Scalativity LLC, Article 1, September 2012

Published online at http://www/Scalativity.com/

Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic scale Cation (Sgr A+6) at Galactic Center
Leonard J. Malinowski

Scientist
LJMalinowski@gmail.com

Abstract
Observations of Keplerian stellar orbits in the Galactic Center are currently interpreted as the best proof for the existence of a
massive black hole. This article reinterprets this observational data using Fractal Physics Theory. The S-stars are cosmic scale
beta particles orbiting a cosmic scale cation due to an electromagnetic potential at or near Sgr A*. S-star energies, angular
momentum, velocities, and pericenter distances all scale to match values for electrons orbiting a cation of +6 charge. The Big
Bang Universe is described elsewhere as a cosmic scale Uranium 236 nuclear explosion. This article herewith proposes that
many galaxies have formed by cosmic scale crystallization occurring around highly charged cosmic scale fission fragment
cations. Fission fragments come in pairs therefore spiral galaxies may come in pairs. This article also herewith proposes the
origin of the quantum unit of charge based on fractal proton geometries.

1. Introduction
Fractal Physics Theory (FPT) is a new scientific paradigm fully incorporating fractal geometry into the physical universe [1].
FPT postulates that scale is relative, Scalativity, and many scales exist embedded within each other, composing each other.
These scales are self-similar to one another. The human scale is midway in mass between the quantum scale neutron mass
1.67493 x 10-27 kg and the cosmic scale neutron mass 1.99238 x 1030 kg, which is a little more than the current solar system
mass.
The dominant force of the quantum scale binding together atoms, molecules and states of matter such as solid, liquid and gas is
electromagnetic. FPT predicts the cosmic scale is self-similar to the quantum scale. The dominant force of the cosmic scale (cs)
binding together cs-atoms, cs-molecules, and cs-states of matter such as cs-solid, cs-liquid, and cs-gas is electromagnetic. The
dominant force of the cosmic scale binding together galaxies is electromagnetic not gravitational [2].
Fractal Physics Theory uses the mass scaling fractal to convert masses back and forth between the quantum and cosmic scales by:
Mass = M = Cs-neutron mass/qs-neutron mass = 1.1895 x 1057
The mass scaling fractal, combined with postulating the speed of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum (c) is scale invariant, are
used to derive all other scaling fractals such as:
Length =
Time =
c =
Energy =
charge =
h =

3.7886 x 1023
3.7886 x 1023
1.0000
1.1895 x 1057
2.1229 x 1040
4.5066 x 1080

Unknown to Modern Physics, but pervasive in Fractal Physics, are cosmic scale masses with large net positive charges. These
range in mass from 1.99 x 1030 kg (cs-proton) to 4.72 x 1032 kg (cs-plutonium 239 nucleus) and have surface temperatures of
either 2.7 K or they are undergoing cosmic scale beta decay and shine as stars [3]. Their net positive charges range from 3.401 x
1021 C (cs-proton) to 3.197 x 1023 C (cs-plutonium 239 nucleus). It is the positively charged cs-protons that provide the
enormous Coulombic repulsion that counters the inward pressure of gravity [4]. As these cs-nuclei increase in mass a larger
number of cs-neutrons per cs-protons are required to keep the cs-nuclei from blasting apart.
In Fractal Physics Theory Chandrasekhars famous equation is not complete. A repulsive Coulombic factor must be included
that prevents White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes from ever forming. Contiguous masses greater than 4.72 x 1032 kg,
if ever formed, would spontaneously explode via cosmic scale fission.

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Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic Scale Cation (Sgr+6) at the Galactic Center
2. Is it possible or even rationale to expect cosmic scale objects to carry net positive or negative charges?
Consider the solar system with our massive Sun on fire boiling away gases as solar wind out to and beyond the Jovial planets.
The Suns mass is 1.9891 x 1030 kg. Let the current solar composition be approximated for this discussion as in Table 1.
Table 1, Approximate Solar Composition of Mass 1.9891 x 1030 kg
Element
Hydrogen
Helium
Iron

Atomic mass
1.00794
4.00260
55.847

Wt. %
73.963
24.335
1.702

Mass (kg)

# of atoms
30

1.4712 x 10
4.8405 x 1029
3.3854 x 1028

# of protons
56

8.7900 x 10
7.2828 x 1055
3.6506 x 1053

# of electrons

56

8.7900 x 10
1.4566 x 1056
9.4916 x 1054

8.7900 x 1056
1.4566 x 1056
9.4916 x 1054

Fractal Physics Theory calculates the cosmic scale protons charge to be +3.401231 x 1021 C, which requires 2.1229 x 1040
electrons to be completely ionized from the Suns vicinity when it has completed its fusion cycle. Only 1 in every 4.87 x 1016
electrons available needs to have been blasted away from the Sun never to return during 9 billion years of boiling for the Sun to
be left as a cosmic scale proton.
The Sun radiates 1.1 x 1044 Joules of photonic energy if the solar luminosity of 3.8515 x 1026 Watts is constant for 9 billion years.
The photo electric effect describes incident photons dislodging electrons from metal surfaces leaving metallic cations in place. It
requires 7.87 eV to ionize one electron from an iron atom. Only 2.7 x 1022 Joules are required to ionize 2.1229 x 1040 electrons
from as many iron atoms.
The Suns gravitational attractive force for one Iron +1 cation is 101, 800 times greater than its gravitational attractive force for
one electron, at all distances from the Sun.
FPT predicts that the 2.1 x 1040 missing solar electrons stick to the 1.1 x 1027 kg of Nickel/Iron planetary mass that remain after
the solar fusion cycle completes. The solar system is a cosmic scale neutron midway through the cosmic scale beta decay process
eventually to yield 1 cs-proton (white dwarf), 1 high velocity cs-beta particle (quasar) and 1 elusive cs-antineutrino (all the solar
radiation). The mechanism, materials, energies, and forces exist for the Sun to end up as a cosmic scale proton.
Modern Physics can not explain the origin of equal and opposite unit charges of the proton and the electron. The origin of equal
and opposite unit charges arises naturally in Fractal Physics Theory.
Consider the surface area of a FPT cs-proton = 1.804 x 1018 m2. Spread 2.123 x 1040 protons evenly over this surface. This
leaves each surface proton to occupy an area of radius = 5.2 x 10-12 m. This is the same order of magnitude of the K-Shell of
heavy atoms. Fractal Physics Theory hereby proposes in this article that is the quantum scale proton to subquantum scale proton
geometries that sets the value of the unit of positive charge. Needless to say Modern Physics does not explain why the quantum
of charge has its value.

3. Massive Black Hole (MBH) at the Galactic Center (GC)

Two publications have provided very valuable data and information for this current article, namely, S. Gillessen et al, Monitoring
Stellar Orbits Around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center [5], and T. Alexander, Stellar processes near the massive
black hole in the Galactic center [6]. The following information about the Galactic Center is pertinent for this discussion:
o Sgr A* is observed at radio wavelengths to be smaller than 1 AU
o Sgr A* is known to exhibit flares
o Sgr A* gases are largely ionized
o Sgr A* is at rest at the dynamical center of the Milky Way
o observations of Keplerian stellar orbits in the Galactic Center currently constitute the best proof for the existence of a
massive black hole
o S-stars
o There are orbits for 28 stars in Table 2
o 11 of the 28 stars can contribute to determine MBH gravity potential
o up to 6 stars are used to determine the gravity potential of MBH @ GC
o a single point-mass potential continues to be the best fit to the data
o S-star arcsecond data is scaled by letting the distance to the GC, R0 = 8.33 kpc = 2.570370 x 1020 m =
360/(2 ), then 1 arcsecond, 1" @ R0 = 1.2461505 x 1015 m
o There is a Massive Black Hole of 4.31 x 106 solar masses at the GC
Basic information of satellites in elliptical orbits is depicted in Figure 1 and Eq. (1) as noted:
o Major axis = 2a = (Pericenter to Focus 1) + (Focus 1 to Apocenter)
o Eccentricity, e, = (Focus 1 to Focus 2 distance)/(Major axis)

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Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic Scale Cation (Sgr+6) at the Galactic Center

o
o
o
o

Pericenter distance = [2a - (f1 to f2)]/2

Apocenter distance = 2a Pericenter
Total mechanical energy (ET) for satellite (m2) in elliptical orbit:
The satellite mass, m2, is the mass of the S-stars

ET = - GMm2/(2a)

(1)

Figure 1, Ellipse terminology for S-stars

Figure 1, Ellipse
Major axis, 2a

Pericenter

Cs-Ion @
Focus 1

Apocenter

Focus 2

Table 2, Stellar Orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center [5]
Star

a(")

T(yr)

f1 to f2 (")

Peri (")

S1
S2
S4
S5
S6
S8
S9
S12
S13
S14
S17
S18
S19
S21
S24
S27
S29
S31
S33
S38
S66
S67
S71
S83
S87
S96
S97

0.508 0.028 0.496 0.028

132
11
0.123 0.001 0.880 0.003 15.8
0.11
0.298 0.019 0.406 0.022 59.5
2.6
0.250 0.042 0.842 0.017 45.7
6.9
0.436 0.153 0.886 0.026
105
34
0.411 0.004 0.824 0.014 96.1
1.6
0.293 0.052 0.825 0.020
58
9.5
0.308 0.008 0.900 0.003 62.5
2.3
0.297 0.012 0.490 0.023 59.2
3.8
0.256 0.010 0.963 0.006 47.3
2.9
0.311 0.004 0.364 0.015 63.2
2.0
0.265 0.080 0.759 0.052
50
16
0.798 0.064 0.844 0.062
260
31
0.213 0.041 0.784 0.028 35.8
6.9
1.060 0.178 0.933 0.010
398
73
0.454 0.078 0.952 0.006
112
18
0.397 0.335 0.916 0.048
91
79
0.298 0.044 0.934 0.007 59.4
9.2
0.410 0.088 0.731 0.039
96
21
0.139 0.041 0.802 0.041 18.9
5.8
1.210 0.126 0.178 0.039
486
41
1.095 0.102 0.368 0.041
419
19
1.061 0.765 0.844 0.075
399
283
2.785 0.234 0.657 0.096 1700
205
1.260 0.161 0.423 0.036
516
44
1.545 0.209 0.131 0.054
701
81
2.186 0.844 0.302 0.308 1180
688
= semi-major axis in arcseconds, with errors a(")
= eccentricity, with errors e
= star's orbital period, with errors T(yr)

0.503936
0.216480
0.241976
0.421000
0.772592
0.677328
0.483450
0.554400
0.291060
0.493056
0.226408
0.402270
1.347024
0.333984
1.977960
0.864416
0.727304
0.556664
0.599420
0.222956
0.430760
0.805920
1.790968
3.659490
1.065960
0.404790
1.320344

0.256032
0.014760
0.177012
0.039500
0.049704
0.072336
0.051275
0.030800
0.151470
0.009472
0.197796
0.063865
0.124488
0.046008
0.071020
0.021792
0.033348
0.019668
0.110290
0.027522
0.994620
0.692040
0.165516
0.955255
0.727020
1.342605
1.525828

a(")
e
T(yr)

a(")

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T(yr)

Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic Scale Cation (Sgr+6) at the Galactic Center
In Table 3 the semi-major axis is calculated with Table 2 data for R0 = 8.33 kpc = 2.570 370 x 1020 m. The Massive Black Hole
mass is calculated from Table 2 orbital data. The total mechanical energy for the S-stars bound in elliptical orbit is calculated
using the MBH mass and the FPT cosmic scale electron rest mass in Table 3.
Table 3, Massive Black Hole Mass at the Galactic Center and Total Mechanical Energy of S-stars
Star

a (m)(1)

T(sec)(2)

M (kg)(3)

M/(1.9891 x 1030 kg)

ET (J)(4)

S1
S2
S8
S12
S13
S14

6.3304 x 1014
1.5328 x 1014
5.1217 x 1014
3.8381 x 1014
3.7011 x 1014
3.1901 x 1014

4.1656 x 109
4.9861 x 108
3.0327 x 109
1.9724 x 109
1.8682 x 109
1.4927 x 109

8.6477 x 1036
8.5683 x 1036
8.6406 x 1036
8.5965 x 1036
8.5922 x 1036
8.6184 x 1036

4.35 x 106
4.31 x 106
4.34 x 106
4.32 x 106
4.32 x 106
4.33 x 106

-4.940 x 1038
-2.021 x 1039
-6.100 x 1038
-8.099 x 1038
-8.395 x 1038
-9.769 x 1038

(1)

a (m) from Table 2 column 2, multiplied by 1.2461505 x 1015 m/arcsecond

T(sec) from Table 2 column 6, multiplied by (365.25*24*3600)
(3)
M (kg) = 4 2a3/(GT2); MBH + Star mass ~ M
(4)
ET (J) = -GMm2/(2a); total mechanical energy of S-star bound in orbit at Galactic Center
G = 6.6742 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2; m2 = 1.083591 x 1027 kg (cs-electron rest mass for S-star mass)
(2)

Table 4 lists the gravitational potential energy (if due to a MBH), kinetic energy and velocity for S-stars at pericenter. The S-star
velocities are calculated from their kinetic energy at pericenter using Eq. (2):
EK = m(v)c2 m(0)c2 and solve for v = [(1 - ((EK/m0c2) + 1)-2)c2]1/2

(2)

Table 4, S-star Energies and Velocities at Pericenter

Star

ET (J)(1)

Pericenter (m)(2)

EP(g) (J)(3)

EK (J)(4)

v (m/s)(5)

S1
S2
S8
S12
S13
S14

-4.940 x 1038
-2.021 x 1039
-6.100 x 1038
-8.099 x 1038
-8.395 x 1038
-9.769 x 1038

3.1905 x 1014
1.8393 x 1013
9.0142 x 1013
3.8381 x 1013
1.8875 x 1014
1.1804 x 1013

- 1.960 x 1039
- 3.369 x 1040
- 6.932 x 1039
- 1.620 x 1040
- 3.292 x 1039
- 5.280 x 1040

1.466 x 1039
3.167 x 1040
6.322 x 1039
1.539 x 1040
2.453 x 1039
5.182 x 1040

1.645 x 106
7.644 x 106
3.416 x 106
5.329 x 106
2.128 x 106
9.776 x 106

(1)

ET (J) from Table 3 column 6

Pericenter (m) from Table 2 column 9, multiplied by 1.2461505 x 1015 m/arcsecond
(3)
EP(g) (J) = Gravitational potential energy = - G(mass from Table 3 column 4)m2/r
G = 6.6742 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2; m2 = 1.083591 x 1027 kg (cs-electron rest mass); r = Pericenter (m)
(4)
EK (J) = ET (J) - EP(g) (J); S-star kinetic energy at pericenter from (Table 4 column 2) minus (Table 4 column 4)
(5)
v (m/s) = [(1 - ((EK/m0c2) + 1)-2)c2]1/2; S-star velocity at pericenter
(2)

Table 5 presents S-star orbital angular momentum (L) using the relative cosmic scale electron mass and velocity at pericenter.
Table 5, S-star Relative Masses at Pericenter and Orbital Angular Momentum (L)
Star

Mass(v) (kg)(1)

v (m/s)(2)

Pericenter (m)(3)

L(4) = mvr (Js)

S1
S2
S8
S12
S13
S14

1.08361 x 1027
1.08394 x 1027
1.08366 x 1027
1.08376 x 1027
1.08362 x 1027
1.08417 x 1027

1.645 x 106
7.644 x 106
3.416 x 106
5.329 x 106
2.128 x 106
9.776 x 106

3.1905 x 1014
1.8393 x 1013
9.0142 x 1013
3.8381 x 1013
1.8875 x 1014
1.1804 x 1013

5.687 x 1047
1.524 x 1047
3.337 x 1047
2.217 x 1047
4.352 x 1047
1.251 x 1047

(1)

Mass(v) = (1.083591 x 1027 kg)(1 v2/c2)-0.5

(2)

velocity from Table 4 column 6

(3)

Pericenter from Table 4 column 3

(4)

L = (Table 5 column 2)(Table 5 column 3)(Table 5 column 4); Orbital angular momentum

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Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic Scale Cation (Sgr+6) at the Galactic Center
4. Calculation of cosmic scale cation charge at or near Sagittarius A (Sgr A*)
Table 4 lists the gravitational potential energy between a MBH at one foci and the cosmic scale electron rest mass for S-stars at
pericenter. This article considers a Coulombic potential energy between a net positive charged object at one foci and a negative
charged S-star at pericenter. A small adjustment is made to the gravitational potential energy in Eq. (3) by using the relative
cosmic scale electron mass. The gravitational potential energy, EP(g), is equated to the Coulombic potential energy, EP(C). The
distances drop from the calculation and Eq. (3) is solved for the net positive charge (Z) at the position of Sgr A*:
- GMm2/R = - k(Zq)q/R, and solve for Z:

Z = GMm2/(kq2) = 6.0
G=
M=
m2 =
k=
q=
R=

(3)

6.6742 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2

MBH value from Table 6 column 2
relative cosmic scale electron mass (for an S-star)
8.987551788 x 109 Nm2/C2
3.40123 x 1021 C
distance from S-star to Sgr A*

Fractal Physics Theory demonstrates that a cosmic scale cation of cosmic scale +6 charge can account for an attractive potential
energy at the GC near Sgr A*. Consider the fact that out of the infinite values of Z possible, only integers from 1 to 92 are
possible, and only integers from 1 to 22 are probable in Fractal Physics Theory. Equation 3 and Table 6 data convincingly
supports Fractal Physics Theory!
Table 6, Net Charge at the Galactic Center Near Sgr A*
Star
S1
S2
S8
S12
S13
S14

M (kg)(1)
36

8.6477 x 10
8.5683 x 1036
8.6406 x 1036
8.5965 x 1036
8.5922 x 1036
8.6184 x 1036

Cs-e- mass(v) (kg)(2)

Z (Coulomb)(3)

1.08361 x 1027
1.08394 x 1027
1.08366 x 1027
1.08376 x 1027
1.08362 x 1027
1.08417 x 1027

6.02
5.96
6.01
5.98
5.98
6.00

(1)

MBH from Table 3 column 4

Relative cosmic scale electron mass at Pericenter from Table 5 column 2
(3)
Z = Net positive charge near Sgr A* using Eq. (3)
(2)

5. Cosmic scale fissioning nuclei

Fissioning nuclei almost always split into two large fragments of unequal mass plus a few neutrons [7]. From conservation of
momentum the lighter group of fragments receives more energy than the heavier group (Figure 2). The distribution of fission
fragment kinetic energies exhibit two peaks. The lighter group with atomic mass number peaking at A ~ 95 receives kinetic
energy ~ 100 MeV within the range from 88 to 112 MeV. The heavier group with atomic mass number peaking at A ~ 140
receives kinetic energy ~ 67 MeV within the range from 50 to 88 MeV. Once formed, the fission fragments rip through the
electron cloud of the original fission nucleus as they pass into the surrounding medium. The new born fission fragments appear
as highly energetic and highly ionized atoms. The average charge of the lighter group is ~ +20e, the average charge of the heavier
group is ~ +22e.
Our Big Bang Universe is ~ one titanic scale second into a cosmic scale Uranium 236 fission explosion. The titanic scale
measures cosmic scale fission fragments in yields similar to the abbreviated data in Table 7. From Table 7 a cosmic scale
Selenium 86 cation of ~ Z = + 20 would be present at titanic scale time zero of the Big Bang and begin to acquire cs-electrons
lowering its net positive charge Eq. (4). After about 1 titanic scale second the Big Bang could contain [86Se+6]1,0 that catalyzed
the phase change of ambient cs-gaseous atoms to cs-liquid and cs-solid phase, like in Wilson Cloud Chambers. This cosmic scale
explosion particle would be spinning rapidly, expanding from detonation center at high speed (redshift), have a powerful
attractive potential at its dynamic center, and appear in every way as the Milky Way Galaxy to the human scale frozen in time
living in the confines of a beta decaying cosmic scale neutron.
[86Se+20]1,0 + [14 e-]1,0

[86Se+6]1,0 = Sgr A* ?

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(4)

Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic Scale Cation (Sgr+6) at the Galactic Center
Figure 2 implies the Milky Way Galaxy could have a partner spiral galaxy that is cs-crystallizing around the other cs-fission
fragment. In Fractal Physics Cosmology it seems possible that many, if not all, spiral galaxies come in similar pairs.

Figure 2, Uranium 236 Fission Moment

neutron

148Ce+22

86Se+20

Gamma photon
neutron

Table 7, Sample Fission Fragment % Yield [8]

Mass A

Nuclide

t1/2

80
Ge
32
29.5 s
81
Ge
32
7.6 s
82
Ge
32
4.6 s
83
As
33
13.4 s
84
As
33
5.5 s
85
As
33
2.03 s
83
Se
34
22.3 m
84
Se
34
3.3 m
85
Se-m
34
19 s
85
Se
34
39 s
86
Se
34
15.0 s
87
Se
34
5.6 s
88
Se
34
1.50 s
89
Se
34
0.41 s
85
Br
35
2.87 m
86
Br-m
35
4.5 s
86
Br
35
55.5 s
87
Br
35
55.9 s
88
Br
35
16.4 s
89
Br
35
4.37 s
90
Br
35
1.9 s
91
Br
35
0.54 s
110
Ru
44
15 s
t1/2 = half life of Fission Fragment Nuclide
h = hours, m = minutes, s = seconds

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% Yield
0.1370
0.1460
0.1500
0.3070
0.2760
0.2070
0.1560
0.5940
0.5310
0.5340
1.2300
0.6750
0.4470
0.1220
0.1840
0.2240
0.2250
1.4300
1.6700
1.3300
0.7260
0.1360
0.0232

Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic Scale Cation (Sgr+6) at the Galactic Center
The titanic scale time since the Big Bang explosion event is about 1 second, therefore not much time passed for the highly csneutron enriched cs-fission fragments to progress far into their cs-beta decay chains. It is reasonable to expect Sgr A6+ cs-nucleus
to eventually undergo stellar thermonuclear fusion (Table 8).
Table 8, Example Fission Fragment eta Decay Chains [9]
Parent
Daughter
1
2

86Se34
86Br35

86Br35
86Kr36
Stable

+
+

e
e

+
+

anti
anti

1
2
3

88Br35
88Kr36
88Rb37

88Kr36
88Rb37
88Sr38
Stable

+
+
+

e
e
e

+
+
+

anti
anti
anti

e
e

e
e
e

MeV

t1/2

5.10
7.63

15 s
55.5 s

8.96
2.91
5.32

16.3 s
2.84 h
17.7 m

6.0 S-star Data Relative to Titanic Scale Equals Atomic Data

Table 9 converts the S-star data: Pericenter, Total mechanical energy, Angular momentum, Velocity, and Charge to values
measured in the titanic scale. Scalativity purports that cosmic scale data measured relative to the titanic scale will equal selfsimilar quantum scale data measured relative to the human scale. The closest approach to Sgr A* occurs for S14 at Pericenter.
The titanic scale measures this distance as 0.312 . Tables 10.a, 10.b includes quantum scale data measured relative to the human
scale of select cations at or near Z = +6 with radii at or near 0.3 . This data strongly supports Fractal Physics Theory.
The total mechanical energy of S14 in orbit around Sgr A* is -5.13 eV measured relative to the titanic scale. Table 11 includes
quantum scale data measured relative to the human scale of select atomic bonds. Notice Table 11 column 4 bond dissociation
energies at or near 5 eV/bond. This data strongly supports Fractal Physics Theory.
Table 9 column 4 lists S-star orbital angular momentum measured relative to the titanic scale. It is stunning that this data is near
to but exceeds quantum scale atomic electron minimum orbital angular momentum of L = (1) measured relative to the human
scale. This data strongly supports Fractal Physics Theory.
Table 9 column 5 lists S-star maximum velocities measured relative to the titanic scale. This data confirms the Fractal Physics
Theory prediction that velocity is scale invariant.
Table 9 column 6 lists the S-stars charge measured relative to the titanic scale. This is just a restatement of how Equation 3 and
Table 6 data dramatically support Fractal Physics Theory.
Table 9, S-star Data Relative to the Titanic Scale
Star

(1)

[Peri ()]0,2

(2)

[ET (eV)]0,2

(3)

[L ( )]0,2

(4)

[Velocity (m/s)]0,2

(5)

[Charge (C)]0,2

-2.59
1.645 x 10
S1
8.42
12.0
1.602 x 10-19
6
-10.6
7.644 x 10
1.602 x 10-19
S2
0.485
3.2
6
-3.20
3.416 x 10
1.602 x 10-19
S8
2.38
7.0
6
-4.25
5.329 x 10
1.602 x 10-19
S12
1.013
4.7
6
-4.40
2.128 x 10
1.602 x 10-19
S13
4.98
9.2
6
2.6
9.776 x 10
1.602 x 10-19
-5.13
S14
0.312
(1)
23
[Peri ()]0,2 = (Table 4 column 3)/(Length = 3.7886 x 10 ); Pericenter relative to titanic scale
(2)

[ET (eV)]0,2 = (Table 3 column 6)/(Energy = 1.1895 x 1057); Total orbital energy relative to titanic scale

(3)

[L ( )]0,2 = (Table 5 column 5 )/(h = 4.5066 x 1080); Orbital angular moment relative to titanic scale

(4)

[Velocity (m/s)]0,2 from Table 4 column 6; Velocity relative to titanic scale

(5)

[Charge (C)]0,2 from (Eq. (3) q = 3.40123 x 1021 C)/(charge = 2.1229 x 1040)

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Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic Scale Cation (Sgr+6) at the Galactic Center

Table 10.a, Ionic Radii in Crystals [9]

Z

Cations

CN

Ri ()

Se
Br+7

6
4

0.50
0.25

35
35

Br+5
Br+7

3py
6

0.31
0.39

41

Nb+5

0.48

0.26
0.41

42
42

+6

Mo
Mo+5

4
4

0.41
0.46

0.44

44

Ru+8

0.36

0.55

44

Ru+7

0.38

+5

6
4
4

0.57
0.55
0.43

CN

Ri ()

Table 10.b, Ionic Radii in Crystals [9]

Z

15
16

+5

P
S+6

6
6

0.38
0.29

34
35

16
23

S+4
V+5

6
4

0.37
0.36

23

V+5

0.46

24
24

+6

Cr
Cr+4

4
4

24

Cr+6

24

+4

Cr

Cations
+4

25
25
25

+7

Mn
Mn+6
Mn+5

4
4
4

0.25
0.26
0.33

44
50
52

Ru
Sn+4
Te+6

25

Mn+4

0.39

53

I+7

0.42

32

+4

Ge

0.39

74

W+6

0.42

32

Ge+4

0.53

33
33

+5

4
6

0.34
0.46

75
75
76

Re+7
Re+6
Os+6

4
6
6

0.38
0.55
0.55

Se+6
4
Se+6
6
= Proton number

0.28
0.42

77
92

Ir+5
U+6

6
2

0.57
0.45

As
As+5

34
34
Z
CN
Ri ()

= Coordination number
= Cation radius in Angstroms

Table 11, Bond Dissociation Energies [9]

A-B
D298 (kJ/mol)
D298 (kJ/mol)
Ge - O
As - O
As - N
Se - O
Br - O
Br - N
Br - U
Ru - O
Mn - O
Os - O
P-O
P-U
Re - O
S-O
S-U
V-O
U-O

660.3
484
489
429.7
235.4
280.8
377
528
362
575
589
293
627
517.90
528.4
637
755

--8
2.1
6.3
1.9
21
15
42
25
----21
84
0.05
10.5
-----

D298 (eV/bond)
6.84
5.02
5.07
4.45
2.44
2.91
3.91
5.47
3.75
5.96
6.10
3.04
6.50
5.37
5.48
6.60
7.83

1 eV = 1.60217653 x 10-19 J
1 mole = 6.0221415 x 1023

2012 Scalativity LLC, all rights reserved

Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic Scale Cation (Sgr+6) at the Galactic Center
The data in Table 12 is excerpted from Fractal Physics Theory Electrons, Photons, Wave-Particles, and Atomic Capacitors [10],
and lists properties of a cosmic scale electron and a quantum scale electron measured relative to the human scale.
Table 12, Electron Properties Adjacent to and Relative to the Human Scale [10]
Observables
Object Scale Location
Measured in the Human Scale
Cosmic
Quantum
Mass (kg)
1.083591 x 1027
9.1093826 x 10-31
21
Charge (C)
- 3.401231 x 10
- 1.60217653 x 10-19
Spin, Sz (Js)
2.376280 x 1046
5.27285841 x 10-35
40
Magnetic moment, z (J/T)
- 7.467435 x 10
- 9.28476412 x 10-24
3
Density (kg/m )
12,580
5.750805 x 1017
Radius (m)
2.739673 x 107
7.231425 x 10-17
Surface area (m2)
9.432078 x 1015
6.571340 x 10-32
Electric field at surface (N/C)
4.072677 x 1016
2.753620 x 1023
12
Magnetic field at poles (T)
1.257957 x 10
8.505304 x 1018
2
Gravitational field at surface (m/s )
96.35
3.650 x 1025
1.168506 x 1052 Iron atoms,
1.168506 x 1052 sqs-Iron atoms,
coated with superconducting Lead,
coated with superconducting sqs-Lead,
Composition of sphere
2.122881 x 1040 excess electrons
2.122881 x 1040 excess sqs-electrons

7.0 Conclusion
The physics of our Universe does not allow black holes to form. Cosmic scale charged masses fill the Universe and consequently
electromagnetic forces dominate both stellar and galactic structure. The orbital data carefully measured for S-stars in the
Galactic Center, when scaled using Fractal Physics Theory, yield data remarkably close to atomic data found in authoritative
texts such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. A cosmic scale +6 cation resides at the Galactic center, guiding its
formation and structure. It is likely that similar cosmic scale cations reside at the centers of many spiral galaxies, guiding their
formation and structure. The Milky Way Galaxy may have a partner spiral galaxy forming around the partner to Sgr A*
cosmic scale fission fragment. The majority of spiral galaxies may be similarly paired. Finally, the origin of the quantum unit of
charge is hereby proposed to arise from fractal proton geometries.

References
[1] L. J. Malinowski, Fractal Physics Theory Foundation, Fundamental J. Modern Physics 1(2) (2011), 133-168.
[2] L. J. Malinowski, Fractal Physics Theory Cosmic Scale Nuclear Explosion Cosmology, Fundamental J. Modern Physics
1(2) (2011), 169-195.
[3] L. J. Malinowski, Fractal Physics Theory Neutrinos and Stars, Fundamental J. Modern Physics 2(1) (2011), 73-88.
[4] L. J. Malinowski, Fractal Physics Theory Nucleons & the Strong Force, Fundamental J. Modern Physics 2(1) (2011), 23-72.
[5] S. Gillessen et al, Monitoring Stellar Orbits Around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center, The Astrophysical
Journal, 692:1075-1109, 2009 February 20.
[6] T. Alexander, Stellar processes near the massive black hole in the Galactic center, Physics Reports 419 (2005) 65-142.
[7] J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., (1975).
[8] T.R. England and B.F. Rider, LA-UR-94-3106, ENDF-349, Fission Product Yields per 100 Fissions for 235U Pooled Fast
Neutron Fission Decay, copied 22-Dec-2008 from http://ie.lbl.gov/fission/235uf.txt
[9] CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 87th Edition, 2006 - 2007
[10] L. J. Malinowski, Fractal Physics Theory Electrons, Photons, Wave-Particles, and Atomic Capacitors, Fundamental J.
Modern Physics 1(2) (2011), 197-221.

2012 Scalativity LLC, all rights reserved