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8.01t
Energy Transformations
∆Esystem + ∆Esurroundings = 0
Kinetic Energy
1 2
K = mv
2
• SI unit is defined to be a Joule
−2
1 J ≡ 1kg ⋅ m ⋅ s2
PRS Question 1
1) the same
2) twice as much
3) three times as much
4) four times as much
PRS Question 2
1) larger than
2) equal to
3) smaller than
2) zero
3) negative
PRS Question 4
2) zero
3) negative
Dot Product
G G
A ⋅ B =
AB cos θ
• The dot product can be positive, zero, or
negative
Projection and the Dot Product
G G G G
A ⋅B = B⋅A
G G G G
cA ⋅ B = c(A ⋅ B)
G G G G G G G
(A + B) ⋅ C = A ⋅ C + B ⋅ C
• Unit vectors ˆi ⋅ ˆi =| î || ˆ
i | cos(0) = 1
ˆj ⋅ ˆj = kˆ ⋅ kˆ = 1
ˆi ⋅ k
ˆ = ˆj ⋅ k
ˆ
= 0
Vector Components of Dot
Product
G
A = Axˆi + Ayˆj + Az k
ˆ
G
B = Bxˆi + Byˆj + Bz k
G G
A ⋅ B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
Work and the Dot Product
G
F
= Fx ˆi +
Fy ˆj
G
∆x
= ∆x
ˆi
G
G
W = F ⋅ ∆
x = (
Fx
î + Fy ĵ) ⋅ (∆x î
) = Fx
∆x
PRS Question 5
PRS Question 6
1 2
W f ,i = Fx ∆x = max ∆x = max (vx ,
i t + ax t )
2
(vx , f − vx ,i ) 1 (vx , f − vx ,i ) 2
=m (vx ,i t + ( )t
t 2 t
1 1
= mvx , f − mvx ,i
2 2
2 2
= ∆K
K f = K i + W f ,i
• one dimension
xf xf dvx xf dx vx , f
W = ∫ Fx dx = ∫ m dx = ∫ m dvx = ∫ mvx dvx
x0 x0 dt x0 dt vx ,0
vx , f vx , f ⎛1 2⎞ 1 1
W =∫ mvx dvx = ∫ d ⎜ mvx ⎟ = mvx , f − mvx ,0 2 = ∆K
2
vx ,0 vx ,0
⎝2 ⎠ 2 2
Work done by Non-Constant
Force
∆Wi = ( Fx )i ∆xi
• add up these scalar quantities to get the
total work i = N i= N
WN = ∑ ∆Wi = ∑ ( Fx )i ∆xi
i = 1 i =1
W = lim
N →∞
∑ ( F ) ∆ x x i i = ∫ Fx dx
∆xi →0 i = 1 x =
x0
PRS Question 7
Path
G G
∆Wi = Fi ⋅ ∆ri
G G i= N rf G G
W = lim ∑ Fi ⋅ ∆ri = ∫ F ⋅ dr
N G→∞ r0
∆ri →0 i =1
Line Integrals
• force vector F = Fx î + Fy ˆj + Fz k
ˆ
G
• total work
G G G G G G G G
r =r f r =r f r =r f r =r f
G G
W= ∫
G G
r = r0
F ⋅ dr = ∫
G G
r = r0
Fx dx + ∫
G G
r = r0
Fy dy + ∫
G G
r =
r0
Fz dz
Power
∆W Fapplied , x ∆x
P ave = = = Fapplied , x vx ,ave
∆t ∆t
[ ] ⎣
1W ≡ ⎡1 J ⋅ s −1
⎤ ≡
⎦ ⎣ ⎡1kg ⋅ m 2
⋅ −3
s
⎤⎦
Instantaneous Power
∆W ∆x
∆t →0 ∆t ∆t →0 ∆t
Class Problem 1
8.01T Physics I
Goal
Force Sensor:
Click
Sampling Options:
No boxes checked.
Set Up :
Choose large or
small cylinder.
Both kinds at
each table.
100 gm brass
weight + 5 gm
holder = 1.03 N.
Measuring technique:
measurements.