Digital Visual Interface (DVI)

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November 2001

Contents
Executive Summary.......3
Direct Digital Transmission Standards....4

Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS)......4

Transmission Minimized Differential Signaling (TMDS).....4

TMDS Based Digital Transmission Standards......5

Digital Flat Panel (DFP)......5

Plug and Play (P&D)....5

Digital Visual Interface (DVI)..... 5

The Digital Visual Interface (DVI).....6

DVI Connector Classifications..6

DVI-I Connector........7
o

DVI-I Connector Pin Assignments...7

DVI-D Connector..7
o

DVI-D Connector Pin Assignments ........7

High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP)......8

DVI-Audio.....8
Conclusion.......9
Bibliography...10
Questions and Answers (Q&A)...11

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Executive Summary
Most of the computers on the market today generate digital video, which is then converted to
analog by the video graphics card and transmitted to an analog CRT monitor. In the case of
digital displays such as Plasma, LCD flat panel monitors, DLP and LCD projectors, that analog
signal is then converted back to digital before it can be displayed, a process that can add
unnecessary cost and complexity to some products. Additionally the digital to analog (D/A) and
analog to digital (A/D) conversion of the video signal can introduce sampling errors, which can
reduce image quality and require the addition of controls to help correct the errors introduced in
the process.
With the increase in popularity of digital flat panel monitors, the need for a digital graphics
connection became apparent. The challenge was to develop a simple, cost effective digital
connection to send high bandwidth digital RGB signals across a reasonable cable length.
Solutions based on National Semiconductors Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS)
technology and Silicon Images Transition Minimized Differential Signaling (TMDS) technology
were explored. TMDS proved to be better suited to transmit digital signals across long cable
lengths than LVDS technology. A number of competing standards for digital interfacing soon
emerged. VESA introduced the Plug and Display (P&D) standard, Compaq Corporation led a
consortium of manufacturers to introduce the Digital Flat Panel (DFP) interface standard and the
Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) introduced the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) standard. All
three standards were based around Silicon Images TMDS technology.
The Plug and Display (P&D) standard attempted to implement a multifunction interface with
support for USB and IEEE1394/Firewire. It failed to attract the interest of video graphics card
manufacturers and never gained much popularity. The Digital Flat Panel (DFP) standard was
introduced as a way to simplify the implementation of an all-digital connection. It failed to gain
widespread acceptance because of its limited functionality. The Digital Visual Interface (DVI) was
designed to provide the industry with a single, universal digital interface. Its primary focus was to
provide a digital connection between a PC and a display device. It quickly gained widespread
market acceptance and is now the industry standard.
DVI offers the right combination of versatility and functionality, which is why it has become the
industry standard. Market research indicates that in just a few years, sales of digital display
devices will surpass sales of analog display devices. DVI is poised to replace the analog VGA
connector to become the single, universal display interface.

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Direct Digital Transmission Standards

Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS)
National Semiconductors Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) is a high-speed, low-power
interface used by most Notebook computer manufacturers to create a direct digital connection
between the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and LCD display. It provides very high line
transmission rates, requires little power, generates low noise levels and it is very robust. It is also
able to reject common-mode noise that is twice the magnitude of the actual differential signal
magnitude. LVDS technology was optimized for short cable runs, as a result efforts to transition
LVDS technology to external desktop monitors did not get too far.

Transition Minimized Differential Signaling (TMDS)

Silicon Images Transition Minimized Differential Signaling is an electrical standard used to
transmit digital data to a display device. The transition minimization is achieved by implementing
an advanced encoding algorithm that converts 8 bits of data into a 10-bit transition minimized, DC
balanced character. The signal is optimized to reduce Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), which
allows for faster signal transfer rates with increased accuracy. The differential circuitry in TMDS
allows complimentary limited amplitude signals to be transmitted over twisted pair wires instead
of more expensive coaxial cable. The TMDS link architecture consists of a TMDS transmitter that
encodes and serially transmits a data stream over the TMDS link to a TMDS receiver. Video and
sync information are serialized and sent over three sets of twisted pair wires, one set for red,
green and blue data channels. An additional pair of wires is used to transmit a clock signal for
timing. At the other end, the TMDS receiver synchronizes itself to character boundaries in each of
the serial data streams, the transmitted signal is recovered and decoded.
A fundamental principle of physics known as the "Copper Barrier" limits the amount of data that
can be squeezed through a single copper wire. The limit is a bandwidth of about 165MHz, which
equates to 165 million pixels per second. A single TMDS link has a bandwidth of 165 MHz, which
enough to display resolutions of up to 1600 x 1200 (UXGA) at 60Hz.
DVI, which is the first standard specifically written for the TMDS digital interface allows for up to
two TMDS links, a total of 6 channels sharing a single clock, to be integrated into a single DVI
connector to support a minimum bandwidth of 330 mega pixels per second. That is enough
bandwidth to enable digital displays to reach resolutions of up to 2048 x 1536 (QXGA).

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TMDS Based Transmission Standards

Plug-and-Display (P&D)
The P&D standard attempted to implement a multifunction connector capable of carrying digital
and analog signals, as well as USB and IEEE1394/Firewire. Although the P&D connector failed to
attract the interest of graphics card manufacturers, InFocus Corporation, one of the leaders of the
projection industry, has found a great application for this connector in its products. By using the
P&D connector, which InFocus calls the M1-DA, on the display side, InFocus has created an
organized, single-cable connection solution between the host computer and the display. In
recognition of this, VESA has officially released the M1 standard, making this the first time that a
projector manufacturer has played such a pivotal role in the creation of a connector standard.

P&D/M1 Receptacle
Connector

Digital Flat Panel (DFP)

Adopted by VESA and now considered obsolete, the DFP standard was designed to simplify the
implementation of a direct digital connection between the host computer and a digital flat panel
monitor. DFP supports the Display Data Channel (DDC) and Extended Display Identification Data
(EDID) specifications for configuration management. It also supports Hot Plug Detection for
compatibility with the P&D VESA standard. It does not support the transmission of analog signals
and it does not support USB or IEEE1394/Firewire. Its maximum resolution is limited to SXGA
(1280 x 1024), which made it the least future-ready of the three standards.

DFP Receptacle
Connector

Digital Visual Interface (DVI)

The Digital Visual Interface (DVI) was designed to provide the industry with a single, universal
digital interface. Its primary focus was to provide a digital connection between a PC and a display
device. The DVI interface has proven to be extremely versatile. Its two connector styles provide
manufacturers with the flexibility to support digital devices while remaining backwards compatible
with analog devices. DVI is also backwards compatible with the Plug and Display (P&D) and
Digital Flat Panel (DFP) standards through the use of adapters. Since its release, DVI has gained
extra functionality and can now be used to deliver secure content to a display device as well as
deliver the highest quality digital audio signals. The DVI interface has gained industry wide
acceptance and is considered the industry standard digital graphics interface. The projection
industry has embraced DVI in a big way. Making the DVI connector a standard feature on the
majority of new projector models on the market.

DVI-D
Receptacle Connector

DVI-I
Receptacle Connector
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The Digital Visual Interface (DVI)

The DVI standard was introduced by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) to create a
universally accepted digital interface and to provide the industry with a path towards a single
common display interface. DVI is based on Silicon Images Transition Minimized Differential
Signaling (TMDS) technology, which provides a high-bandwidth digital connection between the
host computer and a display device. The TMDS technology also makes DVI backwards
compatible with the Plug and Display (P&D) and Digital Flat Panel (DFP) standards through the
use of adapters.
DVI is the first digital standard specifically created for Transition Minimized Differential Signaling,
It supports a dual-link mode, which allows digital displays to reach resolutions up to 2048 X 1536
(QXGA) and beyond.
The DVI specification supports hot plug and play of display devices. DVI also supports the VESA
Display Data Channel (DDC) and Extended Display Identification Data (EDID) specifications,
which enable the display, graphics adapter, and computer to communicate and automatically
configure the system to support the different features available in the display. EDID is a standard
data format for information such as display vendor, resolution and timing capabilities. A purely
digital connection allows projector manufacturers to design products, which provide the sharpest,
clearest image possible, without the need for any fine sync or complex pixel clock adjustments.
DISPLAY RESOLUTION CHART
Resolution Name
Pixel Resolution
Video Graphics Array (VGA)
640 x 480
Super VGA (SVGA)
800 x 600
Extended Graphics Array (XGA)
1024 x 768
Super XGA
1280 x 1024
Ultra XGA
1600 x 1200
High Definition TV (HDTV)
1920 x 1080
Quad XGA (QXGA)
2048 x 1536

Display
60-Hz LCD with 5% blanking
Interval
75-Hz CRT with approx. 15%
blanking interval
85-Hz CRT with approx. 15%
blanking interval

RESOLUTIONS SUPPORTED BY DVI

Single-Link DVI
Dual-Link DVI
Up to 1920 x 1080 (HDTV)
Up to 2048 x 1536
(QXGA)
Up to 1280 x 1024 (SXGA)
Up to QXGA
Up to SXGA

Up to HDTV

DVI connector classifications

The DVI standard was carefully crafted to provide a path to the eventual replacement of the
analog VGA connector. For that purpose the DVI interface is composed of two connector types.
The DVI-Integrated (DVI-I) which can carry a single or dual-link digital signal and/or can carry an
analog signal to support legacy analog devices and the DVI-Digital-only (DVI-D) connector which
can carry a single or dual-link digital signal.

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DVI-Integrated (DVI-I): supports both analog and digital connections to the display. This 29pin connector can carry single or dual-link all-digital video/data signals on 24 pins and uses 5
pins to carry analog video/data signals and ground. It is easily distinguishable by the plusshaped slot surrounded by four pins used to carry the analog connection.

DVI-I
Receptacle Connector

Pin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C1
C4

COMBINED ANALOG AND DIGITAL CONNECTOR PIN ASSIGNMENTS

Signal Assignment
Pin Signal Assignment
Pin Signal Assignment
T.M.D.S. Data29
T.M.D.S. Data117 T.M.D.S. Data0T.M.D.S. Data2+
10 T.M.D.S. Data1+
18 T.M.D.S. Data0+
T.M.D.S. Data2/4 Shield
11 T.M.D.S. Data1/3 Shield 19 T.M.D.S. Data0/5 Shield
T.M.D.S. Data412 T.M.D.S. Data320 T.M.D.S. Data5T.M.D.S. Data4+
13 T.M.D.S. Data3+
21 T.M.D.S. Data5+
DDC Clock
14 +5V Power
22 T.M.D.S. Clock Shield
23 T.M.D.S. Clock+
DDC Data
15 Ground
(return for +5V, Hsync,
and Vsync)
Analog Vertical Sync
16 Hot Plug Detect
24 T.M.D.S. ClockAnalog Red
C2 Analog Green
C3 Analog Blue
Analog Horizontal Sync
C5 Analog Ground
(analog R,G, &B return)

DVI-Digital (DVI-D): supports digital-only connections between the host computer and
display. This interface is designed for a 12 or 24-pin connection to enable single or dual-link
mode activation.

DVI-D
Receptacle Connector

Pin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

DIGITAL-ONLY CONNECTOR PIN ASSIGNMENTS

Signal Assignment
Pin Signal Assignment
Pin Signal Assignment
T.M.D.S. Data29
T.M.D.S. Data117 T.M.D.S. Data0T.M.D.S. Data2+
10 T.M.D.S. Data1+
18 T.M.D.S. Data0+
T.M.D.S. Data2/4 Shield
11 T.M.D.S. Data1/3 Shield
19 T.M.D.S. Data0/5 Shield
T.M.D.S. Data412 T.M.D.S. Data320 T.M.D.S. Data5T.M.D.S. Data4+
13 T.M.D.S. Data3+
21 T.M.D.S. Data5+
DDC Clock
14 +5V Power
22 T.M.D.S. Clock Shield
DDC Data
15 Ground (for +5V)
23 T.M.D.S. Clock+
No Connect
16 Hot Plug Detect
24 T.M.D.S. Clock-

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The DVI connectors have a clever design feature that allows a Digital-only DVI-D plug to connect
to both the DVI-D and DVI-I receptacle. In contrast the DVI-I plug can connect only to DVI-I
receptacles. This design feature ensures that a Digital-only device is not connected to an Analogonly device.

High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP)

Future applications for DVI will include secure digital content delivery. Broadcasters and movie
studios have raised concerns about the possibility of copyright violations now that the means to
deliver high-bandwidth, high-definition content is here. Anyone could conceivably make perfect
copies of copyrighted material. For that purpose the High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection
(HDCP) encryption specification was developed. HDCP is designed to provide a secure
transmission, which provides copy protection between a DVI video transmitter and a DVI video
receiver or display device. The system will require HDCP-enabled hardware on both the host
graphics system and the display device to provide a protected link. An HDCP encoding scheme is
used to encrypt data at the source, before it is sent to the display device. The display device will
then have to present a set of keys, which will unlock and allow the display of the digital content.

DVI-Audio
Silicon Image has developed an audio solution that is fully backwards compatible with the DVI
standard. It is called DVI-Audio and it and it has the bandwidth to support anything from two
channel digital stereo transmitted to HDTV, to 8 channel digital audio or DVD-Audio transmitted to
an A/V receiver. This clever solution works by embedding the audio signal into the clock signal.
DVI-Audio takes advantage of Transition Minimized Differential Signaling (TMDS) ability to
modulate the position of the falling edge of the clock to send 1 bit of data during each clock cycle,
without affecting the functionality of the display device and without the need of software drivers.
Through this process, a minimum of 25 Mbps can be sent. That is enough bandwidth to support
existing digital audio standards with leftover capacity to support future standards. When
transmitting HDTV resolutions, this capacity is extended to 74.5 Mbps to enable multiple digital
audio channels, well in excess of todays audio technology.

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CONCLUSION
The DVI interface has gained industry wide acceptance and is considered the industry standard
digital graphics interface. It offers the right combination of versatility and functionality. DVI can be
used to deliver single or dual-link digital video to a display device while supporting legacy analog
devices. Leading market research firms are forecasting dramatic rises in sales of digital display
devices, which will eventually surpass sales of the current analog display devices. Market surveys
indicate that over 50% of the displays sold in Japan today, are digital. DVI is also spreading into
the consumer market. There are plans to add the DVI connector to HDTV sets, Set-top boxes,
DSS receivers and HD-DVD players. DVI is poised to replace the analog VGA connector to
become the single, universal display interface.

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Bibliography
Understanding Direct Digital Technology Extron Electronics
http://www.extron.com/download/files/appbrochure/directdigital.pdf
Chang, Luke and Goodart, Joe Digital Visual Interface Dell Computer Corporation
http://www.dell.com/us/en/arm/topics/vectors_2000-dvi.htm
Multimedia/Panel Displays, PC Tech Guide.com
http://www.pctechguide.com/07pan2.htm
High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) Silicon Image. Inc.
http://www.siimage.com/documents/SiI-WP-002-A.pdf
PanelLink A/V: The Digital Solution for HDTV Silicon Image, Inc.
http://www.siimage.com/documents/SiI-WP-003-A.pdf
Digital Video Solutions-PanelBus Texas Instruments Inc.
http://www.ti.com/sc/docs/products/msp/intrface/panelbus/market.htm
Goldie, John LVDS based FPD-Link spans industries with Gigabits @ milliwatts! National
Semiconductor Inc. http://www.national.com/nationaledge/may01/lvds.html

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Questions and Answers (Q&A)

Q:

What is DVI?

A:
DVI or Digital Visual Interface was created by a consortium of computer industry leaders
called the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) as a way to transport video digitally from a
personal computer to a desktop display. The DVI 1.0 standard was first released in April 1999.
More recently DVI has gained support from home entertainment equipment manufacturers as a
way to eliminate many of the sources of image imperfections associated with older analog
interfaces. See: www.ddwg.org for more information on DVI.
Q:

Whats so great about DVI?

A:
In a modern home theater system the video source is often a DVD player. The data on
the DVD is digital, much like it is on an audio CD. Similarly, many home theater projectors use a
digital imaging device like DLP, LCD, or LCoS. With a digital source and a digital display it really
makes no sense to use an analog interface to connect the two.
Analog interfaces are prone to image degradation and artifacts such as: noise, sparkles,
ghosting, snow, poor color matching, and softness caused by a loss of sharpness.
Additionally, projectors using pixelated imagers must convert the analog video to digital to be
displayed. This analog to digital conversion introduces artifacts into the image as well.
DVI, being a digital interface, suffers from none of these problems.
In addition to transporting video from the source to the display without degradation, DVI offers
other advantages as well. For instance, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) has
endorsed a copy protection standard called HDCP, specifically for DVI. The MPAA has been
reluctant to release high definition movies until there was some way to prevent them from being
copied. HDCP allows the user access to high definition movies over DVI. The MPAA will not
allow high definition content to be available over analog interfaces once HDCP goes live. This
means that only projectors with both DVI and HDCP will be able to display high definition content.
Q:

Why dont I see any difference when I use DVI instead of the analog interface?

A: Many users will not see any difference when using the DVI interface instead of the analog
interface. This is especially true if the video interconnection cable is short, well designed and
manufactured, and the displayed images are not very demanding. Photographs and normal
computer desktop displays are not very demanding. The differences become more apparent with
test images designed to push the capabilities of the interface. The differences become readily
apparent with long cable lengths, poor analog cabling, and with higher resolution displays.
Try using test images from Display Mate (www.displaymate.com). Note that with DVI the lines
between the vertical color bars are sharp and the checkerboard patterns show no noise or
blurring. Now try the same test with the analog interface. Try again with a long, thin analog
cable. The image quality difference should be readily apparent with long, thin analog cables.
One could also devise a test to demonstrate that the color matching on the DVI interface is better
than on the analog interface.
Having said all of that, image quality is a highly subjective thing. What looks fine to one person
may look terrible to another.

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Q:

Why should I buy a projector with a DVI interface?

A:
DVI is fast becoming the interface standard of choice for set-top box manufacturers.
Additionally, several manufacturers of DVD players are planning to make DVI enabled DVD
players. By purchasing a projector with a DVI interface you are future proofing your investment.
You can further future proof your investment by purchasing a projector with HDCP.
Q:

Ive heard about DVI-CE. How is DVI-CE different than DVI 1.0?

A: DVI-CE is a proposed enhancement of DVI 1.0 to make it more applicable to home

entertainment devices, not just computers. Most of the proposals for DVI-CE include a smaller
connector and an audio interface over the DVI link. In all of the current proposals, an inexpensive
passive adapter will allow users of the DVI enabled displays to connect to proposed DVI-CE
sources. There are at least two difference proposals for audio over DVI. At the time of this
writing, Fall 2001, the DVI-CE standard is not yet complete, so a definite answer cannot be given
as to the exact nature of DVI-CE.
Q:

What is HDCP and what does it have to do with DVI?

A:
HDCP stands for High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection. HDCP prevents a casual
user from copying high-resolution movies from the DVI port of a computer or other video source.
HDCP is specific to DVI interfaces. More information can be found at www.digital-cp.com
Q:

If a projector has DVI does that mean it has HDCP?

A:
No. Many projectors have a DVI interface, but few have HDCP. Check the
manufacturers datasheet carefully. On the other hand, if the projector has HDCP it must also
have DVI.
Q:

What does HDCP do for me as a user?

A:
HDCP allows you to view movies in high definition format. Video sources playing high
definition movies connected to projectors without HDCP are required to reduce the resolution of
their outputs. The idea is to allow users of older projectors without HDCP to view new movies
(albeit in lower resolution), but not allow thieves to make high definition copies. Owners of
projectors with HDCP will be able to view high definition movies in full high definition resolution.
Q:

When will HDCP Go Live?

A:
The MPAA has not given a specific date when they will require HDCP on DVI when
showing so-called protected content. However, many industry analysts believe that the
requirement for HDCP will be tied to licensing of the new HD-DVD standard. So one might
expect HDCP to become a requirement to view high definition content when the HD-DVD players
and content begin showing up in retail outlets.
Q:

So when will HD-DVD players and content become available?

A:
So far, nobody is saying. The main outstanding technical hurdle for the mass production
of HD-DVD players is the long-term reliability and cost of the blue laser diode required to pack HD
content on a standard size DVD.
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Q:

Ive heard that HDCP was hacked. Does this mean that HDCP is useless?

A:
At least one prominent cryptographer has proposed a way that one might hack HDCP.
As of the time of this writing, Fall 2001, nobody has posted a hack of HDCP to a public site. In
any case, HDCP was not designed to be uncrackable. It was designed to prevent the casual
copying of specific high definition video content. The Motion Picture Association of America
(MPAA) still supports HDCP for use on DVI interfaces.

Q:
Ive heard that DVI cables are limited to 5 meters in length. What do I do if I need a
longer cable?
A:
The DVI standard specifies no specific cable length. The practical cable length is
dependent on the quality of the cable, the pixel clock rate of the video being transported, and the
quality of the DVI transmitter and receiver being used. For example, 1024 x 768, 24 bits-per-pixel
(bpp), 60Hz video has a pixel clock rate of about 65 MHz. For this example, most reasonable
quality cables will work fine at 5 meters with InFocus projectors. Better quality cables will work
well at 10 meters. InFocus has taken pains in the design process to optimize the performance of
the DVI receivers used in InFocus projectors to give the longest cables run possible.
If DVI cable runs longer than 10 meters are desired there are several DVI cable extension
products available.
Extron (www.extron.com), Altinex (www.altinex.com), Gefen
(www.gefen.com), and Opticis, (www.opticis.com) all have DVI extension solutions available.
Q:

What is the M1 connector system?

A:
The M1 Display Interface System is a standard created by the Video Electronics
Standards Association specifically for displays. It was approved by the VESA membership in
August 2001.
Q:

Why does InFocus use M1 when everybody else is using DVI?

A:
InFocus is committed to making projector as simple as possible to use. To that end,
InFocus supports Plug-and-Play for monitors, referred to in the industry as DDC (Display Data
Channel) and/or EDID (Extended Display Interface Data). It gets rather complicated, but there
are several problems involved with getting DDC and EDID to work properly on dual-mode (both
analog and digital) displays using the DVI connector. This is because the DVI connector was not
designed for use on the display side of the interface, only the host or computer side. The M1
connector system fixes the problems with DDC/EDID as well as adding additional features such
as USB, and power for external devices such as fiberoptic DVI link extenders. M1 also makes it
more difficult to confuse inputs and outputs on video processing equipment, since DVI is always
and output and M1 is always an input.
Q:

How can InFocus advertise DVI compatibility when using the VESA M1 system?

A:
VESA designed the M1 system to work seamlessly with DVI connectors on the host
(video source) end of the cable. In engineering terms, M1 is a superset of DVI. Additionally, the
DVI standard is agnostic with regard to the connector used on the display end of the video cable.
All InFocus projectors using the M1 interface are fully DVI compliant.

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Q:

I heard that M1 is an InFocus proprietary interface?

A: M1 is a standard from the Video Electronics Standards Association, VESA. As such it is an

open standard that can be used by any VESA member company. While InFocus was a driving
force behind creating the M1 standard, it is not a proprietary interface.
Q:

If M1 is so great, why dont all projector manufacturer use it?

A:
The M1 standard was just completely ratified by VESA in August 2001. InFocus expects
there to be other projector manufactures to embrace M1 as soon as development allows.
Q:

Why doesnt InFocus put an IEEE 1394 interface on their projectors?

A:
IEEE 1394 goes by many different names in the industry. Apple, the inventor of the
technology, calls it Firewire. Sony calls it iLink. Apple created the basic technology in 1986
and introduced it into the market in 1987. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
made it an IEEE standard in 1994.
While the overall information carrying capacity or bandwidth of IEEE 1394 has increased from
100MHz, to 400 MHz now and 800 MHz on the horizon it still does not have enough bandwidth to
carry uncompressed full-motion video.
In a typical home theater setup there is some sort of central routing box; a cable or satellite settop box or a video switcher. Many of these devices have a picture-in-picture (PIP) capability.
Decompressing the incoming 1394 video streams to this box to perform the PIP function and to
add menus and then re-compressing the video to the display would introduce unacceptable
artifacts. This compression and decompression also adds substantial cost.
For these reasons most manufacturers of set-top boxes and video processors are planning to use
DVI (with HDCP) to connect to the display. Most InFocus projectors already have a DVI
interface.
Motion Adaptive Deinterlacing
Per-pixel motion adaptive techniques provide the highest resolution picture while suppressing
motion artifacts.
DCDi (Directional Correlational De-Interlacing)
Per-pixel selection of edge direction produces a smooth and natural picture without staircasing or
jaggies.
Film Mode Processing
One field look-ahead allows for superior 3:2 and 2:2 pulldown detection along with bad-edit and
mixed-mode detection, which is then coupled with proper inverse pulldown correction for an
artifact-free picture.
Motion Adaptive Cross Color Suppression
3D processing removes objectionable NTSC cross color artifacts created by the Y/C separation
process.
What is DCDi?
DCDi stands for Directional Correlational De-Interlacing. Conventional video deinterlacing
introduces image artifacts such as flicker, loss of vertical resolution and jagged edges. More
advanced motion adaptive deinterlacing can remove most of these shortcomings, but moving
diagonal edges may still exhibit staircasing or jaggies.
Why do I need it?

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The shortcomings of conventional deinterlacing are most apparent when viewing material from a
live or taped video source. In particular, television sports, variety, and concert presentations are
significantly improved by the use of this latest technology.
Broadcast television and other composite video sources are also enhanced by motion adaptive
cross-color suppression. Cross-color is the artifact created when fine detail is mistakenly seen as
color information by conventional video decoders. Think of the rainbows seen in a suits fabric
texture, worn by an anchorperson or talk show host. Those artifacts are now considerably
reduced or eliminated.
What about DVDs?
If the DVD contains material from a video source then the benefits mentioned above will apply. If
the DVD contains a motion picture shot on film, then a different method is used to create an
optimum image. Film mode processing reconstructs the original progressive film image from the
interlaced DVD output. Advanced 3:2 and 2:2 pulldown detection gives outstanding results from
NTSC or PAL video sources.
What about progressive DVD players?
Progressive material is displayed directly and very little signal processing is performed. The
LS110 and ???? will display a fine image from these sources. However, you will find the
deinterlacing and film mode processing of our new projectors superior, to many DVD players on
the market today.
What about HDTV?
InFocus does not use DCDi technology to enhance HDTV sources in our present products.

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