrrj paarjTorepov, 6Vt /cAeVret
rr)v x9pav V7To8vop,vr) gx^ji^cl evvoias.
cucrre St1
X&S
aTTorpoTraiov
&v
/cat
j3Aa7TTi
/cat
&v
i/jevSe-
rai.
*118
Stobaeus,
JliV
iii.
TCLVTO)
6.
51
(iii,
p.
298 Hense).
'
b'oai Se 7rapd
vfipets rreptTTat
etat
Xavdavova ^Xdrrrovaai.
6 Se ets* ra
7
6 /cat rcov dAdyaw >cpcov, ots* puera
to aKeoaoOai ras imdvpLtas ovSevos ope^is, dAAd
Kevovaai
rjfjLerepa vojjlos
9
*119
Stobaeus,
Mtj
1
av
iii.
6.
52
(iii,
Tis 7Tpo86ras
omitted by
p.
298 Hense).
irraivet;
MA yap Br.
tolovtov ianv
yap av Herwerden.
4 vofiL(jai(Xv F.
6
232
7Tpirrai
H.
S.
Sixfj
MA.
tcr/Ltcv.
Iva
ii
r)
<f>a-
If it warred
no savage beast. Would it were
upon us openly, it would quickly be detected. But
as things are, it is the more hateful for the very reason
that it hides its hostility by assuming the guise of
good will. It is therefore doubly abominable, for its
harmfulness and for its falsity.
is
*118
In the same work
Legitimate pleasures we should cease to call pleasures and should not think of them as such, but as
All others, apart from these, are
unnecessary violations of nature, that bring force to
bear on the satisfied, and are not recognized to be
harmful because they cajole us with their variety.
But the law for us should be the same as governs the
irrational animals
with them there is no appetite for
anything, once their desires have been assuaged, but
satiety with regard to what stimulates them, since
they are not constrained by pleasures.
curative processes.
*119
In the same work
H.
But that
is
what
TreirX-qpay^iivai Gesner.
Kara Jacobs.
added by F. H. S. (<Lv Jacobs), fiera yap Bernardakis.
F.
S.
7T7rrjpa)fjLvaL.
7
ots
rdv iirayovraiv,
omitted by L.
rj added by A.
? Tals
10
11
233
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ra
r/Sovrj, 7rpo8i8a)oi
rfjs
aperfjs.
tis fiaaavi-
[x-q
ioTIV K(lTpOV.
koAolkvov
7]
drrX'qpajTov
<j>iXapyvpiav ;
tis
/X77
rrjs 1
fids dvaXloKei;
*120
Stobaeus,
iii.
53
6.
(iii,
299 Hense).
p.
ejV ravrcx)
17 S' OV
TTCLVTixiV 6p(x)VTO)V
aavrov alSovfxevos
<f>evyeis,
vvktl
a kotos
epyajv
TrpofSdXXei,
/cat
a Korea tols
ovSels
to
yap
(f>a)s
rcov
olvtois
yeveodai
rjXcov
aVacra 8e
irpos
opaoOai
/ca/a'a
ra
7TpopaXXofivrj
yvfjivds jSAeVco/zev
7rd6rj.
KdTopdol
yv/Jbvrj
epya,
av.
fiovXoiT
(/>vXaTTTai , aKeirrjv
els
dvai-
KaOevSovocv
4,
els
(fypovTi^ovoi
added by A.
Omitted by L.
Bernardakis
apiortveis
Gesner (? better dit/parevei).
rrjs
aura Gesner.
Zoo
fjLcopiav
Usener.
234
Read
LM
apprj orevtis
tout', avras
and
A. aKparcvcis
fiavtav
Hense
is
it
praises torturers
;
*120
In the same work
Why
this
one.
6 The required sense
seems rather to be " Vice shelters
behind a screen of feelings of pleasure. Let us cut this away
and look at vices in their nakedness. " But I can find no
plausible way of emending the Greek.
apyiav
ka-nipav
Usener.
235
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
KAT ISXYOS
121
Stobaeus,
iv. 12.
14
(iv, p.
UXovrdpxov K rod
344 Hense).
/car'
laxvos
XrjTou
rjrvfiev
toov dvdpooiroov fjLrjrepa ok toov dXoyoov ^oooov yeyevfjaOcu rrjv <j>voiv, fjueyedovs /cat ooKvrrjTos
amtW
xdpiv;
r)
/cat dt>-
laxvs 6 ifn>XVS
L7T7TOVS 6^aAlVO>a KCU jSoaS"
,*
euTU^etrai.
eurocrat ; aAA' ^ru^rat F. H. S., #K. $T.
2
Hense, as Wyttenbach translated
o^vrrjros.
3
o> Gesner.
o.
os Elter
4 Gesner
irohapyais {irohdypq. A).
:
Trincavelli's edition
eV dc/ua
cV aepi
MA.
Philo, Postf. Cam. 162 (see also 161), puts this metaphor
to ol hoKLfiwraroL ra>v irdXat, Aoytcav, cf. Cicero, De Republica, iii. 1-2, and E. Norden, Jahrbucher fur hi. Philologie,
E. Bignone, Riv. fil., N.S. 14
suppl. xviii, pp. 304-306.
a
down
236
A DEPRECIATION OF STRENGTH
(Not in Lamprias Catalogue)
121
What good
237
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
OMHPIKAI MEAETAI
122
Aulus Gellius,
iv. 11.
Plutarchus quoque, homo in disciplinis gravi auctoritate, in primo librorum quos de Homero composuit Aristotelem philosophum scripsit eadem ipsa
de Pythagoricis scripsisse, quod non abstinuerint
edundis animalibus nisi pauca carne quadam. verba
ipsa Plutarchi, quoniam res inopinata est, subscripsi
>
ApiGTOTArjs Se iirfrpas
/cat
Kaphias
/cat a.KaX'qcftrjs
/cat
(frrjat
tovs
123
Aulus Gellius,
ii.
8.
Chaeronensis
238
HOMERIC STUDIES
122
Plutarch, too, a weighty authority in matters of
scholarship, wrote in the first of his books on Homer
that the philosopher Aristotle made the same state-
123
Plutarch, in the second of his books on Homer, says
that Epicurus made an imperfect, absurd, and clumsy
use of the syllogism, and quotes Epicurus' own words
" Death does not concern us
for what is dissolved
is without sensation, and what is without sensation
does not concern us." c " For he passed over," he
writes, " what he ought to have posited to begin
with, namely that death is a dissolution of body and
soul
then he proceeds to use this omitted premise,
as if it had been stated and agreed, to establish
another proposition. But unless that premise is first
stated, the syllogism cannot proceed."
:
b
Vit.
Frag. 194
cf. Quaest, Conv. 670 c, Porphyry,
Pyth. 45, Diog. Laert. viii. 18-19. W. K. C. Guthrie, History
of Greek Philosophy, i. 187-191, translates and discusses the
principal texts concerning Pythagorean abstention from
;
animal food.
c
Kvpta Ao'fa
2.
239
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
124
Aulus
Gellius,
ii.
9.
rjSovcov
r)
ttclvtos
detractio
enim significanda
non
,,
dolentis.
125
Galen, Hippocratis
(v.
et
Platonis Dogmata,
iii,
p.
265
tiller
300 Ktihn).
TOGOVTOVS
tols
2
'
8eov yap
TTOlT)Tc\s
KCll
SoyLiaaiv avTov
cos
tov
avdpcoTTov aveyvcoKOTa
yiVCOCTKOVTCL
/JuapTvpovvTas
cooTrep kcll
cXttcloi
<JCL<f)CQS
<zAAot
/car'
IlXovTap^os ineSeL^ev
Soy[MOLT i.
126
Scholion on Euripides, Alcestis, 1128.
iv
erraAta 6 ovtlo
/ca-
idyovaiv ovs
kcll
Aclklo-
240
tiller
rrjs fieyahoifivxtas.
"
124
In the same book the same Plutarch criticizes Epicurus again for using an unsuitable word with a
meaning foreign to the context. Epicurus wrote,
" The limit of quantity in pleasures is the removal
of all that feels pain/' a " He ought not," objects
Plutarch, " to have said, of all that feels pain,' but
of all that is painful/ For the required meaning,"
he says, " is the removal of pain, not of what is
pained.
'
125
Here
am
A man who
favours.
had read
126
Certain so-called spirit-summoning magicians in
Thessaly, who by certain rites of purification b and
magic practices both call up and banish ghosts. They
were sent for by the Spartans, too, when the ghost of
Kvpta Ao'f a 3.
the blurring of the distinction between purificatory
and propitiatory rites see Rohde, Psyche, ii. 79 ; on control of
spirits, ibid. ii. 87 2 8
6
On
'
Laur. lxxiv. 22
rov Xpvaiinrov Hamilton 270 (whose
3
readings I owe to P. de Lacy).
avrov] avrovs Miiller.
4
Laur. lxxiv. 22
iicXiyei Hamilton 270.
6
8
yor)Ts omitted by A.
? OtyaAta Mittelhaus.
:
241
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
erdpatje rovs irpooiovras rep vaco rfjs XaA/ctot/cot;,
<hs IvTopei
UXovrapxos
127
Scholion on Iliad, xv. 624
Etymologicum Magnum,
s.v.
aV[lOTp<l>S.
Ta yap
Spajv evyevrj
rov opTrrjKa
rroiel,
d-
rapxos iv
/xeAerats* 'OfJLrjpiKcus.
128
Stobaeus,
iii.
18.
27
(iii,
YiXovrdpxpv K rov
p.
/cat
yvvoxKa TTacSevreov
/cat Xtfdrjv
cruyKadiepovaiv,
VTvij
V.H.
2
520 Hense).
on
ii.
242
127
EDUCATED
the alleged source , or are by Plutarch at all. But
be due to an eoccerptor, and four of the fragments have parallels in genuine works. For the title compare
Musonius* Et irapairXTjcrtcos Traihtvriov ras Bvyaripas rots viols.
come from
the hiatus
may
128
Plutarch, from the
Educated
work A Woman,
too,
should be
to Dionysus
and along
243
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
(I)S
p>r)
devrcov
Seov
rtov iv oivco
fJLvrjfiovViv
dXXa vovdeaias
7rai8iKrjs
TrXrjfjifieXr)-
Seofievcov.
to
2
to " pnaico
avvdSei /cat
6
fjuvapuova avpLTrorav,"
9
EvpnTtSrjs rtov aroircov ttjv Xrjdrjv ao<f>rjv ipr]K.
129
Stobaeus,
18. 31
iii.
(iii,
p. 521 Hense).
UXovrdpxov K rod on
/cat
yvvauKa TratSevreov
tttiv
'
ISO
Stobaeus,
Tov avrov
Ho(f)OKXrjS
</>
ovk
/cat
18.
iii.
32
(iii,
p.
522 Hense).
ifJLfJL</>TO
yap
et
AtO^vAo), OTL
ra oeovra
7TOiL,
fJb0VCOV ypOL(prjOLV,
aAA
iotos ye.
1
Gesner coy.
Bernardakis
/xtacD.
Gesner, Hense
\ivr\[Loovvav
:
ttotov.
stalk of the giant fennel, tipped with ivy. This stalk was also
used in school as an instrument of correction
for illustrations see J. D. Beazley, Am, Journ, Arch,, 2nd ser. xxxvii
(1933), p. 400.
:
244
with
it
remember
to
boon companion with a good memory." a And Euripides said that forgetfulness of bad events was wise. 6
129
Plutarch, from the
Educated
work A Woman,
should be
too,
130
Page,
Orestes, 213.
c
Heraclitus, frag. 95, is quoted elsewhere by Plutarch
(Mor. 43 d, 439 d, 644 f) in the form dfiaOl-qv dp.ivov Kpvirriv,
" it is better to hide stupidity.'*
d
Laws, 650
a.
245
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
131
Stobaeus, (a)
Hense).
iv.
TlXovrdpxov K tov
on
av "
/cat
(iv,
p. 89, v, p.
749
yvvatKa ncuSevTeov
r)
ttXovtov
ttcliSI
jjutj
46
1.
fJbrjSe
dvSpl arrai-
Sevrco Swacnrclav"
132
Stobaeus,
iv.
784 Hense).
32. 15 (v, p.
YlXovrdpxov K tov
on
/cat
yvvatKa TTCuSevreov
tovtov
opdov-
cotoafe*
'Epfxrjv,
ov XP LO) KV wevpoi;
2'
/cat
z
ydp puaXXov
4,
7ra)8ivovoi fj,pifAvai.
133
Stobaeus,
iv.
52.
43
(v, p.
UXovTapxov K tov
1085 Hense).
on
/cat
yvvatKa TTaihevTeov
'
Tpo<f>wvtos
<f>ois
o o
AyafJLijSrjg
/cat
2
8
246
TrotrjoavTZS iv
AeA-
opOov yap
7T^veo-
Meineke
kclI
4
SM
/xtov
Cobet.
:
rovro.
opBpov yap
Bergk.
/cat
Meineke.
131
Educated
work A Woman,
too,
should be
132
Plutarch, from the
Educated
Archytas, 5 having
quoted the line
Need
and
work A Woman,
too,
should be
read Eratosthenes'
Hermes,
teaches all
also
Arise
133
Plutarch, from the
Educated
work A Woman,
too,
should be
276, iL 528.
these are frags. 3 and
4 in Collectanea Alexandrina, ed. J. U. Powell, who thinks,
however, that they may have been quotations from Philetas'
Hermes. Cobet's emendation (" praised " for " quoted ")
i.
247
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ip86/JL7)
dnedavov.
VOO,
17]
"Upas
els
lepov Xaol 8e
evreKvias
TraL8cx)v.
rj
p,iv
e^rjXajoav
8e ^apetaa Bed
IIEPI EPftTOS
134
Stobaeus,
iv.
20.
34
(iv, p.
YlXovrdpxov K rod
444 Hense).
irepi
epcoros'
4,
2
3
Bernardakis
Bernardakis
Wyttenbach
:
:
8ia7T<l>vKa>s.
ov.
(-ot/xcv)
4
248
8iaKxvKa>s
Deeper corruption
Meineke.
is
possible.
au/iTrepiAa/zjSavo/zev (-o>/*v
Jacobs
<j>ijaai.
Meineke).
lows
Here
ON LOVE
(Nat in Lamprias Catalogue)
134
Plutarch, from the
One thing
work On Love
all
Men-
249
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
TO
TOWS'
7T/0t
"
oipei;
tlvl
tlr
idVTOV,
SeSovAcovrat rrore;
<f>\vapos' rfjs
yjpojv KpLGtv
aXX
ipvyfis'
6 Tr\r]yels
o'
ets*
aKfirjv* Tt,Tpa)OKTai."
GTLKOV
/Cat
OKeificofieda'
KLVrjTCKOV alTlOV 6
17TLV
ISlojttjv
1
F. H. S.
763
F.
lorjv
Nt/COjLta^OV
<f>rjcravTa
:
apa
XeyOVOl
AaAct.
77/00?
avTco
KaXrjv
pur)
8*
dvdpOJTTOV
<f>avfjvai
ttjv
added by Dobree.
aural S.
added by Gesner.
Gesner
The
JaW
last line
250
<j>ptvs.
and a half
is
a lacuna
those
as to
self:
who
Their eyes
The same
are in love
be sure
it is,
love
judgement is impartial.
intercourse draws men
" Sickness of
is
will.
251
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
2avi8os 'EXevrjv " AajSe yap/' ty 7!* " rovs i/juovs
7toAv Se /cat
7Tpl tcl
rrepl
tcl
yevora
oocfrpavra
v^ At'
/cat
oxjjoiroiol
Kpioiv exovGi.
7raAtv Se to ovvovoia rov
1
fir) KparetaOaL, Sta to tjj avrfj avyyzvo-
rjjjbcov
iptovTOL
dAAov drraAAayrjvat /cat kcitcx/)povrj vat, tolovtov ionv, olov i Aeyoi ns fJbrjSe yyp,G)v rjSovfj 8e8ovAcooQai (PtAotjevov rov 6ifjo(f>dyov , on rcov avrcov
'Avnodevrjs yevodjjLevos ov8ev tirade tolovtov,
fievov
fir]8
on
7TLVCOV
HcoKpdrrjs
V7](f)V.
rj8rj
."
" Kaipos ionv rj vooos
eu /cat opdcos. Set
fox^s
yap dfia rod irdoxovros els ravro /cat rov ttoiovvtos
drravTrjoiv yeveoOai, rrpos dAArjAd ttcos ixovrcov cos
aKvpov els rrjv rov reAovs drrepyaocav r) 8paonKr)
Svvapus, dv firj TradrjnKr) ,Sta0crts' rj. rovro 8' v3
gtoxicls iarl Kaipov rep rraOelv iroipbcp ovvdmov-
ros iv
aK/jifj
to
rroieiv 7r(f>VKos.
135
Stobaeus,
iv.
HAovrdpxov on ov Kpiois 6
'E/c rcov
Oft
1
p,V
Meineke epwra.
3 Wyttenbach
>'
Trincavelli's ed.
ifioi
tt<j>vkcos.
ttws
0>
ol o
epcos*
'
/)
Meineke
avrov.
efioiye ttcos
5
ernuvfjuav ol oe
Cobet
A
:
vovv.
" Take my
Helen beautiful, the painter replied
eyes, and you will think her a goddess/' a Perfumemakers, too, through practice and familiarity judge
very much better than we do about the scent of
things, and, if it comes to that, cooks about flavours.
Then to argue that the lover is not mastered by
the pleasure of intercourse because another man
:
lain with the same woman makes off without giving her another thought, is like saying
that Philoxenus b the gourmand was not enslaved
to the pleasure of the palate because Antisthenes
tasted the same food without its having any such
effect on him
or that wine did not make Alcibiades
tipsy, because Socrates drank as much and remained
who has
sober. 6
But let us drop these points and consider the following lines in which he expresses his own opinion.
" This disease comes when the heart is ready."
Well and truly put
There must occur the simultaneous meeting at one point of agent and patient,
related to one another in a particular way. The
active power is incapable of producing the final result
unless the passive condition is there
and this is a
matter of hitting the right moment that brings together at the critical time what is of the sort to act
and what is ready to be acted upon.
!
135
is
not a matter
To some
Identified in antiquity, perhaps mistakenly, with Philoxenus the writer of dithyrambs (c. 435-380 b.c).
c
Plato, Symposium, 213 e 214 e.
253
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
x
^X
(f>iXiav
/cat
136
Stobaeus,
iv.
'Ei> TCLVTO>'
tf
yap tovs
Q.07rep
TrA^jLt/xeAcoertv,
ld)6apLv
/cat
St*
Tjj
pur)
Sta/xa^eaflat
dpyr)v
[1,7)8*
dvTiTLVLV
aAAa
crufJL7rpL(f>pa0ai
r)
/cat
vooovol
cruyyv(x)pir)v
^etv.
8io
KpovriOTov puev i
pur)
rrapaSex^odai
em
diroTpoiraloiv
tov HXaTcuva, Wl
im
ra? to>v
254
ol 8 <j>i\Lav
added by F. H. S.
136
Laws, 854
b.
255
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
dvdrjpov.
/cat
TO
TTOLKtX/JLa
a/xc'Aet /cat
TOV 7TTpOV,
t puev irpos
avyds
1
rj
Ti<f>lytj
ef^ev eirayajyov
/Cat
rjXtov,
y^pvoomov
rjv
ovrco
aAA
8rj /cat
piovs
5
ydpuovs /cat r/yefjuovias, ovk alviyjLtara 7rpof$dXXa)v aAA' auro? atvLyfia hvaevperov
COV /Cat SvaAuTOV, t fiovXoLTO TLS 7TpOTLVLV TL
aifJLvAov /cat eiriTepires' aprraQet, 0 /cat
/cat ot/cous
/cat
/cat
8l<x)Kl,
tl aTreiAel
6
/JovAeTat
GLV,
fJLTJ
</>lXLV
KOLL
TTCLVOaodaL <J>lXoVVTS
10
2
3
4
5
rj
in
A.
lir]7rovs
by second hand in A.
Wyttenbach riyepovas.
rt added by Wakefield.
rt
rovro \vaai
depanevei Kronenberg
avTavyL, corrected
:
6
7
wevocu.
256
kcu
depa-
To
He robs men of their livelihoods, their establishments, their marriages, their high commands,
propounding no riddles, but being himself a riddle
that would be hard to discover or solve, if one were
to propose as a puzzle " what is it that hates and
loves, flees and pursues, threatens and implores,
feels anger and pity, wishes and does not wish to
come to an end, finds the greatest joy and torment
in the same source, and hurts the very thing it
serves ? "
The riddle of the Sphinx consists for
the most part of what are really fictions
an old
man is not in truth three-footed if he has taken a
stick to reinforce his feet, nor an infant four-footed
because it supports its weak and infirm steps with
its hands.
But there is nothing unreal about lovers*
passions
they show affection and hate, long for the
absent one, yet tremble at his presence, flatter him,
dishment.
to be
-rrdvT
8
rt added by Gaisford.
added by Piccolos to remove
10 Wyttenbach
trt)pG>aw.
hiatus.
257
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
TOVT CUTIOV yiyOV fldXlGTa TOV
V7TOfMVOVGL.
{ICL-
dp
rjv
epcos fiporois,
137
Stobaeus,
iv.
Tou auTOU
rrepl epojros*
ifrvxys
7rapap,VL
ttoXvv xpovov,
ov8* iv yrjpcoaiv
dv 8e
ttjs
en
Gesner
Piccolos
5
holXolkos.
ol
ivihpot mss.
corrected
added by F. H.
4
crTcAAerai.
by
S.
itndvyLias (f>Xyfiovrj.
second hand in A.
?
frag. 161.
Pos-
258
loved
for mortals
Love
is
to
grow mad.
susceptible to
love, Euripides.
137
From
Love
is
by the
earlier
Nauck.
259
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
fjbara, /cat
ayvoeir ai ri
rjv, 7tcjs
aweary), rrodev
els
138
Stobaeus,
iv.
/cat
epcoros*
jjlovov, ol
8e kolXol
dirrovoiv
t)
yap
/cat
8e,
ws
cafjafjuevovs /caet
v<f>-
oifsis Xafir)
nEPI ETrENEIAS
The work from which Stobaeus drew these fragments may
have been a dialogue, since one is for and two are against
good birth. Whether it was in fact by Plutarch may be a
matter for doubt c : the style ofthe latter passages is a strained
139
Stobaeus, iv. 29. 21
Nobilitate, chap. 10.
(v, p.
708 Hense)
= Ps.-Plutarch, Be
TraXaiov TrXovrov
1
Cyropaedia,
pdv
260
is
rj
1
rj
SM
rj
koX
v. 1. 16.
explicitly derived
/jut)
e<f>*
A, Ps.-Plut.
tions swell,
it
arose, or
soul.
138
Plutarch, from the work
And
On Love
Or
it is
rather, as
Xenophon
says, a
whereas
burns
fire
ON GOOD BIRTH
(Lamprias Catalogue 203)
one, and the construction vo/jll&is on in frag. 140 unusual at
the least, while in the same fragment av with ehvvaro and ihias
with 7tcltpCSo$ appear to be solecistic superfluities. The fragments are included in a forgery De Nobilitate,/or which see
Appendix A.
139
Plutarch, from the
What
Birth
Epist. 52, but the play on words is much older, e.g., Agathon,
frag. 29 (Nauck, T.G.F.).
c
Cf. Wyttenbach's edition of De Sera Numinis Vindicta,
p. 85.
261
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
dAAd rd
r)puv ov,
rd S d/c/natas 1
140
Stobaeus, iv. 29. 22 (v, p. 709 Hense)=Ps.-Plutarch,
Nobilitate, chap. 10.
Be
'Ev ravrcp'
'Ap' ovv evyeveorepog rjv 6 Mt'Sov 7tAovtos rrjs
3
'ApioretSov rrevias ; kclitoi 6 puev ov8* ivrd<f)ia
KaraXirrcov, rep Se Qpvyl rrdvr dv iSvvaro elvou
dXX ovk iv ttXovoi<x>* ro evyeves. rrupos
ra<f)os.
e^et Tiva rporrov Traoa irovrjpia* dpb(f>6rpa x^pls
d^avit.erai ofievvupLsva.
rpo<f>r\$
dSo^t'a,
fialas
vyevOTpa
7
/cat
ipjjboyXvcfrov
rj
Se HcoKpdrovs
irarpos,
ovk
rjv
rrjs
on
vo/xt^ets"
ecf)vyv,
t,rjv
aKpioias
2
3
4
?
5
add
nvpos
aTHEdavev.
7rAoura> or 7rAoiWot>, or
8
262
aKpaoias
oTr., Ps.-Plut.:
a noun
aBcvvvfjicva deleted
may
be missing.
by Grammius.
in part the gift of uncertain fortune, in part that of human lack of judgement. So that
this inflated name of good birth hangs on two alien
pegs. And wealth does not create offspring like itself,
whereas the man begotten from virtue grows in his
father's image, since spiritual goods are transmitted
asto descendants. This is what true good birth is
similation to morality.
140
In the same work
Was then
As
M:
vofiL^7]s
KweiycLpov S.
263
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
141
Stobaeus, iv. 29. 51
Nobilitate, chap. 1.
UXovrdpxov
"Attigtos
rj
(v, p.
722 Hense)
= Ps.-Plutarch, De
virep evyevelas'
twv
ao(f)taTcov GVKO(f>avrta
/cat
Kara
rrjs
Tract yvcjpipia
/cat
djJL7TeXa>v
Kvvas
evyevrj
(hvovvrai
GTrepfiara
S'
KLXptovrcu
/cat
iXoutbv
/cat
ovSev
rtov
o<f>eXos vopLil^ov-
glv
tclvto
7Ttdovrai
fidpfiapov
etvcu
GTrepfiar
dperfjs
/cat
ap^as"
rot?
/cat
yewa>-
rod 'OovGGecos,
</>'
TroirjTrjs euprjKev
iveGTCLKTai fievos
ojs
'TLXXtjvlkov
/cat
rwds
crvy/carajSaAAea^at
ov
/cat
/cat
r)v,
/cat
rwv
IIEPI
HMEPQN
264
141
The
sophists' denunciation of
instilled,"
ON DATES
(Lamprias Catalogue 150)
some
717
at least
b-d, also
frag.
100 refers
to this
a
hook
Odyssey,
ii.
271.
avppcovoujv apx<*>v.
265
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
142
Plutarch, Vita Camilli, chap. 19.
Ot
S'
Naov
iviicajv
vav-
rod Ho7]8pofiLO)vos
8e SaAa/ztvt 7repl rds
rrepl
iravaiX^vov ,
rrjv
LK(iSas,
(jos rjjjuv
iv
nEPI HSYXIA2
No work entitled
Catalogue,
Plutarchean authorship. It contains three instances of consecutive re /cat ; but it is just possible that they are due to
careless copying by Stobaeus or his source.
There are no
examples of Plutarch's favourite ditrochaic clausula ; but
the piece is very short. Two instances of hiatus may be due
to textual corruption.
143
Stobaeus,
iv. 16.
18
(iv, p.
UXovrdpxov K rod
Ho(f)6v OLK
398 Hense).
irepl rjavx^ds'
TO
XpfjfJLCL
/cat <f)povrfoews
ov rrjv
Ka7rrjXt,Kr)v /cat
yap
T d'AAa
fjueydXrjv,
.
at ILV
TTavovpyiav
ovoav
8'
added by Anon.
8
266
JJLV
OfVt **
TTOOa
H. S.
cmor^/u^v.
added by Wyttenbach.
F.
142
ON QUIETUDE
Mus. Ixxiii (1924), pp. 466 ff., translates
German and accumulates a mass of illustrative material.
He notes that the question of retirement from city life was
F. Wilhelm, Rh.
into
Dialogus, 12
f
143
work On Quietude
How
particular
art,
b.
267
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ovxl
S'
iprjfALd,
KCLL
hiaKOvrjixara Setvd
/cat
oo<j>ias
7rAaTTt KCLL
ipyd^eadaL;
rj
8'
rfjs avijrjaecos,
ov8e
Starra^tevat
dvdpcorrcov
rcov
dp86jj,vou
TTTpo(f>vovGiv,
rep
opdal
/cat
SLavyecrrdra) T
/cat
dviaoiv*
jitara
dpxoiLOV 7raAat
ptot? ivlSpvcrav
llanos' /cat
/cat
pbovcTLKfjs
ol irptbroL, jL-idAtara Se
Nv/jl(/)Cl>v
rjyepLoves
A^
a
/cat
Oeol,
'ATrdAAawos'
ota/cptVavrs*,
"
X 60
MovacDv re
/cat
(bs
oaot
oIjjloll,
10
11
HEPI KAAAOYS
(?)
from
TaiTLva.
fieyedwi Nauck.
Wyttenbach SiatrayzcvcH.
Meineke aviduiv.
:
A
A
0wS<7T,Oa
SM.
268
pellucid. Here the mind turns to diviner sorts of learning and sees with a clearer vision. This, surely, is the
reason why it was in solitary spots that man founded
all those shrines of the gods that have been long
established from ancient times, above all those of the
Muses, b of Pan and the Nymphs, and of Apollo and
all gods who are our guides in music
to my mind,
they kept the blessings of education away from the
dreadful and abominable influences of the towns.
;
ON BEAUTY
(?)
b.
F. H. S.
7raAcu apxaiov.
added by Wyttenbach (after
:
10
tvlhpvoav
Meineke
11
irpcoroi).
Txv&v Duebner
269
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
*144
Stobaeus,
iv.
HAovrdpxov
VTrep
KaXXovs
Tt yap; ov avvderov
tos
/cat ifwxfjs;
rj
&
<3
acofiaros V7repopcovra
*145
Stobaeus,
iv.
'Ev ravrtp
H youv tou ocopuaros evfiopcftia i/jvxfjs eoriv epyov GcbjJLari x aP l ^ll * V7)S oo^av evpiopcfrias ireoeroj
yovv davdroj to ooj/xa, /cat T779 fax^s fiercpKiofievris
C
ov Graces, ov ^pco/xa, ou/c ocfidaXpuos, ov $o)vr)> ov8ev eVt KaraXeiirerai rwv epaofALtov, TrpoSeSofjuevov
8' op&s 2 V7TO rtov apxaiojv olKrjropoov chore /cat rrjv 3
ipvxvjv ovvvf}pLt,is Xavddvcov, rjs eoriv dvOpconov
KaXXos.
*146
Stobaeus,
iv.
nAouTapxotr
'AAAa
270
p>r\v,
*144
From
What
?
Is not man's nature a thing compounded
of body and soul ? Or is one enough for us without
the other ? How can it be enough ? The former could
not exist without the aid of a soul, and soul could
not exist if it had nothing to bind it together. Well
then, they are both equally, so to speak, adorned by
their cognate virtues, the soul by justice, self-control,
and wisdom, the body by strength, beauty and
health. Surely it would be a strange thing to record
the beauties of the soul, but to overlook those of the
body.
*145
In the same book
At any rate the body's comeliness is the work of
the soul, which bestows upon the body its appearance
of comeliness. Why, the body need only collapse in
:
*146
From
But
Plutarch
body
8*
ovv9tos A.
op&s added by F. H. S., ex. gr.
8
ttjv
added by Duebner.
271
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Xcov
dXXd
[aoltos.
yap
to. fjbev
rod oco-
jjlovov
/cat iroXecos
/cat
2
'
rj
/cat rats'
77-t0t>//,tats.
nEPI MANTIKHS
147
Stobaeus,
iv.
18
a.
10
(iv, p.
UXovrdpxov K rod
414 Hense).
irepl fJbavrcKrjs'
Tcov re^ycbv, cos eot/ce, rds fiev f) X/ eta avveaTr]oev i ap^s /cat ^XP L v ^ v 8iacf>vXdooL
Xpetcb irdvr
oaat
/cat
rjSovrj
fjbvpeifjtov
aav
/cat
v<f)avrtKrjv
yecopyiav
ttpoorly ay ero
/cat
rcov
/caTea^e,
/cat
6ifjo7Toccov
av6ofia<f>iav.*
oLKoSofjiiKrjv larpiKrjv
avaorpecj>ovrai'
irepl
tis
ov XP L(^ KV dvevpot
cSt'Sa^c, ri S'
rcov dvayKaicov;
eon
/cat
0'
rag
rrjv
S'
rcov
KOfjLficorLKrjv 77a-
KaOapiov dyancovres
/cat rrjv d/c/n'jSetav /cat ro
KfMaV0dvOVGL KoX 7TpL7TOVGLV, COS dpLdfJLTjrLKrjV Kal
yecofierplav /cat KavovtKrjv rraoav /cat dorpoXoyiav,
a? cprjcnv 6 UXdrcov /catVep apbeXovfievas, " j8ta vtto
xdpiros avtjeodai."
1
272
Cf.
An
Sent, 797 e.
147
Plutarch, from the
Some
work On
the
Art of Prophecy
Need teaches
all
it
Other
arts,
how-
ever, were introduced and maintained by some pleasure, like the art of the scent-makers, the culinary art,
all the arts of personal adornment, or that of the dyer.
There are still others that men study to acquire and
treat with honour because they love the logic, the
precision,
them
by
their
own charm/
c
'
even
if
273
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
nEPI OPrHZ
The work
times of re
/cat,
148
Stobaeus,
iii.
20. 70
(iii,
UXovrdpxov K rod
"Oaa
p.
555 Hense).
7Tpl opyrjs'
npdrrovoiv avOpconoi,
rov ttovov yap olov r opyfj xpd)jJ,evov
ros dfiaprdveiv
Aoyio/Atp xpfjodai, to S' avev Xoyiofjuov TTOiov\ievov
irav areyyov re /cat Sieorpa/jufxevov
Xoyov ovv r)yeo'
opyfj
ravr dvdyKrj
xpwfjbevot
/cat
Trpoo$epop,eva.
eTnpLeXelas els
avrd
A
r)
/cat
jidXiora
5
Karopdovoi he fidXiora
aXLoKovrai Kar* a/cpas.
ol TrapaSe^dfjuevoL rov dvfiov cos av/x/xa^ov dperrjs,
drroXavovres ooov avrov xpv)oi\xov eorcv ev re
7roXejJLU) /cat vr) At* ev rroXireiais , ro ttoXv 8' avrov
7
6
orrovSa^ovres eKKpiveiv /cat
/cat ro 7TL7roXd^ov
eicfSdXXeiv rrjs iftvx 7)** oirep opyr\ re /cat iriKpLa /cat
1
Wyttenbach hiopdov^vov.
3
Wyttenbach
avaorpiijjcu.
:
274
KdTopOovcn, 8c fidXiora
added by F. H.
4
F. H. S.
#.
added by F. H. S.
5'
S.
ON RAGE
(Lamprias Catalogue 93)
to modifications by Stobaeus.
The text has suffered badly in
transmission, and that printed here includes some uncertain
conjectures to provide a possible sense.
148
Plutarch, from the
work On Rage
in
war
and indeed in
politics,
but endeavouring to
440 c
441
Wyttenbach
a.
em7roAaiov.
anovSd&vTcs added by F. H. S.
275
PLUTARCITS MORALIA
2
i/jv^als Trperrovra,
rfjs
avrov
efvat larpos.
ifjvxfjs
IIEPI
(or
RATA) IIAOYTOY
149
Stobaeus,
iv.
31
c.
85
(v, p.
765 Hense).
<&voi
Se
/cat
Stobaeus,
iv.
31
c.
86
150
(v, p.
765 Hense).
'Ev rauTor
'AAA'
drrXrjoTLa
1
kclI otjvdvjjLia
/cat
ioTLV
air lotos
Wyttenbach
Si'
276
F.
avTols
iv
o^vOvfitav.
own
physician of his
ON
(or
soul. 6
AGAINST)
WEALTH
oci,
149
Plutarch, Against Wealth
Appetite is in
wealth to supply
hard to curb
if it acquires
needs, not hard but impossible.
itself
its
150
But there
is
in
them an
insatiate desire
and a mad-
Be
Cf.
otos avrtp
Post
avraj.
larpos F.
H.
S. e.g.
make-
ayados.
277
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
[jLavia,
TV V
TOO-
7T P L
ra
irepl
XrjfiOevra, cos
fJirj
yevo-
/jLva.
cov
exovow
iX-
TTiCpvow.
X LV
>
8oKCOVTS 0 KOLflVOVOL.
a)
to
X^Oev
irepcov dpx^l
151
Stobaeus,
iv.
32
UXovrdpxov
Ov8e7roT
a. 16 (v, p.
784 Hense).
Kara, ttXovtov
Aljjlos
iyevvrjoe
/xot^etW,
fipaxeld ris
VVOfJLia
ovSenoTe
ion
TO
oco(Z7TO-
peladai.
*152
Stobaeus, iv. 32 a. 17
ceding fragment without
in
(v, p.
lemma
MA.
'ApKealAaos
ttjv irevlav
Xwnpdv
\xh>
eXeyev elvau
278
Gesner
fJL7rpaKTOV.
Tocravrrj 8c d/zeAeta.
/cat
kolO-
making money,
151
behaviour,
the law.
*152
Arcesilaiis said that poverty was, like Ithaca, rough
but a good nurse of men, 6 accustoming them to live
with simplicity and endurance, and generally speaking an effective school of virtue.
A
ibs
H.
S.
<Ls 8c
SMA.
ws
Si
a. 18.
Gaisford, introducing
a hiatus.
3
Duebner
o.
279
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
IIEPI
TOY AIABAAAEIN
(?)
153
Stobaeus,
iii.
20. 59
(iii,
UXovrdpxov K tov
01
V(i)vr)Toi
[jlcdv t)
p. 551 Hense).
irepl hiafioXrjs
SovXoi irvvdavovrai
<f>dovepos 6 heoTTOTiqs,
dXX
'
ovk
el
el SeicriScu-
SpyiXos.
154
Stobaeus,
iii.
38. 31
UXovrdpxov
Tov
e/c
(iii,
tov
p.
tov
StajSctAAetv.
714 Hense).
Trepl
otclv
eKXdpbifjcooiv
yap
d<f>avi-
155
Stobaeus,
iii.
38. 32
(iii,
UXovrdpxov* K rov
p.
715 Hense).
Trepl
tov
SiajSaAAciv
MA
280
ON CALUMNY
(?)
153
Plutarch, from the
work On Calumny
is
Certainly old
men
are
very
155
Plutarch, from (the
Hippias
a
Cf. T>e Cohibenda Ira, 462 a, which may be the source
of this fragment, as Patzig argues.
b
Ariston, see Praecepta Gerendae Reip. 804 d (S. V.F. i.
402).
c
Seni, 787 c, perhaps the source of the fragment,
Cf.
as Patzig again argues.
An
MA
lemma
in Br.).
by Hense.
281
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
clSikov, otolv rols dyadols.
KdKovvrai
ol (f>6ovpol
kcli
ov ydp
KIvol,
rols
dXXd
kcll
ISlols
rols
156
Stobaeus,
iii.
42. 10
(iii,
UXovTapxov K tov
'iTTirias (f>rjolv
on
p. 761 Hense).
rrepl
rod 1 Sia^aXXeLV
Setvov iariv
r)
Sia/JoAia, ovrcos
ovSe Tipmjpia tls /car' avrcjv yeyparrrai iv tols vofxoLS, ojanep tcjv KXenrtdv. KairoL
dpLGTOV OV KT7]jJ,a T7JV <f)LXLaV kX7TTOVOLV, (Ji)OT 7j
vfipLS KaKovpyos ovoa &LKaLOTepa iorl rrjs SLafioXfjs
8lo\ to fJLTj d<f)avr)s elvaL.
ovofjudl^cov,
otl
treats mythology as a
In the manner of the Stoics
Hera is identified with the Earth or with air, Zeus with fire,
Apollo with the sun. As was observed by P. Decharme,
Melanges Weil, pp. lllff., this is inconsistent with Plutarch's usual view, namely that a god is a transcendent
being, whom it is wrong to identify with any physical body,
which may nevertheless be his symbol (Pyth. Orac. 400 d)
or vehicle (De Facie, 942 d). Although there are passages
where the distinction is not made (Quaest. Conv. 659 a, De
Facie, 938 f), Decharme was probably right in thinking that
the views of this fragment can hardly have been expressed by
Plutarch in his own person, but must have been put in the
mouth of a character in a dialogue. He found further
first
282
7Tpl
tov
added by Hense.
the good.
And
much
who
156
Plutarch, from {the
work
Oil) Calumniating
says that calumny (which he calls diabolia) is a dreadful thing, because there is no penalty
prescribed in the laws for slanderers, as there is for
thieves.
Yet they steal the best of possessions,
friendship, so that violence, damaging though it is,
Hippias
is
it is
not under-
hand.
283
>
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
where they were burnt with other sacrifices on an altar. This
strange rite, of which the story told in chap. 6 is an aetiological myth, is discussed by M. P. Nilsson, Griechische
Feste, pp. 50 ff., Farnell, Cults, i, pp. 189 ff., Wilamowitz,
Glaube der Hellenen, i, pp. 239 ff. 9 Jacoby, F.Gr.Hist. ///
b, p. 182.
157
Eusebius, Praeparatio
TCOV 7TpOKifMVO)V
7Tpl
TCLS
Xoywv
Prooem.
iii,
tov XcupaWcus
avdyvcoOi
Aaj8toi>
EvangeW,
icfS
IlXovrdpxov
V CUS GflVO-
(frcOVOLS,
as
(frrjaw elvai
SeoXoyias, as
jjLvarrjpicoSeis
8r)
/cat
jLte
Set
d/couaat tov
ravra
dvSpos
rrpoXaiifSdveiv ,
tovs ttoXXovs
K<f>aiVOVTOS
1.
"Ort
1
284
AatSdAaw
avrov irapov
ols
tol
iireypai/jev
XavOdvovra
[lev
odv
p/vdoiSy
vttovoi&v TTLKpv<f>os
iyKKaXvfifj,vo9
pivos A.
iv
rj
7raAata cf>voioXoyia
7ra>s
cSSe'
Xoyos
Ta 7roAAa
2
r\v <f>vaiKos
St'
cV/ce/caA-
/cat
OeoXoyia, rd
most mss.
A.
a7TOKpv<f>os
trap
ey/ce/ca-
alviyfidrajv
/cat pLVOT7]pia)8rjs
Vigerius
/cat
eyyeypap,-
157
Take up Plutarch of Chaeronea and read his statements about our subject, statements in which he
majestically converts the myths into what he says
are " mystic theologies " purporting to reveal these,
he says that Dionysus is intoxication
and Hera
the married life of husband and wife. Then, as if he
had forgotten this interpretation, he tacks on directly
afterwards a different account
contrary to his previous view he now calls Hera the earth, and Leto
forgetfulness and night a Then again he says that
Hera and Leto are identical
next on top of this
Zeus is introduced, allegorized into the power of the
aether. Why should I anticipate all this, when we
can listen to the fellow himself ? In the work he entitled On the Festival of Images at Plataea he dis;
closes
Affect,
285
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
XaXovfieva tcjv
exovaa
ttoXXols
/cat
doa^eorepa 1 rols
ra acycopLeva rcov XaXovfievcov
oiycofievcov
S'
rols AlyvTTTiaKols
/cat
'OpcfriKols eVeat
QpvyLois Xoyois* /xaAtora
oi Trepl
/cat
ra Spcofieva
GVjJbfioXiKaJs iv rals
[JL<f)aLVl OLOLVOLOLV.
2.
j3aSt^a>jLtev,
Alovvoov "H/oa* ^vXdooovrai ok ovfira Upd, /cat ras KQy\vr)oiv iepeias dirav-
elvai Trpos
[juyvvvai
7TLas,
<f>aolv
Oeds
rj
/cat vv(/,<f)aya)y6s,
/jloototcltov , a>s
rapa^v
aVAacrra
p6jjbva
7"r)v
c/>rjoLV
dvap-
/cat
^oA?)v
KvioKOfieva.
Kadayi^ovaiv
ov
dXXd
KaropVTrovai
Tovto
8rj
1
A
but A
tois
All mss.
aa^c'orepa.
Wyttenbach
iv rols
exovra.
most mss.
add
d>inai
A.
hk
before rapavni/.
286
symbolical intent.
2. To take an instance that will not lead us far
from what we have been talking about, it is traditional
that there is no association between Hera and Dionysus and it is not thought right that there should be
any. Care is taken to keep their rites distinct, and
it is said that the priestesses of the two divinities at
Athens do not speak to one another if they meet,
and that ivy is never introduced into Hera's precincts.
The reason is not to be found in the nonsense of
mythological stories of jealousy, but in the fact that
Hera is the goddess of marriage and leader of the
bridal procession, whereas it is unseemly for the
bridal pair to be tipsy and, as Plato says, most unsuitable for a wedding. b Heavy drinking, he says,
causes a disturbance both in mind and in body, as a
result of which what is sown and conceived, being unformed and unsettled, has but poor roots. Again at
sacrifices to Hera the gall-bladder is not offered to
her but buried by the altar, because the life shared
by husband and wife should be without anger or gall,
Now
bitterness. c
more often
287
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ACCU
"Hpav
'
en
/cat
irapdivov vtto
Sta/cojiucrfleto-av
ivravda
Xavddvovaav ovtoj
Atjtoj
<f>aol
Ni^tav 4
TTpoorj-
/cat
4.
Ot 8k
<J>v&ikojs
Aa/xj8avovT?
ovvdyovoi
fA&XXov
8*
r)
A.
3
A
4
irpeTrovTOJS vtto-
"Hpav.
ttjv
KaQdirep eiprjTaiy vv
/cat
vvi; 8*
most
mss.
most MSS.
Muxtaf van Herwerden.
:
Kal fidXXov,
Atjto)
<f>a<n
v7ro\apovTS
A.
288
and mythology.
that
still
named
"
Hera of Consummation
"
"
Hera of
Wedlock.'' *
4. But those who prefer to understand the story in
a scientific and seemly sense identify Hera and Leto
in the following way
Hera is the earth, as has been
said, and Leto night, being an oblivion (letho d ) experienced by those who give themselves to sleep, and
and
5
At Moralia 657 e Hera's nurse is called Euboea, for
which Macris was another name, Callimachus, Hymn iv.
20 etc.
vol. xv
from
lethe,
289
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
1
GKia
yrjs*
fJLCUS aTTOKpVlfjT)
eorlv
dvdpcuTTOv.
*
AttoAAojv KeKArjrai
6 8e 7rvpoi8r)s* "Aprjs errojvojxaarai, /cat ovk arro
rpoiTov* earl rrjv avrrjv Oeov Tap/rjAiov Aeyeodai /cat
c
HAtoi> vopbil^eodar ydfiov
\irjrepa ElAeiOvias /cat
p,ev yap reAos yeveois ion, yeveois 8' r) els rjAiov
9
/cat (/>tos /c gkotovs rropeia' /cat koAojs <f>rj
6
TTOirjrrjs,
TTOirjrrjs
eOAii/jev,
1
F.
rfj p,ev
ep,<fjalvojv
H. S.
4
TTvppoeiSrjs
AI omit ^17.
290
2
van Herwerden
irXqaidaaaa.
8 voo7)fidrwv koL Bernardakis.
5
6
to
A.
reAos
rjBrj ttov.
Hvpoeis Bernardakis.
Gaisford
delete koX
:
.
wnorpoircDv.
noirjTys.
F.
H.
S.
ZOXu/tev.
When
daughter of
Hera:
b
c
Zenodotus read
<j>6coahe
as two.
irpo<t>6a>o
Eustathius took
291
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ovkovv r)
Se rrjs yeveaeats erroi-qaev rjXiov tSetv.
avrrj deos TTOLrjG kclI ydp,ov avveXdeiv, Iva yiveoiv
irapaoKevdar]
6. Act S' lotOS KOI TOV V7)doTpOV fJLvOoV L7TLV.
.
Roscher
3
dAaA/co/xcVei.
Mras
7rAaTcud8coi>
Roscher
tcDv 7rAaTt8a>v
dAaA/co/ncVous".
most
mss.
For Plutarch's view of the significance of the compound compare Longinus, De Sublimitate,
rod trrovs ovvOAlifiet. to irdOos aKpcos
X. 6 on V7TK davdroio
Se
rfj
Pp(j>ovs irpoobov els
<f>a>s.
aTTTr\dcaTO.
292
in
he wandered around at his wits' end
he fell in with Alalcomeneus the aboriginal,
who instructed him that he must trick Hera by a
pretence of marrying someone else. Alalcomeneus
herself,
this state
assisted
him
in secretly felling
a lovely straight-
a
Alalcomeneus was not only aboriginal, but also the first
of all men, according to a poet whose lines are preserved by
Hippolytus, Refutation v, p. 134 ; Page, Greek Melic Poetry,
adespota 985, Bergk, Poetae Isyrici uraeci, iii, adespota 84.
6
A river running into Lake Copals.
293
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
otolv aAAtfAois
dAAd
\xrr\K.ri
ovp,p.TpfJTcu
Koap,ov,
/caret
aV
SAtov aTTpydor)Tai.
p,ev
yj
8ia<f>opas,
fj
8pvs,
rj
/cat tolv-
aKpf) piev T
(f>pt
158
Eusebius, Praepar. Evang.
Acyet
C
8'
iii.
8. 1.
tttj
/caTa
Aew
F. H. S.
hia<f>dopas.
K T&v <f>vra>v rrjs yrjs*
S.
8
F. H. S. : rpo<f)rjs.
added, exempli gratia, by Bolkestein.
:
294
F.
irfi(f>dv
H.
Its
its
158
Plutarch, anyway, writes as follows, to quote his
own words
The making
e.g.,
66.
b
295
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
tojv Oeojpicbv dyaXpua, ^vXivov 8e to ty)s TloXidSos
y
eSos*,
6')s
(f>rjGL
"Yipas 8e
/cat
p>exP l v v v A0T]vcuoi
KaAAt/xa^os',
ev AlvSo)
Aavaos AtroV
reufAov
rjaOa oavis.
aioe
em
ovirto 2jKAfJLiov
/cat
yap
*A.drjvqs
edrjKev e8os.
Xeyerat 8e
irerpav pbev
/cat
/cat
yap
8vaepyov
els
"Upas dyaXfia
jxop^coaai,
/cat difjvxov
apyvpov rjyovvro
yrjs
aKaprrov
/cat
8ie<f)6ap-
[JLvr]s
t.ovres
eo9*
ottov
eXe^avn 8e
Trpooexp&vro
irai-
tto t/ctA/xart
yXv<f)rjs.
1
Bentley: c?8o<r.
Bentley
elao^oava or els 6avov,
Srjvatov Gaisford y\v<f>dvojv Toup aoos
:
Bentley
F.
H.
a
S.
Tpv<f>rjs.
ypa<j>7)s
296
Wyttenbach.
Srj-
work of
Scelmis, c
Hera
lifeless
c
Scelmis (?), alias Smilis (Schol. Pausanias, iii. 4. 4),
otherwise unknown sculptor who turned a plank, previously
the idol, into the first anthropomorphic statue of Hera at
Samos, cf. Clement, Protrepticus, iv. 46. 3, 47. 2 ; E. Buschor,
Ath. Mitt. Iv (1930), p. 4.
d Apollodorus,
ii.
1. 4. 6.
Athena instigated Danaus'
escape with his daughters from Egypt. See C. Blinkenberg,
Image (TAthana Lindia, K. Danske Videnskabsselskab,
Hist. fil. Meddelelser, 1917.
e
Cf. Clement, loc. cit., who gives the maker's name as
Argus, on the authority of the second book of Demetrius'
Argolica.
f On the importance of early Greek work in ivory,
occasionally combined with wood, see R. D. Barnett, Journ.
Hell. Stud, lxviii (1948), pp. 1 ff.
297
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
OIAIAS EniSTOAH
IIEPI
Plutarch's
name
is
these extracts ; the others have merely the title of the book.
0. Hense, R.E. ioc. 2570, approves Wyttenbach's acceptance
of them all 9 observing that Stobaeus also omits Plutarch's
name when
quoting
159
Stobaeus
81. 82
ii.
(ii,
215 Wachsmuth).
p.
imaToAfjs*
kolkLcls, ols
/cat
av
erepov ayauov
X71>
to ye
aXXovs * *
160
Stobaeus,
ii.
46. 15
(ii,
p.
262 Wachsmuth).
reov,*
dXXd
Iva
firj
[xovov dx^piorias
/cat fSXdfiovs
kolvov
t&v
ns
6<f>Xrj
2
3
298
Usener
Meineke c^oi.
added by F. H. S.
cf a>. ef oj rlOrjat Duebner.
:
Bi
SIktjv,
ev 7retaofJbvwv elaav-
A LETTER ON FRIENDLINESS
(Lamprias Catalogue 132,
83)
159
Friendliness
160
From the
Letter on Friendliness
Yet inasmuch
reason of the discouragement given to others' benevolence, for doing a general injury to those who
might receive benefits in the future a
,
Text uncertain.
Wyttenbach
d/xciTrrcW
Usener
els avrovs.
299
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
161
Stobaeus,
2.
iii.
34
(iii,
p. 186 Hense).
Raza'a? avrtov TrXdaoovrai rives prj/juaTcov evirpe7761a, to [lev (friAootbjJuaTOV (friXoKokov, to ' dypoi3
kov arrAovv, to Se (friAapyvpov 7rpop,r)des aVo/caAoufjbevoi.
162
Stobaeus,
2.
iii.
35
(iii,
p.
186 Hense).
EjV TOLVTtp'
TloAvfiovAov elvac
TX V7]S
/car'
dvayKalov
Sta
/cat
aAAocfrvAtov
7roAep,LO)v,
xprjoip,ov
/cat
/cat
TravTos
e^et^
/cara
/cat
ttolvtcdv,
ov
tcop
tjj
TrpoaTidrjiM.
163
Stobaeus,
'E/c
iv. 5.
68
(iv, p.
r^9 emoToArjs
221 Hense).
rrjs rrep\
^tAtas
and
164
Stobaeus,
iv. 7.
nAourap^ou
42
(iv, p.
e/c Trjs
258 Hense).
300
evepyeoia puaAAov
<j>iALas 9
rj
(f>6^cp
161
simplicity,
162
In the same work
164
Plutarch, from the Letter on Friendliness
goodwill, then,
by
by gentleness and
fear.
Wyttenbach
avra>v.
TTcpnrXaoaovTai Jacobs.
3
<f>i\oKakov to 8' dypoLKov added by Hense.
6
? evd* dnaTTjs Set.
No lemma in S.
301
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
165
Stobaeus,
43
iv. 7.
(iv, p.
258 Hense).
*Ev ravTCp'
*Hwlovs ovv
rod e^povos 1
els
ro
Kowfj XvcnreXes*
166
Stobaeus,
iv. 12.
'Eac rrjs
emoroXrjs
"En
11 (iv, p.
344 Hense).
Se
X^pd
KtvSvVOLS.
167
28. 8 (v, p. 678 Hense).
Stobaeus,
iv.
*Eac rrjs
emoroXrjs
Tdfjios
yap
'
168
31. 126 (v, p.
Stobaeus,
iv.
'Ek
emoroXrjs
rrjs
UXovrcp
iravros ofioicjs*
302
778 Hense).
em
165
One should
secure what
is
166
From the
Letter on Friendliness
Further, a fear of unmerciful punishment is responsible for desperation, since a man who foresees his
own destruction will take dangerous courses.
167
From the
Letter on Friendliness
168
From the
Letter on Friendliness
fj.<f>povas
Elter.
F.
H.
S.
UXovrdpxov K
4
OTTOV
aTrapaiTrjTOS.
Kp&GLS PiCCOloS.
(pcXrtovos Hense).
303
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
169
Stobaeus,
iv.
huv ravro)'
1
eKTrXr)-
170
Stobaeus,
iv.
20
33.
(v, p.
805 Hense).
Ev
dpx<us
tJki-
*171
ttXovtov top
Gesner
Schwartz
:
6
6
Meineke
8' iv ttXovtco
avrov.
Boissonade.
Kal.
e/utoTo/cAiJs' o
Kpdrovs.
Schwartz.
oj.
NcokAcous deleted by Valckenaer after Zcu? after dperrjs add, e.g., avrcxofiivajv.
? 6 8e nXovros
304
is
169
In the same work
all
riches,
170
From the
Letter on Friendliness
positions of authority.
*171
p. 48.
was
name
forgotten.
305
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
IIEPI
If
this is
a genuine title, it
appended
is
to it
(p.
its
172
Photius, Bibliotheca, 161 (103 a Migne).
.
Tlepl T
T 7ToAAot
IIEPI
TYXHS
He may
De Facie
306
(so R. Hirzel,
Der Dialog,
ii,
p. 216).
content
it is
172
ON THE SOUL
(Lamprias Catalogue 209)
34, 35), who elsewhere made free unacknowledged use of
Plutarch, and who lived long before Themistius.
Opinions differ about four other short fragments (203206) elsewhere assigned by Stobaeus to Themistius, Trepl
*ltvxrjs.
If Stobaeus, or a predecessor, excerpted a work entitled npl *f>vxfjs, which was really by Plutarch but which he
believed to be by Themistius, these fragments, too, will belong
to Plutarch. b
But there may be some other reason for the
assignment to Themistius of the two certainly Plutarchean
fragments ; for example, a genuine extract from Themistius'
Kepi iftvxfjs (if such a work existed) may have fallen out tob
F. Bucheler, Rh. Mus. xxvii (1872), p. 524, translates a
Syriac version of a Greek ms. that contained works by both
authors.
307
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
gether with the correct lemma for the first extract from
Plutarch : in that case it would need some other argument
to prove that the four short fragments were not taken from
Themistiu8. In this uncertainty I have not included them
here. It may be doubted whether it was right to include even
the two fragments from Stobaeus that are indubitably by
173
Origenes, Contra Celsum, v. 57.
kolI
OL V7TOVO7]0VTS
TToXv
OV
<1)S
aXrjdojs eKTideadai
ev rots 7repl
rd
irapd
[J,V0O7TOIOVVTS
yVT)OLOJS
7ri8l^dflVOL
S' dveyvcofxev
Tri<f)aL-
els
.
dXXa
<f)l\oOO<f>lv
KOLl OL
KOLL
<j)l\-
UXovrdpxco
ifjvxTJs-
174
Aulus Gellius,
i.
3. 31.
direxOelasf
175
Aulus Gellius, xv.
10.
308
ot
Guiet
olov.
his
omitted by
RPV.
Plutarch, since
work
vol. ii (1918),
173
That extraordinary events are sometimes manifested to men has been recorded not only by those
Greek authors who might be suspected of inventing
stories but also by those who have made a great
display of a genuine pursuit of philosophy and of a
regard for the truth in setting down what evidence
reached them. Such accounts I have read in
Plutarch of Chaeronea in his work On the Soul. b
.
174
175
Plutarch, in the
first
On
Resurrection.
c
Utilitate, 86 c
3
Duebner
ovvcvnXtKtodan,.
Hosius
avfnrXcK- 86
c,
96
A.
<7<tAiacra7rX#icu(7.
309
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
primo cum de morbis dissereret in animos hominum
incidentibus, virgines 1 dixit Milesii nominis, fere quot
mortem non
176
Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. xi. 36. 1. [Theodoretus, Cur.
Gr. Aff. xi. 46, gives an abbreviated version.]
7ttj
ev
evayxos
dels 8e jjuKpov K
oif8ev
fjuev
ovr
twos ov
/?j8cuot>
eirpa^ev oiir
avevex"
Karacfropas , aAAo
elire
irapaKwrvTiKov >
uirgines y : uirginem h
uirginum Hertz.
(a florilegium) : qui y8 (" an recte " Hosius).
8
Theodoretus
dXXa Eusebius.
Theodoretus : hi^yqaoy^Ba or Strjyriao pai Eusebius.
5
Eusebius (or ftefiaias) jStatou Theodoretus.
:
quo
This story
is
also told in
Mulierum
body
the Soul,
when
The unmarried
men's minds, tells this story a
daughters of the citizens inhabiting Miletus at that
time almost without exception took a sudden whim
to commit suicide, without there being any obvious
reason for it, and subsequently many ended their
lives by hanging themselves. Such incidents became
daily more frequent, and when no cure was to be had
,
176
Plutarch, too, records happenings akin to these
Plato's myth of Er) much as follows in the first
book On the Soul
(sc.
We
311
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
eXeye Se reOvdvai /cat irdXiv d<f>elodai /cat pur) reOvqtjeadai to rrapdrrav vrro rr)s appojorias e/cctV^s*,
aAAa /cat /ca/cco? aKrjKoevai rovs ayayovras avrov
vtto
Nt/cai>SaV,
irrl
KLVOV KOfJLL^OVTCLS
O Se Nt/CaVOKVTOTOpLOS, dXXoJS 06 TCUV 6l> TTaXaiGTpCUS
.
Sa? T^V
1
yeyovorojv /cat 7roAAots" avvrjdrjs /cat yvtbpipbos.
60ev oi veavioKoi irpoaiovres eoKwrrrov avrov qjs
aVoSeSpa/coTa /cat hie^dapKora rovs eKeldev vrrrjperas' avros fievroc SfjXos r)v evdvs vwodparropuevos
/cat Svax^patvojv reXos 8e rrvperov rrpooTreoovros,
iai(f)vr)s
drredave rpiralog.
nepUarcv evye
ofiros S'
aVejSta)
/cat
emeiKeoraros
177
Stobaeus,
iv.
Qepaoriov K rod
Taura rod
rpoKXeas, " o
r)
rrepl
faxes'
/xv
ojita)?
airopias.
Wilamowitz omits
2
Lit.,
schools "
cise, cf.
"
ion,
k rod omitted
by
749
S.
in the wrestling-
but these were places of learning as well as exerc, <f>i\ooo<f>ovvTS eV rats TraXaiGTpais.
among
6
plausible
friends
many
the educated."
Wilamowitz, Hermes,
312
yap r) 86a
av rrdXiv to
/cat.
el
rrtos
and
177
Themistius, from his work
On
the Soul
These remarks of Timon were taken up by Patrocleas. " Your argument," he said, " is as powerful
as it is ancient, yet it involves some difficulties.
For
if the belief in immortality is of remote antiquity,
H. J. Rose, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 1926, p.
out that St. Augustine must have credited the vision
he reports in De Cura Pro Mortuis, chap. 15 the same must
be said of Bede and the vision he reports in Hist. Eccl. iii. 19.
Such stories, current in real life (Aristotle, De Somno, 456 b
12), provide the basis for literary developments like the
myth of Er or Plutarch's own inventions in De Genio Socratis
and De Sera Numinis Vindicta. For further examples see
Proclus, In Rempublicam, ii. 113-116 Kroll, and for a
modern case Proc. Soc. Psych. Research, viii (1892), p. 180
(a reference I owe to Professor C. D. Broad).
in
good
faith.
13, points
313
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
rod davdrov 8eos
ewai
Ttov
<f>6f$0)v el
7rp6a<f}ar6v iarc
ravra
vr)
pur)
Kal
tcl
(f>7]
Soaowt
cm
TljJbO)V,
4
"
Aoyi,6jJLVOl
ovvSiaXveoOaf toIs*
p,ev
vevaw
KaXovaw,
1
ctVo?
Tr.
Kwov tov
errl yrjv
13
avaOeovTos*
fj
ddXwv
a%s
ndXw
rjpuepav
dpxqv
irdvriav).
8
(tt<h.
pueydXojv
rrovoiv
/cat
Tr.
Xoyi^ofjuevois.
hiavotiodai.
Bernardakis
added by Wyttenbach, who proposed hoovoi ra avra
Sotjovm.
rot?
hiavoeiadai rots.
Meineke
Valckenaer fiiyvvvai.
Bernardakis
o.
Koenius
airrciv,
onov
:
11
314
nov S.
10
Wyttenbach
12
Valckenaer
ei KdfjLwrjs*
avaOctvai.
'
'
change or
'
'
18
iii.
38
ff.
Wyttenbach
r,.
14
np^v added
by
F.
H. S.
315
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
9
jxaXXov S' locos d<f> irepas ravro av^vyias Karoi/jofxeOa kclI oacfreoTepov. diroXveoQ at yap
tov cvttoQvt\okovt<x /cat ttjv reXevrrjv drroXvaiv kcl1
Xovglv, dv 8e eprj, /cat tov acofxaTOS.
tovto yap
yevofxevrjv.
oeoejJLevrjs
vrr
avrov
ivravOa irapa cfrvow ovSev yap iv cp
2
TT<f)VKv elvai Karex^rac jSt'a, /cat to SeSioOai ttjv
re j8tai> ravT7]v napayayovres cbvopbaaav f5tov,'
ovofJLaL,ovcnv, cos
oefjuas
rfjs
*l>v"xy)S
'
'
coarrep
ot/xat
ttjv
G7Tpav
'
"Opbrjpos
'
eoirepov.'
o9ev dvTLcf)Cjovov rod fiiov ovofia yiyove to avairaveoOai tov dvrfOKOVTa, jJbeydXrjs /cat irapd cf>voiv dvayktjs aTraXAaTTOiievov."
178
Stobaeus,
iv.
'Ev TaVTCp*
" Ovtco /cara
jLtera/coa/XTycrtv
yevofievrjv*'
TeXevTav
ttjv
els
to SXov p,TafioXf)v
ivTavda
8'
dyvoei,
yivryrai* tot
ttXtjv
/cat
c/cct
otov iv tco
rj8r)
TeXeiadai TrpooioiK*.
Prickard
tov was added by Duebner,
eprjiiai.
to fill a lacuna in S. These corrections are very uncertain.
2
Gesner too.
pr) Ka.1
Gesner
Wyttenbach
The view
ayvociv.
:
to.
that the
and Pythagorean.
316
{genesis athlon).
And maybe we shall see the same
thing better and even more clearly from another set
of words
men say that the dying man is released
and call his end a release/ and, if you ask them,
they in fact mean thereby a release from the body,
which they name the frame (demas), because the
soul is unnaturally imprisoned (dedemenes) therein
for nothing is forcibly detained in a place where it is
natural for it to be. To this forcible (bian) imprisonment they have by a change of termination given the
name of life (bion) a parallel, I believe, is Homer's
use of the word hesperos for hespera (evening). 6 And
so in contrast to the name
life
stands the phrase
going to his rest,' used of the dying man, as he
escapes from the grievous and unnatural constraint of
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
living."
178
In the
same work
"
Seo) (bind,
imprison),
Sea/zo's (fetter),
etc.
is
found, Eusta-
317
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
TrepiSpofJial KOTTtoheis /cat Sta.
Odp,fios
2
/cat
T07TOC
/cat
KaOapol
<f>aafJLdrcov
/cat
/cat Aet/xcDves
iSetjavro, <f>covas
^opetas" /cat
dyicov e^ovres
fjLefJbvrjiJLevog
9
'
iXevOepos
iv at? o navTeXrjs
yeyovtbs
/cat
rjSrj
d<f>Tos
TTpojTa
OTi.
ofSewvoi Sta
7
jjLevrjs
yap
fJLV
Kepavvv-
evheiv, /cat
TrepifSoXds
ipojfievcov rrpotevTai
/cara9
rjSovrjv
oo(/>lv
1
Wyttenbach
<f>covas
Kat
rwas
rivos.
Duebner
by
6
7
318
Tr.
Dobree
KpavvvfjLvr]v
TroAAa.
nam,
Wyttenbach.
:
17.
Clement.
Valckenaer
^lAofiouaoraToi.
Gesner
on
ov.
319
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
rrjs
fox^s
Se
rjSovr)
viro<f)po[j[,V7)s ;
yap
TravTOLTraoiv ovoevos
/cat
olov eTTirepTrovs
KaraSapddvov-
aAA' TTLTTOVOV
T$.
eot/cev itjaipcov
S'
Br)
2
OKXrjpaV
ovvSeovorjs
rpexovoa
/cat
dvaXafjbpavovorjs
OLK
VTToSvopuevrjs
/cat
6
.
<f)evyeiv
yap
KOJJblSfj
rrovcov
jitev
yap
olov dfipbdrcov
^aAarat
d<f>ifj,vcov
8e Mj
T17V
rcov
Wyttenbach
napaXvo-
8* 178c.
Wyttenbach igaipcov.
V faxv added by A.
Wyttenbach airoXavaiv kox avdrravXav.
:
320
alodrjoecov
FRAGMENTS OTHER NAMED WORKS
:
by
321
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
flVOJV KOLL 7TpOLflVCOV TTJV 7Tpl
TO
evraoiv.
8vo<f>o-
podjjbev
HcDS' oe,
e(prj
KLpofJbvajv (lev
i ifjbcov ,
aioua-
verai kov<J>6t7)tos rj K(f>aXrj /cat paoTtbvrjs , KOfJLoovtcov 8e fiapvTrjTos aiodrjoiv ov irdvv irapel^v ; /cat
Xvdivres puev
dAyouat; /cat
e/c
tocos'
v</S
ovvrjp(f)L
ev
yap
7rapa
clLtiov, d>
<f>voiv
inoUc
f]8ovrjs
evo^Aetv
4
<tA, tov-
/Lt^
to /card jJUKpov
fjurj
/cat
7
rj8ojJbvcp
8r)
/cat
to
ttjv
opyava 9
paoTcbvrjs
TCOV
8id
ivoxXeiTai
/cat KovcfroTrjTos
TOV
irepl
/cat
11
VpylO)V
OOJfJLCLTOS
KIVCLIS
/c7rovetrat
e/cctVas
/cat
12
ydp
oV
lz
Wyttenbach iv ttololv.
Duebner narpoKXcvs.
avvrjpefaZ added by F. H. S. from Clement see p. 306.
4 Wyttenbach
aJ^eiAe.
6
6
Hartman ovvydes.
Wyttenbach to.
7
Duebner (or cvOvs) yap vdvs.
8
Kai omitted by F. H. S. after 7raprjv.
:
rtvi
322
FRAGMENTS OTHER NAMED WORKS
:
the
off
11
12
Gesner
Gesner
:
Gesner
:
tyiciievrj.
by
S.
p.iKpds.
Tr.
cWvt??.
323
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
/cat
iv
kottos
eoiKev
r)8ovats
elvai
rep
acofiaros
2
3
avrfjs rjoovas ovk aTrayopevei.
puerd
ye ra?
GVnireirXeypuevr]
dXXa SeSiobs
olkv
r)
ydp
Kpvijjavres
Kara rov
irpos to
Gotf>6v
Gwjxa
<=x
rrjv ifwx^jv
ttovs
2TPQMATEI2
It does Eusebius no credit that he was taken in by the
ascription to Plutarch of a puerile compilation from which
he quoted in order to discredit Greek philosophy. Its char1
? flT<Z
Wyttenbach
Wyttenbach
:
rov.
re ras avras.
ov Karqyopovoi.
Wyttenbach.
rov adjfiaros added by Hense.
eipicrrj
324
Tr.
elScoXorrjra,
'
'
A PATCHWORK
acter is not over-harshly described by Diels, Doxographi
Graeci, 156
The greater part of it he shows to be originally
derived from Theophrastus 's <bvau<ai Adf at, and it preserves
is
found at Be
325
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
in its garbled way some elements from that work not otherwise
known, particularly concerning Anaooimander (cf. ibid., 132144), Into this original stratum it inserts, after the paragraph on Democritus, brief accounts of Epicurus and Aristippus.
No. 62 in the Lamprias Catalogue is Srpco/xarcts
loTopiKol </cat> TTovr\TiKoL
This may be identical with the
book used by Eusebius, since that catalogue contains other
spurious works. On the other hand, if there was a genuine
work of this name, it may have suggested the ascription to
Plutarch of this forgery.
The title Srpw/xarets/or a Miscellany was known to Aulus
Gellius (praef. 7), possibly from a work of that name composed in the time of Trajan by Caesellius Vindeoc. The word
is otherwise known in the sense of" bed-coverings," and its
use for a Miscellany is explained by supposing such coverings
to have been of patchwork or otherwise variegated.
*179
Eusebius, Praeparatio Evangelii,
i.
7. 16.
Tovrco 8 av
arovs twv Trap
TOLS 7T6/H
ardoeis
eiipois
/cat
''EAA^cti (^lXogo^ojv,
/cat 8ia(j>cjvias y
KaTaXrjfacos
TOLS TTpOS
tovs
aoi
oXXrjXoVS Sta"
UXovrdpxov
tcjv
air 6
TTdpepyajs , vxoXfj 8e
irXel-
cov iya)
6pfJbrj0iaas,
TiTpajpuarecov IttX
p/rj
ovp,<f)U)vovs
/cat
av 8e
aA^ra
irptorov
rrdvrayv
(f>aolv
Travra
326
/cat
Of Chios
els
avro ^a)petv
(2)
p,ed
dpxty T & v
yap etvai ra
ov 'Avaijl-
tarch for his own use, argues that Eusebius also took from
the same source without acknowledgement, contrary to his
usual practice, a passage on Ariston, a P.E. xv. 62. 7-13. He
bases his argument on the structure of Eusebius* work and
on a quotation from Homer common to both places. He does
not seem to me to establish more than a bare possibility, and
as the passage does not resemble the acknowledged extracts
in style, I do not think it justifiable to print it here.
It need hardly be said that these extracts must be approached with extreme caution. To consider what truth can
be found in them would go beyond what is reasonable in this
edition.
The non-specialist reader may be referred for a
general orientation to G. S. Kirk and J. E. Raven, The Presocratic Philosophers {Cambridge, 1957), or to W. K. C.
Guthrie, History of Greek Philosophy {Cambridge, 1962).
I have been chary of admitting into the text conjectural
emendations, which may restore historical truth rather than
the wording of the compiler.
*179
You would
find
Peripatetic) according to
two,
6
Mras
327
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
fiavSpov, QdX-qros kraipov yevofievov, rd arreipov
<f>dvai rr)v
ovras Koopuovs.
crdat
KvXivhpoeihrj, eyeiv
he.
e'lrj
*Ava tpievrjv he
rov depa
1
elrrelv,
<f>aoc
rrjv
rdv
oXojv
dpxty
pbeyedet,
6fjLOi$T]
2
a The words
ovpavos, " heaven," and koo/jlos, " world," are
ambiguous. Probably the writer understood by kooilos any
system like that in which he supposed himself to live, consisting of earth, air, and celestial bodies enclosed by an
outer shell, the ovpavos, or " heaven." The problems of the
44
innumerable worlds " are lucidly discussed by W. K. C.
Guthrie, History of Greek Philosophy, i, pp. 106-115.
328
his associate, said that " the Infinite " was solely
responsible for the coming-to-be and the passing- away
of the universe. Anaximander states that the various
heavens have been secreted out of this Infinite, as
more generally have been all the worlds, which are
infinite in number. He declared that passing-away
and (much earlier) coming-to-be take place as they b
all repeat a cycle from infinite time.
He says that the earth is cylindrical in shape, and
has a depth such as to be a third of its breadth. He
says that what is generative of hot and cold from the
eternal was separated off c at the coming-to-be of
this world, and that from this a sort of ball of flame
grew round the air surrounding the earth, like the
bark round a tree. When this had been torn off and
shut up in certain rings, the sun, moon, and stars d
came into existence. Further he says that originally
man was born from animals of a different species, his
reason being that whereas other animals quickly get
their own food, man alone needs a long period of
suckling. So that, if he was also originally so constituted, he would not have survived. So much for
Anaximander/
3/ They say that Anaximenes said that the origin
of all things is the air, and that it is infinite in extent,
6
As the text stands, " they " seems to mean the worlds
but a very easy change would give the meaning " as all
things recur identically in a cycle.
c
A small and probable change gives " something generative of hot and cold was separated off from the eternal."
d Including the planets.
e
On whom see C. H. Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins
of Greek Cosmology (1960), C. J. Classen, Hermes, xc (1962),
1 '
references
6.
329
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
aireipov, rats 8e nepl avTov ttolottjolv (Lpiafjudvov
yevvaoOai re iravra Kara riva ttvkvojoiv tovtov
Kal irdXiv apaiuxjw. rrjv ye pur)v kivtjoiv i altbvos
TTpCOTTJV
Trjv
yeveoeojs
yrjv,
tgl
darpa
Xot7ra
Kara
rep depi.
rjXiov
OepfiOTTjTa
4.
yrjs
e/c
yey"
Xafielv*
lELevo<})dvris
S*
tovto,
<f)rjOLV,
dvayKalov
fir)
tl
pufj
Trpo
ot5S'
tovtov
dv to
dv
ovtos yevovr
pur]
pur)
ifjev8els,
elvai
tl.
Kal
drTO<j>ai-
ddpoli^eoOai.
avTcov p,rj8eva
ik6t<x)s
twv
y
p,rj8
8ea>v, e7Ti8elo6ai T
oXws* aKoveiv 8e Kal
Toup.
depnoTTjTa or dcpfjLorrjTos
dpfif]v ravrr)v Diels.
330
yoypelv.
[jbrjSevos
OdXaooav
pi8la)v
d)S
dno-
oXiyov
/car'
</>rjol
to
Kal KadoXov
'
ov iroirjoai
one
late MS.
itself
it.
He
declares,
This sentence
whom
3
it fits.
kIvtjgiv
before
Xafieiv
4
omitted by Zeller
Toup
kolvolv Diels.
7Tvpla>v.
331
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
opav KadoXov Kal
/cat rr/v yrjv
[irj
r)8*
dyevrjrov
Kara] to
/carta Diels.
2
Brandis places /card irav fiipos after
longs after &4pos.
3 Kal before /card deleted
by Duebner.
4
5
332
ovAov Parmenides.
acpos deleted by Patin.
/X17
perhaps
it
be-
333
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
iovra
/cat iaofjueva.
tSt'av <j>ipodai
kolt
(f)7)GL
ravra
to irapd-
jJL7]87rco
X OVTCL
7T0LV
Trporrjra, 1
rfj
da>v
rjSovrj,
rj
9.
kclkwv 8e ttjv dXyr)86va' ttjv 8' dXXrjv <f>voioXoyiav irepiypdfeiy puovov dxfceXiptOv etvcu Xeycov
to ^rjTelv
rj8ovr]V
dyadoV T T-
TVKTGLL.
oapa,
7rvp, v8a)p,
<f)lXlaV /Cat
1
Diels
2
3
17
VlKOS'
:
'
10. 'E/XTreSo/cA^? o
/C TTpOJTTjS
<f>7)ol
T7JS
TWV OTOL-
by Kranz, Mras).
but corrected in some.
4
? atria Kranz.
\a[nrpor6.Tt]v (retained
ivairoX^i^d'fjvai mss.,
added by
Diels.
334
He affirms an independent
and the moon. a They were borne
along without yet possessing any heat whatsoever or
indeed any brightness at all, but having on the contrary a nature resembling that of the earth. For they
had come into existence still earlier, each of them at
an independent laying of the foundation for a world b
later when the sun's orb increased, its fire was enfrom
infinite
time past.
closed in it.
8. Epicurus, son of Neocles, an Athenian, tries to
suppress the nonsense talked about gods. Moreover
nothing, he says, comes to be from what does not
He says that the sum of things always was
exist.
and will be as it is that nothing strange is produced
in the sum of things that has not occurred in the
that everything
infinite time that has already been
is corporeal, and is not merely immutable, but also
infinite
that the supreme good is pleasure.
c
9. Aristippus of Cyrene says that the supreme
good is pleasure, the supreme evil pain. He rejects
all natural science, saying that there is no use in
inquiring about anything but what
;
Is fashioned
halls. d
fire,
water,
present
size.
Fragments 159
335
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Xeiayv Kpdoeojs drroKpiOevra rov depa TrepixvOfjvai
kvkXo)' fiera 8e rov depa to irvp eK8pap,6v teal ovk
1
77
olerat*
fear'
klvo
rrpoTepelv
tovs dvdpdynovs.
11
Mr)Tp68a)pos 6 Xtos* dL8iov elvai <f>r)oi to rrav,
oti, L fjv yevrjTov, /c tov [ir) ovtos av r\v arreipov
e, oti atOLOv ov yap ex^tv apx^jv ouev ijpgaTO
aAA ovoe Kivrjoeojs
ovoe rrepas ovoe TeAevTrjv.
jj,TXW to rrav Kivelodai yap d8vvarov p,r) fiediOTajJuevov fxedtOTaoOai S' dvayKalov t\toi els TrXrjpes
rj els Kv6v.
TrvKvov/Jievov 8e tov depa rxoielv ve.
8
4
rest.
6
airo\i<f>0vros
Karexoficvov before
vtto.
aTroX^divros the
one important ms. (A)
5
ax* the rest.
X LV AH
by Bernardakis before oUrai, which
:
to rjyefiovLKov omitted
Diels deletes as well.
a
SS6
air, air
was thought
body
it is
is
in that,
hail
4.
was evidence
He was
a pupil
p. 1186, marked a
have been a longer
perhaps not in Ps.-
337
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
tj>eAas,
etra
ojievvvvai,
vScup,
avrov
inl
/cartov
/cat
/cat tto\iv
tov rjAiov
apcuovfievov id7TTG0cu'
12. Aioyevrjs 6
depa 1 v^tWarat
AttoXXcovlolttjs
TOVS KOO/AOVS.
TOS
KLVOV[MVOV
/Cat
fj
dpOLLOV
jLtV
fj
8e
etvai
TTOLV-
TTVKVOV
<f>rjv
7roir}crai, /cat
Aoyov Ta
i^fAtov
tcl
Aot7ra
dVoTcAccrat.
1
338
ovtqj
aWipa.
When the
catches
fire.
it
out.
In time
the sun is solidified by the dry stuff (?) and makes stars
out of the bright water, and causes night and day and,
in general, eclipses by being put out and taking fire.
12. a Diogenes of Apollonia supposes air to be the
elemental substance. Everything is in motion, and
the worlds are innumerable. His cosmology is as
follows. He says that the whole was in motion and
became rare in some places and dense in others, and
where the dense came together it formed an aggregate, and thus the rest happened in the same way,
while the lightest elements, taking a position up above,
formed the sun.
a
GVGTpo<f>7)v]
Kranz.
(jvarpa<f>kv
yr\v
3
Diels
Xonrd- kqX
r^v
6.
yrjv
avorpo(f>j}
Duebner.
339
OTHER FRAGMENTS
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
180
Aelian, frag. 108 (Suidas, s.vv. iyywvios, 'Ioprtos, MaiKrjvas).
ayav
,,
7^/^t^/o^7S'
inl roivvv
rfj
d/cpdVa) /coAa-
UXovrapxos.
181
Aulus Gellius,
iii.
5.
Plutarchus refert Arcesilaum philosophum vehementi verbo usum esse de quodam nimis delicato
divite, qui incorruptus tamen et a stupro integer
dicebatur.
nam cum vocem eius infractam capillumque arte compositum et oculos. ludibundos atque
illecebrae voluptatisque plenos videret, " nihil interest,' inquit, " quibus membris cinaedi sitis, posteri'
oribus an prioribus.
1
,,
ovvhznTvitp.
?
4
'Eoprios Dessau.
Bernardakis added
efirev.
342
OTHER FRAGMENTS
180
a
At Maecenas' banquet
181
343
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
182
Damascius, Vita Isidori, 64 Westermann
242
Migne, ciii. 1265).
= Photius,
Bibl.
Tovrov
(sc.
Hefirjpov)
Ittttos
ifjrjxofievos
cnTivdfjpas airo
Xovs
rj(f>Li
dAAd
rapxos 6 XaipcDvevs
'PdSa)
iv
7rt
/cat
Aoyots*
prjropiKois
p,ya-
/cat TtjSepta)
ovri /cat
SiarpifiovTi
rr^v
183
Etymologicum Magnum,
184. 30.
rou o
ottlgco
to
difj
Aeyet etvat,
rot? 77 t9 0.
184
Eunapius, Vitae Sophistarum,
Aurt/ca
eavrov
ouv
jStov
ii.
OeoTrioios
dvaypd(f>i
rot?
7.
TlXovrapxos
jStjSAtots*
rov
re
evSieoTTap-
IMxivios
.
/cat
'AOtfvrjoiv
OTHER FRAGMENTS
182
many
being groomed.
young man
living in
183
184
man
Plutarch records
own life
and there in all his books what concerned himself and his master, so that if one has a
keen eye for these things, following up obvious clues
that present themselves, and carefully collects the
details, one can learn most of the incidents of their
inserting here
lives.
to
added by Cobet.
by
Vollebregt.
345
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
185
Geoponica,
xiii. 9.
HAovrapxos AenroKapvov
7TOOIV
1$
<f>r)ol
yap
TO
fJLTJ
AenTOKapva)
rco
fir)
rov
rrpooievai
OKOpTTlOV.
186
Isidorus of Pelusium, Letters,
HAovrdpxq) 8e 8oKi to
ii.
42.
1
*187
John of Antioch, Archaeologia (Anecdota Graeca,
ii,
p.
388
Cramer).
y
188
Lydus, Be Mensibus,
iv.
346
Ruhnken
Aeiov.
148.
r)
2
Bernardakis
tvttlkov.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
185
Plutarch attaches a
filbert to
186
Plutarch thinks that a clear, simple style constitutes
That, he explains, is how their
public speakers talked. Gorgias from Leontini was
the first to introduce this malady into political oratory,
by showing a liking for elevated language and figures
of speech and by doing violence to clarity. This disease, as Plutarch says, attacked even that wonderful
genuine Atticism.
man
Plato. a
*187
188
Eileithyia
is
the guardian of
women
in childbirth
347
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
o)7ro>(s
iaVTTJ
189
iv.
'0 8e HAovrapxos
<f>rjaiv
on
7Torafi6v ivexO^taa
rj
'HptSavoV
190
xcvii
=Ox.).
^Hcrav yap
lii
and Passio
S.
[1959], p. 247).
/cat
i^rjyrjral
OTHER FRAGMENTS
so that she might make what
says, similarly to herself.
is
189
quenched.
190
They also (sc. the Egyptians, Babylonians, Phrygians, etc.) were makers of images and guides to
mysteries and initiators into sacred rites, and indeed
it was from them that this worship was brought to
the Greeks.
the Ionians, the descendants of Io,
Plutarch of the Cherwere the leaders in this
sonese, censuring them by the old philosophy that
.
1
2
4
5
This
iavrrjv mss.
common
8
An.
7
7TpUxi.
KprjSavov.
is
iraXaia
8
error
:
? avrots".
349
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ras Kal av^dvovras rd ndvra
rrj rpipLepel
Kivt\13l
191
Philoponus, in Aristotelis Meteorologica,
i,
p. 82
(Comm.
[Atd rl
fjurj
avviararai
V7TepavGT7]K6rL to7Tw;
vi<f>r)
iv rep
on yap
noXv
rrjs yrjs
ov avviararai, K
MaK8oviKcp
1
Cedrenus
2
The
rplrj} /-tepi/aj
An.
rpirrj
Ox.
dsrepas Cedrenus.
is
traced
by W.
Capelle, Pauly-
350
OTHER FRAGMENTS
things by the threefold motion of the five planets and
the rest of the constellations, as things come into
191
[Why do
the earth
Plutarch,
who mentions
at Moralia,
351
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
192
Philostratus, Epistula 73.
193
De
Porphyry,
Abstlnentia,
'Apxty
SetTCU TLVCOV
TjlJbCOV
iii.
18.
UXovrapxos
<f>VOLS
7}
KOLI
<f>rjGiv,
ovk
errel
^pOJjLte^a TOVTOLS,
rjSr] 776
oi8o)(Ji
p,ev
a^pt twos
TTapa TO)V
yap
ye
fiXdfirj to XapbfSdveiv tl
^WVTCUV fLeVOVTCUv) TO S'
irpos rjSovrjv diroXXveiv 1 eTepa
(et
KCLITOI
(f>VTOJV,
irepiovolas
/c
/cat
fiXdfirjv
/cat
/cat
<j>deipeiv
dot/cta9*
/cat
ttjs
rj
Domna
Reiske
arroXav^iv.
that Plutarch was long dead would not deNorden noted, from this request. There
no need to invent some unknown Plutarch to account for
Julia
ter Philostratus, as
is
352
OTHER FRAGMENTS
192
193
There
353
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
jSaatActS' fiapfidpcov
to rrapdrrav ov dvyydvovra
TOiavrrjs rpo<f>rjs
rrjs
a>ot /cat
oi)K
oh e^eonv
iToAefAelv, firjS
rj
npos
elprjviKajs oyuXelv,
rrdvra ^pcu/xeVous
p>r)
worrep ovv
tfiv;
tt*
r)
dXX
irpos
dvdpa)-
ttojv
fJLev
/cat
<f>vra
fiXdfias
aKparrjs
/cat rrovrjpos*
rrvpos
/cat
vapdnov dvaXwoeis
/cat
fir)
rpo<fnjs
a>a S* vrrdyeiv
/cat
o(f>ayals
r)
ydpw
rrXrjpaxjews
<*AA'
r)8ovrjs,
/cat
uov
on
dpKei yap
8eivov.
/cat
pbr)8ev rroveZv
ovojv r
Nauck
1
2
d^eta
Hercher
Hercher r).
avrov.
/cat
Duebner
rrjs
avrov Fogerolles.
354
Valentine
Xu>.
avyyvwfirjv c^oira.
Abresch
vneptfrves.
Reiske
poxdovs and o^ctW.
:
ravpaiv yovds,
ovyyvwfirjv.
Seo-
dvayKa^olfMcOa,
fioxdovow,
OTHER FRAGMENTS
and many kings of foreign nations
practise a ritual abstinence from flesh, and countless
species of animals do not touch such food at all ; yet
they keep alive and attain full realization of their
nature. How, then, can it be anything but absurd
to tell us that if we are forced to wage war on some
creatures, we should not live at peace even with
those with whom peace is possible, but that we must
choose either to treat none justly and to live or to
treat all justly and not to live ? a The man who, in
dealing with human beings, takes other people's
possessions or destroys their territory or their town
for the sake of his own safety or that of his children
or his country has necessity as a pretext for his wrongpriests of the gods
Cf.
De
Sollertia
Animalium
964, a.
355
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
<hs
AlaxvXos
(fyqoiv,
avrlSovAa 1
X^ipojad/jLevoi /cat
'0
Kara^ev^avres
7Tvev/JLa
gOcll
atjitbv
S'
/cat
rjjMds
a)r)v
Ou
p/r)v
dAAd
filaiov
KOfJLLSij
dAyetv
/cat
/cat
rd
rot?
yap alodaveoOaL
jLtev
<oj8to~0at
Tre<f)VK /cat
j8Aa7TTCT0at,
/cat
yap
r)
j8toi>;
/cat
cV
9
ov8
dAAorptoj-
fiAdfir)
ot/cetojaeojs' Trdorjs
Sto
ovtws
/cat
tls
ot/cta>crti>
dpxty
ovk
ttcqs S'
rd
VTTOVpyOVS, TTpOS
etvat
17/xtv,
^pos"
fJ>V
Se
rvpdwovs
/cat
jSacrtAcaw
Tt*
rdi>
TrapaAoycorarov ion;
'AAA' KLVO Vr) Ata TOV XpVOLTTTTOV
1
TTlOcLVOV,
d)S
2
rrpooTldeadai or rLdtoOoL.
Abresch
av SoOAa.
4
3
hUaiov
added by Reiske.
paodvcov Wyttenbach.
5
fjv Duebner.
ij after mOavov deleted by Bernardakis.
964 f
356
OTHER FRAGMENTS
as Aeschylus puts
To
it,
and
substitutes in
toil.
man
964
f.
may
Although
paragraph
seems to be
this
it
357
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
1
rjixas
rjfjbcov
dpKTovs
/cat
Xeovras'
/cat
r)
S'
5? (ivTavda yap
ion
odai eyeyovei?
dXas ive/M^ev,
6 deos olov
re
Travro8a7rd
/cat
a/caA^a?
/cat
yeViy
oarped
7TTr]vtx)v
ttoikLXcl 7rap(JKvaov,
jjieya fiepos
rirdds
ivravda
KarairvKvcjoas
reus
otco
U7re/0j8aAAdjLtevo9
ravra
8rj
So/cet rt
/cat
rou rndavov
/cat 0e<
Trpeirovros
TOV X6yOV,
ov KapvedSrjs eAeyei>, aW 8 eKaorov ra>v <f>voei yeyovorcov, orav rod irpos o 7T<f)VK /cat yeyove rvy1
ttjs
xdv?) reXovs, a><eAetrar Koivorepov Se to
ax^eAeta?, rjv VXP r) arLav ovtol Xeyovaw, d/couoreov
rj S' u? <f>vvi yeyove 7Tpos to o<f>ayr\vai /cat Karaf$pu)6r)vac' /cat rovro ndoxovaa rvyxdvei rod irpos
o tt<I>vk /cat ax^eAetrat.
Hercher
2
4
5
avrcov.
yeyove.
S. : aAA'
F. H.
s
Wyttenbach clvtov.
F. H. S.
yXvKvdvfjLias*
<Ls added by F. H. S.
to added by Abresch.
<!>
6
7
358
OTHER FRAGMENTS
Chrysippus according to which the gods created us to
serve their purposes and those of our fellow-men,
animals, on the other hand, to serve ours, horses to
accompany us to the wars, dogs to the hunt, panthers,
bears, and lions as a school for training in bravery.
As for the pig and here is the most delightful of all
his charming ideas
it was brought into existence
for no other purpose but to be sacrificed, and God
impregnated
its
natural end
359
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Kat
fJL7]v
yavy\rai
el TTpos
tcl
ta>a,
xprjoofieda
puvlacs,
f^e/ir]-
epLTrlai,
opdv elSexOyj
/juev
68{ias
rjjjiLV
r)p,as
ov rravra
el S'
<f>aolv
/cat
dodc/yetav rov otoptoyxov oif8e
to dSt/cetv, eTTiridepbeVoi /cat xp<x>\x,evoi
pXafiepcDS tols ov hi 7) fids dAA' cboTrep r^iels Kara
ea> Xeyeiv on rfj xpeta ro
<f>vow yeyevrifievoLS.
TTpos rjfJL&s opi^ovres ovk av (frddvoL/jbev eavrovs
eW/ca tlov oXedpicordrojv ^ojojv, ota KpoKoheiXoi
e\eiv
ttoXXtjv
K(f)evyo[jLev
rjfjuv puev
rjfJLels
oiois,
rd TrXeiora rcov
1
/cat
eveKa,
Kvvrjye-
^ojojv (frovevofiev.
ivTvyxavovaiv Reiske.
Se Bernardakis.
3
ravrrjv
/cal
8c yc.
added by F. H.
S.
360
v. 78.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
Moreover, if God has contrived animals for the use
of mankind, what use are we to make of flies, mosquitoes, bats, dung-beetles, scorpions, and vipers, some
of which are repulsive to look at, or disgusting to
touch, or have an intolerable smell, or make alarming or unpleasant sounds, while others are downright
deadly to those that come upon them ? As for whales
and sawfish and all the other monsters which,
according to Homer,
In thousands groaning AmphitritG feeds,*
why
except
they act no more cruelly than we do
that need and hunger lead them to do us such wrong,
whereas most of the animals that we kill, we murder
wantonly and for the sake of our luxuries, often indeed for sport in theatres and in the chase. c
this
Cf.
De
Sollertia
Animalium, 965
a.
361
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
194
Porphyry, Uepl dyaA/xarouv, frag. 8 Bidez (Eusebius,
Praepar. Evang. ii. 23).
(a)
Tod
S*
av
TTVpOS
TTJV
7TpOOL7TOVTS
SvVOLjJLlV
oT7)piyiLaTos
/cat
fidaeojs
ttjs
(j>*
816
vXtjs'
/cat rjXlov
XcoXevet vXrjs Seofxevov els V7repeiop,a.
8e ttjv Toidv8e 8vvap.1v viroXafSovTes 'AnoXXajva
TTpooelTrov
evvea
8'
aVo
ttjs
2
r)
r)
9* VTrooeXrfVios
ttjs dirXavovs.
Lydus, de Mensibus,
iv.
86.
d-
(c)
Lydus,
Geoponica,
ibid. iv. 4.
xi. 2. 4.
362
F.
? XO>AUtl>.
H.
S.
tnaZovocu.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
194
Then
as a
palsis). h
(6)
fire
purest form of
fire is
o)s (frrjmv 6
PLUTARCITS MORALIA
[Mavrelais Kaiovres ravrrjv ol dvOpojiroi
hoKOVGLV
7TpO<f>r)TLaS
Trapdoraow
Vp7)KV0Ll.
195
Timaeum,
Proclus, in
Kat
rod
i,
415 Diehl.
p.
cSi>
196
Proclus, in Euclidem,
ii,
p. 35.
(sc,
rrjv
yoivlav)
<f>aal
rrjv
kXololv
ra>v
TTepLexovcrwv
ypafJLfJLOJV
r)
km-
(/>avia)v."
*197
Prolegomenon
in
Hermogenis
trpl
ardacwv Appendices
217 Rabe).
(p.
'E/c rtov
"Opos
T)(Vr] 7Tpl
a ?
6
els
Kara.
Topycdv
prjropiKrj
Timaeus, 30
b,
44
eari
Srj/JLI,"
c.
neo-Platonist
364
UXovrdpxov
prjToptKrjs
is
meant.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
burn it as they seek oracular responses, they have
found a representation of prophecy.
Fragment discovered by E. Bickel, Diatribe in Senecae
philosophi fragmenta, i. 103. But J. Bidez, Vie de Porphyre,
p. 147, supports the view of F. Bortzler, Porphyrios' Schrift
von den Gottesbildern, p. 61, that the reference to Plutarch
in
Lydus
is
an
error.
195
One must
also
196
*197
From
e
:
Definition of rhetoric according to Gorgias. Rhetoric is an art authoritative in the field of discourse, a
c
Apollonius of Perg,
on conic
*
c.
his
work
sections.
Proklus,
S65
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ovpyos v TToXiriKols \6yois nepl ttovtos rod irporedevros 7TioTVTLKrjs /cat ov StSacr/caAi/ajs" etvai oe
avrrjg ttjv npayfiareiav tSt'av /xaAtara nepl St/cata
/cat aSt/ca dyadd re /cat /ca/ca /caAa re /cat atcrxpa.
*198
Scholia in Platonis Gorgiam, 462 e (307. 12 Hermann).
'loreov
avrrj p,V
cos
cf>rj(jL
on
yap ivepyecav
UXovrapxos.
en-m^S everts*
*199
Ibid.
eiprjrai, a>s
(j>7]oi
UXovrapxog.
200
This fragment and the following are ascribed in Stobaeus
to Porphyry, that is to say, the preceding fragment is introduced by the word Tiopfvplov and they by the words rod avrov.
They were claimed for Plutarch by Bernardakis, probably
rightly.
The style, vocabulary and rhythm all suggest that
he is the author : they are definitely not those of Porphyry.
The quotations contained in them are all such as he might
have made. With Empedocles he was familiar and actually
456
S66
c.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
worker of persuasion in
political
*198
from
*
"
"
199
as Plutarch says.
200
quotes the same line elsewhere ; Odyssey, iv. 563 is given the
same interpretation in De Facie, 942 f, 944 o ; and he seems
to have had an interest in Timotheils, whom he quotes in
twelve other places.
On the other hand Porphyry gave, at
one time at least, a different interpretation of Odyssey, x.
an
extract,
now
This fragment and the next are ascribed by C. F. Herto the neo-Platonist. The only other time a Plutarch
mentioned in the old scholia to Plato (Alcibiades, 122 b),
mann
is
the reference
is
to ours.
367
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Porphyry, but that he had included in it passages from Pluhe might have done so without acknowledgement,
;
tarch
Stobaeus,
44. 60
i.
Tov avrov
Ta
($c.
(i,
445 Wachsmuth).
Tlop(f)vpiov)'
8e Trap
yap
p.
Xeyerai
ovtqjs,
avrap vovs
re Tot^a^ re
(/xjovtjv
rjv
irep.
eon roiwv
UvOayopov
ros ovoa rrjv
re
/cat atStos",
ov tl
firjv
a7radr)s
/cat
[leraKoop^aiv
els
/cat
rjSovrjv
SuoKovaa to
evua
Latrrjs'
or)
<f)iXooo^)ias 6<f>eXos,
i/jvx'tj
fJbovs
(f>vXdrrLV
/cat
pur)
aaa
dv/JLovpievov pbdXXov
to
r)
(fypovipiov
av^dvovTos
/cat Tpe(f>ovTos.
1
'Ofirjpa)
2
Bernardakis
368
'Oiirjpov F.
Heeren
avrrjs.
Phaedo, 107 d.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
just as he copied, with minor changes, extensive passages
Sollertia Animalium in the third book of his De
Abstinentia.
from De
The
story
is
Pythagoras said about the soul, how although imperishable of nature and eternal, it is in no way
impassible or immutable, but at the times of its socalled death and destruction it experiences an alteration and recasting which bring a change of outward
bodily shape
it then follows its own tastes by looking for a shape that suits it and is appropriate by
;
then it will
be able to retain control and look to itself and guard
against the danger that, before it knows what has
happened, it may become a beast, having taken a
liking to a body that is naturally gross and irrational,
one unclean and without innate disposition to goodness, one that strengthens and feeds in it the source
of appetite and anger rather than that of intelligence.
feel distaste for ugly, illicit pleasures
Odyssey,
5
x.
239-240.
Heeren a<f>vovs.
7
F. H. S.
avavros, altered
Plato, Phaedo, 81 e.
6
Wachsmuth
P to avovros
:
in
rj.
369
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Avrrjs yap rrjs jjbeTaKoafjir]aOJs elfxapfxevr]
^pLrrehoKXeovs Sat/zaw dvr\yopevrai
/cat
<f>vois vtto
ev
ov8*
07777
vtto yalav,
ravro
/cat
kvkcootjs
/cat
<f>p6vcfJLa
<I)S
7radrjTa
dAu/Z77ta
/cat
yrjyevfj,
{IT}
TOLS
crvvevSovcFOU fiepeocv
r)
yap
Xeyofxevrj /cat
r)
2
e/xTrtWouaa.
Canter :
Meineke : fleAyo/xem kcu /iaAacrcro/xeva.
Canter
Canter
la>s.
eVtor7T6o/xevat.
c.
p. 205.
370
OTHER FRAGMENTS
Now Fate and Nature, the causes of the actual refashioning, are designated by Empedocles the Power
"that wraps in unfamiliar shirt of flesh/' a that is,
gives the souls their new dress, but Homer has called
the cyclical revolution and recurrence of rebirth by the
name of Circe, 6 child of the Sun, since the Sun forever
joins every death to birth and birth again to death
in unending succession/ The island of Aeaea d is that
appointed region of space which receives every man
when he dies, where the souls wander on their first
arrival, feeling themselves strangers and lamenting
their fate and not knowing in what direction lies the
West
Nor where the Sun that gives its light to men
Descends beneath the Earth. e
Longing, according to their tastes, for their ac-
d
Associated with aiai, a cry of lamentation, cf. De Vita et
Poesi Homeri, 126.
6
Odyssey, x. 190-191.
1 A reference to the posset with which Circ turned her
victims into animals, Odyssey x. 234 ff.
',
371
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
vopu^opbevrj
iv "AiSov
rcov
XoyiGTiKov
dvpioeihes
/cat
ivravdd ttov
1
/X/07y, TO
rpioSos
^XV 9
CT^t^OjLteV^
&v
IttiQv\L7)tu<.6v\
/cat
dA^eta
gls dAA'
iv rfj p,Tafio\rj
dovv
/cat
7rt/c/oart
vcbhrf acojjbara
/cat
rovs V7to
adac
pais
Xoyos.
/cat <J>voik6s
yap
cSv puev
/cat
OoXepovs
/cat
6v<x)8r)
aKaddp-
<f>iXr)8ovias /cat
rrjv pLerafioXrjv
/cat
8vop,eveias
i^rjyptcofjLevov
exovaa
8ta<f)opds
Travrdv acrtv
r)
rj
TTOLVTOS
a7TXlV
TrddoVS
<j)CLvXoV
^xty
TTjV
KCLl
ovtos 6 XP V ~
Heeren
ovcjStj
ax^ofieva.
Icrovcodrj Kal P.
3 Bernardakis
els vwdij
:
by Wachshiuth
Heeren.
yevdaOcu.
4
6
Meineke
H. S.
<}>oivuus.
Heeren
Canter
372
:
:
papv<f>povr]s.
817.
F.
8
P2
wpoteiievr).
</>a^\r}v
FP 1
OTHER FRAGMENTS
the right interpretation of that belief in the underworld crossroads of which men tell
the parting of
the ways refers to the parts of the soul, the reasoning,
the spirited, and the appetitive, each of which gives
an impulse and inclination towards the manner of
life appropriate to itself.
And with this we pass from
mythology and poetic invention to truth and the
laws of nature. The men whose appetitive element
erupts to prevail and dominate at this time of change
and birth suffer a transmutation by reason of their
sensuality and gluttony, so Homer means, into the
is
b
and swine, to lead their lives in
and uncleanliness. In another soul the spirited
element has grown utterly savage through stubborn
rivalries and murderous cruelties, that sprang from
some quarrel or enmity when such a one comes to
his second birth, full of fresh bitterness and indignation, he throws himself into the shape of a wolf c or
lion, welcoming this body and fastening it to himself
as an organ of retaliation that will serve his dominant
passion d So one should never keep oneself so pure
as at the time of one's death, as if taking part in a
rite of initiation
one should restrain the soul from
all evil passions, put all troublesome appetites to
sleep, keep feelings of envy, ill-will, and anger as
far from the seat of reason as possible, and thus
withdraw from the body. " Hermes with his golden
bodies of donkeys
mud
turned
men
wolves,
e.g. Virgil,
is
donkeys,
Aen. vii. 18.
:
e.g.
Coniug. Praec.
not determinable.
d There are points of contact between these two sentences
and De Sera Numinis Vindicta, 565 d.
373
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ooppaiTis 'Epfirjs dXrjd&s 6 Xoyos ivrvyxdvcuv koX
Sclkvvcjv ivapycos to kclXov r) iravromaaiv eipyei
1
/cat dW^et rod kvkccovos, r) movaav* iv dvdpumLvto
pio) koll rfdei 8ia<f)vAdaoi ttXgiotov \povov, <hs
OLVVGTOV ian.
201
Stobaeus,
i.
49. 61
(i,
448 Wachsmuth).
p.
Tov avrov*
HdXlV alviTTO/JLVOS OTL TCUS TCtiV VO^(x)S jSejStOJkotcov ifivxcus [Jberd rrjv reXevrrjv oIklos ecrrt tottos
6 7Tpl rr)v aeXrjvrjv, imeSriXaxjev L7tcx)V,
dXXd a
dddvaroi*
TjXvGlOV
fJUV
60 1 av66s *Pa8dfjLav6vs,
7T[jafjovaLV,
Xrjvrjs 7Ti<f)dviav
deijercu* dXiov
v<f>*
r)Xiov KaraXapu7TOiJLvrjv ,
avyals,"
Xiyovaiv oi
fJbaOrjjJiaTLKol
<Z>S
(frrjcrt,
oKidv
fjv
" or
TtfAodeos, irepara
rrjs yrjs
etvou
rfj
*202
Stobaeus,
199
iii. i.
p. 150 Hense).
(iii,
JJvdayopiKa'
Kat
ovSev
fir)v
a7TXt> F
P 2 Homer
1
ioriv
ovrco
2
dvex^i P.
aOdvarov.
Meineke
rrjs
Canter
4
yXlov
HvdayoptKrjs
:
iroiovoav.
Meineke
aufcrcu.
fcXlov P.
Odyssey, x. 277.
Heraclitus, Horn. Alleg., chap. 72, Eustathius, 1658. 26.
374
OTHER FRAGMENTS
wand " is this faculty of reason, 6 which in very
truth converses with the soul and shows it clearly
what is its good, and either bars and restrains it entirely from drinking of the posset, or preserves it, if
it does drink, in a human life and character for so
long as is feasible.
201
*202
Pythagorean Views
Moreover nothing
is
Odyssey,
The etymology
Frag. 13 Diehl.
iv.
Be
c.
Cf.
Be
Facie, 942 f.
375
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
(f>i\ooo<f>Las i&iov, <I)S
fAefJuyiievov
ware
<f)covrj
/cat
aicoTrfj
StSaa/caAtW yevos*
Ae'yetv
fir)
aXX avrodev
"
X aP aKry)P a T ^ GVV
to (fypa^ofievov, TV<f>\6v he
rjdeot,
TOLS 0L7Tip0L.
<1)S
ydp 6
/cat
dorjfiov etvat
Aeyet ovre KpviTTei aAAa orjfiatvec Kara rov 'Hpak\ltov, ovtco tcjv TlvdayopiKcov OVflf56Aa)V
(f>pd^eadat
KCLL
TO
to Kpv-
/cat
rrreoO ai voovfievov.
*203
Stobaeus,
iii.
QepuoTLOv
Et
13.
68
(iii,
p.
468 Hense).
rrepl ^JV\r)s'
fiev
etVre
Aioyevrjs,
lows yap
a6(f)ov
(bs
to
fieXi
Adyov rou
<tAo-
&fuarlov omitted
by L.
are quoted
376
OTHER FRAGMENTS
gorean philosophy as
To
But
is
Ano<l>dcrt,s 9
the other
from
certain.
*203
Themistius,
On
the Soul
also quoted,
377
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
*204
Stobaeus,
iv.
22. 89 (iv, p.
530 Hense).
dnedave
yvvaiKos,
ovdev tlireZv
8
ovre TTOifjaai rrpos avrrjv Irapbov iroXfirjaav , dAA'
ovtojs iveKapreprjaav djJb<f>6rpoi rep TrpenovrL,
cboirep dirohei^aodai OeXovres on TrXetorov alSovs
epajTi Sikcllo) jMerearcv.
o9ev epuoiye irXeZorov avrfj
(f>atvTai xpovov dvrjp (JvpLpefiLcoKevaL- ndvra yap
SloXov tov SeKaerrj xpovov 6p,aXtbs ovvefiiwaev. al
4
S' aAAat GVVOIKOVOIV OV (JVfJL^LOVOLV, OTCLV Xwt<jl)oi
5
tovs dvSpas rj tjiXorvirojaiv 7} hia<f>epcovrai rrepl
eptbv
XprjfJidrojv
Sa/jcbv
a7roAet7rdjLtj/os'.
Xeyaxjiv
/ca/ccu?
rj
rrjs
ipo)G7js
<j>vya>oi
r)
Opvirro-
fievai
6 rrjs
cru/xj8to6 crews.
*205
Stobaeus,
iv.
irepi
irepl ipvxfjs'
eiprjKe
XCLpievrcos,
opuKpd
evvd^ei
-rraXaid crwfjbar
poirrj-
Meineke
3
378
Meineke
\ikv
aAAou
a7roAt7ro/xvos.
MXfjLrjcrev
5
Meineke.
aAA* ov
A.
Bernardakis
cgaipQs*
ckci'voi?
Meineke.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
*204
On
the Soul
But
loved him.
They did not dare to treat her with
any roughness of word or deed, 6 but both maintained such a decorum that it would seem they wished
to demonstrate that an honourable love is associated
with the deepest feelings of respect. So he seems to
me to have shared his life with her as her husband
for a very great length of time, for he shared it
equably through the whole of those ten years. Other
women share a house with their husbands, but not
their lives, at times when they give them pain or
are jealous of them or quarrel over money -matters
or abuse them or put on airs and avoid all affection
and companionship. So that if you subtract the time
in which they behave in this manner, that in which
they share their life is but a brief remainder.
.
*205
On the Soul
Yet Sophocles has written a charming
Themistius, from his
old
men
A small
line
about
Death
weight
in old age
is
but the
likely to
come from
the
same book
205-206.
b
c
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
Se
koll
l/jVXTJ j8ta
vewv
yap
K7tittti
rj
(JCOfACLTOS.
*206
Stobaeus
iv.
"OlTOV TOV
OL7TO TTfS
TiTO&S
'
<f>lXoOO(f)OV
KvTlTTOSTpOV
*207
Stobaeus,
iii.
33. 16
(iii,
p.
681 Hense).
HAovTapxov
rie/H
oa<f>(bs
T7]S
StOL
TOVTtDV
QepoiT
tcr^eo,
jJLrjS'
fj
1
Post
Meineke
(/LieptSt
Ktiodai).
2
pacnXevaiv Homer.
0os Homer.
469 d
b
380
OTHER FRAGMENTS
death of young men is shipwreck and jettison
the
is swept overboard, as the body is violently
:
soul
shattered.
*206
On
the Soul
*207
Plutarch
is
said,
ii. 246-247.
Odyssey, xix. 40 ; the
cited at Moralia, 762 e.
Iliad,
first
is
correctly
381
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
imAafjLpavoiJLevos 6 rrarrjp
aiya
/cat /caret
<f>rj,
(JL-qS*
epeetve-
rv^oiev tra/xaj?
VXp6>S ipOJTCOGl.
*208
Stobaeus,
iv.
36.
Ylop(/>vpLOV K
23
(v, p.
rod
873 Hense).
7Tpl
Hrvyos*
/cat fievroi
loToprjTou
ws
770tet
/cat
rou9 TTiovras
/cat
OpfJLTjV.
209
Stobaeus,
iv.
41. 57 (v, p.
944 Hense).
"H
re
yap aiyeipos,
HAovrapxos,
(f>iAo7Tvdr]s
cos
(f>acnv
/cat
aTeArjs
aAAot
4,
re
/cat
npos Kapiro-
1
iiyyqow mss., corrected by Gomperz from Eustathius, in
Odyss. xxiv. 485, Kaly7jms TlvdayopiKOiS rj aKpa oiyrj.
382
Wyttenbach
otc.
'
OTHER FRAGMENTS
his father restrained
The
The Pythagoreans
*208*
Porphyry, from the work
On
the
Styx
209
sorrowful tree
a
and unsuccessful
in
others say, is a
setting seed. 6
Plant,
d
iii.
1. 3.
Its resinous
infertility
cf.
Gesner
oXccriKapiTov.
aTehrjs
cvtcXtjs
A.
383
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
8lo kcu So^o/cAtJ? ev rioi
yovlav.
ov xprj ttot
dvdpcoTTiov
yap
fiXei/tar ravv(j>Aoiov
cf>vAAois rt?
<f>rjOLV,
fieyav oAftov
0,770-
loap,epios
210
Stobaeus,
iv.
YLAovrdpxov
Ncots Se ^rjAcoreov rovs yepovras, Kara HtfiajviddrjAos
Kaddirep
ltttto)
6 UAdrcov
(frrjolv
irtl
rod
Tptyeiv
fjnyvvfjievov irpos
vr]cf>ovri
211
Syncellus, Chronographia,
OvTOS
KCLL
(f)cAocr6(f)a>v ,
625 Dindorf.
VCL
TWV UtOJLKOJV
dvelAe* irepl ov
Soklo, 7T7rAaaTaL.
velv
i.
drapdxtos Aeyerai
iv Trjpet
Nauck, but
2
<uAAois tls
ii,
rrjv
p. 216.
dvdpajTTov Gleditsch.
Wilamowitz.
kovov (and kclvos below).
'Lrjfj wvlStjv
Bernardakis
6
384
vvKra fierd
avrrjv
ttjv
Wyttenbach
Ttpoaenrelv.
Sons.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
Hence Sophocles
As quickly
his life
is
leaves,
gone."
210
From Plutarch
Young men should be ardent
:
in Simonides'
Run
words,
its
dam.
211
He
d also
xxv. 250.
b
Really Semonides, frag. 5 Diehl, cited also at Moralia*
84 n, 136 a, 446 e, 790 f, 997 d.
c
Laws, 773 d, cited also at Moralia, 15 e, 791 b. The frag-
ment
An
385
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
eohov Kal
on
V7t6
SiOLTroprjcFei tl
Yatov
oipiav
KaVo9 ra
repov
Trepl
</>cotos
rfjs
eh
tcov eraipcov y
cfiovevOrjoeraL.
vvktos,
Avtloxov
otl
travels
r'qv
err-
'IovAto?
Kal Kadapco-
UXovrapxos 6 Xatpcovevs
puev
S'
ravra
loropel.
212
Theodoretus, Cur. Graec. Affect,
i.
468
a.
"Ore 8e Kal rcov Alovvolcov Kal rcov TlavaOrjvaicov Kal p,evTot rcov Qeofjuocpopicov Kal tcov 'EAeuoivlcov
rds reXeras
rrjs "laiSos
rds
els
AtyvTrrov dcfuKopievos ra
UXovrapxos 6 eK Xaipcoveias
rfjs
opyia,
rrjs
Arjovs Kal
oihaoKei
Houorias.
jjiev
.
213
Theodoretus, Cur. Graec, Affect,
i.
510
b.
Upcorovs Oeovs evopaoav Kal AlyvTrrioi Kal OotviKes Kal fxevroi Kal "1iLXXr)ves tJXlov Kal creXrjvrjv
386
Goar
Kadapcordpas,
/cat
OTHER FRAGMENTS
an important subject, and that Rectus, 6 one of his
would be murdered by Gaius in three days'
time. These things did in fact happen. Rectus was
executed three days later, and Antiochus told of a
nocturnal vision, in which Julius Canus appeared and
informed him of the survival of the soul and the purer
light that succeeds its passing. This story is recorded
by Plutarch of Chaeronea. c
friends,
212
Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia informs us that
the rites of the Dionysia and of the Panathenaic
festival, and indeed those of the Thesmophoria and
of the Eleusinian mysteries, were imported into
Attica by Orpheus, an Odrysian, and that after
visiting Egypt he transplanted the ritual of Isis and
Osiris into the ceremonies of Deo and Dionysus d
.
213
Both the Egyptians and the Phoenicians, and indeed the Greeks too, thought that the first gods
were the sun and moon and heavens and the earth
and the rest of the elements. Plato, 6 Diodorus
Siculus/ and Plutarch of Chaeronea have informed
us of this.
Seneca. De Tranquillitate Animi, 14. 4-9, recounts the
death of Julius Canus and how he promised to return to tell
his friends " quis esset animarum status."
b
Not otherwise known.
c
Patzig suggests with some plausibility that the source is
the work On the Soul
compare fragments 173, 176.
d
Cf. Herodotus, ii. 81, Diodorus Siculus, i. 11, 13, Orphica, frag. 237 Kern.
? Laws, 887 e.
' i. 96.
;
387
',
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
*21i
Tzetzes, Chiliades,
Hepl rod
i.
812-820.
'
Ijiariov
AvricrOevovs HvfSaptrov
^ ^
from Marc.
notes,
Among
this collection
Tzetzes' motives
fiev Ps.-Arist. (see note a).
in writing govgov are obscure.
2
Cf. Ps.-Arist., dvcouev fiev Zovoois (perhaps read Unvdais)
Karajdzv he UcpGais.
ty o
avro
and meaning
388
OTHER FRAGMENTS
*214
On
The manner
tion.
Griechen, Hi.
2.
extracts to be taken
view
is rejected
p. 124,
by
s.v.
Athen."
a No trust should be put in what Tzetzes thought or pretended to think. He derived the story from Ps.-Aristotle, Mirab. Auscult. c. 96, cf. Athenaeus, xii. 541 a, where the owner
of the cloak is called Alcisthenes ( Alcimenes in some mss.).
b
Doubt is possible about the sixth and seventh, which I
have therefore included, but marked as uncertain.
389
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
215
"On
(a)
ov to ttigt7]t6v airiov
/cat
rrjs
eTTLOTrnxrjs,
dv7noTrnjLoovvr] rrjs
atrta (fxiveiTai.
7TLGTrjijLr]9
"Otl
(b)
yap
oz>x
rj
^xh
and
yap alria iavrfj yvwoews rj ipv\r]
/cat ayyota?, p,f)iru) avrds e^ovoa dpyrp>;
(c) "On
p,6va) rep UXdrajvL pqorov anohovvai
Uroas.
tov Xoyov,
yvcjGiv
/cat ttjv
"On
(d)
77609
dyvoiav.
pdrov
(e)
TTepb^Oeiurj SeXrco.
"On
dvdfJLvrjow
/cat
to
t^rjTelv /cat
ovre yap
avvv6r)TOS ovt
to evploKeiv StjXol
t^rrjoeiev
dv evpoi Sta ye
dv
ns
ov
^-qriqoeojs' Ae'yerat
^rjretv
yap' ovre a
(jltj
tcr/xev, /caV
ws
ttjv
eanv
/cat
yap d
yap nepL-
rot? Tvypvoiv.
oi
Herodotus,
c
390
vii.
Aristotle, de
239.
Anima^ 429 a
81 d.
15.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
215
(a) That it is untrue that that which can be known
the cause of knowledge, as Arcesilaus maintained,
since if this is so lack of knowledge will turn out to
be a cause of knowledge.
(6) That it is untrue that the soul turns itself to the
apprehension of facts and to error, as the Stoics
maintain. For how can the soul be the cause of its
own knowing or its own ignorance, if it does not
already possess these things to begin with ?
(c) That a very easy explanation is open to Plato
and to him alone, when he traces knowing and ignorance to forgetting and recollection.
(d) That various items of knowledge exist in us but
are hidden under other supervening things, as with
the tablet dispatched by Demaratus. a
(e) That both search and discovery prove the existence of recollection, since no-one could search for a
thing of which he had no conception nor could he
discover it at least not by searching. We do also
say, of course, that a man who comes across a thing
makes a discovery.
b
(f) That the problem advanced in the Meno,
namely whether search and discovery are possible,
leads to a real impasse. For we do not, on the one
hand, try to find out things we know a futile proceeding nor, on the other, things we do not know,
since even if we come across them we do not recogthey might be anything. The Peripanize them
tetics introduced the conception of " potential intuibut the origin of our difficulty was actual
tion " c
knowing and not knowing. Even if we grant the
existence of potential intuition, the difficulty remains
unchanged. How does this intuition operate ? It
is
391
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
oioev
a ovk
7]
oioev.
ol
arro
Zjtocls
ttjs
epov^iev.
el 8' 0,770
YLmKovpeioi ras
ol
lafxev;
tols
ravro
a?
el p,ev
^rjTrjcris' el S'
dSiap-
ttpoXrjifje is
rj
TTCLpCL
ras
'
7rpoXrjipeLS ern^r)-
6 ye ovSe TrpoeiXri^apLev
(g) "Otl koll r) dXrjdeia to oVo/za SrjAol Xrjdrjs
eKpoArjv eivai tt]v eTnoTfjfjirjv, 6 eoTiv dvapLvrjais
rovfjbev,
{h)
"Oti
tlov
/ecu ol jJLTjTepa
Mouoojv
tt)v M.Vr][JLO-
ovvrjv elrrovTes
evpiGKeiv.
(i)
"On
koll
(frafiev
Aovfjuev
ol
ttoAAol
to dyvoeiv eTriXeXyjodai
XeyovTes tco
olvto)
ra dyvoov\ieva.
ii.
104.
392
OTHER FRAGMENTS
must be either on what it knows or on what it does
not know. The Stoics make the " natural conceptions " responsible. a
this is recollection.
calling the
memory
" secrets." d
unknown
(j)
also
example
Germanicus,
cf.
De
Invidia
et
Odio, 537 a.
393
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
ova
ot)S'
tSetv
oyeiVy
Se <f>evyeiv
fJbvcoTra
@fJLLaa)v
S'
rjSvvaro'
(f)app,aK07Ta)Xr]v
SpaKovrajv
doTTihojv
/cat
irapdrrero
/care^o/xeVots"
c5v
riva
Se
fJbrjSev ttcl-
/cat o/xota
7rddrj
ns
eVacr^e
/cat
iravra
aVd/xaae
rots' U7r'
aOrot;
ad eias.
"Otl at Ttbv TTpOTTaOeicov a^oSporepat rvttovgl rds [JLvrjiJLas et? 8vo yeveoevs' olov to IIoAe7Tporr
(I)
rd(/)Cx).
ndoxovoi
OdXarrav SeSoiKores
Xov
7}
ot irorapLovs fJL&X-
/cat
/cat
ot
77009
ra
{^77
ion
/cat
raparrd/xevot.
216
"Ort
ra
veoyevrj
rratSia
dpLeiSrj
dypiov /JAeVet
p-e'^pt
vcoTrovra rov
irXeioj
vttvovs
/cat TToAAa/cts'
rov
ot>p,j8atVet,
77
7-779
7707-e
/ca#'
TtVa ouv
ipvxfjs
Tore
ra?
On
394
OTHER FRAGMENTS
cock. He says, too, that he knew an apothecary who
was unaffected by pythons and cobras, but would run
away from a gadfly, actually shrieking and becoming
quite distracted. The physician Themison b would
handle any disease except hydrophobia if that were
:
symptoms
suffer
216
Further proofs from the same source
previous experiences
Founder of the " methodic " school of medicine, practised in Italy in the early first cent. a.d.
c
Or possibly " and of those who were in Corinth at the
time of the earthquake."
d No other reference to these stories has been found.
6
395
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
"On
(b)
/cat at 7rpos
rdSe
rd8e
r)
eixfrvtcu
tovtov
dXX
ofjucos'
dXXo yap
dXXov, obs
"Otl
(e)
/cat
evcfypoovvr)
r)
rj
eiri
toZs
euor^tacrt
efra /cat
The inventor of
6
396
Odyssey,
agriculture.
347.
xxii.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
(6)
That natural
come about
in the
same way.
And how
is it
become a flute-player
Or have there in
Heraclitus,
the
An
first
397
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
217
^KTnx^iprjfJbdrcov 8ia<f>6pojv avvaycoyrj SetKvvvrajv
UXovrdpxov
Et
ovk av
irepov erepov ivvoovfiev.
TO llTiyeip^a HXaTOJViKOV.
a</>'
et
TTpOeyVCDGTO.
kcll
c/yOeyyofJLeva.
(g)
Et
vioi
/cat
dAeKrpvova,
7}
air*
ovSepu&s
<f>avepas curias
(h)
Et
purj
eonv
aAAcos
evpioKeiv.
oiire
yap a
av ns, ovre a pLrjSapbcos tcrpbev rrporepov, aAA' ouS' av evpoipuev a pur] tofiev.
(i)
Et rj aArjdeia Kar d(j>aipeoiv rijs Arjdrjs eVtvls tov ovros iari. AoyiKrj rj 7ri)(ipr]Gis
(j) Et rj p>r)T7]p rcov Movoa>v MvrjpLoovvrj, ojs rj
d8idp9pa)TOS pbvripbr) rcov tpfyrr^oeojv atria.
iafiev tpTjrrioeiev
a
6
c
viii
398
&
$] $s
Duebner.
ovap F.
H.
S.
vnap.
Phaedo, 73 d.
Phaedo, 74 d.
See O. Luschnat, "Autodidaktos," Theologia Viatorum,
(1962), p. 167.
OTHER FRAGMENTS
217
collection of various
tarch of Chaeronea
Whether children
(e)
complete
(f)
skills.
in their sleep,
afraid of
cock, for
(h)
some ordinary
no obvious reason.
Whether discovery
is
otherwise impossible
399
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
(k)
fj,V.
(1)
400
<xtt6 rfjs
ttolvtcos,
ovv ovtcjv;
tj
tpqrov-
evpeoeajs.
on koI
on ev
SrjXov
OTHER FRAGMENTS
(k) Whether we do not even look for what it is
impossible to know. But this argument once again
starts from the fact of discovery.
(/) Whether discovery is necessarily of what exists,
since it is of objects of mental vision. And where then
do these exist ? Is it not clear that it is in the soul ?
401
APPENDIX A
OTHER PSEUDEPIGRAPHA
Tradition as much as logic dictates the choice of
spurious works to be printed in an edition of Plutarch.
I give here a brief account of such as have found no
place in the Loeb Classical Library.
1. John of Salisbury's Policraticus (xii cent.) contains extracts in Latin from an alleged letter of Plutarch to the emperor Trajan (Bernardakis vii, pp.
S. Desideri, La " Institutio Traiani," Ge182-193).
nova, 1958, concludes that there never was a Greek
version, and that the forgery originated in the fourth
or fifth century a.d.
2. De Vita et Poesi
author.
b
B. Baedorf, De Plutarchi quae fertur Vita Homeri,
Miinster, 1891 ; A. Ludwich, Rh. Mus. lxxii (1917-1918),
pp. 537 ff., an important article ; Bernardakis, vii, pp. xi ff.
403
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
however, plausibly to be explained as due to common
sources in the wealth of ancient Homeric exegesis. a
3. De Metris (Bernardakis vii, pp. 465-472) is an
elementary manual, ascribed to various authors in
different manuscripts.
4. De Fluviis (Bernardakis vii, pp. 282-328), preserved in Pal. gr. 398 only, contains mythological
material and stories about plants and stones, laced
with references to authors who are largely fictitious.
It seems to be a fairly early forgery (see p. 2), perhaps by the same man who concocted the Parallela
Minora (see L.C.L., Plutarch's Moralia, vol. iv, p. 254).
5. The third book of Zenobius' collection of proverbs has the subscription UXovrapxov 7rapoi/ncu afs
'A\eav8peis k\pQ>vTo. This was shown by O. Crusius,
Plutarchi de proverbiis Alexandrinorum, Leipzig, 1887,
to be a misplaced heading for a succeeding set of
proverbs, which he there first published, claiming
that it is a genuine work by Plutarch, entered in the
Lamprias Catalogue as no. 142. Wilamowitz, in a
Gottingen programme of 1888, replied that it was a
mere compilation from Seleucus (an author who lived
in the first half of the first century a.d.), and had been
fathered on Plutarch to make it sell. 6 This seems to
me to be highly probable it is noteworthy that none
of the material used in explanation of the proverbs is
alluded to in any of the genuine works, whereas one
or two of the proverbs are differently explained.
Crusius, however, continued to maintain that the
collection, although based on Seleucus, either contains c or may contain d additional material supplied
:
So
Ad
404
APPENDIX A
by Plutarch
1764,
xviii.
1763-
s.v.
we have
the style
lished
sius' text
405
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
that the original Greek was to be found in the
Phillips ms. 4326 was wrong
that ms., acquired in
1892 by the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, and
now Lat. oct. 160, Plutarchus de nobilitate, is in Latin ;
in 1962 it was at Marburg in the care of the Westdeutsche Bibliothek, having been sent away for safety
during the war of 1939-1945 and never recovered.
Ferronus' version was reprinted, with minor changes,
by J. C. Wolf, he. cit., and later editors, including
Bernardakis.
In his dedicatory epistle he says
nothing of a Greek original, merely " offerimus Plutarchi Chaeronensis libellum magna cura conscrip,,
His Latin, however, contains errors only
tum.
explicable as translations of a corrupt Greek text.
;
Marburg.
406
APPENDIX B
Fragmenta incerta 8-130 of Bernardakis'
edition are
write
407
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
some 35 found their way to Orelli's Opuscula Graecorum
veterum sententiosa et moralia and so to Mullach's Fragmented Philosophorum Graecorum) and by Duebner.
reproduced Wyttenbaeh's f'-of, 077'and then added as 79, 84-100
material which he found for the most part in manuBernardakis
irof
as 8-78, 80-83, a
408
APPENDIX B
guesses that this " Plutarch " may have been formed
second century, a time when other works were
falsely ascribed to him. The true Plutarch was very
fond of similes, but the collection does not seem to
have drawn on him
only one or two of those it
contains can be found, and then not verbatim, in his
surviving works. Another selection of these homoeomata contributed to a gnomologium reconstructed by
C. Wachsmuth, Griechische Gnomologien, pp. 162 ff.,
which was apparently entitled Ik tmv Aij/xoKpcrov
'lo-oKpoLTovs E7TLKTr)Tov. a
This had an infusion of
ethical yv&fiai, not in the form of similitudes.
To return to Maximus, he used a version of " Plutarch " preserved for us in Paris, gr. 1168, redistributing the material to suit his own chapter-headings.
This ms. reproduces a corpus of gnomologia, Elter's
Corpus Parisinum, which contained homoeomata
drawn from other selections besides " Plutarch," including that just mentioned
some of these, too,
were incorporated by Maximus, along with associated
thus he provided a happy hunting-ground
yviofiat
for Bernardakis and others who were prepared not
only to accept his attributions to Plutarch, but also
to include adjacent yvoj/iat, and to " emend " other
in the
ascriptions.
409
PLUTARCH'S MORALIA
draw from any works now lost, except through
Stobaeus as an intermediary. Neither Maximus nor
any of the gnomologia, with their shifting ascriptions,
provide a source for genuine new fragments. I have
therefore omitted Bernardakis' fragments 8-130. He
gives no reason for including 132, nor has Patzig any
ground for claiming 139 as Plutarchean. 143 and
144 refer to the neo-platonist. 151 was, as Bernardakis himself notes, correctly rejected by Wyttenbach.
The origin of 152 is the gnomologium of Georgidas
to
410
INDEX OF NAMES
[The
letter L. before a
Abdera, 333
Academic, L. 64, L. 71, L. 131,
L. 134
Antyllus, 311
Apollo, 213, 229-231, 247,
291
etymology
Academy, L. 63
wooden statue
Acarnanians, 141
Achilles, L. 187, 57
Acragas, 335
Adrasteia, 99
Aeaea, 371
Aemilius (Paullus), L. 11
Aeschylus, 245, 357
Aetolians, 141
Agamedes, 247
Agamemnon, 121
Agatharchus, 397
Agesilaiis, L. 21, 75
363
Agis, L. 9
Ajax, 121
Alalcomeneus, 293
Alcaeus, 177
Alcibiades, L. 6, 253
Alcidamas, L. 69
Alexander, L. 22, L. 176, L. 186,
207
Alexandrians, L. 142
Amasis, 193
Ammonius, L. 84, 345
Amorgos, 395
Amphiaraiis, 231
Amphidamas, 185
Amphitrite, 361
Anaximander, 327
Anaximenes, 329
Andania, a town in Messenia, 85
Antiochus, 385-387
Antipater, 381
Antisthenes, the philosopher, 253
Antisthenes, of Sybaris, 387
Antony, L. 25
in
etymology
269,
295
of,
honour
of,
of,
377
Apollonia, 339
Apollonius, of Perga, 365
Aratus, author of Phaenomena,
L. 40, L. 119, 89 ff.
Aratus, L. 24
Arcadia, 175, 189, 351
Arcesilaus, 279, 343, 371
Archilochus, 125
Archytas, 247, 273
Ares, 291
Arethusa, 181
Argos, temple of Hera at, 297
Aristeides, L. 13, 263, 305
Aristippus, 129, 335
Aristomenes, L. 39, 85
Aristophanes, L. 121
Aristotle, L. 44 note, L. 56, 36-37
note, 41 note b, 53 note c,
61 note, 65, 69 note a, 129
note b, 141 note e, 145, 149
note a, 169, 183, 195 note b,
House
411
INDEX OF NAMES
Athenians, L. 197, 167, 189, 209,
213, 217, 267, 297, 305, 335
Cynegirus, 263
Cynoscephali, a Theban village,
83
Cyrenaic, L. 188 textual note
CyrenS, 335
Bion, 397
Bithynus, 83
Biton, 249
DaidalS, 293
Daiphantus, L. 38, 83
Danatis, 297
Danes, 347
Delos, 297
Delphi, L. 117, 247, 377
Demaratus, 391
Demeter, 103, 163
Demetrius, 395
Demetrius, " the Pale," 229
Demetrius, Poliorcetes, L. 25
Democritus, 41, 333
Demosthenes, L. 23
Deo, 387
Dio, L. 204, L. 227
Diodorus Siculus, 387
Diodotus, 49
Diogenes, of Apollonia, 339
Diogenes, the Cynic, 377
Dion, of Syracuse, L. 20
Dionysia, 387
Dionysius, of Syracuse, 389
Dionysius, of Thrace, 175
Dionysus, 103, 243-245, 285-287,
387
Boedromion, 267
Boeotia, 293, 295
Boeotians, 119, 159, 167
Bosporos, 141
367
Callimachus, 297
Callicles,
Callithyia, 297
Camillus, L. 3
Canus, Julius, 385-387
Carneades, 359
Carthaginians, 389
Cato, L. 8, L. 13, 141, 143
Celeiis, 103
Celts,
349
Chabrias, 267
Chalcedon, 141
Chalcis, 181, 185
Charybdis, 325
Chilon, 309
Chios, 337
Chrysippus, L. 59, 145 note
241, 359
Cicero, L. 23
Cilicia, 381
Cimon, L. 19
Circe, 369
ff.
Coriolanus, L. 6
Corope, 231
Crassus, L. 18
Crates, L. 37, 83
Cretan, 229
Cyclops, 239
412
Cydippe, 249
Cyllene, 351
identified with,
285
Earth-shaker (Enosichthon), a
title of Poseidon, 219
Egypt, 153, 387
Egyptian, 211, 213, 227, 287, 349,
387, 397
Eileithyia, 291, 347
Elea, 333
Eleusis, religious ceremonies at,
103, 153, 387
Elysian plain, 375
Empedocles, L. 24, 103, 335, 371
Enosichthon, see Earth-shaker
Epaminondas, L. 7, 75
Ephesians, 165
Epicureans, L. 129, L. 143, 315
note a, 321 note a, 359 note
c, 393
Epicurus, L. 80, L. 82, L. 133,
L. 155, L. 159, 239, 241, 335
INDEX OF NAMES
Epimenides, 111
Eratosthenes, 247
Eretrians, 185
Eridanus, the Po, 349
Erysichthon, 295
Euboea, 231, 289
Eumenes, L. 12
Euripides, L. 224, 245, 257 note,
259 note
Fabius Maximus, L. 5
Favorinus, L. 132
referred to
Flaccus, 141
Fulvius, 77, 79
II.
Hannibal, 77
Harmonides, 225
Helen, a painting of by Zeuxis,
253
Helicon, 183, 185
Helios, the sun. 291
Hephaestus, 363
Hera, 117, 249
contrasted with
Dionysus, 285 ff. 297
cf.
Leto,
Peiras,
i. 165, 55;
Od.i. 47, 77; II.
x. 192-193, 99-101 ; II. viii.
198, 117 ; Od. xvii. 347, II.
xxiv. 45, 133 ; II. ix. 220,
135 ; Od. x. 362, 201 note
II. v. 60, 225 , II. xi. 256,
c
243 note b ; Od. xxi. 35,
245; Od. ii. 271, 265; Od.
ix. 27, 279 note b ; II. xvi.
187, 291; Od. i. 423, 317;
;
Od.
123
Iliad, L.
Io, 349
Alal-
Zeus,
Herodorus, 109
Herodotus, L. 122, 85
material for life
Hesiod, L. 35
commentary on
of,
81
Works and Days, 105-227,
295, 325
Hestia, 139
Hikesios, a title of Zeus, 133
Hippias, 281, 283
Ilipponax, 125
Homer, passages from quoted or
comeneus
Heracleon, 311
Heracles, L. 34, 79-81, 111, 237
Heraclides, 47, 141 note e
Heraclitus, L. 205, 207, 245, 325,
375
Heraclitus, the founder of agriculture, 397
Iortius,
343
Jor, 347
Lampis, 153
Lelantine plain, 185, 187 note a
LOuaion, 167
413
INDEX OF NAMES
Leontini, 347
Leto, 285
titles of, 289
;
identi-
Olympian (Zeus), 81
Olympus, 351, 383
Orchomenos, 183
OropS, 231
Orpheus, 209, 387
Orphism, 103
Orphic poems,
287, 316 note, 377 note a
;
157,
189 note c
Lysander, L. 15
Osiris,
Pamphos, 157
Macedonia, 351
Macris, nurse of Hera, 289
Maecenas, 343
Maiden, the, 103
Marcellus, L. 14
Marcus Coriolanus,
nus
see
Pan, 269
Panaetius, 189
Coriola-
Marius, L. 16
MegalS, see Great Goddess
Meliai, nymphs, 115
Menander, L. 121, 249-253
Meno, title of Plato's dialogue, 391
Messenian (wars), 85
Metrodorus, the Epicurean, 125
Metrodorus, of Chios, 337
Midas, 263
Miletus, 311
Mnemosyne,
393, 399
Muse(s), 269, 363, 393, 399
Museion, the Temple of
6,
Pericles, L. 5
Peripatetics, 391
Persephone, 183-185
Phemius, 397
Phestia, textual note to L. 157
Philopoemen, L. 17
the
Muses, 183
Mychia, a title of Leto, 289
Myron, 393
Naxos, 267
Neocles, 304 textual note
Nero, L. 30
335
Nestor, 99-101
Nicandas, 313
his Theriaca,
Nicander, L. 120
227 ff.
Nicias, L. 18
Nicomachus, 251
Numa, L. 2, 135
Numantia, 77
Nychia, a title of Leto, 289
Nymphidius Sabinus, 79
Nymphs, 115, 269, 293
;
Philoxenus, 253
Phlius, in Attica, 103
Phocians, 85
Phocion, L. 8
Phocis, 83
Phoenicians, 387
Phrygians, 287
Pindar ,L. 36 material for life of,
83
Pisa, 81
Pithoigia, 147
Pithos, 157
Pittacus, 193
Platea, festival of images at, L.
201, 283 ff., 293
Plato, the comic poet, 115
Plato, L. 63, L. 65, L. 66, L. 70,
L. 136, L. 221
passages quoted or referred to
Phaed. 99 B,
Rep. 440 A, 41
Phaed. 82 a
49 note d
Phileb.
Rep. 430 c, 69 note
Laws 677 D-E,
39 A, 103
Phaedr. 247 a, 117
111
Laws 931 A, 133 note b, 189
;
Odrysian, 387
Odysseus, 237, 265, 325
Oeta, 81
Olympia, L. 24
running track
at, 81
;
414
INDEX OF NAMES
note a
note a
Laws
191
a
Laws 650 a, 245 Laws
Rep. 528 c, 273
854 b, 255
Laws 775 b-d, 287
Gorg.
462 e, 495 D, 367 and note
Phaed. 81 E, 369
Laws
Meno' 81 D,
773 r>, 385
391
Phaed. 73 D, 74 D, 399
see also 187, 205, 267 note a,
269 note a, 275 note a, 289
note d, 323 note a, 365 notes
a, e, 371 note c, 373 notes a,
b, c, 375 note c, 377, 387 note
e, 391, 393 note c
cf. Socrates, 117, 253
Pleiads, 153
Po, a river in N. Italy, see Eri;
danus
Polemarchus, 395
Polias, 297
Pompey, L. 21
Poplicolas, L. 4
Poseidon, 217-219
Posidonius, 47
Prometheus, 111
Protagoras, L. 141
Prothoiis, 75
Pyrrho, L. 158
Pyrrhonians, L. 64
Pyrrhus, L. 16, 77
Pythagoras, 81, 369
Pythagoreans, 189, 199, 209 note
a, 239, 316 note, 375-377,
383
Pythia, title of Apollo's priestess
at Delphi, L. 116
Rectus, 387
Rhadamanthys, 375
Rhianus, 85
Rhodes, 345
Sabinus, 79
Salamis, 267
Samians, 297
Sarapis, L. 118
Sardanapallus, 263
Scelmis, 297
Scipio, L. 7, 77
Scipio, Africanus, L. 28, 77-79
Seleucia, 385
Sertorius, L. 12
Severus, 345
Sicily, 163
Simonides, 385
Sirius, 177
Socrates, L. 69, L. 189, L. 190,
117, 127, 163, 253, 265, 279
note
a,
305
Solon, L. 4
Sophocles, 245, 259 note d, 379,
385
Sosicles, L. 57, note to
Sositles, 311 note b
311
289
Theban, 83
Themison, 395
Themistocles, L.
tual note 6
3,
Theogamia, 217
Theon, 229
Iheophrastus, L. 53, 43, 95
Thersites, 381
Theseus, L. 1
Thesmophoria, 387
Thespians, 183
Thessaly, 231, 241
Tiberius (Caesar), L. 27, 345, 393
Tiberius Gracchus, see Gracchus
Tigellinus, 79
Timocrates, 125
Timoleon, L. 11
Timon, argues for the immortality of the soul, 313 ff.
Timotheus, 375
Tiryns, 297
415
INDEX OF NAMES
Titus, L. 17
Triptolemus, 103
Triton, 293
Trophonius, L. 181
Trophonius, 247
Typhon, 219
Vitellius, L.
33
416
d,
261
Xerxes, 263
Zeno, of Elea, 333
Zeno, the Stoic, 127, 357
Zephyr, the West wind, 179
Zeus, temple of at Olympia, 81,
titles of, 133
109, 123
fatherhood of, 133, cf. 189,
151 note e, 161-163, 285, 289,
293-295
cf. Alalcomeneus
Zeuxis, his portrait of Helen, 251
;
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
[the
ff.
almond, 229
anger, see rage
angle, 365
animals, man's
353
treatment
of,
ff.
273
Atticism, a feature of style, 347
arts, the,
CALUMNY,
cf.
Elysium, 375
Hikesios, 133
Homognios, 133
Jordan, 347
Leto, 289
Mychia, 289
Nychia, 289
Peprdmene, 99
Pithos, 157
Xenios, 133
and
(ii)
words
ainein, 183
aletheia,
393
aps, 345
317
demas, 317
bios,
genesis, 315
genethlion, 315
kotos, 325
ololenai, 317
281-283
cuttle-fish, 169
dawn, 175-177
mist
325
325
teleisthai,
televtdn,
thanatos, 315
fate, 99-101, 371
fear, as an indication of
filbert,
An
fol-
title
or part of a
title.
417
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
143-145, 299
goodwill, 301
GRIEF,
punishment, 303
gifts,
GOOD BIRTH,
39
261-265
ff.
QUIETUDE,
hearth, 197
267
heroes, 209
images,
189
Hephaestus
cf.
RAGE,
275, 281
rain, in the springtime, 163
rainbow, see Iris
recollection, and forgetting, 391 ff.
repute, 205
rhetoric, as defined by Gorgias,
365-367
rook, 199
sacrifice, 135-137,
124
ff.
SOUL, 307
191
249-261
335
luck, 131
395
lies
LOVE,
contrasted witli
319
369
ff.\
395
ff.
stealing, 145
memory,
ff.,
spurious
403
strife,
201
scorpion, 347
silver, 113, 297
mist, 171
trickery, 301
GOOD BIRTH
opposites, 63-68
parsnip, 229
pig, a
PLEASURE,
water, 181
WEALTH,
willow, 383
Latin Authors
(1566).
S.
W. Adlington
Gaselee.
of God.
7 Vols.
Vol. I.
G. E.
Vols. II and VII.
W. M. Green. Vol. III. D.
Wiesen. Vol. IV. P. Levine. Vol. V. E. M. Sanford and W. M.
Green. Vol. VI. W. C. Greene.
St. Augustine, Confessions. W. Watts (1631). 2 Vols.
St. Augustine, Select Letters. J. H. Baxter.
Ausonius. H. G. Evelyn White. 2 Vols.
Bede. J. E. King. 2 Vols.
Boethius: Tracts and De Consolatione Philosophiae. Rev. H. F.
Stewart and E. K. Rand. Revised by S. J. Tester.
Ceasar: Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars. A. G. Way.
Ceasar: Civil Wars. A. G. Peskett.
Ceasar: Gallic War. H. J. Edwards.
Cato: De Re Rustica. Varro: De Re Rustica. H. B. Ash and W. D.
St.
McCracken.
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Catullus. F. W. Cornish.
Veneris.
Celsus:
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J.
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Mackail.
Medicina.
Tibullus. J. B. Postgate.
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Spencer.
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Rackham.
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Gardner.
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J.
H. Freese.
McElwain.
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Gellius. J. C. Rolfe. 3 Vols.
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Lucan. J. D. Duff.
Lucretius. W. H. D. Rouse. Revised by M. F. Smith.
Manilius. G. P. Goold.
Martial. W. C. A. Ker. 2 Vols. Revised by E. H. Warmington
Minor Latin poets: from Publilius Syrus to Rutilius Namatianus,
including Grattius, Calpurnius Siculus, Nemesianus, Avianus
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Minucius Felix. Cf. Tertullian.
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Valerius Flaccus. J. H. Mozley.
Varro: De Lingua Latin a. R. G. Kent. 2 Vols.
Velleius Paterculus and Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
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Alciphron, Aelian, Philostratus: Letters.
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On
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Cosmos.
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R.
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Diogenes Laertius.
II.
5 Vols.
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Feldman.
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