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This it to certify that Osisiogu Ukachi Oluwaseun, a student of Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
Awka of the Faculty of Engineering and Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering
with registration number 2010364149 has successfully completed his SIWES programme with M
& M Electrical/Electronics and Telecommunications Company, Awka, Anambra State.
Students Signature
Date
Date
DEDICATION
To my parents who have been a constant source of support and encouragement an epitome of
godly and loving parents.
To every teacher who put every effort to see that they produce students who will one day become
better than themselves.
To every upcoming engineer who constantly works hard to help the world to be a better place.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
One of the major lessons I have come to learn in this life is that No man is an Island.
The completion of this industrial training was made possible because of some special persons
who have been helpful in my life.
They include
To my fellow IT students who have been very motivating to me. I am grateful to you all.
Also Engr. Abdul Malik, my industrial supervisor whose guidance has been of immense helps to
me.
The co-workers of M & M Electronics, I am also grateful.
I am also grateful to my Parents Prof. and Mrs. Osisiogu, my siblings and relatives who are
always understanding and still supportive to see that this program was concluded without much
stress.
Finally, to the Omni-potent God for His continuous supply of wisdom, understanding and
knowledge, and a whole lot more. I forever remain grateful to You.
REPORT OVERVIEW
This purpose of this report is to inform the SIWES coordinator of Nnamdi Azikiwe University. It
is also meant to serve as proof that I actually did undergo the 6 months training required for a
student to do. In this report I will present all I know about the company, what I learnt in the
company, problems I encountered in the company and as well recommendations for Industrial
Trust Fund and the company of my place of attachment.
Table of Contents
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Report Overview
Table of Contents
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5.2 Recommendations
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5.3 Conclusions
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1
BACKGROUND OF SIWES
SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills
preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions.
The Scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition from the
classroom to the world of work. It affords students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of being
familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which
are usually not available in the educational institutions.
One of the primary goals of the SIWES is to help students integrate leadership development into
the experiential learning process. Students are expected to learn and develop basic non-profit
leadership skills through a mentoring relationship with innovative non-profit leaders.
By integrating leadership development activities into the Industrial Training experience, SIWES
hopes to encourage students to actively engage in non-profit management as a professional career
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objective. However, the effectiveness of the SIWES experience will have varying outcomes
based upon the individual student, the work assignment, and the supervisor/mentor requirements.
It is vital that each internship position description includes specific, written learning objectives to
ensure leadership skill development is incorporated. Participation in SIWES has become a
necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree certificates in specific disciplines
in most institutions of higher learning in the country, in accordance with the education policy of
government.
Operators - The ITF, the coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, NBTE), employers of labour and
the institutions.
Funding - The Federal Government of Nigeria
Beneficiaries - Undergraduate students of the following: Agriculture, Engineering, technology,
Environmental, Science, Education, Medical Science, and pure and Applied Sciences.
Duration - Four months for Polytechnics and Colleges of Education, and six months for the
Universities.
1.2
6. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive to effective
interpersonal relationships.
7. SIWES will increase a student's sense of responsibility.
8. SIWES students will be prepared to enter into full-time employment in their area of
specialization upon graduation.
9. SIWES students will acquire good work habits.
10. SIWES students will develop employment records/references that will enhance employment
opportunities.
11. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to understand informal organizational
interrelationships.
12. SIWES will reduce student dropouts.
13. SIWES Students will be able to outline at least five specific goals with several staff members
by comparing performance with job duties and develop a draft plan with staff to accomplish
performance needs, supervision plan and rewards.
14. SIWES Students will be able to develop a draft agency or project budget and will be able to
identify methods of obtaining revenue to support the budget.
15. SIWES Students will be able to provide tools to use in prioritizing tasks of an assigned
project and create with staff a tentative schedule for completion based on these tasks.
16. SIWES Students will be able to develop a model policy that gives current front-line leaders
the permission and expectation to work with other staff on conflict resolution and explain how
this works to current front line leaders.
17. SIWES Students will be able to describe different skills leaders can use to
Foster commitment and collaboration with both internal and external constituents.
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The 6 months Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) which is a requirement for
the completion of my course of study, Electronic and Computer Engineering was done at M&M
Electrical/Electronics & Telecommunications Company. It has two departments. They are
experts in the field of sound systems and inverter designs. The Industrial Training was based on
working with the necessary tools used in an electronics workshop in order to design, build and
implement basic and complex electronic circuits needed for both home and enterprise users.
These things were being carried out in the company and some of them form part of my job
description.
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CHAPTER 2
2.0
2.3
production manager and installation manager. It also should include clerical offices such as
secretary, cashier and cleaner. During my stay in M & M electronics I underwent my industrial
work experience scheme under the productions department.
Figure 1 below shows the representation of the company.
2.4 Various Departments and their Functions
1. Technical Services and Management: This department has the responsibility to make sure
that the equipment in the workshop is functional. They are also the department that repairs all the
faulty systems that a customer brings.
2. Training Department: One of the main visions of M&M Electronics is to train young men
and women who will gain skills to work in companies of relative fields and also be able to have
their own companies and be self-employed and in turn create jobs for other people. This
department is responsible to make sure that vision is fulfilled. They train students and they are
also responsible for the materials and tools that these students will use. Courese like basic
electronics, power inverter designs, micro-controller basics and audio amplifiers are taken
3. Production Department: This department ensures that all the jobs of production are being
carried out, they also regulate quality control. If a customer complains of a product they look into
it. They also make research so they can be able to provide state of the art services to improve the
companys worth. Products produces are solar inverters, power inverters, and audio amplifiers.
4. Installation Department: After the production made by the production department this
department is to ensure proper installation of equipment, it is possible that the equipment may not
have been produced by the company but they can be called upon to perform installation services
like solar power related devices, satellite dishes, inverter systems and audio systems.
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Secretary
Director
Clerical
Officers
Repair and
Troubleshooting of
Electrical/Electronic
equipment
Training
Production
Manager
Installation
Manager
Installation of
wiring security
systems
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0
During the industrial attachment I was acquainted with a lot of things which includes
a. Audio power amplifiers
b. The inverter system
c. Basic electronics
3.1
An audio amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low power audio signal (signals
composed primarily of frequencies between 20 20,000 Hz, the human range of hearing to a
level of suitable for driving loudspeakers and is the final stage in a typical audio playback chain.
The preceding stage in such a chain are low power audio amplifiers which perform tasks like preamplification, equlisation, tone control, mixing/effects or audio sources like record player, CD
player and cassette players.
Most audio amplifiers require this low-level input to adhere to line levels. While the input signal
to an audio amplifier may measure only a few hundred microwatts, its output may be tens,
hundreds or thousands of watts.
Figure 2 (a)
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Figure 2 (b)
3.1.1
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The audio amplifier works on the principle of magnetic amplification. The magnetic amplifier is
a static device with no moving parts. It has no wear out mechanism and has a good tolerance to
mechanical shock and vibration. It requires no warm up time. Multiple isolated signals may be
summed by additional control windings on the magnetic cores. The windings of a magnet
amplifier have a higher tolerance to momentary overloads then comparable solid state devices.
The magnetic amplifier is also used as a transducer in applications such as current measurement.
A magnet amplifier device may resemble a transformer but the operating principle is quite
different from a transformer essentially the magnetic saturation of the core, a nonlinear property
of a certain class of transformer cores. For controlled saturation characteristics, the magnetic
amplifier employs core materials that have been designed to have a specific B-H curve shape that
is highly rectangular in contrast to the slowly tapering B-H curve of slowly saturating core
materials that are often used in normal transformers. The typical magnetic amplifier consist of
two physically separate but similar transformer magnetic core, each of which has two windings
a control winding and an AC winding. A small DC current from a low impedance source is fed
into the series connected control windings. The AC windings may be connected either in series
or in parallel, the configurations resulting in different types of magnetic amplifiers. The amount
of control current fed into the control winding, sets the point in the AC winding wave form at
which either core will saturate. In saturation, the AC winding on the saturated core will go from a
high impedance state into a very low impedance state, i.e. current control at which voltage, the
magnetic amplifier switches on.
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A relatively small DC current on the control winding is able to control or switch large AC
currents on the AC windings. This results to current amplification.
3.1.2
In the amplification of sound, you need not just the audio amplifier but also the presence of the
audio speakers and the microphones in conjunction with an audio mixer. In order to give more
illustrations we will use the block diagram.
Input Unit
Mixer
Console
Amplifier
Loudspeaker
Here, the input unit can be a microphone depending on the mode of application. This device
converts sound to electrical signals. This signal is fed to the mixer console where the effects of
the sound can be modified and made better and then this signal is fed to an amplifier which may
be inside the mixer console or through the use of a power amplifier as discussed above. Then the
signal produced by the amplifier is then fed into the loudspeaker to drive it. When this is done
this signal is then converted form electrical signal to sound.
3.1.3
In the maintenance of an audio speaker it normally requires that you observe the sound waveform
produced through the use of an oscilloscope especially when it is running at a maximum output.
A good example of this type of maintenance is the adjustment of the bias of the final amplifier
tubes in an amplifier. Using a sine wave test signal as input to the amplifier tubes in an amplifier,
the output tube bias may be adjusted is that the output signal has no crossover distortion.
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In any event where the audio power amplifier is not coming on, we troubleshoot to ascertain the
fault with a bit to fixing it. These are the things we were told to check.
When we plug it and the amplifier does not come on at all, we check for the fuse.
We check for the fuse in the external plug if it is bad, we replace it.
If it is not that we check the fuse in the amplifier.
We also have signs to check if it actually a power problem. For example if there is a
power surge when it is being plugged then we can infer that one of the components of the
power supply like the transformer or even the rectifier diode is damaged.
If we check the above and they are still alright, then we check the power transistors. This
is most likely to be the problem with almost all the panels we worked on. So when this
occurs we test for the damaged one and then replace it.
If the issues still persist we check for other components like the capacitors to make sure
they are connected to the printed circuit board (PCB)
We also check the relay which is used for switching
There are even times when most or all the components in a panel get burnt to much
voltage being initially supplied to it. In that case we have to design and construct a new
panel. This time around we can even produce a better one that will suit the conditions of
power supply in this country.
By the time we are sure that the solution is perfect we then test the equipment and make
sure it is working properly.
Some other issues may also come up. The ones listed above were amongst the common
ones I encountered in the workshop.
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lights and fans. This kind of inverter eventually reduces the life span of the appliances they
power. This is also the cheapest form of inverter.
2. Modified sine wave inverter: Modified sine wave is more like the square wave which
possesses less harmonic distortion compared to square wave. The harsh corners from the square
wave were eliminated to transform it to a modified sine wave. This type of inverter is the most
seen in todays market. Although it is less harmful to devices compared to the square wave, it
still heats up the coil in filer due to large amount of harmonic distortion and dissipates power.
3. Pure sine wave inverter: Unlike square wave and modified sine wave, pure sine wave
inverters maintain the best quality due to the least number of harmonic distortions present in it.
Usually sine wave inverter is the more expensive of the two.
The advantage it has over the others is that it allows us to use all AC appliances and reduces the
humming noise of inductive loads like fans. The figure below shows the output of a pure sine
wave form.
Figure 3.2: Waveforms of Square, modified and pure sine wave inverters.
Before we go into the design of an inverter we must first understand the basics.
So I will start with a block diagram
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Oscillator
Circuit
Amplifier
Circuit
Switching
Circuit
AC Mains
Change
Over Circuit
Battery
Charger
Battery
Transformer
AC Output
Output
Socket
Sensing
Unit
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The transformer steps up the resultant AC from the switching circuit to a value that can drive the
required load.
The change over circuit enables the battery to connect to the oscillator which in turn feeds the
amplifier. The amplifier feeds the switching circuit while the switching circuit feeds this signal
produced to the transformer to get the required AC voltage output for the inverter. The AC from
the mains supply is also connected to the changeover circuit so that it will feed the output socket
when there is power from the public AC mains. When there is supply from the AC mains, the
oscillator circuit will be switched off to switch off the inverter. The AC main also feeds the
battery charger through the changeover circuit in order to charge the battery. The sensing unit
senses a number of conditions like low battery, full battery and overload.
3.2.2 Design & Implementation of Inverter System
In the implementation of the above mentioned design, we are going to be looking at the
following components.
a. The required power transformer
b. The regulator circuit
c. The Oscillator circuit
d. The signal amplification circuit
e. The switching circuit
f. The battery charger
g. The charge controller
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Therefore,
It should also be noted that in getting the correct wire gauge to be used for the inverter we must
know the current that will pass through the coil and use an approved chart to get the appropriate
wire gauge to use.
3.2.2.2 THE REGULATOR CIRCUIT
The regulator gives the oscillator its reference voltage and determines the amount of power that
drives the system. The amplitude of the oscillator or timer is determined by the voltage output of
the oscillator and the current of the regulator determines the stability of the oscillator. The zener
diode D1 determines the regulating voltage ranging from zero to the maximum applied voltage
since to clips and clamps the base voltage of the transistor Q1.
The transistor Q1 determines the regulator output current and the maximum applicable voltage
the regulator can regulate whiles the resistor R1 gives a feedback between the input and
regulating reference voltage.
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After the amplification is done this signal is then fed into the switching circuit. This circuit is
made up of MOSFETs of which the gates are all connected together and the signal from the
oscillator is fed in.
Also the drain of all the MOSFETs are all connected together and then connected to the
transformer, while the source are also connected together and then connected to ground.
The frequency of the oscillation produced by the oscillator switches, these transistors on and off
at that same frequency thereby generating the AC signal which then fed to the transformer, the
transformer steps up this AC signal to the required voltage which can now be fed to the load.
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3.2.2.5
In order to avoid the frustration caused by power outages, which make some equipment to restart.
An automatic changeover has been designed to tackle the issue.
By a proper configuration of D.C relays the load, the inverter and the mains is being designed to
direct all loads to the mains and redirect the load automatically to the power inverter when the
mains fail.
While operating in this mode, the switching system also turns the inverter circuit on
automatically. The selection of relay for this system is carefully selected based on the stability
and the reliability when it is putted under unfavorable conditions like low voltage and unstable
power supply.
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discharge. Since power cannot pass through the charger but only store electrical power. The
output from the capacitor is series to the rectifier, changes the power to D.C ripples near zero
hertz making it conductive for battery charging. The diode only used power stored in the
capacitor. This procedure continues until capacitor charges to full charge or the mains are
disconnected.
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Lastly, when the other circuits involved in the inverter circuit seems to be faulty, problems may
come from damaged transistors, damaged relay, and any other damaged circuit. The needed
action to take was simply the replacement of such component and then test for its functionality.
3.2.4 Precautionary measures
During my industrial training I was made to understand some precautions that were needed to be
taken. They are
1. Do not overload the inverter system so as to avoid blowing up the inverter system.
2. Ensure that the polarity of the inverter system is not reversed or bridged or else a hazard
may occur.
3. Make sure that the battery being used is an original so that it can serve you for longer
hours.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Basic Electronics
4.1
a.
b.
c.
The circuit uses RC circuit in combination with an Op-Amp Comparator to accomplish the delay
characteristic of a timer. In the above diagram a voltage is applied across the R3-C1 combination.
The input for the Op-Amp is tapped at the point where R3 and C1 meet. This is the point where
the positive terminal of the capacitor gradually charges to the value of the power supply. As the
capacitor C1 reaches the Op-Amp's reference voltage, the Op-Amp's output pin turns from High
to Low, allowing current to flow through the transistor, Q1, current enters the base of the
transistor and flows to the collector which acts as a switch to turn the relay on. When the relay is
on, current then passes through the LED (causing the LED to glow). The time delay can be
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controlled by changing the values or R3 or C1 or by adjusting the value of the R1 and R2. For a
new timer cycle to occur, you must discharge capacitor, C1.
4.2
During my industrial training I also learnt how to build a power supply circuit.
First I had to understand the basics using a block diagram
AC Mains
Transformer
Rectifier
Filter
Regulated
DC output
From the diagram we can infer that the AC voltage is fed into a transformer which steps it
down to a value defined by the voltage specifications of the transformer. The output of the
transformer is then fed into a rectifier.
The rectifier converts the AC to DC. There are three kinds of rectification which are the half
wave reactivation, full wave rectification (with the use of two diodes) and also the full wave
rectification with use of four diodes. The one that I constructed was full rectification with four
diodes. The output from the rectifier is then being fed to the filter circuit in order to reduce the
ripple effect.
The filter circuit is of 3 types we can just connect the capacitor in parallel to the rectifier or use
the pi and T method but this time we use an inductor.
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Finally the output from the filter circuit is then fed into the regulator which can be an IC or
through the use of a zener diode. It should also be noted that we can also provide a variable
Fig 4.3: A schematic diagram of a dual rail regulated power supply circuit
Fig 4.4: A schematic diagram of a single rail regulated power supply circuit
Fig 4.6: Schematic diagram of a crossover circuit with a tweeter and to bass speakers
The tweeter speaker is used for higher sound frequencies so it will be connected to a high pass
filter circuit, while the bass speaker is connected to the low pass filter in order for the correct
amount of frequency to pass through. Figure 3.16 shows a picture of a crossover circuit, while
figure 3.17 shows the schematic diagram of a crossover circuit.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
5.1
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Some of my colleagues were not even so serious. Some would come in late and then some
would not even come at all. So whenever they were not around I was told to do things that
were not even related to my field of study.
5.2
Recommendations
SIWES is a very important programme in the life of any student especially for those who would
want to practice engineering. SIWES has gone a long way to bridge the gap between what is
done in the university and what is done in the industry.
5.2.1
I strongly recommend that ITF should keep visiting the students on a regular basis i.e. at least 3
times in the space of the 6 months of the training so that these who are not serious will be more
dedicated to their place of work.
I also want to recommend that ITF should always liaise with many companies to ensure that IT
students do not have a hard time finding a place of attachment.
I also want to recommend that in order for ITF to fulfill its objectives in the career of students
they should always ensure that companies with the facilities to train engineering students should
be willing to accept a larger number of students than they are doing now. This will go a long way
to minimize the search many students undergo before they find a place for attachment.
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5.2.2
I actually learned some useful things during my stay in M & M Electronics. During my stay I
observed a few things and I want to recommend the following.
1.
One of the things the company lack is a good marketer. There are lot of
persons in Anambra State and probably other states who may need the services you
provide but they need someone to encourage or push them to buy it. A good marketer with
good skills can make you get more jobs and more money so that you can even pay the
trainees that come to the company to work. One of the challenges I faced during my
training was lack of allowances during my stay there. So doing this can be of good help in
future.
2.
3.
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4.
5.3
Conclusion
In conclusion this industrial training has afforded me the basic practical and theoretical
knowledge that I may not have gotten from the lecture room. It also gave me the opportunity to
have a feel of what it would be like after graduation when I start working. It has also helped me
to have knowledge of the electronics industry.
5.3.1
More Confidence
During my training I developed confidence in constructing any electronic circuit, because I was
told to do that a lot. I can even solder better than I used to.
With that to I can be able to analyse most electronic circuits.
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Knowledge
During my SIWES program I was used to seeing many things on electronics especially the
components used in making a circuit. I have an in depth knowledge of audio systems and how
they operate and also the inverter system.
Working Ethics
During this program I was learnt how to handle customers, and also involved myself into many
jobs that had to do with teamwork.
Exposure
I was exposed to many things like how to solder in a special way, how to respond to faulty
equipment and also how to respond to customers anytime.
Networking
During my industrial attachment I made new friends in my field of study, people I can be able to
look up to and also seek their help any time I have challenges whether it is during ny stay here or
beyond.
5.4
In order to make this scheme more interesting awareness needs to be made corporate bodies on
how industrial attachment students should be treated. Any company that can train students that
has not yet started accepting students can collaborate with ITF and see the best way they can start
taking industrial attachment students.
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SIWES supervisors should be visiting us more often than they are doing so that we can be
encouraged to be very serious with this programme.
SIWES should increase the pay and also pay the first half at the beginning of the training and
then pay the remaining at the end of the training so that those who may encounter financial
problems can be able to cope.
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