Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
S K Mondals
1.
Chapter 1
Properties of Fluids
Characteristics of Fluid
1.
It has no definite shape of its own, but conforms to the shape of the containing vessel.
2.
Even a small amount of shear force exerted on a fluid will cause it to undergo a
deformation which continues as long as the force continues to be applied.
3.
It is interesting to note that a solid suffers strain when subjected to shear forces
whereas a fluid suffers Rate of Strain i.e. it flows under similar circumstances.
Concept of Continuum
Page 1 of 372
P
Properti
ies of Flu
uids
S K Mo
ondalss
Cha
apter 1
Th
he concept of
o continuum
m is a kind of idealizattion of the continuous
c
description of matter
wh
here the prroperties off the mattter are con
nsidered as continuouss functionss of space
variables. Alth
hough any matter
m
is coomposed of sseveral mollecules, the concept of continuum
c
assumes a coontinuous distribution
d
of mass wiithin the matter
m
or sy
ystem with no empty
space, instead
d of the actu
ual conglome
eration of seeparate mollecules.
De
escribing a fluid flow quantitative
q
ely makes it
i necessary
y to assumee that flow variables
(prressure, veloccity etc.) an
nd fluid prooperties varry continuously from oone point too another.
Ma
athematicall descriptionss of flow on this basis have proved to be reliab
ble and treeatment of
flu
uid medium as a continuum has firrmly becomee establisheed.
Fo
or example density
d
at a point is norrmally defin
ned as
He
ere
is th
he volume off the fluid ellement and m is the ma
ass
a
by the inhomoogeneities in
n the fluid medium.
m
Coonsidering
If is very large is affected
an
nother extreeme if is
i very sma
all, random
m movementt of atoms (or moleculles) would
change their number at different times. In thee continuum
m approxima
ation point density is
defined at thee smallest magnitude
m
of
o , beforee statisticall fluctuation
ns become significant.
Th
his is called continuum limit and iss denoted by
y c.
On
ne of the facctors consid
dered importtant in deteermining th
he validity oof continuum
m model is
moolecular den
nsity. It is th
he distance between th
he moleculess which is ch
haracterised
d by mean
fre
ee path ( ).
) It is calcu
ulated by fin
nding statisstical average distancee the molecu
ules travel
between two successive collisions. If
I the mean
n free path is very sma
all as comp
pared with
som
me characteeristic lengtth in the flow
w domain (ii.e., the mollecular denssity is very high)
h
then
the
e gas can be treated as a conttinuous meedium. If th
he mean frree path iss large in
com
mparison too some charracteristic length, the g
gas cannot be considerred continuoous and it
should be ana
alysed by the molecularr theory.
A dimensionle
ess parame
eter known as Knudsen
n number, Kn = / L, where is the mean
fre
ee path and
d L is the characteristic length. It describees the degreee of deparrture from
con
ntinuum.
Ussually when
n Kn> 0.01, the
t concept of continuum does not hold good.
Be
eyond this crritical range
e of Knudse
en number, the flows arre known ass
slip floow (0.01 < Kn < 0.1),
transittion flow (0.1 < Kn < 10)) and
free-molecule flow
w (Kn > 10).
Ho
owever, for the flow reg
gimes consid
dered in thiis course, K n is always less than 0.01
0
and it
is usual to say
y that the flluid is a con
ntinuum.
Otther factor which
w
check
ks the validiity of contin
nuum is the elapsed tim
me between collisions.
Th
he time shou
uld be small enough so
s that the random sta
atistical desscription of molecular
acttivity holds good.
In continuum
m approach, fluid propeerties such as density, viscosity, tthermal con
nductivity,
tem
mperature, etc. can be expressed as
a continuou
us functionss of space an
nd time.
Id
deal and
d Real Fluids
1. Ideal Fluid
d
An ideall fluid is onee which has
Page 2 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
no viscosity
no surface tension
and incompressible
2. Real Fluid
An Real fluid is one which has
viscosity
surface tension
and compressible
Naturally available all fluids are real fluid.
Viscosity
Definition: Viscosity is the property of a fluid which determines its resistance to shearing
stresses.
Cause of Viscosity: It is due to cohesion and molecular momentum exchange between
fluid layers.
Newtons Law of Viscosity: It states that the shear stress () on a fluid element layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.
The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity.
When two layers of fluid, at a distance dy apart,
move one over the other at different velocities,
say u and u+du.
Velocity gradient =
du
dy
or
du
dy
du
=
dy
du
dy
Thus viscosity may also be defined as the shear stress required producing unit
Units of Viscosity
S.I. Units: Pa.s or N.s/m2
C.G.S Unit of viscosity is Poise= dyne-sec/cm2
One Poise= 0.1 Pa.s
1/100 Poise is called centipoises.
Dynamic viscosity of water at 20oC is approx= 1 cP
Page 3 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
Kinematic Viscosity
It is the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid and denoted by
Mathematically =
dynamic viscosity
=
density
Classification of Fluids
1. Newtonian Fluids
These fluids follow Newtons viscosity equation.
For such fluids viscosity does not change with rate of deformation.
2. Non- Newtonian Fluids
These fluids does not follow Newtons viscosity equation.
Such fluids are relatively uncommon e.g. Printer ink, blood, mud, slurries, polymer
solutions.
(
Non-Newtonian Fluid
du
)
dy
Visco-elastic
Fluids
Time - Independent
Time - Dependent
Visco-elastic
1.Thixotropic Fluids
Fluids
du
du
= ; n < 1
dy
= + f (t )
dy
f(t)is
decreasing
2. Dilatant Fluids
du
oil
= ; n > 1
dy
2. Rheopectic Fluids
Example: Butter
3. Bingham
or
Ideal
Page 4 of 372
du
+ E
dy
Example:
solid
Liquid-
combinations
in pipe flow.
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Plastic Fluid
du
= o +
dy
Chapter 1
n
du
= + f (t )
dy
f(t)is
Page 5 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
Surface tension
Surface tension is due to cohesion between particles at the surface.
Capillarity action is due to both cohesion and adhesion.
Surface tension
The tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface
between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane
under tension.
1 1
p = +
r1 r2
a. Pressure inside a water droplet, p =
b. Pressure inside a soap bubble, p =
c. Liquid jet. p =
2
d
4
d
8
d
Capillarity
A general term for phenomena observed in liquids due to inter-molecular attraction at the
liquid boundary, e.g. the rise or depression of liquids in narrow tubes. We use this term for
capillary action.
Capillary rise and depression phenomenon depends upon the surface tension of the liquid
as well as the material of the tube.
4 cos
1. General formula, h =
gd
4
2. For water and glass = 0o, h =
gd
4 cos 42o
3. For mercury and glass = 138o , h =
gd
(h is negative indicates capillary depression)
Note: If adhesion is more than cohesion, the wetting tendency is more and the angle of
contact is smaller.
Page 6 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
< 2
h
or
h=
4 cos
gd
Answer:
dT =
r
2 r dr r
t
R
Total torque, T =
r
2 r dr.r
t
0
dT =
( )
R
d
4
2 3
R =
r dr =
2
2t
2t
t 0
Page 7 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
T=
Question:
Answer:
d 4
32t
= 2 r .
dr
sin
Shear stress
du
V
r
=
= =
dy
t
t
Tangential resistance on the ring
dr
= r 2 r
t
sin
Total torque
R
2 3
T = dT =
r dr
t sin
0
2 R 4 R 4
=
t sin 4
2t sin
Page 8 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
[GATE-2001]
(d) m3/s2
Newtonian Fluid
GATE-3. For a Newtonian fluid
[GATE-2006; 1995]
(a) Shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(b) Rate of shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(c) Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
(d) Rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
GATE-3. Ans. (c)
Surface Tension
GATE-4. The dimension of surface tension is:
(a) ML-1
(b) L2T-1
GATE-4. Ans. (d)
[GATE-1996]
(d) MT-2
(c) ML-1T1
Page 9 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
IES-1. Ans. (a) Both A and R correct and R is correct explanation for A
IES-2.
Viscosity
IES-3.
IES-4.
Therefore ( ) =
du
2
= 0.981
= 196.2 N/m2
dy
0.01
IES-6.
[IES-2007]
(d)ML-2T-2
IES-7.
An oil of specific gravity 0.9 has viscosity of 0.28 Strokes at 380C. What
will be its viscosity in Ns/m2?
[IES-2005]
(a) 0.2520
(b) 0.0311
(c) 0.0252
(d) 0.0206
Page 10 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
IES-7. Ans. (c) Specific Gravity = 0.9 therefore Density = 0.9 1000 =900 kg/m3
One Stoke = 10-4 m2/s
Viscosity ( ) = = 900 0.28 10-4 = 0.0252 Ns/m2
IES-8.
Non-Newtonian Fluid
IES-10.
If the Relationship between the shear stress and the rate of shear
n
du
du
then the fluid with exponent n>1
is expressed as =
strain
dy
dy
is known as which one of the following?
(a) Bingham Plastic
(b) Dilatant Fluid
(c) Newtonian Fluid
(d) Pseudo plastic Fluid
IES-10. Ans. (b)
IES-11.
[IES-2007]
Match List-I (Type of fluid) with List-II (Variation of shear stress) and
select the correct answer:
[IES-2001]
List-I
List-II
A. Ideal fluid
1. Shear stress varies linearly with the rate of
strain
B. Newtonian fluid
2. Shear stress does not vary linearly with the
rate of strain
C. Non-Newtonian fluid
3. Fluid behaves like a solid until a minimum
yield stress beyond which it exhibits a linear
relationship between shear stress and the rate
of strain
D. Bingham plastic
4. Shear stress is zero
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
1
2
4
(b) 4
2
1
3
(c)
3
2
1
4
(d) 4
1
2
3
IES-11. Ans. (d)
Page 11 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
IES-12.
IES-13.
2. Dilatant fluid
C. = (du / dy ) , n>1
3. Newtonian fluid
D. = 0 +
4. Pseudo-plastic fluid
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IES-13. Ans. (c)
A
3
3
(du/dy)n,
B
2
4
n=1
C
4
2
D
1
1
(b)
(d)
A
4
4
B
1
2
C
2
1
D
3
3
IES-14.
Page 12 of 372
[IES-1995]
with rate of
D
4
4
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
Surface Tension
IES-16.
[IES-1998]
(b) Cohesion
(d) The difference between adhesive and
cohesive forces
IES-16. Ans. (b) Surface tension is due to cohesion between liquid particles at the
surface, where as capillarity is due to both cohesion and adhesion. The
property of cohesion enables a liquid to resist tensile stress, while
adhesion enables it to stick to another body.
IES-17.
Where ' ' is the surface tension andd is the diameter of the droplet.
4
IES-17. Ans. (b) Pressure inside a water droplet, p =
d
IES-18.
4 4 0.073
=
= 292 N / m 2
0.001
d
Capillarity
IES-20.
IES-21.
4
4 0.073
=
30 mm
gd 1000 9.81 0.001
Page 13 of 372
4 cos
gd
[IES-2008]
P
Properti
ies of Flu
uids
S K Mo
ondalss
Cha
apter 1
IE
ES-22.
A capillary
c
tu
ube is inse
erted in me
ercury kep
pt in an ope
en contain
ner.
Asssertion (A
A): The mer
rcury leve
el inside th
he tube sh
hall rise above
a
the
lev
vel of merc
cury outsid
de.
[IIES-2001]
Reason (R): The cohessive force between the
t
molecules of me
ercury is
gre
eater than the adhessive force b
between mercury
m
and
d glass.
(a) Both A and
d R are indiv
vidually tru
ue and R is the
t correct eexplanation
n of A
(b) Both A and
d R are indiv
vidually tru
ue but R is not
n the correect explanattion of A
(c) A is true bu
ut R is false
(d) A is false but R is truee
IE
ES-22. Ans. (d) Mercurry shows cap
pillary depression.
IE
ES-23.
Wh
hat is the capillary
c
riise in a nar
rrow two-d
dimensional slit of width
w
'w'?
(a) Half of that in a cap
pillary tube
e of diameter w
[IIES-2009]
(b) Two-third
d of that in
n a capillar
ry tube of diameter
d
'w
w'
(c) One-third
d of that in a capillar
ry tube of diameter
d
'w
w'
(d)) One-fourtth of that in
i a capilla
ary tube off diameter 'w'
IE
ES-23. Ans. (a)
IE
ES-24.
Consider the
e following
g statementts related to
t the fluid
d propertie
es:
1. Vapour pr
ressure of water at 3
373 K is 101
15 103 N//m2.
2. Capillary height in cm for watter in conttact with glass
g
tube and
a
air is
(tube dia))/0268.
3. Blood is a Newtonia
an fluid
Wh
hich of the statementts given ab
bove is/are correct?
[IIES-2008]
Page 14 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 2 only
IES-25. Ans. (a) Vapour pressure of water at 373 K means 100oC is one atmosphere =
1.01325 bar = 101.325 103 N/m2.
0.3
Capillary height in cm for water in contact with glass tube =
d
4
For water and glass = 0, h =
gd
Blood is a pseudoplastic fluid.
n
du
Where = ; n <1
dy
(a)
dp
d
dp
d
(b)
Bulk modulus
dp
K =
and
dv
v
dp
K =
d
(c)
v=
d
dp
d
dp
dv =
(d)
d
K =
d
IES-27.
When the pressure on a given mass of liquid is increased from 3.0 MPa
to 3.5 MPa, the density of the liquid increases from 500 kg/m3 to 501
kg/m3.What is the average value of bulk modulus of the liquid over the
given pressure range?
[IES-2006]
(a) 700 MPa
(b) 600MPa
(c) 500MPa
(d) 250MPa
IES-27. Ans.(d)
Vapour Pressure
IES-28.
Page 15 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
IES-29. Ans. (b) Surface tension forces are important in certain classes of practical
problems such as,
1. Flows in which capillary waves appear
2. Flows of small jets and thin sheets of liquid injected by a nozzle in air
3. Flow of a thin sheet of liquid over a solid surface.
Here the significant parameter for dynamic similarity is the magnitude ratio of
the surface tension force to the inertia force. And we must use Weber number
for similarity. Therefore the answer will be surface tension.
2
.
d
IES-30.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code
given below the lists:
[IES-2008]
List-I (Variable)
List-II (Dimensional Expression)
A. Dynamic Viscosity
1. M L2 T-3
B. Moment of momentum
2. M L-1 T-2
C. Power
3. M L-1 T-1
D. Volume modulus of elasticity
4. M L2 T-2
5. M L2 T-1
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
1
4
2
3
(b)
3
5
1
2
(c)
1
5
2
3
(d)
3
4
1
2
IES-30. Ans. (b)
Viscosity
IAS-2.
du
Ns ( 0.3m/s )
= 0.001 2
=3N/m 2
dy
m ( 0.0001m )
Newtonian Fluid
IAS-3.
Page 16 of 372
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
[IAS-1995]
d
(a)
dy 2
2
du
(b)
dy
du
(c)
dy
du
(d)
dy
Non-Newtonian Fluid
IAS-5.
The relations between shear stress ( ) and velocity gradient for ideal
fluids, Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids are given below.
Select the correct combination.
[IAS-2002]
du 2
du
) ; = . ( )3
dy
dy
du
du 2
(b) =0; = . ( ) ; = . ( )
dy
dy
du
du
du 3
(c) = . ( ) ; = . ( ) 2 ; = . (
)
dy
dy
dy
du
du
(d) = . ( ) ; = . ( ) 2 ; =0
dy
dy
(a) =0; = . (
du
Surface Tension
IAS-7.
Vapour Pressure
IAS-8.
Match
List-I
(Physical
properties
of
fluid)
(Dimensions/Definitions) and select the correct answer:
List-I
List-II
Page 17 of 372
with
List-II
[IAS-2000]
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
A. Absolute viscosity
B. Kinematic viscosity
C. Newtonian fluid
D. Surface tension
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IAS-8. Ans. (d)
A
5
5
B
3
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C
1
4
D
2
2
du/dy is constant
Newton per metre
Poise
Stress/Strain is constant
Stokes
A
B
C
(b)
3
5
2
(d)
3
5
1
Page 18 of 372
D
4
2
Properties of Fluids
S K Mondals
Chapter 1
1. Ans. T =
D 4
32h
2.
3.
4coc
( b ) gd
Page 19 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
2.
Pressure of a Fluid
2.
3.
4.
Manometers
5.
Piezometer
6.
Mechanical Gauges
P
A
Normal stress at a point may be different in different directions then [but presence
of shear stress]
p=
xx + yy + zz
3
xx = yy = zz and p = xx = yy = zz
The stagnation pressure at a point in a fluid flow is the total pressure which would
result if the fluid were brought to rest isentropically.
v2
h=
p
[ p = gh = wh]
w
"The intensity of pressure at any point in a liquid at rest is the same in all directions".
4. The atmospheric pressure at sea level (above absolute zero) is called standard
atmospheric pressure.
Page 20 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
Pabs. = Patm. + Pgauge
= const);
p = po e gz / RT
1 gZ 1
1
o
p = p0 1
gZ
= p0 1
po
RTo
1 gZ
and temperature, T = To 1
RT
Where po, To are pressure and temperature at sea-level; = 1.4 for air.
Page 21 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
L=
g 1
if (i) = 1, temperature is zero. (ii) > 1, temperature decreases with the increase of
height
Answer:
p
=
or
RT
p
pg
= z RT
p
g
z
or
=p
RT
A
dp
g
dz
=
p
RT0
Integrating both side and with boundary conditions
when z = z0 = 0
then p = p0
and when z = z
then p = p
P
z
dp
g
P p = - RT0 0 dz
0
or
or
B
gz
In p =
p
RT0
0
p=p0 e
gz
RT0
Required expression for isothermal process.
Adiabatic process:
Page 22 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
p p0
=
=C
0
1
p
or
=
C
From Hydrostatic law
p
= -g
z
1
or
or
p
p
= - g
z
C
p
g
=- 1 z
1
p
dp
or
=-
dz
1 =- 1 dz
P0
or
or
- 1 +1
p
g
z
= - 1 [ z ]0
1
- +1
C
P
0
1
1
gz
- + 1 + 1
p p0 = 1
1
or
or
C
C
-1
p. - p0 . = .g z
p
p0
-1
p p0
- = gz
p
p
and 0 = 0
RT
RT0
-1
gz
RT - RT0 = -
or
-1 g z
T = T0 1
RT0
Page 23 of 372
.(a)
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
p
For adiabatic process
p0
Question:
Answer:
p
p0
T
T0
1 g z
= 1
RT0
1 g z
p = p0 1
RT
required expression.
RT0
dT
g -1
=- .
dz R
Note: If allotted marks is high for
-1 g z
T = T0 1.
from Aerostatic law
RT0
= - g also.
Page 24 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
[GATE-2000]
Manometers
GATE-2. A U-tube manometer with a small quantity
of mercury is used to measure the static
pressure difference between two locations A
and B in a conical section through which an
incompressible fluid flows. At a particular
flow rate, the mercury column appears as
shown in the figure. The density of mercury
is 13600 Kg/m3 and g = 9.81m/s2. Which of the
following is correct?
(a) Flow Direction is A to B and PA-PB = 20 KPa
Page 25 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
[GATE-2004]
13.6
1 = 0.126 m of water column
h = y h 1 m of light fluid or h = 0.010
1
sl
2
or P = h g = 0.126 1000 9.81 = 1236 N/m = 1236 Pa
GATE-5. Refer to Figure, the
absolute pressure of
gas A in the bulb is:
(a) 771.2 mm Hg
(b) 752.65 mm Hg
(c) 767.35 mm Hg
(d) 748.8 mm Hg
[GATE-1997]
Page 26 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
Mechanical Gauges
GATE-6. A siphon draws water from a reservoir and discharges it out at
atmospheric pressure. Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is large,
the velocity at point P in the siphon tube is:
[GATE-2006]
(a)
GATE-6.
2gh1
(b)
2gh2
(c)
2 g (h2 h1 )
(d)
2 g (h2 + h1
Q = 2 g (h2 h1 )
As there is a continuous
and uniform flow, so
velocity of liquid at point
Q and P is same.
Vp = 2 g ( h2 h1 )
Page 27 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
p
(a)
= g
z
p
(c)
=z
z
p
(b)
=0
z
(d)
p
= const .
z
( a ) gz 2 /2
( c ) gz
(b) g
(d) g / z
[IES-1995; 1996]
IES-5. Ans. (b) Pressure at any point at depth z due to gravitational acceleration is, p =
gh. Since z is vertically upwards, p / z = -g
Manometers
IES-7.
The pressure difference of two very light gasses in two rigid vessels is
being measured by a vertical U-tube water filled manometer. The
reading is found to be 10 cm. what is the pressure difference? [IES-2007]
(a) 9.81 kPa
(b) 0.0981 bar
(c) 98.1 Pa
(d) 981 N/m2
IES-7. Ans. (d) p= h g=0.1 1000 9.81 N/m2 = 981 N/m2
IES-8.
(a)
1 2
h
1 3 1
(b)
2 2
h
1 3 1
Page 28 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
1 3
2
(d) 1
h1
h
2 3
2 3 1
IES-8. Ans. (c) h1 1 = h 2 + ( h1 h) 3
(c)
IES-9.
[IES-2004]
sh
13.6
1 m of light fluid or h = 0.5
1 = 6.3m of water.
1
sl
[IES-2003]
IES-10. Ans. (a) Use hs rules; The pressure head inthe pipeline( H p )
(a) h1S 2 + h2 S1 + h3 S1
(b) h1S1 + h2 S 2 h3 S1
(c) h1S1 h2 S2 h3 S1
(d) h1S1 + h2 S2 + h3 S1
[IES-1993]
IES-11. Ans. (d) Using hS formula: PA and PB (in terms of head of water)
PA h1S1 h2 S 2 h3 S1 = PB or PA PB = h1S1 + h2 S 2 + h3 S1
IES-12.
Page 29 of 372
S K Mondals
(a) 98.1 N/m2
Chapter 2
(b) 981 N/m2
sh
2
1 m of light fluid or h = 0.1 1 = 0.1m of light fluid
1
sl
The pressure dropbetween the two points is = h g = 0.1 9.81 1000 = 981N/m 2
IES-13.
3h + 1.5h 2 + h 3 H 3 = 0 Or H/h = 3
IES-14.
sh
13.6
1 m of light fluid or h = 0.600
1 = 8.47 m of oil
0.9
sl
(a) h = x 1
Sg
So
(c) h = x So Sg
(b) h = x Sg So
Sg
(d) h = x
So
h=y
1
S0
S0
Page 30 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
IES-16.
V2
+
2g
static pressure.
Whereas
pressure.
point
senses
static
V2
)
2g
IES-17.
pg
= h
1
S
Page 31 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
IES-19.
P
P
difference is given by A B
W W
(a) h3 s2 h1 s1 + h2 s3
(b) h1 s1 + h2 s3 h3 s2
(c) h3 s1 h1 s2 + h2 s3
(d) h1 s1 + h2 s2 h3 s3
IES-21. Ans (a) Use hs formula
PA
P
P P
+h1 s1 - h 2 s3 h3 s2 = B Or A B = h3 s2 h1 s1 + h 2 s3
w
w
w w
Page 32 of 372
[IES-1997]
P
Pressure
e and Its Measur
rements
S K Mon
ndals
IES-2
22.
Chaptter 2
A
U-tube
manometter
is
conne
pipeline
ected
to
o
a
conve
eying wate
er as show
wn in the
Figur
re. The pressure
p
h
head of
water
r in the pip
peline is
(b) 6.56 m
(a) 7.12 m
(c) 6.0 m
(d) 5.12 m
[IES
S-2000]
IES-2
22. Ans. (c) Use hs forrmula;
[IES
S-1999]
23. Ans. (b)) Use hs formula;
f
IES-2
A mercury man
nometer is fitted to
o a
pipe. It is mou
unted on the delive
ery
line of
o a centriifugal pum
mp, One lim
mb
of the
e manometter is conn
nected to the
t
upstream side of the pip
pe at 'A' and
a
the other limb at 'B', just below the
t
valve 'V' as sho
own in the
e figure. The
T
manometer rea
ading 'h' varies with
w
differ
rent valve positions.
p
Assertion (A): With
W
gradu
ual closure
e of
the va
alve, the magnitude
m
of 'h' will go
on in
ncreasing and even
n a situatiion
may arise wh
hen mercu
ury will be
sucke
ed in by
y the wa
ater flowiing
aroun
nd 'B'.
Reaso
on (R): Witth the gra
adual closu
ure
[IES
S-1998]
of the
e valve, the
e pressure at 'A' will go
on inc
creasing.
(a) Botth A and R are individu
ually true and R is the correct expllanation of A
(b) Botth A and R are individu
ually true but R is not tthe correct explanation
e
n of A
(c) A iss true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-2
24. Ans. (a)) With grad
dual closuree the valve,, the valve will be resttricted the flow of
liquid.. Then presssure at A wiill be increa
ased.
Page 33 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
[IES-1998]
IES-25. Ans. (d) Use hs formula;
H air + 0.2 Sair (1.3 /1000) 0.5 1 = 0 or H air = 0.49974 m of water column (Gauge)
A manometer is made of a tube of uniform bore of 0.5 cm2 crosssectional area, with one limb vertical and the other limb inclined at 300
to the horizontal. Both of its limbs are open to atmosphere and,
initially, it is partly filled with a manometer liquid of specific gravity
1.25.If then an additional volume of 7.5 cm3 of water is poured in the
inclined tube, what is the rise of the meniscus in the vertical tube?
[IES-2006]
(a) 4 cm
(b) 7.5 cm
(c) 12 cm
(d) 15 cm
IES-26. Ans. (a) Let x cm will be rise of the meniscus in the vertical tube. So for this x
cm rise quantity of 1.25 s.g. liquid will come from inclined limb. So we have to
lower our reference line = x sin30o = x/2. Then Pressure balance gives us
x
7.5
o
x+ 12509.81=
sin30 10009.81
2
0.5
IES-27.
or x = 4
Page 34 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
Piezometer
IES-28. A vertical clean glass tube of uniform bore is used as a piezometer to
measure the pressure of liquid at a point. The liquid has a specific
weight of 15 kN/m3 and a surface tension of 0.06 N/m in contact with air.
If for the liquid, the angle of contact with glass is zero and the capillary
rise in the tube is not to exceed 2 mm, what is the required minimum
diameter of the tube?
[IES-2006]
(a) 6 mm
(b) 8 mm
(c) 10 mm
(d) 12 mm
IES-28. Ans. (b)
4 cos
4 0.06 cos 0o
h=
0.002 or d
= 8 mm
gd
15000 0.002
IES-29.
Mechanical Gauges
IES-30.
List-II
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Page 35 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
p
(a)
= g
z
p
(b)
=0
z
p
(c)
=z
z
(d)
p
= const .
z
Match List-I (Laws) with List-II (Phenomena) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists:
[IAS-1996]
List-I
List-II
A. Hydrostatic law
1. Pressure at a point is equal in all
directions in a fluid at rest
B. Newton's law
2. Shear stress is directly proportional to
velocity gradient in fluid flow
C. Pascal's law
3. Rate of change of pressure in a vertical
D. Bernoulli's law
direction is proportional to specific
weight of fluid
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
2
3
1
(b)
3
2
1
(c)
2
1
3
(d)
2
1
3
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
Page 36 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
Manometers
IAS-6.
The
pressure
difference
between point B and A (as
shown in the above figure)
in centimeters of water is:
(a) -44
(b) 44
(c) -76
(d) 76
[IAS-2002]
A
double
U-tube
manometer
is
connected
to
two
liquid lines A and B.
Relevant heights and
specific gravities of
the fluids are shown
in the given figure.
The
pressure
difference, in head of
water, between fluids
at A and B is
[IAS-2001]
H A + hA S A (hA hB ) S1 + (hA hB ) S3 hB S B = H B
or, H B H A = hA S A (hA hB )( S1 S3 ) hB S B
Page 37 of 372
S K Mondals
IAS-8.
Chapter 2
[IAS-1995]
Mechanical Gauges
IAS-9.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists:
[IAS-1999]
List-I (Device)
List-II (Use)
A. Barometer
1. Gauge pressure
B. Hydrometer
2. Local atmospheric pressure
C. U-tube manometer
3. Relative density
D. Bourdon gauge
4. Pressure differential
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
2
3
1
4
(b)
3
2
1
4
(c)
3
2
4
1
(d)
2
3
4
1
IAS-9. Ans. (d)
Page 38 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 2
Page 39 of 372
S K Mondals
3.
Chapter 3
2.
3.
Centre of pressure
4.
5.
6.
Lock gate
The term hydrostatics means the study of pressure, exerted by a fluid at rest.
2.
Total pressure (P) is the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface (either plane or
curved) when the fluid comes in contact with the surface.
For vertically immersed surface, P = wAx = gAx
For inclined immersed surface, P = wAx = gAx
Where, A = area of immersed surface, and
x = depth of centre of gravity of immersed surface from the free liquid surface.
3.
()
Centre of pressure h is the point through which the resultant pressure acts and is
always expressed in terms of depth from the liquid surface.
For vertically immersed surface, h
IG
+x
Ax
I G sin 2
h=
+x
Ax
Where, IG stands for moment of inertia of figure about horizontal axis through its
centre of gravity. x = depth of centre of gravity of immersed surface from the free
liquid surface.
4.
PH2 + PV2
Page 40 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 3
= total pressure force on the projected area of the curved surface on the
vertical plane = wAx = gAx
Pv = vertical force on submerged curved surface
= weight of liquid actually or imaginary supported by curved surface.
The direction of the resultant force P with the horizontal is given by
tan =
5.
PV
P
or = tan 1 V
PH
PH
6.
For a lock gate, the reaction between two gates is equal to the reaction at the hinge,
i.e. N = R.
Also reaction between the two gates, N =
P
2 sin
Page 41 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 3
[GATE-1995]
GATE-1. Ans. (b)
GATE-2. A water container is kept on a weighing balance. Water from a tap is
falling vertically into the container with a volume flow rate of Q; the
velocity of the water when it hits the water surface is U.At a particular
instant of time the total mass of the container and water is m.The force
registered by the weighing balance at this instant of time is:
[GATE-2003]
(a) mg + QU
(b) mg+2 QU
(c) mg+ QU2/2
(d) QU2/2
GATE-2. Ans. (a) Volume flow rate = Q
Mass of water strike = Q
Velocity of the water when it hit the water surface = U
Force on weighing balance due to water strike
= Initial momentum-final momentum
= QU 0 = QU
(Since final velocity is perpendicular to initial velocity)
Now total force on weighing balance = mg + QU
A tank has in its side a very small horizontal cylinder fitted with a
frictionless piston. The head of liquid above the piston is h and the
piston area a, the liquid having a specific weight . What is the force
that must be exerted on the piston to hold it in position against the
hydrostatic pressure?
[IES-2009]
(a ) 2 h a
(b ) h a
(c)
2 ha
3
(d )
ha
2
Page 42 of 372
[IES-2005]
S K Mondals
Chapter 3
Moment (M) = P h
= 420
IES-4.
12
4 2
.12
4 2
4 (1 / 2 )
= 35 kNm
3
.r 2 4r 2
.
= gr 3
4
2
3
3
1 4
P
PV = g = g . . r 3 V =
4 3
PH 2
IES-5.
A rectangular water tank, full to the brim, has its length, breadth and
height in the ratio of 2: 1: 2. The ratio of hydrostatic forces at the
bottom to that at any larger vertical surface is:
[IES-1996]
(a) 1/2
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 4
IES-5. Ans. (b) Hydrostatic force at bottom = gAz = g (2 x 1x ) 2 x (length = 2x;
1.52 0.75 + 2
= 24 kN
2
4
A tank with four equal vertical faces of width and depth h is filled up
with a liquid. If the force on any vertical side is equal to the force at
the bottom, then the value of h/ will be:
[IAS-2000, IES-1998]
(a) 2
(b)
Page 43 of 372
(c) 1
(d) 1/2
S K Mondals
Chapter 3
h
=2
t
IES-8.
4 + 5.5 3 3
3
=
2 10 g
2
Page 44 of 372
[IES-1993]
S K Mondals
Chapter 3
2
of BD or between M and C.
3
IES-13.
[IES-1997]
(a) Zero
(b) 7700.8 N/m
(c) 15401.7 N/m
(d) 30803.4 N/m
IES-15. Ans. (c) Vertical component of force = Weight of the liquid for half cylinder
portion
D2
22
L
1
= Volume g = 4
g = 4
1000 9.81 = 15409.5 N/m
2
IES-16.
Page 45 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 3
(d) Product of pressure at C.G. multiplied by the projected area of the curved
surface
IES-16. Ans. (b) The correct choice is (b) since the vertical component of force on a curved
surface submerged in a static liquid is the weight of the liquid above the curved
surface.
IES-17.
(a)
IG
h
Ah
(b)
I G + Ah 2
Ah
(c)
Ah
+h
IG
(d)
IG
+ Ah
h
What is the vertical distance of the centre of pressure below the centre
of the plane area?
[IES-2009]
(a)
IG
A.h
(b)
IG .sin
A.h
(c)
IG .sin 2
A.h
(d)
IG .sin 2
A.h
(a)
IG
+h
Ah
(b)
IG A
+h
h
(c)
IG h
+h
A
(d)
Ah
+h
IG
surface h = x +
ICG
. Therefore the distance of centre of pressure from free surface
Ax
Page 46 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 3
with the free surface with different values of , the position of centre of
pressure will be different.
[IES-2004]
Reason (R): Since the center of pressure is dependent on second
moment of area, with different values of , second moment of area for
the circular plate will change.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-22. Ans. (c)
I G .sin 2
A.h
IES-23.
= 15.60 kN
IES-24.
Page 47 of 372
S K Mondals
IES-26.
Chapter 3
[IES-1999]
IES-26. Ans. (d) Taking moment about
topple point
2b
h
FH = W
3
3
h h
w gh 1 2 3
bh 2b
= w 2.56 g
1
2
3
or b = 0.442h
Nearest answer (d)
IES-27.
m
500
=
= 0.1
A x 1000 (2 2.5) (2 / 2)
1.52 0.75 + 2
= 24 kN
2
4
Page 48 of 372
S K Mondals
IAS-2.
Chapter 3
A tank with four equal vertical faces of width and depth h is filled up
with a liquid. If the force on any vertical side is equal to the force at
[IAS-2000, IES-1998]
the bottom, then the value of h/ will be:
(a) 2
(b)
(c) 1
(d) 1/2
h
=2
t
IAS-3.
Page 49 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 3
IAS-8.
Page 50 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 3
Page 51 of 372
S K Mondals
4.
Chapter 4
Buoyancy
2.
Equilibrium
of floating bodies
3.
Equilibrium
of floating bodies
4.
Metacentric height
5.
The tendency for an immersed body to be lifted up in the fluid, due to an upward
force opposite to action of gravity is known as buoyancy.
2.
3.
4.
The distance between the centre of gravity (G) of a floating body and the metacentre
(M) is called metacentric height.
5.
d
)
l
Page 52 of 372
S K Mondals
6.
Chapter 4
k2
Time of rolling, T = 2
GM . g
[VIMP]
Show that, for small angle of tilt, the time period of oscillation of a
2 k
ship floating in stable equilibrium in water is given by T =
GM.g
[AMIE (WINTER)-2001]
Answer:
Rolling
Yawing
Pitching
Yawing
after, axis
Fore-and
G
B
FB
D
B1
FB
a. Initial position
b. Rolled position
Fig. Oscillation (Rolling ) of a floating body
Let,
T
k
I
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
GM =
Page 53 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
When the force which has caused angular displacement is removed the body
is acted by an external restoring moment due to its weight and buoyancy
forces; acting parallel to each other GD apart. Since the weight and
buoyancy force must be equal and distance GD equals GM sin . The
external moment equals W. GM sin and acts so as to oppose the tilt .
d2
W.GM sin = I 2
dt
W 2 d2
k
g
d t2
d2 g
+ GMsin = 0
d t2 k2
For is very small sin
d2 g.GM
. = 0
+
d t2
k2
or,
k
k2
(i)
= 0 at t = 0
0 =C1 sin 0 +C2 cos 0
C2 =0
(ii)
T
When t = , =0
2
g.GM T
.
0 =C1 sin
k2
2
As C1 0
g.GM T
. =0
sin
k2
2
or
g.GM T
. =
2
k2
or T = 2
or
T=
k2
g.GM
2 k
GM.g
requiredexpression.
Page 54 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
Assertion (A): The buoyant force for a floating body passes through the
centroid of the displaced volume.
[IES-2005]
Reason (R): The force of buoyancy is a vertical force & equal to the
weight of fluid displaced.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-2. Ans. (a) When a solid body is either wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, the
hydrostatic lift due to net vertical component of the hydrostatic pressure forces
experienced by the body is called the buoyant force. The buoyant force on a
submerged or floating body is equal to the weight of liquid displaced by the body
and acts vertically upward through the centroid of displaced volume known as
centre of buoyancy.
1
The x coordinate of the center of the buoyancy is obtained as x 8 = xd
Which is the centroid of the displaced volume. It is due to the buoyant force is
equals to the weight of liquid displaced by the submerged body of volume and
the force of buoyancy is a vertical force.
IES-3.
Which one of the following is the condition for stable equilibrium for a
floating body?
[IES-2005]
(a) The metacenter coincides with the centre of gravity
(b) The metacenter is below the center of gravity
(c) The metacenter is above the center of gravity
Page 55 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
Assertion (A): If a boat, built with sheet metal on wooden frame, has an
average density which is greater than that of water, then the boat can
float in water with its hollow face upward but will sink once it
overturns.
[IES-1999]
Reason (R): Buoyant force always acts in the upward direction.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-5. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true, but R does not give sufficient explanation for
phenomenon at A. Location of Metacentre and centre of buoyancy decide about
floating of a body.
IES-6.
A hydrometer weighs 0.03 N and has a stem at the upper end which is
cylindrical and 3 mm in diameter. It will float deeper in oil of specific
gravity 0.75, than in alcohol of specific gravity 0.8 by how much
amount?
[IES-2007]
(a) 10.7 mm
(b) 43.3 mm
(c) 33 mm
(d) 36 mm
oil g
and Val =
al g
W
g
1
1 .(0.003) 2 h
4
oil al
Page 56 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
0.7 / A w g = lA b g
b = 0.7 w
b
= 0.7
w
IES-9.
.... ( ii )
W V2 g = 15
W V ( 800 )( 9.8 )
W V (1200 )( 9.8 )
=2
W = 15680V
Putting the value of W in Equation (i)
15680 V V(800)(9.8) = 30
Page 57 of 372
Bu
uoyancy and Flottation
S K Mo
ondalss
Cha
apter 4
IE
ES-13.
Consider the
e following
g statementts:
[IIES-1996]
Th
he metacen
ntric heightt of a floatting body depends
d
1. Directly on
o the shap
pe of its wa
ater-line area.
2. On the vo
olume of liq
quid displa
aced by the
e body.
3. On the disstance between the metacentre
m
e and the centre
c
of gravity.
g
4. On the sec
cond mom
ment of watter-line are
ea.
Of these statements cor
rrect are:
(a) 1 and 2
( 2 and 3
(b)
(c)) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 4
IE
ES-13. Ans. (b) The metacentric
m
height of a floating body depend
ds on (2) an
nd (3), i.e.
quid displacced by thee body and
d on the distance bettween the
volume of liq
metacentre an
nd the centree of gravity.
IE
ES-14.
A cylindrical
c
l vessel hav
ving its he
eight equall to its diam
meter is fiilled with
liquid and moved
m
horiz
zontally att acceleration equal tto accelera
ation due
to gravity. Th
he ratio off the liquid
d left in the
e vessel to the liquid
d at static
equ
uilibrium condition
c
is:
[IIES-2001]
(a) 0.2
( 0.4
(b)
(c)) 0.5
(d) 0.75
ES-14. Ans. (c)
IE
IE
ES-15.
Ho
ow is the metacentric
m
c height, G
GM expresssed?
(a) GM = BG (I / V )
(b) GM = ( V / I) BG
(c) GM = (I / V ) BG
[IIES-2008]
B ( V / I)
(d) GM = BG
Wh
here I = Mom
ment of inerrtia of the plan of the flloating body
y at the watter surface
V = Vollume of the body submeerged in wa
ater
BG = Distance between thee centre of gravity (G
G) and the centre of
b
buoyancy
(B
B).
IE
ES-15. Ans. (c)
GM
M = BM BG
G and BM =
I
V
IE
ES-16.
Sta
ability of a floating body
b
can be
e improved
d by which
h of the folllowing?
1. Making itts width large
[IIES-2008]
2. Making th
he draft sm
mall
3. Keeping the
t
centre of mass low
4. Reducing
g its density
y
Sellect the correct answ
wer using tthe code giiven below
w:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 1, 2 an
nd 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
y
(d) 3 and 4 only
IE
ES-16. Ans. (b) Stabilitty of a floatiing body can
n be improv
ved by makiing width la
arge which
willl increase.
I an
nd will thus increase the
t metacen
ntric height and keepin
ng the centrre of mass
low
w and makin
ng the draft small.
ES-17.
IE
Th
he distance
e from the centre off buoyancy
y to the m
meta-centre
e is given
by I/Vd where
e Vd is the volume of fluid displlaced.
[IIES-2008]
Wh
hat does I represent?
r
?
(a) Moment off inertia of a horizontall section of the body ta
aken at the surface of
the fluid
Page 58 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
I
,
Vd
A 25 ss g = A 20 soil g or soil =
15
25
25
25 15
ss =
= 0.75
20
20 25
IES-19.
Page 59 of 372
Bu
uoyancy and Flottation
S K Mo
ondalss
Cha
apter 4
Ma
atch List-I with List-III and sele
ect the corr
rect answe
er: [IES-19
995, 2002]
Lisst-I (Stability)
L
List-II
(Conditions)
1. Centre of buoyan
A. Stable equillibrium of a floating boody
ncy below
the centtre of gravity
B. Stable equilibrium of a submerged
d body
2 Metacen
2.
ntre above the
t
centre
of gravitty
C. Unstable eq
quilibrium of
o a floating
g body
3. Centre of buoyan
ncy above
the centtre of gravity
D. Unstable eq
quilibrium of
o a submerrged body 4.
4 Metacen
ntre below the
t
centre
of gravitty
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
4
3
2
1
(b)
2
3
4
1
(c)
4
1
2
3
(d)
2
1
4
3
IE
ES-23. Ans. (b)
IE
ES-24.
A barge
b
30m long and 10m
1
wide has
h a draftt of 3m wh
hen flowing
g with its
sid
des in verttical posittion. If itss centre of
o gravity is 2.5m above the
[IIES-2001]
botttom, the nearest
n
vallue of meta
acentric he
eight is:
(a) 3.28m
(b) 2.78m
m
(c) 1.78m
m
(d) Zero
10
03
30
1
12
2 = 2.778 m
IE
ES-24. Ans. (c) BM =
=
3
3010
wh
here I = leasst moment of
o inertia
and
d = displa
acement
kB
B = 3/2 = 1.5
5m
kM
M = kB + BM
M = 2.778 + 1.5
= 4.278 m
GM
M = kM kG
G = 4.278 2.5
= 1.778 m 1.78 m
IE
ES-25.
A block
b
of aluminium having
h
ma
ass of 12 kg
g is suspen
nded by a wire and
low
wered untiil submerg
ged into a tank containing oil of relative
e density
0.8
8. Taking the relative
e density of
o aluminiium as 2.4,, the tensio
on in the
wir
re will be (take
(
g=10 m/s2)
[IIES-2001]
(a) 12000N
( 800 N
(b)
(c)) 120 N
(d) 80N
IE
ES-25. Ans. (d) T = mg vg
Page 60 of 372
S K Mondals
IES-26.
Chapter 4
[IES-1999]
IES-28.
Page 61 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
(b) The metal piece simply float over the mercury with no immersion
(c) The metal piece will be immersed in mercury by half
(d) The whole of the metal piece will be immersed with its top surface
just at mercury level.
IES-30. Ans. (d)
IES-31.
k2
92
= 2
= 20.85 s
GM .g
0.750 9.81
IES-34.
What are the forces that influence the problem of fluid static?
[IES-2009]
(a) Gravity and viscous forces
(b) Gravity and pressure forces
(c) Viscous and surface tension forces (d) Gravity and surface tension forces
IES-34. Ans. (b) Gravity and pressure forces influence the problem of Fluid statics.
Page 62 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
IAS-3.
[IAS-2000]
10
N = 22 N
IAS-5.
Page 63 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
IAS-8.
Page 64 of 372
S K Mondals
Chapter 4
Page 65 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
5.
Chapter 5
Fluid Kinematics
Velocity
2.
Acceleration
3.
4.
Types of Flow
5.
Stream Line
6.
Path Line
7.
Streak Line
8.
Continuity Equitation
9.
movement of a single particle. The path taken by the particle and the changes in
its velocity and acceleration are studied.
One dimensional flow: When the dependent variables are functions of only one
3.
Two dimensional flow: Flow over a long circular cylinder is two-dimensional flow.
4.
Page 66 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
=0
Mathematically,
It is two dimensional flow, because the only independent co-ordinates are x and
y or r and z.
5.
Steady flow: The dependent fluid variables at point in the flow do not change with
time. i.e.
i.e.
u w
p
=
etc.
=
=0=
=
t t t
t t
A flow is said to be steady when conditions do not change with time at any
point.
6.
In a steady flow streamline, path line and streak line are coincident.
7.
i.e.
i.e.
u u u
=
=
=0=
=
-----etc
x y
x y z
Uniform flow occurs when the (spatial) rate of change of velocity is zero.
u
u
u u
+
+w +
x
y
z t
ay = u
+
+w
+
x
y
z t
az = u
w
w w
w
+
+w
+
x
y
z t
and
a = a x i + a y j + a z k
Page 67 of 372
n 2
+
t
r
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
8.
Chapter 5
A streamline cannot intersect itself nor can any streamline intersect another
streamline.
x y z
=
=
u
Equation
Above equation is valid for flow, steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform viscous
or non-viscous, compressible or incompressible.
For a steady flow streamline, path line and streak lines are coincides.
9.
10.
A flow has diverging straight streamlines. If the flow is steady, the flow has
convective tangential acceleration.
A flow has parallel curved streamlines and is steady this flow as normal
convective acceleration.
Continuity Equation
AV = Const. in case of compressible fluid.
AV = Const. in case of incompressible fluid.
Differential form of continuity equation in Cartesian co-ordinates system.
u w
+
+
= 0 , Vector form .V = 0 , for incompressible flow
x y z
General form
( u ) + ( ) + ( w) +
=0
x
y
z
t
Vector form .( V ) +
=0
t
General form valid for
Viscous or Inviscid; steady or unsteady; uniform or non-uniform; compressible or
incompressible.
Integral form: V . dA +
s
dv = 0
t
Page 68 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Question:
Answer:
Chapter 5
at a particular instant t.
u, v , = components of velocity
of the flow entering the three
faces x, y and z respectively, of
the parallelepiped.
Rate of mass of fluid entering
the face ABCD (i.e. fluid influx)
= x velocity in x-direction
D
A
dy
H
dz
dx
x
Area ABCD = u dy dz
and Rate of mass of fluid leaving the face EFGH (i.e. fluid efflux)
= udy dz +
( dy dz ) dx
x
The gain in mass per unit time due to flow in the x-direction is given by the
difference between the fluid influx and fluid efflux.
Mass accumulated per unit time due to flow in x-direction
= u dy dz - udy dz -
( udy dz ) dx = ( u) dx dy dz
x
x
Similarly, the gain in fluid mass per unit time in the parallelepiped due to flow in Y
and z-directions.
( v ) dx dy dz
y
=
( ) dx dy dz
z
(in Y-direction)
(in z-direction)
The total (or net) gain in fluid mass per unit time for fluid flow along 3 coordinate axes = Rate of change of mass of the parallelepiped (c. v.)
or
( u) dx dy dz ( v ) dx dy dz ( ) dx dy dz = ( dx dy dz )
x
y
z
t
=0
t
u v
+
+
= 0 For 3-D incompressible flow.
x y z
Stream Function ( ):
u = and =
y
x
Page 69 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
1
r
and u =
If 2 and 1 is the values of stream function at point 2 and 1 respectively. The volume
rate of flow per unit depth across an element s connecting 2 and 1 is given by .
Strain Component
xx =
1 u
u
xy= { + }
2 x y
x
yy =
1 w v
yz= { + }
2 y z
y
zz =
w
1 u w
xz= { + }
2 z x
z
u = ,
x
=and
y
w =z
Dimensions of is [L2T-1]
Laplace eqn.
The lines of constant are normal to the streamlines.
=
x y
and
=
y
x
Page 70 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
1 w
x= ;
2 y z
1
2
Chapter 5
1 u
y= ;
2 z x
1 u
z=
2 x y
1
2
= ( V ) = curlV = 2
or curl V is called vorticity
1
Rotation = vorticity.
2
A flow is said to be rotational when every fluid element has finite angular
velocity about its mass centre.
u
=
x y
Circulation in a flow:
Along a closed contour in a flow field
= V .ds = (udx + dy + wdz )
= 2 z = z , the Vorticity.
A
Circulation per unit area equals the vorticity in flow:
Streamline = constant
Velocity potential line = constant
The streamlines and velocity potential lines form an orthogonal net work in a
fluid flow.
Observation of a flow net enables us to estimate the velocity variation.
Streamline and velocity potential lines must constitute orthogonal net work
except at the stagnation points.
Page 71 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
u
u
+v
x
y
u
v
+v
(c) u
x
y
(a) u
u
v
+v
x
y
u
u
(d) v
+u
x
y
(b) u
(a)
2Q( R1 R2 )
LR2 3
(b)
2Q 2 ( R1 R2 )
LR2 3
(c)
2Q 2 ( R1 R2 )
2 LR2 5
(d)
2Q 2 ( R2 R1 )
2 LR2 5
R R1
x
R1 + 2
L
Area Ax = Rx2
Q
Q
=
2
Ax
R R
R1 + 2 1 x
L
u u
u
Total acceleration ax = u
for constant flow rate i.e. steady flow
+
=0
x t
t
R R1
2Q 2
Q
u
L
ax = u
=
3
2
x
R2 R1
R2 R1
R1 +
x
R1 +
x
L
L
2Q 2 ( R1 R2 )
at x = L it gives
2 LR2 5
u=
Page 72 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
towards the stationary bottom surface, as shown in the figure. In the process,
the fluid contained between the two plates flows out radially. The fluid is
assumed to be incompressible and inviscid.
GATE-3. The radial velocity v, at any radius r, when the gap width is h, is:
[GATE-2008]
(a) vr =
Vr
2h
(b) vr =
Vr
h
(c) vr =
2Vr
h
(d) vr =
Vr
h
3V R
4h 2
[GATE-2008]
2
V R
V h
(d)
2
2h
4R 2
RV h
(vr ) RV RV 1
GATE-4. Ans. (c) Acceleration (ar) =
=
. = 2.
=
t
t 2h
2 t h
2h t
2
V R
h
(
= V given) Therefore (ar) =
2h 2
t
(a)
(b)
V R
4h 2
(c)
Types of Flow
GATE-6. You are asked to evaluate assorted fluid flows for their suitability in a
given laboratory application. The following three flow choices,
expressed in terms of the two-dimensional velocity fields in the xyplane, are made available.
[GATE-2009]
P. u = 2y, v = - 3x
Q. u = 3xy, v = 0
R. u = -2x, v = 2y
Which flow(s) should be recommended when the application requires
the flow to be incompressible and irrotational?
(a) P and R
(b) Q
(c) Q and R
(d) R
Page 73 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
GATE-6. Ans. (d)
Chapter 5
u
+
= 0 continuity
x y
u
=
irrational
y x
Stream Line
GATE-7. A two-dimensional flow field has velocities along the x and y directions
given by u = x2t and v = 2xyt respectively, where t is time. The
equation of streamlines is:
[GATE-2006]
(a) x2y = constant
(b) xy2 = constant
(c) xy = constant
(d) not possible to determine
dx
dy
dx dy dz
or 2 =
integrating both side
=
=
u
v
w
x t 2 xyt
dx
1 dy
= or ln( x 2 y ) = 0
x
2 y
Streak Line
GATE-9. Streamlines, path lines and streak lines are virtually identical for
(a) Uniform flow
(b) Flow of ideal fluids
[GATE-1994]
(c) Steady flow
(d) Non uniform flow
GATE-9. Ans. (c)
Continuity Equitation
GATE-10. The velocity components in the x and y directions of a two dimensional
potential flow are u and v, respectively. Then
u
is equal to:
x
v
(c)
y
u v
u
v
+
= 0 or
=
GATE-10. Ans. (d) From continuity eq.
y
x y
x
v
(b)
x
v
(a)
x
[GATE-2005]
(d)
v
y
GATE-11. The velocity components in the x and y directions are given by:
u = xy3 x 2 y and v = xy 2
The value of
fluid is:
(a) -3/4
3 4
y
4
(b) 4/3
u v
+ =0
x y
Page 74 of 372
(c) 4/3
[GATE-1995]
(d) 3
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
= 0 , if = const. V = 0
t
u v w
+ +
=0
x y z
[GATE-1994]
Stream Function
GATE-16. The 2-D flow with, velocity = (x + 2y + 2)i + (4 y)j is:
[GATE-2001]
(a) Compressible and irrotational
(b) Compressible and not irrotational
(c) Incompressible and irrotational
(d) Incompressible and not irrotational
GATE-16. Ans. (d) Continuity equation satisfied but z 0
Flow Net
GATE-17. In a flow field, the streamlines and equipotential lines
[GATE-1994]
(a) Are Parallel
(b) Are orthogonal everywhere in the flow field
(c) Cut at any angle
(d) Cut orthogonally except at the stagnation points
GATE-17. Ans. (d)
Page 75 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
u v
+
+
t t t
(a) u
u
v
+v
+
x
y
z
(b)
(c) u
u
v
+u
+u
x
y
z
(d) u
[IES-2001]
u
u
u
+v
+
x
y
z
ax = u
=0
ay = u
u u
u
u
+
+w +
Given u = Vx = 2x; v = Vy = 2y and w= Vz
x
y
z t
+
+w
+
x
y
z t
IES-3.
u
u
+v
= 2x 2 + y 2 ( 4x ) + ( 4xy )( 2y )
x
y
= ( 2 + 4 )( 4 ) + ( 4 1 2 )( 2 2 ) = 24 32 = 8 unit
IES-4.
IES-4. Ans.(c) u =
u
Q
1
Q
Q
=
local acceleration
at x = 0
=
Ax (0.5 0.2 x)
t (0.5 0.2 x) t
1
u
=
0.2 =0.4
t (0.5)
IES-5.
Page 76 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
IES-6.
Chapter 5
u
u u
+
+
x
y t
and
ay = u
+
+
y t
x
Types of Flow
IES-8.
B
4
4
C
3
2
D
2
3
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code
given below the lists:
[IES-2007]
List-I (Condition)
List-II (Regulating Fact)
A. Existence of stream function
1. Irrotationality of flow
B. Existence of velocity potential
2. Continuity of flow
C. Absence of temporal Variations
3. Uniform flow
D. Constant velocity vector
4. Steady flow
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
4
3
2
1
(b)
2
1
4
3
(c)
4
1
2
3
(d)
2
3
4
1
IES-9. Ans. (b)
Page 77 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
IES-10.
u v
= , then the fluid
y x
[IES-1996]
u v
=
i.e. irrotational, then
y x
u v
= i.e. irrotational flow, rotation is not there but not
y x
[IES-2008]
1 v u 1 3
x (y)
=
2 x y 2 x 2 y
1 3 1 5
5
= 1 = = 0
2 2 2 2
4
Flow A is rotational
1 v u 1 2
=
x y
xy 2 = ( 2xy 2xy ) = 0
y
2 x y 2 x
2
Flow (b) is irrotational
(B) z =
IES-14.
( )
( )
Page 78 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
flow rate
B. Flow of gas through the nozzle of a jet engine
C. Flow of water through the hose of a fire
fighting pump
D. Flow in a river during tidal bore
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
(a)
1
4
3
2
(b)
3
(c)
1
2
3
4
(d)
3
IES-14. Ans. (b)
2. Non-uniform, steady
3. Uniform, unsteady
4. Non-uniform, unsteady
B
C
D
2
1
4
4
1
2
Stream Line
IES-15.
A streamline is a line:
[IES-2003]
(a) Which is along the path of the particle
(b) Which is always parallel to the main direction of flow
(c) Along which there is no flow
(d) On which tangent drawn at any point given the direction of velocity
IES-15. Ans. (d)
IES-16.
Assertion (A): Stream lines are drawn in the flow field such that at a
given instant of time there perpendicular to the direction of flow at
every point in the flow field.
[IES-2002]
Reason (R): Equation for a stream line in a two dimensional flow is
given by Vx dy Vy dx = 0.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-16. Ans. (d) A streamline in a fluid flow is a line tangent to which at any point is in
the direction of velocity at that point at that instant.
IES-17.
Assertion (A): Streamlines can cross one another if the fluid has higher
velocity.
[IES-2003]
Reason (R): At sufficiently high velocity, the Reynolds number is high
and at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, the structure of the flow is
turbulent type.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-17. Ans. (d)
IES-18.
Page 79 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
The streamlines and velocity potential lines form an orthogonal net work
in a fluid flow.
Observation of a flow net enables us to estimate the velocity variation.
Streamline and velocity potential lines must constitute orthogonal net
work except at the stagnation points.
IES-19.
Chapter 5
(a)
dx ( x
=
dy
y2
(b)
xy
[IES-2008]
(x
3xy
2
3
IES-19. Ans. (c) u = 3xy
v = x2 y2
2
Equation of streamline is given by
3 2
x y 2 . What is the relevant
2
(c)
(x
2xy
2
(d)
x2 y2
dx
=
dy
2xy
vdx = udy
dx u
=
dy v
dx
3xy
=
dy 3 2
x y2
2
dx
2xy
= 2
dy
x y2
Path Line
IES-20.
Streak Line
IES-21.
Page 80 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
Continuity Equitation
IES-22.
u
v
+
= 0 in which u
x
y
and v are velocities in the x and y-direction and is the density. This is
valid for
[IES-1995]
(a) Compressible, steady flow
(b) Compressible, unsteady flow
(c) Incompressible, unsteady flow
(d) Incompressible, steady flow
IES-22. Ans. (d) The equation is
IES-23.
u
v
+
= 0 valid for incompressible steady flow.
x
y
( u ) ( v) ( w)
u v w
+ +
=0
(b)
+
+
=0
x y z
x
y
z
( u ) ( v) ( w)
( u ) ( v) ( w)
(c)
(d)
+
+
+
=1
+
+
+
=0
t
x
y
z
t
x
y
z
( u ) ( v) ( w)
+
+
+
= 0 general form valid for incompressible or
IES-23. Ans. (c)
t
x
y
z
(a)
( u ) ( v) ( w)
+
+
= 0 valid for incompressible or compressible flow but
x
y
z
steady flow.
u v w
+ +
= 0 valid for incompressible flow.
x y z
IES-24.
1. AV
1 1 = A2V2
3.
V .dA + t d = 0
4.
[IES-1993]
u v
2.
+
=0
x y
1 ( rvr ) vz
+
=0
z
r r
u w
+
+
= 0 , Vector form .V = 0 , for incompressible flow
x y z
General form
( u ) + ( ) + ( w) +
=0
x
y
z
t
Page 81 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
.( V ) +
Vector form
=0
t
dv = 0
t
u r u r 1 u u z
+
+
+
= 0 , for incompressible flow.
r
r r
z
IES-25.
3. v.dA+
s
dV = 0
t
4.
[IES-2009]
(rvr ) + (vz ) = 0
r r
z
( u ) + ( v ) + ( ) + = 0
x
y
z
t
=0
For incompressible fluid = cos t
t
u + v + w = 0 For 3-D incompressible flow.
x y z
u + v = 0 For 2-D incompressible flow.
x y
IES-26.
u v
v
u
+ = 0 or
=
= Ae x or v = Ae x y + f ( x)
x y
y
x
(c) Ae x y
(b) Ae x y
IES-28.
du dv
+
=0
dx dy
dv
=0
Ae x +
dy
d Ae x
dx
(d) Ae x
) + dv = 0
dy
v = - Ae x y
Page 82 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
(a) = x 3 y
Chapter 5
(c) = Ax 2 y2
(b) = 2xy
(d) = Ax + By2
Which of the following relations must hold for an irrotational twodimensional flow in the x-y plane?
[IAS-2003, 2004, IES-1995]
v u
=0
y x
w v
=0
(c)
y z
u w
=0
z x
v u
(d)
=0
x y
(a)
(b)
1 v u
=0
2 x y
IES-32.
[IES-1996]
IES-33. Ans. (c) The curl of a given velocity field V indicates the rate of angular
deformation.
IES-34.
(a) V = 0
(b) V = 1
[IES-1993]
(c ) 2 V = 1
Page 83 of 372
(d ) V . V =
V
t
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
IES-35.
The relation
IES-36.
2 2
+
= 0 for all the above.
IES-37. (a) Checking
x 2 y 2
Stream Function
IES-38.
(a) u = / x, v = / y
(b) u = / y , v = / x
(c) u = ( ) / y, v = / x
(d) u = / x, v = / y
IES-39. Ans. (c) The stream function ( ) is defined as a scalar function of space and
time, such that its partial derivative with respect to any direction given the
velocity component at right angles (in the counter clockwise direction) to this
direction. Hence,
= U and
= V.
y
x
Page 84 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
IES-40.
Chapter 5
(c) = ur cos +
u
cos
r
(d) = r
2
sin
r
IES-40. Ans. (d) Equation at (d) is not irrotational. If the stream function satisfy the
Laplace equation the flow is irrotational, otherwise rotational.
2 2
+
= 0 (Laplace equation)
If
x 2 y2
Then, z = 0
A. = xy
2 2
2 ( xy ) 2 ( xy)
+
=0+0=0
x 2 y2
x 2
y2
Satisfy the Laplace equation therefore flow is irrotational.
+
B. = A( x 2 y2 )
2 2 2 [ A( x 2 y2 )] 2 [ A( x 2 y2 )]
+
=
+
= 2A 2A = 0 + 0 = 0
x 2 y2
y2
y2
Satisfy Laplace equation, therefore flow is rotational.
C. 2 = 0
2 2 2 [ A( x 2 y2 )] 2 [ A( x 2 y2 )]
+
=
+
= 2A 2A = 0 + 0 = 0
x 2 y2
y2
y2
1
and Ve =
Vr =
r
r
1
1
2wz =
(V ) 2
(Vr )
r r
r
1 1 1
2wz =
r r r r 2 r
u
= ur cos + cos
r
u
= u cos + 2 cos
Vr =
r
r
1
1
u
= ur sin sin
Ve =
r
r r
r
u
V = u sin + 2 sin
r
1
1
u
u
2wz =
u sin + 2
2
u cos + 2
r r
r sin r
r cos
1 2u
u
1
2u sin u sin u
=
4 sin
r4
r2
r
2
Page 85 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
1
1
2
2
= r cos = 1 2 cos
r
r
r
r
1
1
2D :
(rVr ) +
(V )
r r
r
1
1
2
2
=
r sin +
1 cos
r r
r
r
r r
V =
1
2
1
2
= 1 sin + 1 sin
r
r
r
r
2
2
= 1 + 2 = 0
r
r
IES-41.
IES-42.
Ans
(b)
u=
=x=
y
x
[IES-2001]
(c) xy
and
v=
(d) x2 y + y2 x
= y =
therefore
x
y
d =
dx +
dy
x
y
IES-43.
=1
IES-44. Ans. (c) Since, u = x 4 y;
x
v
and, v = y 4 x ;
= 1
y
v u
= 1 1 = 0
y y
Hence, the flow satisfics the continuily equation
v u
= 4 ( 4) = 0
Also,
y y
Hence, the flow is irrotational.
IES-45.
Page 86 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
(a) 4.24
IES-45. Ans. (a) u =
Chapter 5
(b) 2.83
= 3 y 2 = 3
y
(c) 0
v=
and
[IES-2004; IES-1998]
(d) 2.83
= 3x 2 = -3
x
( 3) 2 + ( 3) 2 =
4.24
IES-46.
The stream function in a flow field is given by = 2xy. In the same flow
field, what is the velocity at a point (2, 1)?
[IES-2008]
(a) 4 unit
(b) 54 unit
(c) 173 unit
(d) 447 unit
= ( 2xy ) = 2x
y
y
=
( 2xy ) = 2y
x x
u ( 2, 1) = 4 and v ( 2, 1) = 2
v=
Velocity at point ( 2, 1) =
IES-47.
( 4 ) 2 + 2 2
20 = 4.47 unit
(c) 2 = 0, 2 0
IES-47. Ans. (a)
(d) 2 0, 2 0
IES-48.
Flow Net
IES-50.
u
dx 1
Page 87 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
v
dy
Slope of stream line
=u
dx
2
v v
dy dy
dx dx = u u = 1
1
2
A cylindrical vessel having its height equal to its diameter is filled with
liquid and moved horizontally at acceleration equal to acceleration due
to gravity. The ratio of the liquid left in the vessel to the liquid at static
equilibrium condition is:
[IES-2001]
(a) 0.2
(b) 0.4
(c) 0.5
(d) 0.75
IES-51. Ans. (c)
[IAS-2004]
Stream Line
IAS-2.
In a two-dimensional flow, where u is the x-component and v is the ycomponent of velocity, the equation of streamline is given by [IAS-1998]
(a) udx-vdy=0
(b) vdx-udy=0
(c) uvdx+dy=0
(d) udx+vdy=0
dx dy
=
u
or
dx udy = 0
Streak Line
IAS-3.
Page 88 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
Continuity Equitation
IAS-4.
dA dV d
(a)
(b)
+
+
=0
+
+
= const.
A
V
A V
A
V
(c)
(d) AdA + VdV + d = 0
+
+
= const.
dA dV d
dA dV d
+
+
=0
A V
(a) .V +
=0
t
(b) .V +
=0
t
. =0
(c) V
(d) .V = 0
=0
t
IAS-6.
applicable to:
(a) Steady flow
(c) Ideal fluid flow
IAS-6. Ans. (c)
u v w
+ +
= 0 is
x y z
IAS-7.
u v
+ = 0 for all cases.
x y
Page 89 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Chapter 5
u v w
+ +
=0
x y z
(a) z =
1 v u
2 x y
(b) z =
1 v u
+
2 x y
(c) z =
1 u v
2 x y
(d) z =
1 u v
+
2 x y
[IAS-2004; IAS-2003]
Which of the following relations must hold for an irrotational twodimensional flow in the x-y plane?
[IAS-2003, 2004, IES-1995]
v u
=0
y x
w v
(c)
=0
y z
u w
=0
z x
v u
(d)
=0
x y
(a)
(b)
1 v u
=0
2 x y
IAS-12.
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 2 2
(d) 4 2
V = u 2 + 2 = ( 2 x ) 2 + (2 y ) 2 = 2 2 + 2 2 = 2 2 unit
Stream Function
IAS-14.
Page 90 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
Flow Net
IAS-16.
Page 91 of 372
Fluid Kinematics
S K Mondals
Chapter 5
Page 92 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
6.
Chapter 6
Fluid Dynamics
Bernoullis Equation
2.
Eulers Equation
3.
Venturimeter
4.
Orifice Meter
5.
Pitot Tube
6.
7.
8.
Forced Vortex
9.
Free Vortex
Page 93 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
dN
= n( U .dA) + ndV
t cv
dt cs
2.
Eulers momentum equation for [(i) Three dimensional, (ii) inviscid, (iii)
steady flow]
1 p
u
u
u
+v
+w
= Bx
x
x
y
z
1 p
v
v
v
u + v + w = By
y
z
y
x
1 p
w
w
w
+v
+w
= Bz
u
x
y
z
z
u
1 p
u
u
=
+w
x
z
x
1 p
v
v
u +w =
g
z
z
x
dp 1 v2
+ d + dz = 0
g g 2
1 dp
du
dz
+ g +u
=0
ds
ds
ds
Eulers equation of motion
dp
+ V .dV + g.dz = 0
(i)
Derive from the first principles the Eulers equation of motion for
steady flow along a streamline. Obtain Bernoullis equation by its
integration. State the assumptions made.
[IES 1997] [Marks-10]
Consider steady flow of an
ideal fluid along the stream
tube. Separate out a small
Page 94 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
of
f
ct
io
n
Di
re
Streamline
dA
dS
dS
lo
w
dz
L
dw = g dA dS
The external forces tending to accelerate the fluid element in the direction of
stream line are as follows.
1. Net pressure force in the direction of flow is
p. dA (p + dp) dA = - dp dA
2. Component of weight of the fluid element in the direction of flow is
= g dA dS cos
dZ
dS
= g dA dS .
dZ
cos = dS
= g dA dS dZ
Mass of the fluid element = dA dS
The acceleration of a fluid element
dv dv ds
dv
a=
= . =v.
( v along the direction of streamline )
dt ds dt
ds
According to Newton second law of motion
Force = mass acceleration
dv
- dpdA - g dA dz = dA dS.v
dS
or - dpdA - g dA dz= dA.( v.dv )
-dp
or,
- gdz =v.dv
dp
stream line.
3.
Bernoullis Equation
dp V 2
Generalized equation:
g + 2 + Z = const.
Page 95 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
p V2
+
+ Z = const.
g 2 g
p V2
+
+ Z = const.
1 g 2 g
[VIMP]
dp V 2
g + 2 g + Z = const.
1 2 2
r + gz + p = const.
2
2
p
V
p1 V1
+
+ Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 + hL (loss of energy in between)
g 2 g
g 2 g
p V2
+
+z=C
g 2 g
C1, C2,C3 have different values along different streamlines, whereas for irrotational
flow the Bernoullis constant C is same in the entire flow field.
Question:
Answer:
2
2
p
v
or
+Z+
=cost.
g
2g
or
p
w
2g
p =c.
Page 96 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
or dp = c. . 1 d
or
and
or
. c.
g
or
. p 1 v 2
. .
+ + z =const.
g 1 2g
2
d +
c. . 1 d 1
+ v dv + dz=cost.
g
g
v2
+ z =cost.
2g
p v2
+ + z =const.
.
1 g 2g
p
For compressible flow =c undergoing isothermal process
p
=
c
d
c +g dz+ v dv =cost
Question:
or
p
v2
.In p +gz+
=cost.
or
p In p v 2
+ + z =cost For compressible flow undergoing isothermal process.
g 2g
Answer:
v2
, and
2g
(iii) Datum or potential energy = z
Thus Mathematically, Bernoullis theorem is written as
p v2
+
+ z = constant
g 2g
Correction:
(i) Bernoullis equation has restriction of frictionless flow. For real fluid this
is accommodated by introducing a loss of energy term (hL ) i.e.
(ii) Kinetic energy =
p1 v12
p
v2
+ z1= 2 + 2 + z 2 +hL
+
g 2g
g 2g
(ii) Restriction of irrotational flow is waived in most of the cases.
4.
xx xy zx
du
= B x +
+
+
x
y
dt
z
Page 97 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
yx yy yx
dv
= B y +
+
+
x
y
dt
z
zy zz
dw
+
= B z + zx +
dt
y
z
x
And
xx + yy + zz
w
u
v
; yy = p + 2
; zz = p + 2
; ( p=
)
y
x
z
3
v u
w v
u w
zy = + ; zx = +
= + ;
z x
x y
y z
xx = p + 2
xy
5.
p
du
+ 2 u
= B x
x
dt
dv
p
= B y + 2 v
dt
y
p
dw
+ 2 w
= B z
z
dt
6.
= U ( U .dA) +
s
7.
M = {(r U )( U .dA)} +
s
8.
UdV
t V
(r U ) dV
t v
Continuity Equation
=0
t
d
cs U .dA + dt cv dV = 0
.( U ) +
9.
F=
g
2
10.
Page 98 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
U2
+ gZ + h = q ws Where h = enthalpy/kg; q = heat added/kg; ws = shaft work/kg
2
1
S.F.E.E must be satisfied for any fluid flow.
11.
N.m
=m
N
[VIMP]
U avg =
1
udA
A
U max
= 2.0
U avg
[VIMP]
For plane Poiseuille flow (i.e. Laminar flow between two stationary plates:
U max
= 1.5
U avg
U
r
For velocity distribution
= 1
U max ro
Question:
U max (1 + n)(2 + n)
=
U avg
2
r
= 1
umax
R
Where, umax = Maximum velocity at the centre of pipe.
Velocity distribution in a pipe is given by
u = velocity at a distance r
R = radius of the pipe.
Obtain an expression for mean velocity in terms of umax and n.
[IES-1997; AMIE (summer)-1998, 2001]
Answer:
rn
dQ = 2 rumax 1 n dr
R
Total flow Q is
R
R
rn+ 1
rn
Q = dQ = 2 umax r 1 n dr = 2 umax r n dr
R
R
0
0
2
n+ 2
R
R
1
1
= 2 umax R 2
= 2 umax
n
2 n+ 2
2 (n + 2)R
n
= umax R 2
n+ 2
If mean velocity is U then flow Q = R 2 U
Page 99 of 372
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
R 2 U = umax R 2
U = umax
(n + 2 )
n
(n + 2 )
1 U
=
A U avg
.dA
U
r
= 1
For velocity distribution
U max ro
[VIMP]
(1 + n) 3 (2 + n) 3
; =
4(1 + 3n)(2 + 3n)
1 U
=
A U avg
dA
U
r
For velocity distribution
= 1
U max ro
[VIMP]
(1 + n)(2 + n) 2
; =
4(1 + 2n)
+ z
g
13.
Piezo-metric head =
14.
For a real fluid moving with uniform velocity the pressure is independent of
both depth and orientation.
15.
Venturimeter
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Qact = C d
A1 A2
A12 A22
Chapter 6
2 gh
(Where A2<A1)
[VIMP]
(i)
(ii)
Question:
Answer:
Let,
d1 = diameter at inlet
d2
A1 = Area at inlet 1
4
p1 = Pressure at inlet
V1 = Velocity at inlet
and, d2 , A2, p2 and V2 are the corresponding values at throat.
Applying Bernoullis equation
p1 v12 p2 v 22
= +
+
g 2g g 2g
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
or
Chapter 6
p1 - p2 v 22 - v12
=
g
2g
or h=
v 22 - v12
[where h = difference of pressure head from manometer]
2g
or v 22 v12 =2gh
Applying continuity equation
A1 V1 =A 2 V2
or V1 =
A2
A1
.V2
A2 2
or V22 -
V2 =2gh
A1
or V22 A 21 - A 22 = A 21 2gh
or V2 =
A1
A 21 - A 22
2gh
Discharge (Q) = A 2 V2 =
A1A 2
A 21 - A 22
. 2gh
Qactual =Cd
16.
A1A 2
A 21 - A 22
. 2gh
Orifice Meter
Qact = C d
A1 A2
A12 A22
2 gh
A2
A1
but here Cd = Cc
2
A2
2
1 Cc
A1
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
Therefore C d = f
Question:
Answer:
Direction
of flow
A1
A0
A2
Pipe
Vena contracta
orifice
S1
y
Differential
manometer
: Orifice meter :
Sm
A
Cc = Co-efficient of contraction 2
A0
2
1- 0
A1
Cd = Co-efficient of discharge Cd =Cc
A0
2
1-
.C c
A1
V -V
or h= 2 1 where h is the differential head (h ) = y m -1
2g
S
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
V22 -
A 20 C2c
A 21
Chapter 6
V22 =2gh
2gh
or V2 =
1-
A 20
A 21
.C2c
A 0 . Cc . 2gh
2
1-
Q=
17.
.C2c
2
Cd
2
1-
A1
A0
. 2gh =
Cd . A1. A 0 . 2gh
A 21 - A 20
A 21
Cd A1 A 0 2gh
A 21 - A 20
18.
A0
= A0.
or
Cd =
or
Cd =
or
Cd =CC CV
2 gH
AC
V
A
2 gH
Pitot tube
Pitot tube is a device to measure the velocity of flow.
Question:
h
d
v
d
v
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
p0 = p + v 2
2
Applying Bernoullis equation
p1 v12
p v2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
g 2g
g 2g
p
p
Here z1 = z 2 and V2 =0 and 1 =d and 2 = ( d+h)
g
g
2
v
d+ 1 =d+h
2g
or v1 = 2gh
Here v1 is theoretical velocity v actual = c v .c1 =c v 2gh
Where c v = co-efficient of velocity depends on tube.
If velocity is known then
Discharge (Q) = A. v actual = c v A 2gh
18.
19.
Vortex motion:
The pressure variation along the radial direction for vortex flow along a horizontal plane,
p 2
=
r
r
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
p
= g
z
Forced vortex flow:
--- Forced vortex flow is one in which the fluid mass is made to rotate by means of
some external agency.
=r
2 2r 2
z=
2g
2g
2R2
2g
2R 4
= density of fluid =
p 22
p1 21
+
+ z1 = 2 +
+ z2
g 2 g
g 2g
Question:
Answer:
What is vortex flow? What is the difference between Free vortex flow
and forced vortex flow?
Vortex flow: A flow in which the whole fluid mass rotates about an axis. In
vortex flow streamlines are curved.
Forced vortex flow: Forced vortex flow is one in which the fluid mass is
made to rotate by means of some external agency.
v
Here angular velocity, = = constant
r
Example: Rotation of water through the runner of a turbine.
Free vortex flow: Free vortex flow is one in which the fluid mass rotates
without any external impressed contact force.
The whole fluid mass rotates either due to fluid pr. itself or the gravity or
due to rotation previously imparted.
Here Moment of Momentum = const.
i.e. V r = constant
Example: A whirlpool in a river.
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
20.
Chapter 6
z
2rw2 rw2
= tan =
=
r
2g
g
21. Note:
2
(i) Volume of a cylinder = R H
(ii) Volume of a paraboloid =
1 2
.R H
2
1
3
2
(iii) Volume of a cone = . R H
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
[GATE-1999]
20
V2 =
V1 = 4V1
10
150 103 V12 50 103 V22
+
=
+
5000
2g
5000
2g
or
V12
V2
= 10 + 2
2g
2g
or
30 +
or
20 = 15
......(2)
16
V12
g
V12
2g
20 2 g
15
Then Q = A1V1 = 0.16
or
V1 =
Eulers Equation
GATE-4. Navier Stokes equation represents the conservation of
[GATE-2000]
(a) Energy
(b) Mass
(c) Pressure
(d) Momentum
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
Venturimeter
GATE-5. In a venturimeter, the angle of the diverging section is more than that
of converging section.
[GATE-1994]
(a) True
(b) False
(c) Insufficient data
(d) Cant say
GATE-5. Ans. (b) The angle of diverging section is kept small to reduce the possibility of
flow separation. Due to this the angle of converging section is more as compared
to its diverging section.
GATE-6. A venturimeter of 20 mm throat diameter is used to measure the
velocity of water in a horizontal pipe of 40 mm diameter. If the
pressure difference between the pipe and throat sections is found to be
30 kPa then, neglecting frictional losses, the flow velocity is:
[GATE-2005]
(a) 0.2 m/s
(b) 1.0 m/s
(c) 1.4 m/s
(d) 2.0 m/s
GATE-6. Ans. (d) We know,A1V1=A1V2
2
V2=
D1
16
V = V1
2 1
4
D2
V2=4V1
P1 V1
P V
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
2
P1 P2 V2 V1
=
eg
2g
15V1
30 103
=
2
1000
V12 =4
V1=2.0m/s
GATE-7. Air flows through a venture and into atmosphere. Air density is ;
atmospheric pressure Pa; throat diameter is Dt; exit diameter is D and
exit velocity is U. The throat is connected to a cylinder containing a
frictionless piston attached to a spring. The spring constant is k. The
bottom surface of the piston is exposed to atmosphere. Due to the flow,
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
D2
1D 2 s
2
D t
D4
2
(d) ( U / 8k ) 4 1D 2 s
D t
(b) ( U 2 / 8 k)
D2
1D 2 s
2
D t
2
(c) ( U / 2k
GATE-7. Ans. (d) Applying Bernoullis equation at points (1) and (2), we have
P1 1
P
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
2
P1 P2 2 2 12
=
g g 2 g 2 g
g 2
2
2
2
( 2 1 ) = ( 2 1 )
(P1-P2)=
2g
2
Now,
(P1-Pa)=
( 2 1 )
2
------- (i)
A
1 = 2 2 since V2=U
A1
2
D
D
U
1 = 4
1 =
D2
Dt
t
4
D 2
2 D4
U =
U 1 4
P1-Pa= 2
2
Dt
Dt
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
D4
1
4
2 Dt 4
Ds 2 U 2 D 4
x=
1 4
8
k
Dt
kx=
Ds
U 4
(c) 1.m3/s
[GATE-1985]
(d) m3/s
Forced Vortex
GATE-10. Which combination of the following statements about steady
incompressible forced vortex flow is correct?
[GATE-2007]
P: Shear stress is zero at all points in the flow.
Q: Vorticity is zero at all points in the flow
R: Velocity is directly proportional to the radius from the centre of the
vortex.
S: Total mechanical energy per unit mass is constant in the entire flow
field.
(a) P and Q
(b) R and S
(c) P and R
(d) P and S
GATE-10. Ans. (b)
GATE-11. A closed cylinder having a radius R and height H is filled with oil of
density . If the cylinder is rotated about its axis at an angular velocity
[GATE-2004]
of , then thrust at the bottom of the cylinder is:
(a) R 2 gH
(b) R 2
2 R 2
4
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
2 R 2
+ gH
4
2
(d) R
(c) R 2 ( 2 R 2 + gH )
P 2 . 2 r
=
=
= 2 r.
r
r
r
[ = r ]
p = 2rdr [p =
2r 2 ]
2 r 2 2rdr
2 r 2 2 rdr =
. 2 2
2 2r r 3dr
0
R
= 2 R 4
4
4
4
2 R 4
+ gh
= R 2
4
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
(i) The liquid is ideal (viscosity, surface tension is zero and incompressible)
(ii) The flow is steady and continuous
(iii) The flow is along the streamline (it is one-dimensional)
(iv) The velocity is uniform over the section and is equal to the mean velocity.
(v) The only forces acting on the fluid are the gravity force and the pressure
force
The assumptions NOT made for Bernoullis equation
(i) The flow is uniform
(ii) The flow is irrotational
IES-3.
N
Nm energy
or
2
m
m 3 volume
The expression:
[IES-2003]
p 1
+ + | |2 + gz = constant
t
2
represents :
(a) Steady flow energy equation
(b) Unsteady irrotational Bernoulli's equation
(c) Steady rotational Bernoulli's equation
(d) Unsteady rotational Bernoulli's equation
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
IES-6. Ans. (b)
Chapter 6
1
2
+
+ ( ) + gz = const.
t 2
Unsteady
irrotational
IES-7.
Assertion (A): After the fluid has re-established its flow pattern
downstream of an orifice plate, it will return to same pressure that it
had upstream of the orifice plate.
[IES-2003]
Reason (R): Bernoullis equation when applied between two points
having the same elevation and same velocity gives the same pressure at
these points.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-9. Ans. (d) There is a loss of energy due to eddy formation and turbulence. This is the
reason for that pressure is less than that it had upstream of the orifice
plate.
Eulers Equation
IES-10.
[IES-2005]
Fluid D
Dynamic
cs
S K Mo
ondalss
Cha
apter 6
Th
he Euler eq
quations of motion for
f
the flow
w of an ide
eal fluid iss derived
con
nsidering the
t
princip
ple of consservation of
o
[IIES-1994]
(a) Mass and the
t fluid as incompresssible and inv
viscid.
(b) Momentum
m and the flu
uid as incom
mpressible and
a viscous..
(c) Momentum
m and the flu
uid as incom
mpressible and
a inviscid
d.
(d) Energy and
d the fluid as
a incompreessible and inviscid.
i
IE
ES-12. Ans. (c) For in
nviscid flows, the stead
dy form of the momen
ntum equattion is the
n. For an in
nviscid incom
mpressible fluid
f
flowing through a duct, the
Euller equation
steady flow en
nergy equatiion reduces to Bernoullli equation.
Venturim
Ve
meter
IE
ES-13.
A horizonta
al pipe off crossctional area
a
5 cm
c 2 is
sec
con
nnected to
o a venturimeter
of throat
t
are
ea 3 cm2 ass shown
in the below figure. The
is
ma
reading
anometer
equ
uivalent to
o 5 cm off water.
Th
he dischar
rge in cm
m3/s is
nea
arly:
(a) 0.45
( 5.5
(b)
ES-1998]
[IE
(d) 370
(c)) 21.0
A1A2
A12 A22
h
2gh
He
ere Cd = 1.0; A1 = 5cm 2 ; A2 = 3cm 2 ; g = 981cm / s 2 and h = 5 cm
Qacct =
3x5
2
5 3
2 cm3 / s
2 981 5 = 371.42
An
n orifice me
eter with Cd = 0.61 iss substitutted y Ventu
urimeter with
w
Cd =
0.9
98 in a pipeline carry
ying crude
e oil, havin
ng the sam
me throat diameter
as that of the orifice. For
F
the sam
me flow ra
ate, the ra
atio of the pressure
dro
ops for the
e Venturim
meter and the
t
orifice meter is:
[IIES-2003]
(a) 0.61 / 0.98
(b) (0.61
1) 2 / (0.98) 2
(c) 0.98 / 0.61
(d) (0.98) 2 / (0.61) 2
ES-14. Ans. (b)
IE
ES-14.
IE
IE
ES-15.
A Venturime
V
eter in an oil
o (sp. gr. 0.8) pipe is
i connected to a diffferential
ma
anometer in which th
he gauge liiquid is me
ercury (sp..gr.13.6). For
F a flow
3
ratte of 0.16 m /s, the manometer
m
registers a gauge diifferential of 20 cm.
Th
he oil-merc
cury mano
ometer beiing unavailable, an air-oil diffferential
ma
anometer is conne
ected to the same
e venturim
meter. Ne
eglecting
var
riation of discharge
d
coefficientt for the ve
enturimeter, what iss the new
gau
uge differe
ential for a flow rate of 0.08 m3/s?
/
[IIES-2006]
(a) 64 cm
(b) 68 cm
m
(c) 80 cm
(d) 85 cm
ES-15. Ans. (c)
IE
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
Orifice Meter
IES-16.
A
1 0
A1
2 A
1 Cc 0
A1
A0 d
=F
A1 D
or, CA=f
IES-17.
A tank containing water has two orifices of the same size at depths of
40 cm and 90 cm below the free surface of water. The ratio of
discharges through these orifices is:
[IES-2000]
(a) 1 : 1
(b) 2: 3
(c) 4: 9
(d) 16: 81
IES-17. Ans. (b)
How is the velocity coefficient Cv, the discharge coefficient Cd, and the
[IES-2006]
contraction coefficient Cc of an orifice related?
(c) Cd = CcCv
(a) Cv = CcCd
(b) Cc = CvCd
(d) CcCvCd = 1
IES-18. Ans. (c)
IES-18.
Pitot Tube
IES-19.
The velocity of a water stream is being measured by a L-shaped Pilottube and the reading is 20 cm.Then what is the approximate value of
velocity?
[IES-2007]
(a) 19.6m/s
(b) 2.0 m/s
(c) 9.8 m/s
(d) 20 cm/s
V2
=h or, V= 2 gh = 2 9.81 0.2 = 1.981 m/s
2g
2 gh( S1 / S2 1)
(b)
2 gh( S2 / S1 1) (c)
P1
hS2 P2
+ y+
=
+ (h + y)
g
g
S1
S
V2
P2 P1
= h 2 1 = 1
g
S1
2g
V1 = 2 gh 2 1
S1
2 gh( S1 S2 ) (d)
2 gh( S2 S1 )
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
IES-21.
Chapter 6
V2
=h
2g
1000
h = y h 1 = 0.075
1 = 64.58m of air colume
s
1.16
IES-22.
13.6
= h 1 y =
1 0.2 = 3.2 m
0.8
Sl
IES-23.
[IES-1992]
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
IES-28.
where, h = y h 1
sl
s
Given y = ? and V = 1.2 m/s, h =1.4
sl
IES-29.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists:
[IES-1993]
List-I
List-ll
(Discharge measuring device)
(Characteristic feature)
1. Vena contracta
A. Rotameter
B. Venturimeter
2. End contraction
3. Tapering tube
C. Orifice meter
D. Flow nozzle
4. Convergent divergent
5. Bell mouth entry
Codes: A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
1
2
3
4
(b)
3
4
1
5
(c)
5
4
2
1
(d)
3
5
1
2
IES-29. Ans. (b)
IES-30.
A glass tube with a 90 bend is open at both the ends. It is inserted into
a flowing stream of oil, S = 0.90, so that one opening is directed
upstream and the other is directed upward. Oil inside the tube is 50
mm higher than the surface of flowing oil. The velocity measured by
the tube is, nearly,
[IES-2001]
(a) 0.89 m/s
(b) 0.99 m/s
(c) 1.40 m/s
(d) 1.90 m/s
IES-30. Ans. (b)
IES-31.
The speed of the air emerging from the blades of a running table fan is
intended to be measured as a function of time. The point of
measurement is very close to the blade and the time period of the speed
fluctuation is four times the time taken by the blade to complete one
revolution. The appropriate method of measurement would involve the
use of
[IES-1993]
(a) A Pitot tube
(b) A hot wire anemometer
(c) High speed photography
(d) A Schlieren system
IES-31. Ans. (b) A Pitot tube is used for measuring speed in closed duct or pipe. Hot wire
anemometer is used for measuring fluctuation of speed. High speed photography
may by useful to measure blade speed but not of air.
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
plane. The vertical distance between the centres of orifices is 1.5 m and
the jet trajectories intersect at a point 0.5 m below the lower orifice.
What is the approximate height of water level in the tank above the
point o intersection of trajectories?
[IES-2004]
(a) 1.0 m
(b) 2.5 m
(c) 0.5 m
(d) 2.0 m
IES-32. Ans. (b) Cv1 =
x2
4 HY
x2
x2
=
4 0.5 (h + 1.5) 4 2 h
h = 0.5 m
Total height = 0.5 + 1.5 + 0.5 = 2.5 m
IES-33.
[IES-1999]
IES-33. Ans. (c)
Forced Vortex
IES-35.
A right circular cylinder, open at the top is filled with liquid of relative
density 1.2. It is rotated about its vertical axis at such a speed that half
liquid spills out. The pressure at the centre of the bottom will be:
(a) Zero
[IES-1998]
(b) One-fourth of the value when the cylinder was full
(c) Half of the value when the cylinder was full
(d) Not determinable from the given data
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
IES-37.
Assertion (A) : A cylinder, partly filled with a liquid is rotated about its
vertical axis. The rise of liquid level at the ends is equal to the fall of
liquid level at the axis.
[IES-1999]
Reason (R) : Rotation creates forced vortex motion.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-37. Ans. (b)
IAS-38.
For a real fluid moving with uniform velocity, the pressure [IES-1993]
(a) Depends upon depth and orientation
(b) Is independent of depth but depends upon orientation
(c) Is independent of orientation but depends upon depth
(d) Is independent of both depth and orientation
IAS-38. Ans. (d) In case of a real fluid moving with uniform velocity, the velocity head and
pressure head are dependent on each other and their total sum remains
constant. The pressure is thus independent of both depth and orientation, but in
case of fluids under static condition, the pressure would depend on depth.
IES-39.
A right circular cylinder is filled with a liquid upto its top level. It is
rotated about its vertical axis at such a speed that halt the liquid spills
out then the pressure at the point of intersection of the axis and
bottom surface is:
[IES-2001]
(a) Same as before rotation
(h) Half of the value before rotation
(c) Quarter of the value before rotation
(d) Equal to the atmospheric pressure
IES-39 Ans. (d)
IES-40.
An open circular cylinder 1.2 m hight is filled with a liquid to its top.
The liquid is given a rigid body rotation about the axis of the cylinder
and the pressure at the centre line at the bottom surface is found to be
0.6 m of liquid. What is the ratio of Volume of liquid spilled out of the
cylinder to the original volume?
[IES-2007]
(a) 1/4
(b) 3/8
(c) 1/2
(d)
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
IES-40. Ans. (a)
Chapter 6
Volume of paraboloid
Total volume
(1 / 2) A 0.6 = 1
A 1.2
Free Vortex
IES-41.
vr = constant
v=
constant
r
1
r
IES-43.
(P ) forced =
2
IES-44.
[r22 r12 ],
(P ) free = (P ) forced
c
Or c = r12
r1
1 1
2
c = r1
2 r12 r22
(P ) free = c
Or
r2
= 2
r1
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
V =
r
Forced vortex,
V = r
V
=
r
r = rc
(Free vortex)
V =
rc
V
(Forced vortex)
=
rc
r
= c
rc
rc2
[IAS-2003]
p V2
Bernoullis equation
+
+ gz = constant, is applicable to for
2
Bernoullis theorem
P V2
+
+Z= constant is valid
g 2 g
[IAS-1996]
Venturimeter
IAS-4.
Fluid flow rate Q, can be measured easily with the help of a venturi
tube, in which the difference of two pressures, P , measured at an
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
1
3
(b)
Cd A1 A2 2 gh
2
A1 A2
1
2
(c) 1
(d) 2
Q 2h or Q2
Cd A1 A2 2 gh
That gives
1
2
A1 A
Cd A1 A2 2 g 5h
2
A1 A2
A1=2A2 and
A2= (A1/2)
A1
=4
A2'
Orifice Meter
IAS-6.
Cd A2 A2
2
A1 A2
2 gh = const. h
1
ln h
2
dQ
dh 1
=2
= 2 = 1%
Q
h 2
Pitot Tube
IAS-8.
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
IAS-9.
Assertion (A): In a rotameter the fluid flows from the bottom of the
conical rotameter tube with divergence in the upward direction and
the position of the metering float indicated the discharge.
[IAS-1996]
Reason (R): Rotameter float indicates the discharge in terms of its
rotation.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-12. Ans. (c)
dH
= u sin gt
dt
H max = u sin
1 2
gt
2
or t =
u sin
g
Fluid Dynamics
S K Mondals
Chapter 6
S K Mondals
7.
Chapter 7
2.
Dimensional Homogeneity
3.
4.
Rayleigh's Method
5.
Buckingham's -method/theorem
6.
7.
8.
Similitude
9.
It may be noted that dimensionally homogeneous equations may not be the correct
equation. For example, a term may be missing or a sign may be wrong. On the other
hand, a dimensionally incorrect equation must be wrong. The dimensional check is
therefore negative check and not a positive check on the correctness of an equation.
Question:
Answer:
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
Rayleighs Method
This method gives a special form of relationship among the dimensionless group, and has
the inherent drawback that it does not provide any information regarding the number of
dimensionless groups to be obtained as a result of dimensional analysis. Due to this reason
this method has become obsolete and is not favoured for use.
:: Variables outside the Show that are least important and Generally Variables in the
numerator are most important
The following points should be kept in view while selecting m repeating variables:
1.
m repeating variables must contain jointly all the dimensions involved in the
phenomenon. Usually the fundamental dimensions are M, L and T. However, if only
two dimensions are involved, there will be 2 repeating variables and they must
contain together the two dimensions involved.
2.
The repeating variables must not form the non-dimensional parameters among
themselves.
3.
As far as possible, the dependent variable should not be selected as repeating
variable.
4.
No two repeating variables should have the same dimensions.
5.
The repeating variables should be chosen in such a way that one variable contains
geometric property (e.g. length, I; diameter, d; height, H etc.), other variable contains
flow property (e.g. velocity, V; acceleration, a etc.) and third variable contains fluid
property (e.g. mass density, p; weight density, w, dynamic viscosity, etc.).
Note: Repeating variables are those which are least Important in Rayleighs Method.
Question:
Answer:
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
x 2 , x3 ,....xn ,
the
x1 =f ( x 2 ,x 3 ,....,xn )
or F ( x1,x 2 ,....,xn ) =0
It is a dimensionally homogeneous eqn and contains n variables. If there
are m fundamental dimensions, then According to Buckinghams theorem
it can be written in (n-m) numbers of terms (dimensionless groups)
F ( 1, 2 , 3 ,...., n-m ) =0
Each dimensionless term is formed by combining m variables out of the
total n variable with one of the remaining (n-m) variables. i.e. each -term
contain (m+1) variables.
These m variables which appear repeatedly in each of term are
consequently called repeating variables and are chosen from among the
variable such that they together involve all the fundamental dimensions and
they themselves do not form a dimensionless parameter.
Let x 2 ,x 3 andx 4 are repeating variables then
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
Similitude
In order that results obtained in the model studies represent the behaviour of prototype,
the following three similarities must be ensured between the model and the prototype.
1.
Geometric similarity;
2.
Kinematic similarity, and
3.
Dynamic similarity.
Question:
Answer:
Question:
Answer:
( a1 )m ( a2 )m
=
=a ,
( a1 )P ( a2 )P
acceleration ratio.
S K Mondals
Question:
Chapter 7
Answer:
Sl.
No
.
Dimensionless no.
1.
Reynolds
number
Re
vL
Intertia force
Viscous force
2.
Froudes
number
Fr
v
Lg
Intertia force
Gravity force
3.
Eulers
Number
Eu
v
P/
Intertia force
Pr essure force
4.
Webers
Number
We
v2 L
Intertia force
Surface tension force
5.
Machs
number
v
k/
Intertia force
elastic force
Symbol
Aspects
Group of Significance
variable
Field of application
Forces
A v 2 = L2 v 2
du
v
v
(ii) Viscous force =
A = A = L2 = v L
dv
L
L
(iii) Gravity force = volumeg = L3 g
(i)
Interia force =
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
Question:
Answer:
Enclosed fluid system where the turbulence is fully developed so that viscous
forces are negligible and also the forces of gravity and surface tensions are
entirely absent;
Where the phenomenon of cavitation occurs.
Vm
gm Lm
Vp
gp Lp
or
Vm
Lm
Vp
Vm
Vp
Lp
Lp
Lm
= Lr
1
Tp
Tm
Lp / Vp
Lm / Vm
= Lr . ( Lr )
L L3
=
T T
1/2
= ( Lr )
1/2
[Vr = L1/2
r ]
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
3
L3p /Tp
L
L3
1
= p
= 1/2r =L2.5
r
3
Qm Lm /Tm Lm Tp Lr
Tm
(iv) Acceleration ratio ( ar )
V
Acceleration, a =
t
ap Vp /Tp Vp
1
1
=
=
=L1/2
ar =
r 1/2 =1
am Vm /Tm Vm Tp
Lr
Tm
Qr =
Qp
Fr =
Fp
Fm
p L3p Vp / Tp
m L Vm / Tm
3
m
= (Lr ) L1/2
r
3
V
T
1
3
= ( Lr )
Lr
1/2
( )
Power =
1 mV 2 1 L3 V 2
=
2 T
2
T
1
p L3p Vp2 / Tp
2
Power Ratio, (Pr ) = =
Pm 1 L3 V 2 / T
2 m m m m
Pp
2
L V
1
1
= p p
= Lr 3 L1/2
= Lr 3.5
1/2
r
T
L
V
p
( Lr )
m m
T
m
Question:
Answer:
( )
p
m
or
or
L
= m p m
Vm p m Lp
Vp
L
= C1 m ...(i)
Vm
Lp
Vp
C1 is unity for the same fluid used in the two flows, but it can be another
constant in accordance with the properties of the two fluids.
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
L g p L g m
or
Vp
Vm
Lp
Lm
gp
gm
Lp
Lm
...(ii)
Conditions (i) and (ii) are entirely different showing that the Reynolds
number and the Froudes number cannot be equated simultaneously. i.e.
complete dynamic similarity is practically impossible.
Types of Models
1.
2.
Undistorted models;
Distorted models.
Undistorted Models
An undistorted model is one which is geometrically similar to its prototype.
Distorted Models
A distorted model is one which is not geometrically similar to its prototype. In such a
model different scale ratios for the linear dimensions are adopted. For example in case of a
wide and shallow river it is not possible to obtain the same horizontal and vertical scale
ratios, however, if these ratios are taken to be same then because of the small depth of flow
the vertical dimensions of the model will become too less in comparison to its horizontal
length. Thus in distorted models the plan form is geometrically similar to that of prototype
but the cross-section is distorted.
A distorted model may have the following distortions:
(i) Geometrical distortion.
(ii) Material distortion.
(iii) Distortion of hydraulic quantities.
Typical examples for which distorted models are required to be prepared are:
(i) Rivers,
(ii) Dams across very wide rivers,
(iii) Harbours, and
(iv) Estuaries etc.
Accommodating the available facilities (such as money, water supply, space etc.);
Due to increase in the depth of fluid or height of waves accurate measurements are
made possible.
S K Mondals
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chapter 7
(b) Demerits
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
= u0 1 +
= u0 dt
3x
dt
L
+
1
3x
L
u0t = In 1 +
3
L 0
L
In 4
3
L
t =
In 4
3u0
u0t =
GATE-3. The Reynolds number for flow of a certain fluid in a circular tube is
specified as 2500. What will be the Reynolds number when the tube
diameter is increased by 20% and the fluid velocity is decreased by 40%
keeping fluid the same?
[GATE-1997]
(a) 1200
(b) 1800
(c) 3600
(d) 200
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
VD
( 0.6V )(1.2D )
VD
=
VD
List-I
(A) Fourier number
(B) Weber number
(C) Grashoff number
(D) Schmidt number
Codes:
(a)
(c)
GATE-7. Ans. (c)
A
1
5
B
2
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C
6
3
D
4
6
(b)
(d)
List-II
[GATE-1996]
Surface tension
Forced convection
Natural convection
Radiation
Transient heat conduction
Mass diffusion
A
B
C
D
4
5
2
1
4
2
3
1
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
List-I
A. Dynamic viscosity
B. Chezy's roughness coefficient
C. Bulk modulus of elasticity
D. Surface tension ()
Codes:
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
2
4
1
(c)
3
4
2
1
IES-2. Ans. (c)
IES-3.
List-II
1. M / t2
2. M / L t2
3. M / L t
4.
L/t
A
(b)
1
(d)
1
B
4
2
C
2
4
D
3
3
(a) L 4 T 2
IES-3. Ans. (c)
(b) M 2 L4 T
5
2
(c) L4 T
3
2
(d) L4 T 2
IES-4.
D 2
[IES-1992]
gH
p
D
p
(b) 2 2
(c )
(d )
2 2
N D
N D
V 3
[ ML1T 2 ]
IES-5. Ans. (d)
=
= L1T , hence dimensionless.
3
3
1 3
V
[ ML ][ LT ]
2
(a )
IES-6.
What is the correct dimensionless group formed with the variable density, N-rotational speed, d-diameter and coefficient of viscosity?
(a )
(c)
Nd
N d
(b )
(d)
N d
[IES-2009]
Nd 2
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
A. Dynamic viscosity
B. Chezy's roughness coefficient
C. Bulk modulus of elasticity
D. Surface tension ()
Codes:
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
2
4
1
(c)
3
4
2
1
IES-7. Ans. (c)
1. M/t2
2. M/Lt2
3. M/Lt
4. L / t
A
(b)
1
(d)
1
B
4
2
C
2
4
D
3
3
Rayleigh's Method
IES-8.
Given power 'P' of a pump, the head 'H' and the discharge 'Q' and the
specific weight 'w' of the liquid, dimensional analysis would lead to the
result that 'P' is proportional to:
[IES-1998]
1/2
2
1/2
1/2
(b) H Q w
(d) HQ w
(a) H Q w
(c) H Q w
IES-8. Ans. (d)
IES-9.
gH 5
Q
(b)
Q
gH
(c)
Q
gH
(d)
Q
g 2H
Buckingham's -method/theorem
IES-10.
S K Mondals
IES-13.
Chapter 7
F
2 2
v l
= f (Re,We )
(d)
v 2l 2
= f (Re, F r)
IES-13. Ans. (d) To solve this problem we have to use Buckinghams -Theory.
IES-14.
A
4
2
B
1
3
Vl
C
3
1
Pr =
D
2
4
C p
k
A
4
2
(b)
(d)
Nu =
hl
k
B
3
1
M=
C
1
3
D
2
4
V
Va
[IES-1997]
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
Inertia force
Eu =
Pressure force
Weber number
Inertia force
W =
Surface force
Mach number
Inertia force
M =
Elastic force
V
K
Reynolds number
2.
Froudes number
3.
Eulers number
4.
Webers number
5.
Machs number
Inertia force
Viscous force
Inertia force
Gravity force
Inertia force
Pressure force
Inertia force
Surface tension
Inertia force
Elasitc force
IES-18.
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
IES-19.
List-II
Euler number
Prandtl number
Mach number
Reynolds number
Weber number
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
1
2
3
4
(b)
3
2
5
4
(c)
3
1
4
5
(d)
2
3
5
1
IES-22. Ans. (b) When compressibility force is predominant, mach number is used; when
gravity force predominates, Froude number is adopted. Similarly for surface
tension force and viscous force, Weber number and Reynolds number are
considered.
A.
B.
C.
D.
IES-23.
List-I
Compressibility force
Gravity force
Surface tension force
Viscous force
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Match List-I (Forces) with List-II (Dimensionless groups) and select the
correct answer.
[IES-1994]
List-I
List-II
A. Viscous force
1. Reynolds number
B. Elastic force
2. Froude number
C. Surface tension
3. Waber number
S K Mondals
D. Gravity
Codes:
A
(a)
1
(c)
3
IES-23. Ans. (d)
Chapter 7
B
4
4
C
2
1
D
3
2
4. Mach number
A
B
C
(b)
1
2
4
(d)
1
4
3
D
3
2
IES-24.
List-I
List-II
A. Reynolds model
1.
Kr
B. Froude model
2.
C. Weber model
3.
D. Mach model
4.
( r lr )
( r lr )
g r lr
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
Assertion (A): Reynolds number must be same for the model and
prototype immersed in subsonic flows.
[IES-2003]
Reason (R): Equality of Reynolds number for the model and prototype
satisfies the dynamic similarity criteria.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-28. Ans. (b)
IES-29.
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
2
m L2m Vm2 Fm
1 5
2 2;
= 1
p Lp V p
Fp
10 10
50
1 1
=
; Fp = 50 400 = 20000 N
Fp 100 4
Vm
=
Vp
Vm
=
gLm
Vp
g .L p
Lm
0.81
1
=
Lp
Vp
64
IES-33.
IES-36.
Vp
Vm
Lp
Lm
or Vm = VP
Lm
1
= 10
= 2m / s
LP
25
1
model of a ship is to be tested for estimating the wave drag. If the
25
speed of the ship is 1 m/s, then the speed at which the model must be
tested is:
[IES-1992, IAS-2002]
(a) 0.04 m/s
(b) 0.2 m/s
(c) 5.0 m/s
(d) 25.0 m/s
IES-36. Ans. (b) Apply Froude Model law (Fr)m = (Fr)p or
or
Vm
=
Vp
1
Lm
1 1
=
= or Vm = = 0.2 m/s.
5
Lp
25 5
Vm
=
gLm
Vp
g .L p
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
IES-37.
V
L
IES-37. Ans. (c) (R e )model = (Re )prototype gives m m p = 1 (i)
Vp Lp m
and (Fr ) mode
(Fr )prototype
gives
Vm
Lm
=
(ii)
Vp
Lp
3/ 2
L
p
(i) and (ii) gives m =
= 0.0894
L
m
p
Lm :Lp = 5 : 1
or
Lm
= 0.2
Lp
IES-38.
A ship with hull length of 100 m is to run with a speed of 10 m/s. For
dynamic similarity, the velocity for a 1: 25 model of the ship in a towing
tank should be:
[IES-2001]
(a) 2 m/s
(b) 10 m/s
(c) 20 m/s
(d) 25 m/s
Lr
IES-40.
Lp
L
or,
= or Fp=Fm p = 10 (100)3 N =10000 kN
Fm Lm
Lm
Fp
IES-41.
[IES-2003]
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
(b)
2V 2
2
(c) 2 v 2 L2
(d)
L
V
IAS-2.
The square root of the ratio of inertia force to gravity force is called
[GATE-1994, IAS-2003]
(a) Reynolds number
(b) Froude number
(c) Mach number
(d) Euler number
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
1
model of a ship is to be tested for estimating the wave drag. If the
25
speed of the ship is 1 m/s, then the speed at which the model must be
tested is:
[IES-1992, IAS-2002]
(a) 0.04 m/s
(b) 0.2 m/s
(c) 5.0 m/s
(d) 25.0 m/s
IAS-4. Ans. (b) Apply Froude Model law (Fr)m = (Fr)p or
Vm
=
gLm
Vp
g .L p
S K Mondals
or
Vm
=
Vp
Chapter 7
1
Lm
1 1
=
= or Vm = = 0.2 m/s.
5
Lp
25 5
S K Mondals
Chapter 7
S K Mo
ondalss
8.
Cha
apter 8
Bou
undarry Lay
yer Theor
T
ry
Co
ontents of this chaptter
1.
2.
3.
Displacement Thickness ( * )
4.
Momentum Thickness
T
( )
5.
Energy thickn
ness ( e )
6.
Momentum Equation
E
for Boundary Layer by
b Von-karman
n
7.
Laminar Boun
ndary Layer
8.
9.
ue to Laminar and
a Turbulent Layers
Total Drag Du
ol
10. Boundary Layyer Separation and its Contro
11. Thermal Boundary Layer
The
eory att a Gla
ance (ffor IES
S, GAT
TE, PSU
U)
1.
u
is very higgh.
y
Boundary layer o
on a flat pllate
No
ote:
In a flow field,, viscous strresses are veery promineent within this layer.
Thee main-flow
w velocity within
w
this layer tendss to zero while approa
aching the
walll (no-slip co
ondition).
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
2.
The resistance due to viscosity is confined only in the boundary layer. The fluid
outside the boundary layer may be considered as ideal.
3.
Near the leading edge of a flat plate, the boundary layer is wholly laminar. For a
boundary layer velocity distribution is parabolic. The thickness of the boundary layer
( ) increases with distance the leading edge, as more and more fluid is slowed down
by the viscous boundary, becomes u and breaks into turbulent boundary layer over a
transition region.
4.
For a turbulent boundary layer, if the boundary is smooth, the roughness projections
are covered a very thin layer which remains laminar, called laminar sublayer. The
velocity distribution in turbulent boundary layer is given by Log law or Prandtl's oneseventh power law.
As compared to laminar boundary layers, the turbulent boundary layers are thicker.
5.
Re =
Ux
Ux
Where U = free stream velocity, x = distance from the leading edge, and
= kinematic viscosity of fluid.
6.
The thickness of the boundary layer is arbitrarily defined as that distance from the
boundary in which the velocity reaches 99 percent of the velocity of the free stream. It
is denoted by the symbol .
7.
Displacement thickness, * = 1
u
dy
U
Momentum thickness, =
U 1 U dy
0
Momentum thickness is defined as the distance through which the total loss of
momentum per second is equal to if it were passing a stationary plate.
9.
Energy thickness, e =
u
u2
0 U U 2 dy
Shape Factor =
Displacement thickness *
=
Momentum thickness
S K Mondals
11.
Chapter 8
d
o
=
U 2 dx
Where =
U 1 U dy , and
This equation is applicable to laminar, transition and turbulent boundary layer flows.
L
12.
13.
1
U 2
2
FD
1
AU 2
2
5x
Re x
[VIMP]
1.328
Re x
*
Local co-efficient of drag or co-efficient of skin friction, CD Or f =
0.664
Re x
1/ 7
14.
u y
=
U
This equation is not valid very near the boundary where laminar sub-layer exists.
15.
For turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate, the shear stress at the
1/ 4
0.371x
,
(Re x )1 / 5
CD =
0.072
,
(Re L )1 / 5
and o =
U 2
2
0.0576
(Re x )1 / 5
CD =
17.
0.455
Prandtl- Schlichting empirical equation.
(log10 Re L )2.58
0.455
1700 LBU 2
Ftotal =
2.58
Re x 2
(log10 Re L )
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
0.455
1700
2.58
Re x
(log10 Re L )
19.
Step-I:
First calculate
Step-II:
o
d
=
2
U
dx
or o = U 2
d
dx
d
come.
dx
For laminar boundary layer use Newtons Law of viscosity
o = something
Step-III: (a)
For turbulent boundary layer use o = 0.0225 U
U
2
1/ 4
Step-IV: Equate above o from Step-II and Step-III and find is a function of
something x
(Rex )something
Step-V:
Step-VI: Calculate, C D* =
1
U 2
2
L
1
Step-VII: Calculate, CD = CD* dx
L0
20.
u
is + ive .. Attached flow (The flow will not separate)
y y = 0
S K Mondals
(ii)
Chapter 8
u
is zero The flow is on the verge of separation
y y = 0
u
is ive Separated flow.
y y = 0
(iii)
22.
[UPSC-1997]
S K Mondals
2.
.
3.
Chapter 8
Acceleration
of
fluid
in
the
boundary layer:
This method of controlling separation
consists of supplying additional energy
to particles of fluid which are being
retarded in the boundary layer. This
fluid
may be achieved either by injecting the Fig 1. Injecting
boundary layer
fluid into the region of boundary layer
from the interior of the body with the
help of some available device as shown
in Fig.-1 or by diverting a portion of fluid
of the main stream from the region of
high pressure to the retarded region of
boundary layer through, a slot provided
in the body (Fig-2).
Fig 2. Slotting wing
into
4.
Streamlining of body shapes: By the use of suitably shaped bodies the point of
transition of the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent can be moved downstream
which results in the reduction of the skin friction drag. Furthermore by streamlining
of body shapes, the separation may be eliminated.
23.
Laminar sublayer: The laminar sublayer is usually very thin and its thickness '
is found by experiments to be ' = 11.6
Where u* =
u*
o / =shear velocity.
If the roughness magnitude of a surface e is very small compared to ', i.e. << ',
then such a surface is said to be hydrodynamically smooth. Roughness does not have
any influence in such flows while the viscous effects predominate. Usually / '<
0.25 is taken as the criterion for hydrodynamically smooth surface (Fig.)
In the laminar sublayer thickness ' is very small compared to roughness height ,
i.e. << '), in such flows viscous effects are not important and the boundary is said
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
3 y 1 y
U
=
;
U 2 2
4.64 x
Re x
If the free stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has kinematic viscosity of 1.5
10-5m2/s and density of 1.23kg/m3,then wall shear stress at x = 1 m, is
(a) 2.36 102N/m2
(b) 43.6 10-3N/m2
-3
2
(c) 4.36 10 N/m
(d) 2.18 10-3N/m2
GATE-1. Ans. (c) Given: =1.23kg/m3, v=
Rex =
uL 2 1
2 1
=
=
= 1.34 105
1.5 10.5
du
dy y =0
3 3 y2
u 3 y y3
du
=
3 or
=U
3
U 2 2
dy
2 2
du
3U
=
dy y =0 2
Hence,
Given: =
4.64 x 4.64 x
=
Re x
Ux
4.64
= 0.0127
2 1
1.5 10 5
du 3 U 3 (1.5 10 5 1.23) 2
= 4.355 10 3.N / M 2
=
0 = .
=
dy 2
2
0.0127
Putting x = 1, ( ) x =1 =
(b) X 2
(c) X 5
(d) X 5
S K Mondals
GATE-2. Ans. (b)
Chapter 8
5
or
Re x
5x
or x
vx
L/2 0
1
=
>1
L L/2
2 1
GATE-4. The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section q r is:
[GATE-2006]
(a) Zero
(b) 0.05
(c) 0.10
(d) 0.15
GATE-4. Ans. (b) Mass entering from side q p = Mass leaving from side q r + Mass
leaving the side r s.
GATE-5. The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate, between p s, is:
[GATE-2006]
(a) 0.67
(b) 0.33
(c) 0.17
(d) Zero
GATE-5. Ans. (c) By momentum equation, we can find drag force.
pressure force acts against the direction of direction of flow thus retarding the
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
flow. This has an effect of retarding the flow in the boundary layer and hence
thickenings the boundary layer more rapidly. This and the boundary shear
bring the fluid in the boundary layer to rest and causes back flow. Due to this
the boundary layer no more sticks to the boundary but is shifted away from the
boundary. This phenomenon is called as Boundary Layer Separation.
GATE-7. The necessary and sufficient condition which brings about separation
of boundary layer is
dp
>0
dx
[GATE-1994]
dp
> 0 and
dx
u
= 0
y y =0
T Tw
3 y 1 y
= ,
T Tw 2 t 2 t
where
T Tw
y
and
yi =
T Tw
Nu =
3 3 y
3 3
= yi
2 2 t yi = 0 2 2
yi = 0
= 1.5
GATE-9. Consider a laminar boundary layer over a heated flat plate. The free
stream velocity is U . At some distance x from the leading edge the
velocity boundary layer thickness is t .If the Prandtl number is greater
than 1, then
(a) v > T
(b) T > V
(c) V
[GATE-2003]
GATE-10. A fluid flowing over a flat plate has the following properties:
[GATE-1992]
Dynamic viscosity: 25 10-6 kg/ms
Specific heat: 2.0 kJ/kgK
Thermal conductivity: 0.05 W/mk
The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is measured to be 0.5 mm.
The thickness of thermal boundary layer would be:
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
(a) 0.1 mm
(b) 0.5 mm
(c) 1.0 mm
(d) None of the above
cp 25 106 kg / ms 2000 J / kgK
1/3
= (Pr ) if Pr =
=
GATE-10. Ans. (b)
=1. So, = th
th
k
0.05kg / mK
GATE-11. For flow of fluid over a heated plate, the following fluid properties are
known: viscosity = 0.001 Pa.s ; specific heat at constant pressure = 1
kJ/kg.K; thermal conductivity = 1 W/m.K.
[GATE-2008]
The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at a specified location on
the plate is 1 mm. The thermal boundary layer thickness at the same
location is:
(a) 0.001 mm
(b) 0.01 mm
(c) 1 mm
(d) 1000 mm
1/ 3
= (Pr ) .
th
c p 0.001 1000
Here Prandlt number (Pr) =
=
= 1. So, = th .
1
k
GATE-12. For air near atmosphere conditions flowing over a flat plate, the
laminar thermal boundary layer is thicker than the hydrodynamic
boundary layer.
[GATE-1994]
GATE-12. Ans. False
[IES-2006]
IES-3.
Assertion (A): In the boundary layer concept, the shear stress at the
outer edge of the layer is considered to be zero.
[IES-2008]
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
In the region of the boundary layer nearest to the wall where velocity
is not equal to zero, the viscous forces are:
[IES-1993, 1995]
(a) Of the same order of magnitude as the inertial forces
(b) More than inertial forces
(c) Less than inertial forces
(d) Negligible
IES-4. Ans. (c) Reynolds number = Inertia force / Viscous force
and it is more than one therefore the viscous forces are less than inertial forces.
IES-5.
List-I
A. P
B. Q
C. R
D. S
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IES-6. Ans. (a)
IES-7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
3
4
B
1
2
D
4
3
(b)
(d)
The transition Reynolds number for flow over a flat plate is 5 105.
What is the distance from the leading edge at which transition will
occur for flow of water with a uniform velocity of 1 m/s? [For water, the
[IES-1994]
kinematic viscosity, = 0.858 10- 6 m2/s
(a) 1 m
(b) 0.43 m
(c) 43 m
(d) 103 m
C
2
1
List-II
Transitional
Laminar viscous sub-layer
Laminar
Turbulent
A
B
C
D
3
2
1
4
4
1
2
3
Vx
, or x =
[IES-1993]
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
(c) Flow with a logarithmic velocity profile a little away from the wall
(d) Re-circulating flow near a wall
IES-8. Ans. (c) Figure shows the logarithmic
velocity profile a little away from
the wall. Velocity difference (Vmax
V) is known as velocity defect. So
velocity defect law occurs due to
occurrence
of
flow
with
a
logarithmic velocity profile a little
away from the wall.
IES-9.
(a) 2
(c) 3 2
(d) cos( / 2)
u 3 y 1 y
=
satisfies boundary condition for laminar
u 2 2
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
5
or
Re x
5x
or x
vx
0.371
(Re x)
0.371
0r , =
Vx
=
5
0.371
V
or, x
5x
5x
5 1
=
=
=
Ux /
Re x
2 2 / 2 10 5
5x
Re x
5L
UL
5 0.4
30 (5 / 18) 0.4
16 10 6
= 4.38 mm
IES-15.
Displacement Thickness ( * )
IES-16.
u
y
= then the ratio of displacement thickness to nominal layer
u
thickness will be:
(a) 1.0
(b) 0.6
(c) 0.3
[IAS-1998; IES-2006]
(d) 0.1
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
1
IES-17.
Momentum Thickness ( )
IES-18.
(c) =
u2
2
U
u
0 U
u
1
U
dy
(b) =
u2
U 2
u
1
U
dy
u
(d) = 1
0
U
(a) =
u
0 U
dy
dy
Given that
= boundary layer thickness,
e = energy thickness
[IES-1997]
* = displacement thickness
= momentum thickness
(a) H = e
(b) H =
(c) H =
Displacement thickness
IES-19. Ans. (b) Shape factor =
Momentum thickness
(d) H =
IES-21.
Displacement thickness:
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
u
u
y
* = 1 dy = * = 1 dy = 1 dy =
U
U
2
0
0
0
Momentum thickness:
uu
y
y
= 1 dy = 1 dy =
U
U
6
0
0
1
3
Energy Thickness ( e )
IES-22.
(a)
(c)
u
1
dy
U
(b)
u
u
1
dy
U
u
1
dy
U
(d)
u
u2
1
0 U U 2 dy
IES-24.
List-I give the different items related to a boundary layer while List-II
gives the mathematical expressions. Match List-I with List-II and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (symbols have
their usual meaning).
[IES-1995]
List-I
List-II
1. y = , u = 0.99 U
A. Boundary layer thickness
u
dy
0
u
u
3.
1
dy
U U
0
B. Displacement thickness
2.
C. Momentum thickness
1 U
D. Energy thickness
Code:
(a)
(c)
IES-24. Ans. (a)
A
1
2
B
2
1
4.
C
3
3
D
4
4
(b)
(d)
u
u2
1
0 U U 2 dy
A
2
1
B
1
2
C
4
4
D
3
3
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
(a) 0.332/ Re
(b) 0.664/ Re
(c) 0.647/ Re
(d) 1.328/ Re
1. 1.729 / Ux / v
2. 0.332 U 2 / Ux / v
3. 5 vx / U
D. Displacement thickness
4. 0.664 v / Ux
5. 1.328 / UL / v
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IES-26. Ans. (c)
A
3
3
B
5
5
C
4
2
D
2
1
(b)
(d)
A
2
5
B
4
4
C
1
1
D
3
2
IES-27.
(b) X 2
(c) X 5
(d) X 5
5
5x
or
or x
Re x
vx
IES-29.
For laminar flow over a flat plate, the thickness of the boundary layer
at a distance from the leading edge is found to be 5 mm. The thickness
of the boundary layer at a downstream section, which is at twice the
distance of the previous section from the leading edge will be:[IES-1994]
(a) 10 mm
(b) 5 2 mm
(c) 5 2 mm
(d) 2.5 mm
IES-29. Ans. (b) Thickness of boundary layer for laminar flow over a flat plate is.
proportional to square root of ratio of distances from the leading edge. Thus new
thickness = 5 2 mm.
S K Mondals
IES-30.
Chapter 8
The laminar boundary layer thickness, at any point x for flow over a
flat plate is given by: / x =
[IES-2002]
0.664
1.328
1.75
5.0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Re x
Rex
Rex
Rex
The velocity profile for turbulent layer over a flat plate is:
(a)
u
y
= sin
U
2
u
y y
= 2
U
IES-31. Ans. (b)
u y
=
U
(d)
u 3 y 1 y
=
U 2 2
(b)
(c)
IES-32.
[IES-2003]
1/7
= 1 dy =
U
y
1
0
1
7
7y7
dy = y
8 17
=
0
=
8
8
0.371
(Re x)
0r , =
5
0.371
Vx
=
5
0.371
V
or, x
For turbulent boundary layer low, the thickness of laminar sublayer ''
is given by:
[IES-1999]
(a) v / u*
(b) 5 v / u*
(c) 5.75 log v / u*
(d) 2300 v / u*
IES-34. Ans. (b)
IES-34.
IES-35.
[IES-1995, 2002]
S K Mo
ondalss
Cha
apter 8
IE
ES-38.
Flo
ow separattion is caused by: [IA
AS-1996; IE
ES-1994, 199
97;2000; GA
ATE-2002]
(a) Reduction of
o pressure to local vap
pour pressurre
(b) A negative pressure grradient
(c) A positive pressure
p
gra
adient
(d) Thinning of boundary layer thickn
ness to zero
o.
IE
ES-38. Ans. (c) i.e. an adverse
a
presssure gradieent.
P
> 0 in the diirection of flow, the
Wh
hen the preessure goess increasing
x
pre
essure force acts against the direcction of direection of flow thus reta
arding the
flow
w. This hass an effect of
o retarding
g the flow in
n the bound
dary layer and
a
hence
thicckenings th
he boundarry layer moore rapidly.. This and the bound
dary shear
brin
ng the fluid
d in the bou
undary layeer to rest an
nd causes back flow. Due
D to this
thee boundary layer
l
no mo
ore sticks too the boundary but is sshifted away
y from the
bou
undary. This phenomen
non is called
d as Bound
dary Layer S
Separation..
IE
ES-39.
At the point of
o boundar
ry layer se
eparation
[IIES-1996]
(a) Shear stresss is maximum
(b) Shearr stress is zeero
(c) Velocity is negative
n
(d) Densiity variation
n is maximu
um.
u
IE
ES-39. Ans. (b) At the verge
v
of sep
paration
is zeroo
y y =0
u
Shear stresss, =
is alsoo zero.
y y =0
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
IES-40.
Displacement thickness: * = 1
0
u
dy
U
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
IES-44.
During the flow over a circular cylinder, the drag coefficient drops
significantly at a critical Reynolds number of 2 105. This is due to
(a) Excessive momentum loss in the boundary layer
[IES-1996]
(b) Separation point travelling upstream
(c) Reduction in skin-friction drag
(d) The delay in separation due to transition to turbulence
IES-44. Ans. (d) The drag co-efficient remains practically constant unit a Reynolds
number of 2 105 is reached. At this stage the Cd drops steeply by a factor of 5.
This is due to the fact that the laminar boundary layer turns turbulent and
stays unseparated over a longer distance, then reducing the wake considerably.
IES-45.
IES-48.
[IES-1993]
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
(a) Inertia terms are of the same order of magnitude as convection terms
(b) Convection terms are of the same order of magnitude as dissipation terms
(c) Convection terms are of the same order of magnitude as conduction terms
(d) Dissipation is negligible
IES-48. Ans. (b)
IES-49.
1/3
IES-49. Ans. (a)
= (Pr ) if Pr = 1, = th
th
IES-50.
1/3
IES-50. Ans. (c)
= (Pr ) if Pr = 1, = th
th
IES-51.
1/3
IES-51. Ans. (c)
= (Pr ) if Pr < 1, < th
th
IES-52.
IES-53.
For flow over a flat plate the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
is 0.5 mm. The dynamic viscosity is 25 10-6 Pa s, specific heat is 2.0
kJ/(kgK) and thermal conductivity is 0.05 W/(mK). The thermal
boundary layer thickness would be:
[IES-2001]
(a) 0.1 mm
(b) 0.5 mm
(c) 1 mm
(d) 2 mm
IES-53. Ans. (b)
IES-54.
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
1. t (t)=(x) if Pr =1
2. t (t)>>(x) if Pr <<1
3. t (t)<<(x) if Pr >>1
1/ 3
= (Pr )
th
Displacement Thickness ( * )
IAS-4.
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
(d) The layer which represents reduction in momentum caused by the boundary
layer.
IAS-4. Ans. (c)
IAS-5.
0 .5
3
10 kg/ms = 6 10 kg/ms
1000
u
y
= then the ratio of displacement thickness to nominal layer
u
thickness will be:
(a) 1.0
(b) 0.6
(c) 0.3
[IAS-1998; IES-2006]
(d) 0.1
IAS-7.
u y
=
. An a certain
ua
section, the free stream velocity u was found to be 20m/s and the
IAS-7. Ans. (a) Displacement thickness ( ) = (1 z 0.25 )dz = 0.2 = 0.2 5 = 1.0cm
0
Momentum Thickness ( )
IAS-8.
(a) =
u
U
u
1
U
dy
u2
u
1
dy
0 U2
U
(c) =
(b) =
u
U
u2
2
U
dy
u
(d) = 1
dy
0
U
Energy Thickness ( e )
IAS-9.
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
List-I
List-II
1. 1.729 / Ux / v
2. 0.332 U 2 / Ux / v
3. 5 vx / U
D. Displacement thickness
4. 0.664 v / Ux
5. 1.328 / UL / v
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IAS-10. Ans. (c)
A
3
3
B
5
5
C
4
2
D
2
1
(b)
(d)
A
2
5
B
4
4
C
1
1
D
3
2
IAS-11.
(a) X
IAS-12. Ans. (b)
(b) X 2
(c) X 5
(d) X 5
5
5x
or
or x
Re x
vx
IAS-13.
For laminar flow over a flat plate, the thickness of the boundary layer
at a distance from the leading edge is found to be 5 mm. The thickness
of the boundary layer at a downstream section, which is at twice the
distance of the previous section from the leading edge will be:[IES-1994]
(a) 10 mm
(b) 5 2 mm
(c) 5 2 mm
(d) 2.5 mm
IAS-13. Ans. (b) Thickness of boundary layer for laminar flow over a flat plate is.
proportional to square root of ratio of distances from the leading edge. Thus new
thickness = 5 2 mm.
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
0.371
(Re x)
0r , =
5
0.371
Vx
=
5
0.371
V
or, x
IAS-15.
In a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate, what would be the ratio
of wall shear stresses 1 and 2 at the two sections which lie at distances
[IAS-2004]
x1=30 cm and x2=90 cm from the leading edge of the plate?
(a)
1
= 3. 0
2
(b)
u
x
1 1
=
2 3
Re x i.e. o
(c)
1
= (3.0)1/ 2
2
(d)
1
= (3.0)1/ 3
2
1
x
x
1
90
= 2 =
= (3)1/ 2
2
x1
30
IAS-17.
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-18. Ans. (a) In Ideal fluid viscosity is zero so no boundary layer is formed.
IAS-19.
pressure force acts against the direction of direction of flow thus retarding the
flow. This has an effect of retarding the flow in the boundary layer and hence
thickenings the boundary layer more rapidly. This and the boundary shear
bring the fluid in the boundary layer to rest and causes back flow. Due to this
the boundary layer no more sticks to the boundary but is shifted away from the
boundary. This phenomenon is called as Boundary Layer Separation.
IAS-20.
IAS-21.
dp
> 0 and
dx
[IAS-2002]
u
= 0
y y =0
du
= +ve value
(a)
dy y = 0
du
= 0
dy y =
(c)
[IAS-2007]
du
= -ve Value
(b)
dy y = 0
du
= 0
dy y = 0
(d)
p
>0
x
IAS-22.
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
S K Mondals
Chapter 8
of .
[IES-1998]
2.
Derive the integral momentum equation for the boundary layer over a flat
plate and determine the boundary layer thickness , at a distance x from
the leading edge assuming linear velocity profile (u/U) = y/ where u is the
velocity at the location at a distance y from the plate, and U is the free
stream velocity.
[IAS-1998]
3.
When a fluid flows over a flat plate, the velocity profile within the boundary
3 y 1 y 3
[IES-1995]
layer may be assumed to be Vx = U for y .
2 2
Where U is a constant and the boundary layer thickness is a function of x
1/2
x
given by = 5
. Here and denote the viscosity and density of the
U
fluid respectively. Derive an expression for the variation of Vy across the
boundary layer. i.e. calculate displacement thickness.
4.
The velocity profile for laminar flow in the boundary layer of a flat plate is
u
y
= sin . Where u is the velocity of fluid in the boundary
given by
U
2
layer at a vertical distance y from the plate surface and U is the free stream
velocity. Prove that the boundary layer thickness may be given by the
expression, =
5.
4.795 x
Re x
[IES-1992]
u
y y
= 2
flow assuming the velocity distribution law as
U
[IAS-1990]
Laminar Flow
S K Mondals
9.
Chapter 9
Laminar Flow
2.
3.
Reynold
1.
2.
In case of laminar flow: The loss of head V, where V is the velocity of flow.
In case of turbulent flow: The loss of head V2 (approx).
Vn (more exactly), where n varies from 1.75 to 2.0
3.
4.
5.
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
p
=
y x
This equation indicates that the pressure gradient in the direction of flow is equal to
the shear gradient in the direction normal to the direction of flow.
This equation holds good for all types of flow and all types of boundary geometry.
6.
Laminar Flow
S K Mondals
(i)
Shear stress, =
(ii)
Velocity, u =
Chapter 9
p r
.
x 2
r 2
1 p 2
. ( R r 2 ) = umax 1
4 x
R
7.
Average Velocity, u =
umax
2
32 uL
;
gD 2
Average Velocity, u =
Q
R 2
or P =
8.
1 p 2
. R ;
4 x
128QL
D 4
16
Re
[VIMP]
16
32 uL
16 4 Lu
16 4 Lu
hf =
=
=
therefore f =
2
Re
gD
uD / 2 Dg Re 2 Dg
64
But Remember Friction Factor, f = 4 f =
(Be careful)
Re
9.
[VIMP]
[VIMP]
Entrance length:
It can be shown that for laminar incompressible flows, the velocity profile approaches
the parabolic profile through a distance Le from the entry of the pipe. This is known
as entrance length and is given by
Le
UD
= 0.05Re WhereRe =
D
For a Reynolds number of 2000, this distance, the entrance length is about 100 pipediameters. For turbulent flows, the entrance region is shorter, since the turbulent
boundary layer grows faster.
Question:
Answer:
U max 1 1 P
1 P 2
=
R2 =
R
2
2 4 x
8 x
8 U
P = 2 x
R
Integrating both side we get
U=
Laminar Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 9
8 U
dx
R2
8 U
( P1 P2 ) =
( x2 x1 ) Let x2 x1 = L (Length of pipe)
R2
8 UL
P =
R2
8 UL
hf g =
where ( hf ) = head loss
R2
8 UL
32 UL
or, hf =
or,
hf =
2
g D2
D
g
2
fLV 2
Comparing with hf =
for V = U and f = friction factor
2Dg
P2
x2
P1
x1
dP =
fLV 2 32 UL
=
2Dg
g D2
f=
64
VD
64
VD
64
Re
1
f
Re
i.e. friction factor is inversely proportional to Reynolds number.
10.
(b)
12 uL
b2
Lamin
nar Flow
w
S K Mo
ondalss
Cha
apter 9
OBJEC
CTIVE QUES
STIONS
S (GA
ATE, IES,
I
IA
AS)
P
Previou
us 20-Y
Years GATE
E Questions
GA
ATE-1. In flow throu
ugh a pipe
e, the tran
nsition from laminar
r to turbulent flow
doe
[GA
es not depend on
ATE-1996]
(b) Density of the flu
(a) Velocity of the fluid
uid
(d) Lengtth of the pip
(c) Diameter off the pipe
pe
GA
ATE-1. Anss. (d) It is tootally depen
nds on Reyn
nolds numbeer =
VD
Flow of Visc
cous Fluid
F
i
in
Circ
cular Pipes-H
Hagen
Poiseuille Law
GA
ATE-2. Th
he velocity
y profile in
i fully d
developed laminar fflow in a pipe of
dia
ameter D is given by u=u0 (1-4r
r2/D2), wher
re is the ra
adial dista
ance from
the
e centre. Iff the visco
osity of the
e fluid is ,
the presssure drop across a
[GA
len
ngth L of th
he pipe is:
ATE-2006]
(a)
u0 L
D
(
(b)
4 u0 L
D2
(c))
8u0 L
D2
(d)
16u0 L
D2
GA
ATE-2. Anss. (d) By Ha
agen-Poiseu
uille law, forr steady lam
minar flow in
n circular piipes
u
P r
=
=
.
r
x 2
u P r
=
.
r x 2
8r P r
= .
2
D L 2
16 Lu
L 0
P=
D2
---------- u = u0 1
u0
4r 2
D 2
[
[()
sign is due
d to drop]
GA
ATE-3. Th
he velocity profile of a
fullly develop
ped lamina
ar
flow
in
a
straigh
ht
cir
rcular pipe
e, as show
wn
in the
t
figure,, is given by
b
the
e expressio
on
R2 dp
p
r2
u (r ) =
1 2
4 dxx R
[G
GATE-2009
9]
dp
Wh
here
is a constantt. The aver
rage velociity of fluid
d in the pip
pe is:
dx
R 2 dp
R 2 dp
R 2 dp
R2 dp
d
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
8 dx
4 dx
2 dx
dx
d
GA
ATE-3. Anss. (a)
Laminar Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 9
GATE-4. A fully developed laminar viscous flow through a circular tube has the
ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity as [IES-1994, GATE-1994]
(a) 3.0
(b) 2.5
(c) 2.0
d) 1.5
GATE-4. Ans. (c) Ratio =
Maximum velocity
for fully developed laminar viscous flow
Average velocity
P 128Q 1
1
=
4 i.e. 2
4
L
D
D
A
GATE-6. In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the head loss due to
friction is directly proportional to....... (Mean velocity/square of the
mean velocity).
[GATE-1995]
(a) True
(b) False
(c) Insufficient data (d) None of the above
GATE-6. Ans. (a) hf =
32 uL
gD 2
Laminar Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 9
p
=
y x
This equation indicates that the pressure gradient in the direction of flow is
equal to the shear gradient in the direction normal to the direction of flow. This
equation holds good for all types of flow and all types of boundary geometry.
=
IES-6.
128QL
P 128Q 128 (1.02 / 100) (3000 / 60)
=
=
or
= 0.0812
4
D
D 4
44
x
P R
P 2
. =
= 0.0812 dyne/cm 2
x 2
x 2
The pressure drop for a relatively low Reynolds number flow in a 600
mm, 30m long pipeline is 70 kPa. What is the wall shear stress?
[IES-2004]
(a) 0 Pa
(b) 350 Pa
(c) 700 Pa
(d) 1400 Pa
p r
.
x 2
p R
0.6
p P 70 103
= 350 Pa
=
=
= 2333 ; o = . = 2333
4
x 2
x
30
L
Laminar Flow
S K Mondals
(a) 0.25 kPa
IES-7. Ans. (b) =
Chapter 9
(b) 0.125 kPa
p R
. =
x 2
50 103
10
) 0.100 / 2 = 125 N / m
IES-9.
umax
and u =
2
dp
is the
dx
D dp
128 dx
4
(a)
D dp
64 dx
4
(b)
D dp
32 dx
4
(c)
(d)
D 4 dp
16 dx
The power consumed per unit length in laminar flow for the same
discharge, varies directly as Dn where D is the diameter of the pipe.
What is the value of n?
[IES-2008]
(a)
(b) -1/2
(c) -2
(d) -4
IES-10. Ans. (d)
IES-11.
A fully developed laminar viscous flow through a circular tube has the
ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity as [IES-1994, GATE-1994]
(a) 3.0
(b) 2.5
(c) 2.0
d) 1.5
Maximum velocity
for fully developed laminar viscous flow
Average velocity
pipe
IES-13.
U max
U
2
= 2 Or U avg = max = = 1 m / s
U avg
2
2
The frictional head loss through a straight pipe (hf) can be expressed as
hf =
flv 2
for both laminar and turbulent flows. For a laminar flow, 'f is
2 gD
Lamin
nar Flow
w
S K Mo
ondalss
Cha
apter 9
IE
ES-13. Ans. (c) Here f is friction factor.
f
IE
ES-14.
A pipe
p
friction test sh
hows that, over the range
r
of speeds used for the
resst, the no
on-dimensiional fricttion facto
or 'f variies inversely with
Reynolds Nu
umber. From
m this, one
e can conc
clude that the
t
[IIES-1993]
(a) Fluid mustt be compresssible
(b) Fluid must be ideeal
(c) Pipe must be
b smooth
(d) Flow must
m
be lam
minar
IE
ES-14. Ans. (d) For the
e viscous flow
w the co-effficient of fricction is giveen by, f =
116
R
Re
IE
ES-15.
A pipe
p
of 20 cm
c diametter and 30 km length
h transportts oil from a tanker
to the shore with a vellocity of 0.318 m/s. The
T
flow iss laminar. If = 0.1
N-m
[IIES-2000]
m/s2, the po
ower required for th
he flow wou
uld be:
(a) 9.25 kW
( 8.36 kW
(b)
(c)) 7.63 kW
(d) 10.13 kW
IE
ES-15. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-16.
Thu
us friction factor f foor rough tu
urbulent flow
w in a pipee depends upon
u
pipe
con
ndition and pipe diameeter. Frictioon factor forr laminar flow
f
f =
64
, i.e. it is
Ree
ind
dependent off the relativ
ve roughnesss of pipe.
How
wever in th
he turbulen
nt flow, thee friction fa
actor, as ob
bserved from several
exp
periments, is
i a function
n of the relative rough
hness, i.e. th
he pipe cond
dition and
pip
pe diameter.. Thus (d) iss the correctt choice.
Flow of Viscou
V
s Fluid
d between Two
o Parallel Plate
es
IE
ES-17.
Th
he shear sttress deve
eloped in lubricating
l
g oil, of viiscosity 9.81 poise,
fillled betwee
en two parallel platess 10 cm ap
part and moving with
h relative
vellocity of 2 m/s is:
[IIES-2001]
(a) 20 N/m2
( 19.62 N/m
(b)
m2
(c)) 29.62 N/m
m2
(d) 40 N/m2
Laminar Flow
S K Mondals
IES-17. Ans. (b) =
Chapter 9
du 9.81 2
=
= 19.62 N/m2
dy
10 0.1
r 2
1 p 2
. ( R r 2 ) = umax 1
4 x
R
IAS-4.
For flow through a horizontal pipe, the pressure gradient dp/dx in the
flow direction is:
[IAS-1995]
(a) +ve
(b) 1
(c) Zero
(d) ve
IAS-4. Ans. (d) For flow through a horizontal pipe, the pressure gradient dp/dx in the flow
direction is ve. =
p r
.
x 2
(a)
3 3
m /s
59
(b)
3
m3/s
2500
(c)
3
3
m3/s (d)
m3/s
5000
10000
U max 1.5
=
m/ s
2
2
Laminar Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 9
3
1.5 3
m3 / s
m /s =
10,000
4 1000
2
40
The MINIMUM value of friction factor f that can occur in laminar flow
through a circular pipe is:
[IAS-1997]
(a) 0.064
(b) 0.032
(c) 0.016
(d) 0.008
64
Where Max. Re = 2000.
Re
The drag coefficient for laminar flow varies with Reynolds number (Re)
as
[IAS-2003]
(a) Re1/2
(b) Re
(c) Re-1
(d) Re-1/2
IAS-7. Ans. (c) For the viscous flow the co-efficient of friction is given by, f =
16
Re
Laminar Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 9
S K Mondals
10.
Chapter 10
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
[VIMP]
3.
S K Mondals
or,
Chapter 10
+
y
z
x y z x
5.
Prandtls mixing length (l) is defined as the average lateral distance through
which a small mass of fluid particles would move from one layer to the other adjacent
layers before acquiring the velocity of the new layer.
du
du
+
Where = eddy viscosity which
dy
dy
is not a fluid property but depends upon turbulence conditions of the flow.
du
[VIMP]
In analogy with the laminar shear stresses, the turbulent shear stresses can be
expressed in terms of mean velocity gradients and a mixing coefficient known as eddy
viscosity. The eddy viscosity (t) can be expressed as, t = l2
du
where l is known as
dy
y
u = umax + 2.5u f log e
R
i.e.
y
u = umax + 5.75u f log10 [VIMP]
R
S K Mo
ondalss
Chap
pter 10
Where Shear
S
Velociity (uf ) =
(i)
u
y
= 2.5loge + 5.5
uf
R
(ii)
u
y
= 2.5loge + 8.5
uf
R
7.
uf k
8.
uf k
uf k
<4
> 100
0
Co-effic
cient of fric
ction
[VIMP]
Pipe
Reyn
nolds numb
ber
Laminarr
Sm
mooth or Rou
ugh
< 2000
4000 to
t l lac
Sm
mooth
1 lac to
t 4 crore
Ro
ough
> 2000
Turbulen
nt
Qu
uestion:
Co-efficient of friction
f =
116
R
Re
f =
0.0791
(Re )1 / 4
f =
0.05525
+ 0.0008
(Re )0.237
1
= 2 log10 ( R / K ) + 1.74
4f
[IIES-2003]
S K Mon
ndals
Answ
wer:
Chapte
er 10
Velocity distriibution in
lam
minar
pip
pe
r
u = umax 1
R
flow
Wh
here u = veelocity at
Fig. Velo
ocity distriibution cur
rves for la
aminar
r frrom center.
Umax
m
maximum
m
vellocity at cen
nter line.
R = Ra
adius of pipee.
r = Distance from center.
y
Velocity distriibution in tu
urbulent pip
pe flow, u = umax + 2.5 uf log e
R
Wh
here u = vellocity at y frrom boundary.
Umax = maximum v
velocity.
uf = Sh
hear velocity
y
Com
mments
s
(1)
(2)
In turbule
ent flow thee velocity gra
adient nearr the bounda
ary shall be quite largee
resulting in more she
ears.
(3)
In turbule
ent flow thee flatness of velocity disstribution cu
urve in the core
c
region away
from the wall
w is becau
use of the m
mixing of flu
uid layers an
nd exchange
e of momenttum
between them.
t
(4)
S K Mondals
Chapter 10
la min ar + turbulence =
du
du
+
dy
dy
(a) u = v = w
( ) = (v ) = (w )
(c) u
For Isotropic turbulence ( u ' ) = ( v ' ) = ( w ' ) and ui ' u j ' = 0 Where
2
IES-2.
(i j )
S K Mondals
Chapter 10
If
u v
+
= 0 for a turbulent flow then it signifies that
x y
[IES-1996]
(a) Bulk momentum transport is conserved (b) u'v' is non-zero and positive.
(c) Turbulence is anisotropic
(d) None of the' above is true.
IES-3. Ans. (a) As it follow conserve continuity equations.
u '
v '
=
x
y
It is postulated that if at an instant there is an increase in u' in the x-direction,
it will be followed by an increase in v' in the negative y-direction. In other
words, u ' v ' is non-zero and negative.
IES-4.
1/ 7
1
14
1
r
udA = 2 umax 2rdr = umax or without calculating
15
R 0
A
R
this we may say that it must be less than one and option (d) is only choice.
[IES-1997]
S K Mondals
Chapter 10
D 2
4
or, o =
= oDL
P D
4L
u
is the
y
u
y
(a) t = l
(b) t = l 2
u
y
(d) t = l
(c) t = l 2
du
du
and
=
IES-9. Ans. (b) = l
dy
dy
or t =
IES-10.
= l2
u
y
du
dy
u
=
u*
d
= 5.75In + 5.5
(d)
u
u
= 2.5 In + 5.5
u*
u
(c)
= 5.75 In + 5.5
umax
(a)
(b)
y
u = umax + 2.5u f log e i.e.
R
Where Shear Velocity ( u f ) =
y
u = umax + 5.75u f log10
R
[VIMP]
S K Mondals
Chapter 10
Flow takes place and Reynolds Number of 1500 in two different pipes
with relative roughness of 0.001 and 0.002. The friction factor [IES-2000]
(a) Will be higher in the case of pipe with relative roughness of 0.001.
(b) Will be higher in the case of pipe having relative roughness of 0.002.
(c) Will be the same in both the pipes.
(d) In the two pipes cannot be compared on the basis of data given
64
) it is not depends on
Re
roughness but for turbulent flow it will be higher for higher relative roughness.
IES-12.
In a fully turbulent flow through a rough pipe, the friction factor 'f' is
(Re is the Reynolds number and S / D is relative roughness)
(a) A function of Re
[IES-1998; IES-2003]
(b) A function of Re and S / D
(c) A function of S / D
1
= 2 log10 ( R / K ) + 1.74 ; f is independent of Reynolds number and
4f
depends only on relative roughness (k/D). This formula is widely used. But
experimental facts reveals that the friction factor 'f' is also depends on Reynolds
number. As many modern handbook uses empirical formula with Reynolds
number our answer will be (b).
IES-13.
64
which is independent of roughness.
Re
The friction factor for laminar flow through pipes is inversely proportional to
Reynolds number.
In fully turbulent flow through pipes friction factor is independent of Reynolds
number.
While water passes through a given pipe at mean velocity V the flow is
found to change from laminar to turbulent. If another fluid of specific
gravity 0.8 and coefficient of viscosity 20% of that of water, is passed
S K Mondals
Chapter 10
through the same pipe, the transition of flow from laminar to turbulent
is expected if the flow velocity is:
[IAS-1998]
(a) 2V
(b) V
(c) V/2
(d) V/4
IAS-1. Ans. (d) Rew =
Vf =
wVw Dw 0.8 f V f D f
=
= 4 R fw
w
0.2t
Vw V
=
4 4
2 o
V 2
or o =
fV 2
2
[IAS-1994]
S K Mondals
Chapter 10
S K Mondals
11.
Chapter 11
2.
Darcy-Weisbach Formula
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
hf =
or
4 flV 2
here f is co-efficient of friction
2 gD
[VIMP]
flV 2
here f is friction factor
2 gD
Co-efficient of friction
Type of flow
Pipe
Reynolds number
co-efficient of friction
S K Mondals
Laminar
Chapter 11
Smooth or Rough
<2000
16
Re
0.0791
f =
(Re )1 / 4
0.05525
f =
+ 0.0008
(Re )0.237
1
= 2 log10 ( R / K ) + 1.74
4f
f =
4000 to l lac
Smooth
1 lac to 4 crore
Turbulent
Rough
(b)
>2000
Chezys formula:
Mean Velocity, V= C mi
Where hydraulic mean depth or hydraulic radius,
A
Area of flow
dimension [L]
m= =
P Wetted perimeter
Loss of head per unit length, i =
hf
it is dimensionless
(V1 V2 ) 2
2g
[VIMP]
2
V2
V2 1
Loss of head due to sudden contraction, k 2 =
1 2
2 g Cc
2g
[VIMP]
V2
A
Loss of head due to obstruction in pipe,
Cc ( A a ) 2 g
Where A= area of pipe, a= area of obstruction
Loss of head at the entrance to pipe, 0.5
Loss of head at the exit of a pipe,
V2
2g
V2
2g
V2
2g
V2
2g
3.
Equivalent pipe
It is defined as the pipe of uniform diameter having loss of head and discharge equal
to the loss of head and discharge of a compound pipe consisting of several pipes of
F
Flow
Thr
rough Piipes
S K Mo
ondalss
Chap
pter 11
differentt lengths an
nd diameterrs. To determ
mine the sizze of the eq
quivalent pip
pe Dupit's
equation
n is used.
L
L
L
L
= 15 + 25 + 35 + .......
5
D
D1 D2 D3
4.
5.
Power transmitte
t
ed through
h pipes will be maximu
um when, h f =
Thereforre max =
H H /3
= 666.7%
H
H
3
[VIMP]
1/ 4
D5
6. (a) Energ
gy Gradien
nt Line ( EG
GL), EGL =
7.
Pipe ne
etwork
An interrconnected system
s
of piipes is called a pipe nettwork. The flow to an outlet
o
may
come fro
om differentt pipes. Figu
ure below sh
hows a typiccal network.. In a netwo
ork:
(1) Floow into each
h junction must
m
be equa
al to flow ou
ut of each ju
unction.
(2) Alg
gebraic sum
m of head losses round each
e
loop mu
ust be zero.
Water hammer
h
in
n pipes
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
2L
C
2L
Valve closure is sudden when t <
C
K
, C being the velocity of pressure wave produced due to water
Where, C =
hammer.
9.
L
t
p = VC
p = V
p =V
Question:
1 D
+
K Et
(i)
or
4 f L V2
2gD
[IES-1999]
(ii) Show that the loss of head due to friction in pipe (hf ) =
Answer:
1
Q
D
P2
P1
1
2
L
The static pressure P drops along the direction of flow because the
stagnation pressure drops due to loss of energy in over coming friction as the
flow occurs.
Let, P1 = intensity of pr. at section 1
P2 = intensity of pr. at section 2
L = length of the pipe, between section 1 and 2.
D = Diameter of the pipe
Cd = co-efficient of drag.
f = co-efficient of friction (whose value depends on type of flow, material
of pipe and surface of pipe)
hf = loss of head due to friction.
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
Propelling pressure force on the flowing fluid along the flow = (P1 P2 )
D 2
4
1
Frictional resistance force due to shearing at the pipe wall = Cd . V 2 . DL
2
Under equilibrium condition,
Propelling force = frictional resistance force
D 2
1
= Cd . V 2 . DL
(P1 P2 )
4
2
P1 P2 4Cd L V 2
=
or
g
D.2g
P1 P2
is the head loss due to friction, hf and Cd equal the co-efficient
Noting
g
of friction.
4 f L V2
hf =
D.2g
This is known as Darcy-Weisbach equation and it holds good for all type of
flows provided a proper value of f is chosen.
Question:
Answer:
flow
L
x
dx
D1 D2 d
=
=
L+
x
D1 - D2 d
=
or
L
x
x
d= (D1 - D2 )
L
and
V=
4 QL2
2 2
2
x
2 (D1 D2 ) (D1 D2 ) x
4 L
The Darcy-weisbach equation in differential form can be written as:
4 f. V 2 .dx
dhf =
d2g
4f
42 Q2 L4 L
dx
dhf = 2
2g (D1 D2 )2 x 4 x (D1 D2 )
2
Frictional loss
S K Mondals
hf = dhf =
Chapter 11
4f
2g
L+
16 Q2 L5
2 (D1 D2 )
1
1
32f Q2 L5
dx
=
5
5
4
2
x
g (D1 D2 ) 4 x
1
1
L+
4
D2 = (D1 D2 ) ,D1 =
4
2
L
L
g (D1 D2 )
(L + )
2 5
8f Q L
1
1
= 2
4
4
g (D1 D2 )
L +
(D1 D2 )
(D1 D2 )
L
L
2
1
8f Q L
1
= 2
4 4 required exp ression.
g (D1 D2 ) D 2 D 1
=
Question:
Answer:
8f Q2 L5
L+
(D1 D2 )
V2
(s1 )
P0
x
(s2 )
Sudden Enlargement
D12
4
(P1 P2 ) A 2 =Q ( V2 V1 )
(P1 P2 )
1
= V2 ( V2 V1 )
...(i) [ Q = A 2 V2 ]
g
g
Applying Bernoullis to section S1 S1 and S2 S2
or
P1 V12
P V2
+
+ Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 +he
g 2g
g 2g
S K Mondals
or he =
=
=
he
Chapter 11
P1 P2 V12 V22
+
g
2g
V 2 V22
1
v 2 ( v 2 v1 ) + 1
g
2g
( V1 - V2 )
[ from equation(i)]
2g
(V - V )
= 1 2
2g
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
GATE-1. Assuming ideal flow, the force F in Newton required on the plunger to
push out the water is:
[GATE-2003]
(a) 0
(b) 0.04
(c) 0.13
(d) 1.15
GATE-1. Ans. (b)
GATE-2. Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume fully developed laminar
viscous flow throughout the needle; the Darcy friction factor is 64/Re.
Where Re is the Reynolds number. Given that the viscosity of water is
1.0 10-3 kg/s m, the force F in Newton required on the plunger is:
[GATE-2003]
(a) 0.13
(b) 0.16
(c) 0.3
(d) 4.4
GATE-2. Ans. (c) Given, = viscosity of water = 10 10-3 kg/sm
Now, Re =
2 d 1000 1 0.001
=
= Re = 1000---- since = 2 = 1
1103
64
64
=
= 0.064
Re 1000
fl2 2 0.064 0.1 (1) 2
= 0.3265 m
So head loss in needle = h t =
=
2 gD
2 9.8 0.001
P1 1
P
2
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
g 2g
g 2 g
2
2
P
1
1 = 2
[Since z1 = z2 and P2 = 0]
+ hL
g
2g
1000 2
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
(0.01) 2 = 0.3N
fLV 2
.
2g D
64
Re
GATE-4. Water flows through a 0.6 m diameter, 1000 m long pipe from a 30 m
overhead tank to a village. Find the discharge (in liters) at the village
(at ground level), assuming a Fanning friction factor f = 0.04 and
ignoring minor losses due to bends etc.
[GATE-2001]
GATE-4. Ans. (0.834 m3/s) h f =
V = 2 g H Or H =
Q = VA = V
D2
4
V2
0.04 1000 V 2
= 30 h f = 30
V = 2.95 m / s
2g
2 9.81 0.6
= 2.95
(0.6)2
4
= 0.834 m3 / s
GATE-5. Water at 25C is flowing through a 1.0 km long G.I. pipe of 200 mm
diameter at the rate of 0.07 m3/s. If value of Darcy friction factor for
this pipe is 0.02 and density of water is 1000 kg/m3, the pumping power
(in kW) required to maintain the flow is:
[GATE-2009]
(a) 1.8
(b) 17.4
(c) 20.5
(d) 41.0
GATE-6. Ans. (b)
hf =
=
=
fLV 2
2gD
8fLQ12
2gD5
8 0.02 1000 ( 0.07 )
2 9.81 ( 0.2 )
= 25.30
Power = gQ hf
= 1000 9.81 0.07 25.30 W
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
(a) The flow is parallel, has no inertia effects, the pressure gradient is of
constant value and the pressure force is balanced by the viscous force.
(b) The flow is parallel, the pressure gradient is proportional to the inertia force
and there is no viscous effect
(c) The flow is parallel, the pressure gradient is negligible and inertia force is
balanced by the viscous force.
(d) The flow is not parallel, the core region accelerates and the viscous drag is
far too less than the inertia force.
IES-1. Ans. (a) For fully developed flow through pipes, the flow is parallel, has no inertia
effect. The pressure gradient is of constant value and the pressure force is
balanced by the viscous force.
IES-2.
Assertion (A): For a fully developed viscous flow through a pipe the
velocity distribution across any section is parabolic in shape.
Reason (R): The shear stress distribution from the centre line of the
pipe upto the pipe surface increases linearly.
[IES-1996]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
u
if u is second order must be linear.
y
1 P 2
r2
1
R
4 x
R2
r2
u = U max 1 2 [Parabolic profile]
R
u=
1 P 2
R
4 x
This velocity distribution is derived from linear stress profile.
du P r
1 P
=
=
rdr = du
dr x 2
2 x
Where, U max =
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
1 P r 2
+ c = u (1)
2 x 2
Boundary conditions
At r = R, u = 0 [Fixed plate/pipe]
Integrating
1 P R 2
+c =0
2 x 2
1 P R 2
2 x 2
Putting constant c in equation (1)
c=
1 P r 2 1 P R 2
=u
+
2 x 2 2 x 2
1 P 2
1 P 2
r2
R 1 2
u=
u=
[ R r2 ]
4 x
4 x
R
Assertion (A): Nature of the fluid flow in a pipe does not depend
entirely on average velocity but it actually a function of the Reynolds
number.
[IES-1995, 2001]
Reason (R): Reynolds number depends not only on average velocity but
also on the diameter of the pipe and kinematic viscosity of the fluid.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-3. Ans. (a) Reynolds number decides the fluid flow is laminar or turbulent, i.e.
VD
Nature of fluid flow Re =
IES-4.
[IES-1992]
Darcy-Weisbach Formula
IES-5.
IES-6.
4 fLV 2
D 2g
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
The value of friction factor is misjudged by + 25% in using DarcyWeisbach equation. The resulting error in the discharge will be:
[IES-1999]
(a) + 25%
(b) 18.25%
(c) 12.5 %
(d) +12.5%
or h f =
4 fLV 2
2 gD
64 fLQ 2
1
Q Q
Or Q
or
=
2 5
Q
2 g D
f
WhereV =
Q
16Q 2
or V 2 = 2 4
A
D
f
1
1 =
1 = 10.55%
f
1.25
1
dQ
1 df
1
ln(Q) = ln( f ) Or
=
= 25 = 12.5%
2
2 f
2
Q
Note: This method is used only for small fluctuation and 25% is not small that
so why this result is not correct.
IES-9.
4 fLV 2
Q
16Q 2
64 fLQ 2
where V = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f =
or QD 5/2
D
2 gD
A
2 g 2 D 5
Q
or 1 2 = 1 (0.8) 2.5 = 42.75% (Reduction)
Q1
IES-10.
(a) P / A
(b) P2 / A
(c) A / P
(d)
A/P
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
4A
P
Which one of the following is the correct expression for the area of flow
for a circular channel? (Where = half the angle subtended by water
surface at the center and R = radius of the circular channel) [IES-2004]
sin 2
sin 2
(a) R 2 2
(b) R 2
2
2
(c) R 2 ( 2 sin 2 )
(d) 2R 2 ( sin 2 )
Assertion (A): In pipe flow, during sudden expansion, the loss of head is
(V1 V2 )
[IES-1992]
2g
Reason (R): In pipe flow, the loss of head during gradual expansion is
given by
fV 2
D2 g dL
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-18. Ans. (b)
IES-19.
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
IES-21.
Assertion (A): In the case of flow around pipe bends, there will be
redistribution of pressure and velocity from inside bend to the outside
bend.
[IES-1997]
Reason (R): Flow will be such that the streamline spacing will decrease
towards the inner bend resulting in decrease of pressure head and
increase of velocity head at the inner wall.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-21. Ans. (c) The velocity head at the inner wall will decrease and pressure head
increase.
IES-21. Ans.
(a)
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
V2 2 V12
= z1 z2 = h
2g 2g
(4V1 ) 2 V12
=h
2g
2g
15
V12
=h
2g
If energy grade and hydraulic grade lines are drawn for flow through
an inclined pipeline the following 4 quantities can be directly observed:
1. Static head
2. Friction head
[IES-1996]
3. Datum head
4. Velocity head
Starting from the arbitrary datum line, the above types of heads will:
(a) 3, 2, 1, 4
(b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) 3, 4, 1, 2
(d) 3, 1, 4, 2
IES-24. Ans. (d) Starting from the arbitrary datum line, the heads in sequence be in the
sequence will be 3-datum head, 1-static head 4-velocity head, and 2- friction
head.
IES-25.
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
Total head at point A (HA) = Total head at point B (HB) + Loss of head between
A and B (HL)
If flow is from point B to point A then
Total head at point B (HB) = Total head at point A (HA) + Loss of head between
B and A (HL)
IES-27.
0.5
f = 0.024
D 2g
0.12
hf =
4 fLV 2
Q
16Q 2
64 fLQ 2
WhereV = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f =
Or QD 5/2
2 5
2 gD
A
2 g D
D
Q1 15
=
Q2 10
IES-30.
5/2
= 2.756
4 fLV 2
Q
16Q 2
64 fLQ 2
WhereV = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f =
A
D
2 gD
2 g 2 D 5
F
Flow
Thr
rough Piipes
S K Mo
ondalss
hf 1
hf 2
IE
ES-31.
Chap
pter 11
5
L D
= 1 / 1 = 32 / 32
3 =1
L2 D2
Th
he equiva
alent leng
gth of
ste
epped pipe
eline shown
n in the
be
bellow
figu
ure,
can
exp
pressed in
n terms of the
dia
ameter 'D' as:
(a) 5.25 L
(b) 9.5 L
1
1
L
(d) 33 L
8
32
Le
L
L
4L
1
+
= 333 L
IE
ES-31. Ans. (d) 5 = 5 +
5
5
8
D
D ( D / 2) (2 D)
(c) 33
[IIES-1998]
IE
ES-32.
Th
hree identical pipes of length I, diamete
er d and fr
riction fac
ctor f are
con
nnected in
n parallel between
b
tw
wo reservo
oirs. what iis the size of a pipe
of length I and
a
of the
e same fric
ction facto
or f equivalent to th
he above
pip
pe?
[IIES-2009]
(a) 1.55d
(b)) 1.4d
(c)) 3d
(d
d) 1.732d
2
Q
fL
2
3 = fLQ
IE
ES-32. Ans. (a)
5
12d 5
12deq
1
1
= 5
5
deq
9d
1
deq = ( 9 ) 5 d = 1.55d
IE
ES-33.
A pipe
p
flow system wiith flow
dir
rection is
s shown in the
bellow figure
e. The following
tab
ble gives the
t
velocitties and
the
e corresponding area
as:
Pip
pe No.
Area (cm
m2)
Ve
elocity (cm//s)
1
50
10
2
50
V2
3
80
5
4
70
5
Th
he value of V2 is:
(a) 2.5 cm/s
( 5.0 cm/s
(b)
(c)) 7.5 cm/s
IE
ES-33. Ans. (b) Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4
50 10 + 50 V2 = 80 5 + 70 5;
V2 = 5 cm
m/sec
[IIES-1998]
S K Mondals
IES-34.
Chapter 11
[IES-1999]
IES-34. Ans. (a) V =
IES-35.
Q 6000
=
=150cm / s = 1.5m / s
A
40
The
velocities
and
corresponding flow areas of
the branches labeled 1 , 2 , 3 ,
4
and 5 for a pipe system
shown in the given figure are
given in the following table:
Pipe Label 1
Velocity
Area
5 cm/s
4 sq cm
2
6 cm/s
5 sq cm
3
V3 cm/s
2 sq cm
4
4 cm/s
10 sq cm
5
V5 cm/s
8 sq cm
The velocity V5 would be:
[IES-2000]
(a) 2.5 cm/s
(b) 5 cm/s
(c) 7.5 cm/s
(d) 10 cm/s
IES-35. Ans. (a) Q1 + Q5 = Q4
or 5 4 + V5 8 = 4 10
or V5 = 2.5 cm/s
1
IES-36.
L1
L
L
= 5 + 5 or L1 = 2L
5
D
D D
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
4 fLV 2
2 gD
Q
where V =
A
16Q 2
or V 2 = 2 4
D
64 fLQ 2 64 fL2 (2Q) 2
=
or h f =
2 g 2 D 5
2 g 2 D 5
L
L
2L
L2 =
1 =
=8
4
L2 L / 4
hf =
If H is the total head at inlet and h1 is the head lost due to friction,
efficiency of power transmission, through a straight pipe is given by:
[IES-1995]
(a) (H h1)/H
(b) H/(H+h1)
(c) (H - h1)/(H+h1)
(d) H/(H h1)
H h1
H
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
1/4
D5
d =
2 fL
1/4
0.205
=
2 0.025 500
1/4
D5
friction factor d =
8 fL
Which phenomenon will occur when the value at the discharge end of a
pipe connected to a reservoir is suddenly closed?
[IES-2005]
(a) Cavitation
(b) Erosion
(c) Hammering
(d) Surging
IES-43. Ans. (c)
S K Mondals
(a)
L
2
Chapter 11
(b)
L
2
(c)
2L
(d)
L
4
1
4 fLV 2
for same diameter Velocity, V will be (V/2) P Will be
4
2g D
times.
IAS-2.
4 fLV 2
2 gD
where V =
or H 2 =
IAS-3.
16Q 2
Q
or V 2 = 2 4
A
D
or H =
64 fLQ 2
2 g 2 D 5
H
64 fL(2Q) 2 22
= 5 H=
2
5
2 g (2 D)
2
8
v
2 0
(a) f =
(b) f =
0
v 2
(c) f =
2 0
v 2
(d) f =
2 v 2
p1 p2 V1 V2
+
g
2g 2g
or 0.6
Also V1 A1 = V2 A2
(0.1) 2 = V2
(0.05) 2
or
Energy loss =
[IAS-1995]
S K Mondals
IAS-5.
Chapter 11
A laminar flow is taking place in a pipe. Match List-I (Term) with ListII (Expression) and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the Lists:
[IAS-2002]
List-I
List-II
A. Discharge, Q
1.
B. Pressure drop,
d 2 p
128L
32V
3.
D2
d 4 p
4.
128L
P
L
2.
C. Friction factor, f
Codes:
(a)
(c)
A
2
4
B
3
1
C
4
3
(b)
(d)
A
4
1
Coefficient of friction=
IAS-6.
16
VD
B
3
4
C
1
2
64
and
Re
16
so C would be co-efficient of friction.
Re
hf =
4 fLV 2
D 2g
2
V
V
VR
= S or l =
DR Ds VS
Dl
=
Ds
20
= 2
10
Ql AlVl Dl Vl Dl
Dl
=
= 2 = 2
= 4 2
Qs AsVs Ds Vs Ds
Ds
or, we may directly use QD 5/2
hf =
IAS-7.
4 fLV 2
Q
16Q 2
64 fLQ 2
WhereV = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f =
Or QD 5/2
A
D
2 gD
2 g 2 D 5
ab
( a + b)
4A
2ab
=
IAS-7. Ans. (c) Hydraulic diameter =
P 2(a + b)
Ac
Note: Hydraulic mean depth =
P
4 Ac
Hydraulic equivalent diameter =
P
(a)
ab
2( a + b )
(b)
(c)
2ab
( a + b)
(d)
a+b
2ab
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
Assertion (A): Head loss for sudden expansion is more than the head
loss for a sudden contraction for the same diameter ratio.
[IAS-2003]
Reason (R): Head loss varies as the square of the upstream and
downstream velocities in the pipe fitted with sudden expansion or
sudden contraction.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-8. Ans. (c)
IAS-9.
Assertion (A): Energy grade line lies above the hydraulic grade line and
is always parallel to it.
[IAS-2003]
Reason (R): The vertical difference between energy grade line and
hydraulic grade line is equal to the velocity head.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-9. Ans. (a)
IAS-10.
hf 1
hf 2
4 fLV 2
Q
16Q 2
64 fLQ 2
1
WhereV = or V 2 = 2 4 or h f =
Or h f 5
2 5
A
D
D
2 gD
2 g D
2
D
5
= 2 = ( 2 ) = 32
D
1
Equivalent Pipe
IAS-11.
[IAS-2007]
L
L
L
L
= 15 + 25 + 35 + .........
5
D
D1 D2
D3
Flo
ow Throu
ugh Pipe
es
S K Mon
ndals
Chapte
er 11
D. 200
0
4. 15
1
5. 20
2
Codess:
A
B
C
D
(a))
5
1
2
3
(b)
(c))
1
5
3
4
(d)
IAS-1
12. Ans. (b)) Volume flo
ow rate = A.V = 2000 cm
m3/sec
A1V1 = A2V2 = A3V3 = AAVA = 2
2000
IAS-1
13.
A
1
3
B
5
2
C
2
5
D
3
1
A bra
anched pip
peline carr
ries water as
shown
n in the given figure. The cro
osssectio
onal areas of the pipelines ha
ave
also been
b
indicated in the figure. The
T
correc
ct sequen
nce of the
e decreasiing
order
r of the magnitude
m
of dischar
rge
for th
he four stattions is:
(a) 2, 3,
3 1, 4
(b) 3,
3 2, 1, 4
(c) 3, 2,
2 4, 1
(d) 2, 3, 4,1
[IAS
S-1996]
IAS-1
13. Ans. (d) Dont con
nfuse with section
s
1 an
nd section 4 both has area
a
=2A as
a it is
vertica
ally up so diischarge willl be less.
IAS-1
14.
Pipe 1
branche
es to three
e pipes as shown
s
in the given figure.
f
The
e areas
and correspond
ding velocitties are as given in the followin
ng table.
Pip
pe
Velocity
(cm
m per secon
nd)
A
Area
(ssq cm)
1.
50
20
2.
3.
4.
V2
30
20
10
15
10
The value
v
of V2 in cm per second will be:
(a) 15
(b) 20
(cc) 30
(d)) 35
IAS-1
14. Ans. (d)) Q1 = Q2 + Q3 + Q4
50 20
0 = V2 10 + 30 15 + 20 10; or
o 1000 = 10
0V2 + 450 + 200
2
10V2 = 1000 650
0 = 350 and V2 = 35 cm//sec.
S-1995]
[IAS
Pow
wer Tra
ansmiss
sion thrrough Pipes
P
IAS-1
15.
For maximum
m
transmissiion of pow
wer through a pipe line with
h total
head H, the hea
ad lost due to friction
n hf is given
n by: [IAS
S-2007; IES
S-2001]
(a) 0.1 H
(b) H//3
(c) H//2
(d) 2H/3
IAS-1
15. Ans. (b))
IAS-1
16.
IAS-1
16. Ans. (c) hf =
H hf
H
2
=
1100 = 1000 = 66.66%
H
3
3
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
IAS-17.
S K Mondals
Chapter 11
S K Mondals
12.
Chapter 12
2.
3.
Co-efficient of contraction, Cc =
4.
Co-efficient of velocity, Cv =
5.
Co-efficient of Discharge, Cd =
6.
Cd = Cc Cv
7.
(V1 )th
2
V 2 V 1 V12 V12 1
=
1 = 1
=
2 1
2g
2 g Cv 2 g 2 g 2 g Cv
2
Cd b 2 g H 23/ 2 H13/2
3
8.
9.
10.
11.
(a)
(b)
2 A( H1 H 2 )
Cd .a. 2 g
Question:
S K Mondals
Chapter 12
Answer:
aI VI
...(i)
aC
We know that co-efficient of contraction of an internet mouthpiece is 0.5
a
VC = 2 VI ... ( ii )
CC = C = 0.5
From equation(i);
aI
The jet of liquid after passing through C-C suddenly enlarges at section I-I.
Therefore, there will be loss of head due to sudden en/assent
2
2
( V VI ) = ( 2VI VI ) = VI2
h2 = C
2g
2g
2g
n
Applying Bernoullis eq to free water surface in tank and section I-I and
assuming datum line passing through the centre line of mouth piece
V2
0 + 0 + H = 0 + 1 + 0 + h2
2g
n
2
V
V
or H = I + I
2g 2g
V2
VI = gH
...(iii)
or H = I
2g
or
VC =
gH
V1
1
=
=
Vth,1
2gH
2
As the area of the jet at outlet is equal to the area of the mouthpiece, hence
co-efficient of contraction = 1.0
1
1
=
=0.707
Cd = CC C V =1
2
2
Co-efficient of velocity, C V =
Discharge,
...(iv)
S K Mondals
Chapter 12
P = g H
And force acting on the mouthpiece = P A = g H A
Mass of liquid flowing per second = aC VC
Momentum of flowing fluid/see = mass x velocity = a C VC VC = a C VC2
Since the water is initially at rest, therefore initial momentum = 0
Change of momentum = aC VC2
aC
a
VC2
2g
a = aC VC2
1
= 0.5
2
Co-efficient of contraction CC =
aC
=0.5
a
Since there is no loss of head, co-efficient of velocity, CV =1.0
Co-efficient of discharge Cd =C V CC =10.5 =0.5
QFI - QFe
QFe
0.707 - 0.5
=0.414 around 41.1% more water than that when it
0.5
runs free.
S K Mondals
Chapter 12
Code:
(a)
(c)
IES-2. Ans. (b)
A
1
2
B
2
1
C
3
3
D
4
4
IES-3.
4. 0.855 a 2gH
(b)
(d)
A
3
2
B
4
3
C
1
1
D
2
4
S K Mondals
Q = Cd
A1A 2
A12 A 22
Chapter 12
2g (h hL )
A fluid jet is discharging from a 100 mm nozzle and the vena contracta
formed has a diameter of 90 mm. If the coefficient of velocity is 0.95,
then the coefficient discharge for the nozzle is:
[IAS-1994]
(a) 0.855
(b) 0.81
(c) 0.9025
(d) 0.7695
2
(90)
A
= 0.81 , Cv = 0.95 Cd = Cc Cd = 0.81 0.95 = 0.7695
IAS-1. Ans. (d) Cc = v = 4
A
(100)2
4
(a)
5
2
(b)
1
2
(c ) 2
(d )
1
2
[IAS-1996]
IAS-2. Ans. (a) It is to be noted that the side of the reservoir having rectangular opening
into air (as denoted by two triangles) should have a average theoretical velocity
H + H2
of water given by, VA = 2 gH
where H = 1
2
Theoretical velocity of water from under a gate onto the floor (see the figure) is
given by
Velocity ratio,
VA
=
VB
H1 + H 2
2H1
S K Mondals
Chapter 12
S K Mondals
13.
Chapter 13
Answer:
h
L
dh
M
H
/2
= 2 (H h) tan
dh [LN = (H h) tan ]
2
2
We know that theoretical velocity of water through the strip = 2gh
Total discharge, Q =
dQ = 2C
2g tan
H
2 (
0
H3 2 H5 2
H
= 2Cd
2
3
5
2
2
5 2
2
= 2Cd 2g tan H 2
2
3 5
5
8
=
Cd 2g tan H 2
2
15
2g tan
Q=kH
8
Cd 2g tan = cost (k)
2
15
h -h3 2 dh
S K Mondals
Chapter 13
Q 2 H
Pr oved.
S K Mondals
Chapter 13
2 g H2
2. 2 / 3 Cd. b
2 g H3/2
3. 2 / 3 Cd. b
2 g H5/2
4. 2 / 3 Cd. b
2 g H1/2
(d) 4 alone
IES-2.
(a) 32
(b) 16 2
(c) 16
i .e.
5
QH2
H
Q
2 = 2
Q1 H1
=4
(d) 8
5
2
H
2g tan
15
2
= 32
S K Mondals
Chapter 13
S K Mondals
14.
Chapter 14
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Magnus Effect
9.
Lift on an Airfoil
2.
Resultant force, F =
FD2 + FL2
3.
4.
A body whose surface coincides with the streamlines when placed in a flow
is called a streamlined body. If the surface of the body does not coincide
with the streamlines, the body in called bluff body.
5.
Stokes found out that for Re < 02 the total drag on a sphere is given by
FD = 3 DU ; and of the total drag
S K Mondals
Skin Friction drag =
Chapter 14
2
3 DU = 2 DU , and
3
1
3
Pressure drag = 3 DU = DU
6.
(i)
24
Re
(ii)
5.0
0.4
0.5
0.2
24
3
1 +
Re 16 Re
7.
8.
The velocity of ideal fluid at any point on the surface of the cylinder is given
by u = 2U sin
Where
9.
The peripheral velocity on the surface of the cylinder due to circulation (uc)
is given by:
uc=
2 R
where
10.
u = ue + uc = 2U sin +
11.
2 R
sin = -
4 RU
p=po+
2
1
U 2 1 2sin +
2
2 UR
Where po = the pressure in the uniform flow at some distance ahead of cylinder.
S K Mondals
Chapter 14
13.
14.
The expression for lift co-efficient for a rotating cylinder in a uniform flow
is given by
CL =
UR
CL = 2
15.
uc
U
= cU sin
The critical Mach number is defined as free stream Mach number at which Sonic flow
(M = 1) is first achieved on the airfoil surface.
18.
19.
(i)
U 2
C
A
The weight of aeroplane (W) = the lift force L
2
(ii)
S K Mondals
Chapter 14
S K Mondals
Chapter 14
S K Mondals
Chapter 14
The drag force exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in the fluid is due
to:
[IES-2002]
(a) Pressure and viscous forces
(b) Pressure and gravity forces
(c) Pressure and surface tension forces
(d) Viscous and gravity forces
IES-2. Ans. (a) Total drag on a body = pressure drag + friction drag
IES-3.
The drag force exerted by a fluid on a body immersed in the fluid is due
to:
[IES-2002]
(a) Pressure and viscous forces
(b) Pressure and gravity forces
(c) Pressure and surface tension forces
(d) Viscous and gravity forces.
IES-3. Ans. (a)
IES-4.
V 2
2
A V Or PV 3
V
P2 V2
5 50
= or P2 = ( FD1 V1 ) 2 = 2 40 = 43.4 kW
P1 V1
18 40
V1
IES-6.
S K Mondals
Chapter 14
V2
C
100
= 3 D1 = 3
= 1.10
75
V1
CD 2
IES-9.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists:
[IES-2009]
List-I
List-II
A. Singing of telephone wires
1. Vortex flow
B. Velocity profile in a pipe is initially 2. Drag
3. Vortex shedding
parabolic and then flattens
C. Formation of cyclones
4. Turbulence
D. Shape of rotameter tube
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
1
4
2
(b)
2
1
4
3
(c)
3
4
1
2
(d)
2
4
1
3
IES-10. Ans. (c)
S K Mondals
Chapter 14
orV =
IES-12.
V 2
2
A = mg
2mg
2 90 9.81
=
= 78.3 m / s
0.75 1.28 0.3
CD A
The parameters for ideal fluid flow around a rotating circular cylinder
can be obtained by superposition of some elementary flows. Which one
of the following sets would describe the flow around a rotating circular
cylinder?
[IES-1997]
(a) Doublet, vortex and uniform flow (b) Source, vortex and uniform flow
(c) Sink, vortex and uniform flow
(d) Vortex and uniform flow
IES-13. Ans. (a)
IES-14.
S K Mondals
Chapter 14
IES-15.
A cylindrical object is
rotated with constant
angular velocity about
its symmetry axis in a
uniform flow field of an
ideal fluid producing
streamlines as shown in
the figure given above.
At which point(s), is the
pressure on the cylinder
surface maximum?
(a) Only at point 3
(c) At points 1 and 3
IES-16. Ans. (d)
[IES-2007]
IES-17.
( ) = 4VR = 4 4
0.400
= 10.05 m2 / s
2
FL
= 40.2kN / m
L
1
Av 2
2
Flow Ar
round Submerge
ed Bodie
es-Drag & Lift
S K Mon
ndals
Chapte
er 14
IES-1
18. Ans. (c)) A is the stagnation
s
point
and O is the origin.
q
25
x =
= 0.32 m
=
2 v 2 5
x = 0.32
0
m and y = 0
Exp
pressio
on for Lift Co-e
efficient for Ro
otating Cylind
der
IES-1
19.
Which
h one of th
he following sets off standard flows is superimpo
s
sed to
[IES
represent the flow around
d a rotating cylinder
r?
S-2000]
(a) Dou
ublet, vorteex and unifoorm flow (b
b) Source, v
vortex and uniform
u
flow
w
(c) Sin
nk, vortex an
nd uniform flow
(d
d) Vortex an
nd uniform flow
IES-1
19. Ans. (a))
IES-2
20.
How could
c
'Mag
gnus effectt' be simula
ated as a combinatio
on?
[IES
S-2009]
(a) Un
niform flow and
a doublett
(b) Un
niform flow, irrotationall vortex and
d doublet
(c) Uniform flow and
a vortex
(d) Un
niform flow and
a line sou
urce
IES-2
20. Ans. (b
b) Magnus Effect: Floow about a rotating ccylinder is equivalent to the
combin
nation of flow
f
past a cylinder and a vorttex. As succh in addittion to
superiimposed un
niform flow and a doub
blet, a vorttex is throw
wn at the doublet
d
centree which willl simulate a rotating cy
ylinder in u
uniform streeam. The prressure
distrib
bution will result in a force, a component off which willl culminatee in lift
force. The phenoomenon of g
generation of lift by a rotating object
o
placeed in a
stream
m is known as
a Magnus effect
IES-2
21.
Lift on an Airfoil
IES-2
22.
S K Mondals
(a) 3 and 4
IES-22. Ans. (d)
Chapter 14
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 4
(d) 1 and 3
IES-23.
S K Mondals
Chapter 14
Magnus Effect
IAS-5.
S K Mondals
Chapter 14
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
15.
Chapter 15
Compressible Flow
Compressible Flow
2.
3.
Sonic Velocity
4.
Mach Number
5.
6.
Stagnation Properties
7.
Area-Velocity Relationship and Effect of Variation of Area for Subsonic, Sonic and Supersonic Flows
8.
9.
P
, P must be absolute pressure.
g
C p Cv = R
and R =
R h
s
=
=T
= a + kT
1 T p
T p
R
u
s
=
=T
= b + kT
1 T v
T v
Runiv
M
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
3.
Chapter 15
Adiabatic index ( ) =
Cp
Cv
, if
T then
2
n
For steam
dp
=
d
= RT
4.
5.
Mach number, M =
6.
Velocity of fluid V
inertia force
= =
Velocity of sound C
elastic force
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
sin =
Ct C 1
= =
Vt V M
In such a case (M > 1), the effect of the disturbance is felt only in region inside the
Mach cone, this region is called zone of action. The region outside the Mach cone is
called zone of silence. It has been observed that when an aeroplane is moving with
supersonic speed, its noise is heard only after the plane has already passed over us.
7.
Stagnation Properties
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
The isentropic stagnation state is defined as the state a fluid in motion would reach if
it were brought to rest isentropically in a steady flow, adiabatic, zero work output
devices.
ho = h +
V2
2
V2
2
2
T
R
V
or o = 1 +
where C p =
T
1
2C pT
C pTo = C pT +
To
V 2 ( 1)
= 1+
2 RT
T
T
( 1) 2
or o = 1 +
M
2
T
or
po To
=
p T
/( 1)
( 1) 2
M
= 1+
2
/( 1)
1/( 1)
o ( 1) 2
= 1+
M
2
po = p +
8.
V 2
2
or
dA dV
=
M 2 1
A
V
dA
dp
=
1 M 2
A V 2
dM dV 1 2
=
1+
M
M
V
2
2
dA
( M 1) dM
=
A 1 2 M
M
1 +
2
dA = 0 or A = constant. So M = 1 occurs only at the throat and nowhere else, and this
happens only when the discharge is the maximum.
If the convergent divergent duct acts as a nozzle, in the divergent part also, the
pressure will fall continuously to yield a continuous rise in velocity. The velocity of
the gas is subsonic before the throat, becomes sonic at the throat, and then becomes
supersonic till its exit in isentropic flow, provided the exhaust pressure is low enough.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
2 p1 p2
Exit Velocity (V2 ) =
1
( 1) 1 p1
p 2 1
10. Critical value of pressure ratio, 2 =
p1 + 1
*
[VVIMP]
1.4
p 2 1.4 1
= 0. 528
For air, =1.4 and 2 =
p1 1.4 + 1
1.3
p 2 1.31
= 0.546
For superheated steam =1.3 and 2 =
p1 1.3 + 1
*
1.135
p
2
1.135 1
= 0.577
For dry saturated steam =1.135 and 2 =
p1 1.135 + 1
11.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
12.
Shock occurs only when the flow is supersonic, and after the shock the flow
becomes subsonic, when the rest of the diverging portion acts as a diffuser.
[VIMP]
The stagnation temperature remains the same across the normal shock and
hence all over the flow.
ratio,
13.
po 2 o 2
=
po1 o1
2
Mach number relation , M 2 =
( 1) M12 + 2
2 M12 ( 1)
[IMP]
Shock strength
The strength of shock is defined as the ratio of pressure rise across the shock to the
upstream pressure.
Strength of shock =
14.
Chapter 15
p2 p1
2
=
( M 12 1)
+1
p1
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
15.
Chapter 15
Where A1=A2
V12
V2
= h2 + 2
2
2
Fanno line
G2
2 2
The line resenting the locus of points with the same mass velocity and stagnation
enthalpy is called a Fanno line. The end states of the normal shock must lie on the
Fanno line. Adiabatic flow in a constant area duct with friction, in a one dimensional
model, has both constant G and constant ho and hence must follow a Fanno line.
Reyleigh line
F
G2
= p+
A
The line resenting the locus of points with the same impulse pressure and mass
velocity is called a Rayleigh line. The end states of the normal shock must lie on the
Rayleigh line.
The Rayleigh line is a model for flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer, but
without friction.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
State 1: Pb = P0, there is no flow, and
pressure is constant.
State 2: Pb < P0, pressure along nozzle
decreases. Also Pb > P* (critical).
State 3: Pb = P*, flow at exit is sonic
(M = 1), creating maximum flow rate
called chocked flow. For the above states,
nozzle exit pr is same as exhaust
chamber pressure.
State 4: Pb < P*, there is no change in
flow or pressure distribution
in
comparison to state 3.
Here nozzle exit pressure Pe does not
decrease even when Pb is further reduced
below critical. This change or pressure
from Pe to Pb takes place outside the
nozzle exit through a expansion wave.
State 5: Pb = 0, same as state 4.
20.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
location of normal shock. Fluid
decelerates and is subsonic at
outlet. As Pb is decreased, shock
approaches nozzle exit.
4. PE > Pb > 0
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
List-I
(A) Steam nozzle
(B) Compressible flow
(C) Surface tension
(D) Heat conduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
List-II
Mach number
Reaction Turbine
Biot Number
Nusselt Number
Supersaturation
Weber Number
[GATE-1997]
Sonic Velocity
GATE-4. For a compressible fluid, sonic velocity is:
[GATE-2000]
(a) A property of the fluid
(b) Always given by ( RT)1/2 where , R and T are respectively the ratio of
specific heats, gas constant and temperature in K
(c) Always given by ( p / p ) s1/ 2 . Where p, and s are respectively pressure,
density and entropy.
(d) Always greater than the velocity of fluid at any location.
GATE-4. Ans. (a) ( RT)1/2 only when the process is adiabatic and (RT)1/2 when the process
is isothermal.
GATE-5. What is the speed of sound in Neon gas at a temperature of 500K (Gas
constant of Neon is 0.4210 kJ/kg-K)?
[GATE-2002]
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
(a) 492 m/s
GATE-5. Ans. (c)
= 1+
Chapter 15
(b) 460 m/s
2
for monoatomic gas N = 3, = 1 + 2 / 3 = 1.6
N
800 1000
m / s = 222.22m / s
3600
V 222.22
=
= 0.67
C
331.2
Stagnation Properties
GATE-7. In adiabatic flow with friction, the stagnation temperature along a
streamline.................. (increases/decreases/remains constant)
[GATE-1995]
GATE-7. Ans. Remains constant.
GATE-8. Subsonic and supersonic diffusers have the following geometry
(a) Divergent and convergent respectively
[GATE-1992]
(b) Both divergent
(c) Both convergent
(d) Convergent and divergent respectively
GATE-8. Ans. (a)
GATE-9. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow velocity on the nozzle axis is
given by v = u0(1 + 3x/L), where x is the distance along the axis of the
nozzle from its inlet plane and L is the length of the nozzle. The time
required for a fluid particle on the axis to travel from the inlet to the
exit plane of the nozzle is:
[GATE-2007]
L
L
L
L
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
In 4
4u0
2.5u0
u0
3u0
L
dx
or T = dt =
V
0
dx
3x
uo 1 +
L
L
ln 4
3uo
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
(a) 4 m/s
(b) 40 m/s
(c) 80 m/s
GATE-11. Ans. (b) V = 2000 h m / s = 2000 0.8 m / s = 40 m / s
(b) 330 2 m / s
(c) 330 / 2m / s
(d) 330
327
m/s
300
T
327
m/s
300
Mach Number
IES-5.
If a bullet is fired in standard air at 15C at the Mach angle of 30, the
velocity of the bullet would be:
[IES-2000]
(a) 513.5 m/s
(b) 585.5 m / s
(c) 645.5 m / s
(d) 680.5 m / s
Ct C 1
= =
Vt V M
Co
ompressiible Flow
w
S K Mon
ndals
Chapte
er 15
RT
T = 1.4 287 (273 + 15
5) = 340m / s
C
340
0
V =
=
= 680 m / s
sin sin 30
3
Wheree C =
IES-6
6.
IES-6
6. Ans. (c)
To
( 1) 2
=1+
M
2
T
or,,
400
(1.4 1) 2
=1+
M or M =
200
2
5 = 2.236
IES-7
7.
An ae
ero plane travels
t
at 4
400 km/hr at sea lev
vel where the
t
temper
rature
is 15C. The vellocity of th
he aero pla
ane at the same Mac
ch number
r at an
altitude where a temperatture of 25
5C prevaiiling, would be: [IES
S-2000]
(a) 126
6.78 km/hr (b) 130.6 km/hr
(cc) 371.2 km/hr
(d)) 400.10 km
m/hr
IES-7
7. Ans. (c) For
F same Mach
M
numberr
V1 V2
C
(273 25))
T
=
V2 = V1 2 = V1 2 = 400
= 371.2 km
m / hr
C1 C2
(273 + 15))
C1
T1
IES-8
8.
An aircraft is flying
f
at a speed of 800 km/h at an altittude, where the
atmos
spheric tem
mperature
e is -20oC.W
What is the
e approxim
mate value of the
Mach number of
o the aircr
raft?
[IES
S-2004]
(a) 0.6
653
(b) 0.697
(cc) 0.240
(d)) 0.231
IES-8
8. Ans. (b) Sonic
S
velocity (a) corressponding to temperaturre 20C orr 253 K
or,
T
RT
R
a = s ta
andard velocitty
To
C =
253
253
m / s = 331
273
273
5
velocityy of aircraft ( V ) = 800
m / s = 222.2
2m/s
8
18
v
222.2
Thereffore Mach Num
mber (M) = =
= 0.697
c
253
3
331
3
273
or a = 331
3
IES-9
9.
A su
upersonic aircraftt is
ascen
nding at an angle of 30
to th
he horizon
ntal. When
n an
observer at the
e ground h
hears
its sound, the aircraft
a
is seen
at an
n elevation
n of 60 to
o the
horizo
ontal. The
e flight M
Mach
numb
ber of the aircraft
a
is Z
Zone
of sile
ence
(a) 2/ 3
(c) 1/2
(b) 3 /2
(d) 2
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
[IES-1995]
1
IES-9. Ans. (a) = sin 1
Ma
Ma =
2
3
(a) M = sin 1
(b) = cos1
(c) = tan 1 M 2 1
(d) = cosec 1
M
IES-10. Ans. (b) To confuse student this type of question is given.
1
1
See, sin =
or = sin 1
But it is not given.
M
M
IES-10.
[IES-1999]
M 2 1
1
=
cos2 = 1 sin 2 = 1
M2
M
M 2 1
M 2 1
or cos =
or = cos1
M
M
IES-11.
The Mach number for nitrogen flowing at 195 m/s when the pressure
and temperature in the undisturbed flow are 690 kN/m abs and 93C
respectively will be:
[IES-1992]
(a) 0.25
(b) 0.50
(c) 0.66
(d) 0.75
IES-11. Ans. (b) c = KRT = 1.4 (297) (273 + 93) = 390 m/s
195
M=
= 0.5
390
ps = p +
V 2
2
Therefore V =
where, =
2( ps p)
m pM
35 28
=
=
= 0.5 kg / m3
V
RT 8.314 (273 38)
IES-13.
mrV
1 1 = mr2V2
IES-14.
or rV
1 1 = r2V2
While measuring the velocity of air ( = 1.2 kg/m3), the difference in the
stagnation and static pressures of a Pitot-static tube was found to be
380 Pa. The velocity at that location in m/s is:
[IES-2002]
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
(a) 24.03
(b) 4.02
(c) 17.8
(d) 25.17
2 1
1.
+1
2
2.
+1
T*
A.
T0
B.
*
0
C.
p*
p0
3. 1
S*
D.
S0
Codes:
(a)
(c)
A
2
2
B
1
1
C
4
3
D
3
4
2 1
4.
+1
A
B
(b)
1
2
(d)
1
2
C
3
4
D
4
3
* 2 1
(b)
0
+1
T*
2
IES-16. Ans. (a) (a)
T0
+1
2 1
p*
(c)
p0
+1
(d)
S*
1
S0
IES-17.
Compressible Fllow
S K Mo
ondalss
Chap
pter 15
IE
ES-19.
Area-Vel
A
locity Relatio
R
nship a
and Efffect of Variation of
Area
A
forr Subso
onic, So
onic and Supe
ersonic Flows
IE
ES-20.
A compresssible fluid
d flows
thr
rough a passage
p
as shown
in the abov
ve diagram
m. The
vellocity of the fluid at the
poiint A is 400
0 m/s.
Wh
hich one of the folllowing iss correct? At the point
p
B, the
t
fluid
exp
periences
[IIES-2004]
(a) An increase in velocity
y and decrea
ase in presssure
(b) A decreasee in velocity and increasse in pressu
ure
(c) A decreasee in velocity and pressure
(d) An increase in velocity
y and pressu
ure.
IE
ES-20. Ans. (a) Velocity
y at A is verry high we m
may say it is supersoniic so above diagram
d
is
a divergent
d
no
ozzle.
IE
ES-21.
Wh
hich of th
he followin
ng diagram
ms correcttly depictt the beha
aviour of
com
mpressible
e fluid flow
w in the giv
ven geometries?
[IIES-1993]
Sellect the correct answ
wer using tthe codes given
g
below
w:
Codes:
(a) 1 and 4
ES-21. Ans. (c)
IE
IE
ES-22.
( 2 and 4
(b)
(c)) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 3
Ma
atch List-I (Names) with
w
List-III (Figures) given belo
ow the lists:
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IES-22. Ans. (b)
[IES-2001]
A
3
3
B
4
5
C
2
2
D
5
4
(b)
(d)
A
1
1
B
5
4
C
3
3
D
4
5
IES-23.
The Mach number at inlet of gas turbine diffuser is 0.3. The shape of
the diffuser would be:
[IES-1992]
(a) Converging
(b) Diverging
(c) Stagnation enthalpy
(d) Stagnation pressure
IES-23. Ans. (b)
IES-24.
IES-24. Ans. (b) For down stream flow, M2 < M1 and P2 > P1 for diverging section and
subsonic flow conditions.
IES-25.
Compressible Fllow
S K Mo
ondalss
Chap
pter 15
IE
ES-27.
It is
i recomm
mended tha
at the diffu
user angle should be
e kept less than 18
bec
cause
[IIES-2006]
(a) Pressure decreases in flow directiion and flow
w separation
n may occurr
(b) Pressure decreases in flow directiion and flow
w may becom
me turbulen
nt
(c) Pressure in
ncreases in flow direction and flow
w separation
n may occur
(d) Pressure in
ncreases in flow direction and flow
w may becom
me turbulent
IE
ES-27. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-28.
If the
t
cross-ssection of a nozzle iss increasin
ng in the d
direction of
o flow in
sup
personic fllow, then in the down
nstream direction
[IIES-2005]
(a) Both pressu
ure and veloocity will in
ncrease
(b) Both pressu
ure and veloocity will deecrease
(c) Pressure wiill increase but velocity
y will decrea
ase
(d) Pressure will
w decreasee but velocity will increase
IE
ES-28. Ans. (d)
In a subsonic
c diffuser
(a) Static presssure increases with Ma
ach numberr
(b) Mach number decreasses with incrreasing area
a ratio
(c) Static presssure decrea
ases with Mach numberr
(d) Area ratio decreases in
n the flow d
direction
IE
ES-29. Ans. (a)
IE
ES-29.
[IIES-2007]
IE
ES-30.
Wh
hich one off the follow
wing is the correct sttatement?
[IIES-2005]
To get supersonic velocity of stea
am at nozz
zle exit witth a large pressure
dro
op across it,
i the ductt must:
(a) Converge from
f
inlet too exit
(b) Diverge froom inlet to exit
e
(c) First conveerge to the throat
t
and tthen divergee till exit
(d) Remain con
nstant in crross-section
IE
ES-30. Ans. (c)
IE
ES-31.
Wa
ater flow through
a pipeline having
fou
ur
d
different
at
4
dia
ameters
sta
ations is sh
hown in
the
e given figu
ure. The
cor
rrect sequ
uence of
sta
ation num
mbers in
the
e decreasin
ng order
is:
of pressures
p
[IIES-1996]
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
(a) 3, 1, 4, 2
(b) 1, 3, 2, 4
(c) 1, 3, 4, 2
(d) 3, 1, 2, 4
IES-32. Ans. (d) It must be remembered that velocity and pressure head behave in
reverse fashion. Thus velocity will be maximum for least area and pressure will
be minimum. Pressure is least where velocity is highest and at larger crosssection for constant discharge, velocity lowers.
P2
for maximum discharge through a
P1
2
(a)
n +1
2
(b)
n +1
n 1
2
(c)
n 1
n 1
n +1
2
(d)
n 1
What is the critical pressure ratio for isentropic nozzle flow with ratio
of specific heats as 1.5?
[IES-2004]
(a) (0.8)3
(b) (0.8)0.6
(c) (1.25)0.33
(d) (1.25)3
n
2 n 1
IES-34. Ans. (a) Just use
n +1
IES-35.
1.135
2
2 n1
0.135
IES-35. Ans. (b) Critical pressure ratio =
=
= 0.577
n + 1
1.135 + 1
IES-36.
The critical pressure ratios for the flow of dry saturated and
superheated steam through a nozzle are respectively.
[IES-1994]
(a) 0.5279 and 0.528
(b) 0.577 and 0.550
(c) 0.577 and 0.546
(d) 0.5279 and 0.546
IES-36. Ans. (c) Critical pressure ratio for dry saturated and superheated steam through
a nozzle are 0.577 and 0.546.
IES-37.
1.3
p2 2 n 1
p2 2 1.31
or p2 = 5.46 bar
=
=
or
p1 n + 1
10 1.3 + 1
IES-38.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
2
1
2
2
V
V
=
2g 2g
or
[IES-2001]
(c) 2
(d) 1.5
V2
32
=
+1 = 8 +1 = 3
2
V1
V1 / 2 g
IES-40.
Steam pressures at the inlet and exit of a nozzle are 16 bar and 52 bar
respectively and discharge is 028 m3/s. Critical pressure ratio is 0.5475.
If the exit pressure is reduced to 32 bar then what will be the flow rate
in m3/s?
[IES-2009]
(a) 0.280
(b) 0.328
(c) 0.356
(d) 0.455
IES-42. Ans. (a) Flow Ratio remains constant for chocked condition. Therefore flow rate
will remain same even when there is decrease in the pressure to 3.2 bar.
Flow rate in m3 / sec = 0.280 m3 / sec
IES-43.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
IES-44.
Consider the following statements in relation to a convergentdivergent steam nozzle operating under choked conditions: [IES-2002]
1. In the convergent portion steam velocity is less than sonic velocity
2. In the convergent portion steam velocity is greater than sonic
velocity
3. In the divergent portion the steam velocity is less them sonic
velocity
4. In the divergent portion the steam velocity is greater than sonic
velocity
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 1 and 4
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 2 and 4
IES-44. Ans. (b)
IES-45.
Assertion (A): For pressure ratio greater than the critical pressure
ratio, a convergent-divergent nozzle is required.
[IES-1996]
Reason (R): Divergent portion increases the flow area which increases
the mass flow rate.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-46. Ans. (c) A is correct but R is wrong.
IES-47.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
(c) Subsonic
IES-48. Ans. (c)
Chapter 15
(d) Not predictable with the available data
IES-49.
[IES-1998; 2006]
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
IES-55.
Chapter 15
( 1) M 12 + 2
(1.4 1) 1.682 + 2
= 0.417
=
2 M 12 ( 1)
2 1.4 1.682 (1.4 1)
or M 2 = 0.417 = 0.646
IES-56.
A normal shock:
(a) Causes a disruption and reversal of flow pattern
(b) May occur only in a diverging passage
(c) Is more severe than an oblique shock
(d) Moves with a velocity equal to the sonic velocity
IES-58. Ans. (b)
[IES-2002]
IES-59.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
State 1: Pb = P0, there is no flow, and
pressure is constant.
State 2: Pb < P*, pressure along
nozzle decreases. Also Pb > P*
(critical).
State 3: Pb = P*, flow at exit is sonic
(M = 1), creating maximum flow rate
called choked flow. For the above
states, nozzle exit pr is same as
exhaust chamber pressure.
State 4: Pb < P*, there is no change
in flow or pressure distribution in
comparison to state 3.
Here, nozzle exit pressure Pe does not
decrease even when Pb is further
reduced below critical. This change of
pressure from Pe to Pb takes place
outside the nozzle exit through a
expansion wave.
State 5: Pb = 0, same as state 4.
IES-61.
[IES-2000]
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
IES-62. Ans. (a) At the throat, sonic conditions not exits for subsonic flow when it is
venture.
IES-63.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
In a perfect gas having ratio of specific heats as 1.4 what is the strength
of a normal shock with upstream Mach number equal to 5.0? [IES-2004]
(a) 27
(b) 28
(c) 29
(d) 24
2
2 1.4
M2 1 =
52 1 = 28
+ 1 1
1.4 + 1
IES-69.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
IES-72.
Chapter 15
2
p
inlet pressure is given by the relation B =
p1 + 1
/ ( 1)
[IES-1996]
If the back pressure is lower than PB given by the above equation, then
(a) The flow in the nozzle is supersonic.
(b) A shock wave exists inside the nozzle.
(c) The gases expand outside the nozzle and a shock wave appears outside the
nozzle.
(d) A shock wave appears at the nozzle exit.
IES-72. Ans. (c)
IES-73.
At which location of a converging - diverging nozzle, does the shockboundary layer interaction take place?
[IES-1995]
(a) Converging portion (b) Throat
(c) Inlet
(d) Diverging portion
IES-73. Ans. (d) Shock-boundary layer interaction takes place in diverging portion of
nozzle.
IES-74.
Fanno Line
IES-77.
Assertion (A): In the case of Fanno line flow, in the subsonic region
friction causes irreversible acceleration.
[IES-1997]
Reason (R): In the case of Fanno line, flow, decrease in entropy is not
possible either for supersonic or subsonic flows.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-77. Ans. (c)
IES-78.
During subsonic, adiabatic flow of gases in pipes with friction, the flow
properties go through particular mode of changes. Match List-I (Flow
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
[IES-1994]
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
IES-81.Ans. (c)
Which one of the following statements is correct about the Fanno flow?
(a) For an initially subsonic flow, the effect of friction is to decrease the Mach
number towards unity
[IES-2007]
(b) For an initially supersonic flow, the effect of friction is to increase the Mach
number towards unity
(c) At the point of maximum entropy, the Mach number is unity
(d) Stagnation pressure always increases along the Fanno line
IES-82. Ans. (c)
IES-83.
Rayleigh Line
IES-85.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
IES-86.
(a)
1
k
(b)
(c) 1/k
(d) k
Steam Nozzle
IES-89.
Co
ompressiible Flow
w
S K Mon
ndals
Chapte
er 15
2. Flo
ow rate through the nozzle is maximum
m
3. Ve
elocity at th
he throat iis super so
onic
4. Ve
elocity at th
he throat iis sonic
Selectt the corre
ect answer using the codes give
en below:
Codess:
(a) 1 alone
a
(b) 1 and
a 3
(c) 2 and
a 4
IES-9
90. Ans. (c)
(d) 4 alone
IES-9
91.
In a steam
s
nozz
zle, inlet pressure
p
o superheated steam
of
m is 10 bar. The
exit pressure
p
is decreased
d from 3 ba
ar to 1 bar.. The disch
harge rate will:
[IES
S-1999]
(a) Remain consta
ant
(b) Decrease
(c) Increa
ase slightly
(d) Inccrease or decrease
d
deepending on
n whether the nozzle is converg
gent or
con
nvergent-div
vergent.
IES-9
91. Ans. (a)) Since exitt pressure iis less than that corressponding too critical pressure,
discha
arge rate remains unchanged with
w
furtherr decrease in exit pressure.
Statem
ment at (d) is
i also not correct.
c
IES-9
92.
The to
otal and sttatic presssures at the
e inlet of a steam nozzle are 18
86 kPa
and 178 kPa res
spectively. If the tota
al pressure
e at the exiit is 180 kP
Pa and
static
c pressure is 100 kPa
a, then the
e loss of en
nergy per unit
u
mass in the
nozzle
e will be:
S-1997]
[IES
(a) 78 kPa
(b) 8 kPa
k
(c) 6 kPa
k
(d) 2 kPa
IES-9
92. Ans. (c)) Loss = Tootal pressurre of inlet Total presssure at exit = 186 180
1
= 6
kPa.
IES-9
93.
Under
r ideal con
nditions, tthe velocitty of steam
m at the ou
utlet of a nozzle
n
for a heat
h
drop of 400 kJ/k
kg will be approxima
a
ately.
[IES
S-1998]
(a) 120
00 m/s
(b
b) 900 m/s
(c) 600
0 m/s
(d
d) The samee as the son
nic velocity
IES-9
93. Ans. (b)) V = 2en
nthalpy drop(in J/kg) = 240010000 = 900 m/ss
IES-9
94.
IES-9
94.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
(a) 100 m
(b) 10 m
(c)
10 m
(d)
1
10
The following lists refer to fluid machinery. Match List-I with List-II
and select the correct answer.
[IES-1994]
List-I
List-II
1. Impulse turbine
A. Draft tube
B. Surging
2. Reciprocating pump
3. Reaction turbine
C. Air vessel
D. Nozzle
4. Centrifugal pump
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
4
3
2
1
(b)
3
4
2
1
(c)
3
4
1
2
(d)
4
3
1
2
IES-96. Ans. (b) The correct matching is Draft tube-reaction turbine, surging-centrifugal
pump, air vessel-reciprocating pump, and nozzle - impulse turbine.
IES-97.
[IES-2006]
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
RT
M
[IAS-2002]
RT
M
IAS-3.
Steam enters a diffuser at Mach number 2.5 and exit at Mach number
1.8. The shape of the diffuser is:
[IAS-2000]
(a) Divergent
(b) Convergent
(c) Convergent divergent
(d) Divergent convergent
IAS-4. Ans. (b) Supersonic diffuser = subsonic nozzle.
IAS-5.
Match List-I (Variable area devices) with List-II (Name of device) and
select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:[IAS-1995]
List-I
List-II
1. Supersonic nozzle
A. Pr increases
2. Supersonic diffuser
B. Pr increases
3. Rayleigh flow device
C Pr decreases
4. Subsonic nozzle
D. Pr decreases
5. Subsonic diffuser
A
B
C
D
Codes:
A
B
C
D
(a)
5
1
4
2
(b)
5
4
3
1
(c)
2
4
1
3
(d)
5
2
4
1
IAS-6. Ans. (d)
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
P2
for maximum discharge through a
P1
2
(a)
n +1
2
(b)
n +1
n 1
2
(c)
n 1
n 1
n +1
2
(d)
n 1
IAS-11.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
IAS-12.
Chapter 15
[IAS-2003]
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
[IAS-1998]
or
IAS-21.
or
Ae oVo
=
= 2.45 0.8
Ao eVe
de
= 1.96 = 1.4 or d e = 1.4 d o = 70 mm
d0
If the enthalpies at the entry and exit of a nozzle are 3450 kJ/kg and
2800 kJ/kg and the initial velocity is negligible, then the velocity at the
exit is:
[IAS-2002]
(a) 806.2 m/s
(b) 25.5 m/s
(c) 36 m/s
(d) 1140.2 m/s
2
2
IAS-22. Ans. (d) V = 2000(h1 h2 ) = 130 100 As 11 < 130 < 12 Therefore answer must
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
IAS-24.
Supersaturated Flow
IAS-29.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
IAS-30.
Assertion (A): The actual discharge from the nozzle is slightly greater
than the theoretical value.
[IAS-2007]
Reason (R): The converging part of the nozzle is so short and steam
velocity is so high that the molecules do not have sufficient time to
collect and form droplets. Hence normal condensation does not take
place.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-31. Ans. (a) This condition is called supersaturated flow through nozzle.
IAS-32.
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Codes:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
IAS-34. Ans. (a)
Chapter 15
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 3
Compressible Flow
S K Mondals
Chapter 15
S K Mondals
16.
Chapter 16
2.
3.
4.
5.
An open channel may be defined as a passage in which liquid flows with its
upper surface exposed to atmosphere.
2.
3.
4.
If Froude number (Fr) is less than 1.0, the flow is sub-critical or streaming.
If Fr is equal to 1.0, the flow is critical. If Fr is greater than 1.0, the flow is
super-critical or shooting.
5.
V = C mi
A (area)
P (wetted permeter)
(i)
C=
157.6
Bazin ' s formula
K
1.81 +
m
S K Mondals
Chapter 16
0.00155 1
+
S
N
C=
---- Kutters formula
0.00155 N
1 + 23 +
m
23 +
(ii)
The most economical section (also called the best section or most efficient
section) is one which gives the maximum discharge for a given amount of
excavation.
8.
y
2
(ii)
R=
(b)
(i)
Trapezoidal section
Half top width = sloping side
b + 2ny
= y n2 + 1
2
or
(ii)
m=
y
2
(iii) A semi-circle drawn from the mid-point of the top width with radius equal to
depth of flow will touch the three sides of the channel. Best side slope for most
economical trapezoidal section is
= 60 or n =
(c)
(i)
Triangular section
Each sloping side makes an angle of 45 with the vertical.
(ii)
Hydraulic radius, m =
(d)
(i)
Circular section.
Condition for maximum discharge:
Depth of flow, y = 0.95 diameter of circular channel
Hydraulic radius, R = 0.29 times channel diameter
Condition for maximum velocity:
Depth of flow, y = 0.81 diameter of circular channel,
Hydraulic radius, R = 0.305 diameter
(ii)
9.
1
1
=
3 tan
y
2 2
sin 2
sin 2
r 2
2
hydraulic mean depth =
2r
Wetted perimeter, P = 2r
Where r = radius of circular channel,
= half the angle subtended by the water surface at the centre.
10.
S K Mondals
11.
Total energy = z + y +
12.
V2
2g
E=y+
13.
Chapter 16
V2
2g
The flow at which specific energy is minimum is called critical depth, which
is given by
1/3
q2
Q
yc = , where q = discharge per unit width. q= m2 / s
b
g
14.
Vc = g yc
15.
Fmin =
3
yc = critical depth
2
The condition for maximum discharge for given value of specific energy is
that the depth of flow should be critical.
18.
Hydraulic jump: In an open channel when rapidly flowing stream abruptly changes
to slowly flowing stream, a distinct rise or jump in the elevation of liquid surface
takes place, this phenomenon is known as hydraulic jump. The hydraulic jump is also
known as standing wave.
y1
+
2
y12 2q 2
+
4 2 gy1
y1
+
2
y12 2V12 y1
+
g
4
y1
( 1 + 8Fr12 1)
2
S K Mondals
Chapter 16
(y y )
= 2 1
4 y1 y2
Gradually varied flow (G.V.F.) is one in which the depth changes gradually
over a long distance. Equation of gradually varied flow is given by
S S
du
= b 2e
dx V
1
gy
S S
= b 2e
1 Fr
Where
du
= Slope of free water surface,
dx
Sb = Slope of the channel bed,
Se = Slope of the energy line, and
V = Velocity of flow.
20.
Afflux is the increase in water level due to some obstruction across the
flowing liquid; the curved surface of the liquid with its concavity upwards,
is known as back water curve.
where E1 = y1 +
E2 E1
Sb Se
V12
V22
=
+
E
y
and
Flow Th
hrough Open
O
Ch
hannel
S K Mon
ndals
Chapte
er 16
OBJECT
TIVE QUEST
TIONS (GAT
TE, IE
ES, IA
AS)
P
Previou
us Yea
ars GA
ATE Qu
uestion
ns
Lam
minar Flow and Turbu
ulent Flow
Statement fo
or linked answer Q
Question
n: 1 to 2:
[GATE
E-2007]
Consider
a
steady
incom
mpressible
e flow thr
rough a
channel as show
wn below:
The velocity profile
p
is uniform
with a value of
o u0 at the
t
inlet
sectio
on A. The velocity profile
p
at
sectio
on B down
nstream is:
y
0 y
Vm
Vm
u=
y H
Hy
Vm
H y H
GATE
E-1. The ratio Vm/u0 is:
1
(a)
1 2( / H )
(b) 1
(cc)
1
1 ( / H )
(d))
1
1 + ( / H )
GATE
E-1. Ans. (c
c) Continuitty equation gives, uo b H = Vm b ( H 2 ) +
or
1
b 2
2
Vm
H
1
=
=
u0 H 1 / H
pA pB
(where
e pA and pB are the pressures
p
a section A and
at
1
u02
2
B, resspectively, and is the
e density off the fluid)) is:
1
1
1
1
(a)
(b
b)
2
(1 ( / H ))
[1 ( / H )]2
1
1
1
1
(c)
(d
d)
1 + (2 / H )
(1 (2 / H ))2
GATE
E-2. Ans. (a
a)
GATE
E-2. The ratio
r
Previo
ous Ye
ears IE
ES Que
estions
s
IES-1
1.
Chezy
y's formulla is given
n by (m, i, C and V are, respectively, the
hydra
aulic mean
n depth, sslope of tthe chann
nel, Chezy''s constan
nt and
avera
age velocity
y of flow)
[IES
S-1993]
S K Mondals
(a) V = i mC
Chapter 16
(b) V = C im
(c) V = m iC
(d) V = miC
Q2 3
2Q 2 3
Q2 5
2Q 2 5
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
g
g
g
g
IES-3. Ans. (a) Note: Here Q = discharge per unit width (m2/s) and not m3/s.
IES-4.
Q 12
= = 3.0 m2 / s
b 4
q2
Critical depth, yc =
1/3
32
=
9.81
= 0.972 m
[IES-2005]
IES-6.
S K Mondals
(a)
a+b
ab
Chapter 16
(b)
2ab
a+b
(c)
2a
a b
(d)
A
ab
=
P 2 (a + b)
2b
a+b
d2
d
=
4d 4
ab
2ab
=
2 (a + b) (a + b)
(i)
(ii)
Hydraulic radius, m =
b + 2ny
= y n2 + 1
2
y
2
(iii) A semi-circle drawn from the mid-point of the top width with radius equal
to depth of flow will touch the three side of the channel. Best side slope for
most economical trapezoidal section is
= 60 or n =
1
3
1
tan
IES-8.
A
trapezoridal
open
channel has the crosssection as shown in the
given figure. In order to
have maximum hydraulic
efficiency, the hydraulic
radius, R and the length of
the side, L should be.
(a)
d
2
and
d respectively
4
3
[IES-1994]
(b)
d
2
d respectively
and
4
3
S K Mondals
(c)
Chapter 16
d
2
and
d respectively
2
3
(d)
d
2
d respectively
and
2
3
IES-9. Ans. (c) For trapezoidal open channel, for maximum hydraulic efficiency, the
y1 = 1 m
y2 1
= 1 + 1 + 8 F 2
y1
2
y2 = 4.94 m
IES-11.
The correct sequence of the flow conditions in the direction of flow is:
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4
(b) 1, 4, 2, 3
(c) 2, 1, 4, 3
(d) 4, 2, 3, 1
IES-13. Ans. (b)
S K Mondals
Chapter 16
IES-14.
List-II
1. y = 0.938 D
2. y = 0.81 D
C. Triangular Channel
3.
yc =
4
E,
5
D. Rectangular Channel
4.
yc =
2
E,
3
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IES-15. Ans. (d)
A
4
2
B
3
3
C
2
1
D
1
4
(b)
(d)
[IES-2003]
(d) 1 and 4
[IES-1992]
A
3
1
B
4
4
Vc2 yc
=
2g 4
Vc2 yc
=
2g 2
C
1
2
D
2
3
gy1 y2
( y2 + y1 )
= 0.8854;
2
S K Mondals
17.
Chapter 17
A fluid jet is a stream of fluid issuing from a nozzle with a high velocity and
hence a high kinetic energy.
2.
= aV 2 sin 2
= aV (1 + cos )
... for a curved plate and jet strikes at one of the tips of the jet.
= 2 aV cos
Where, V = velocity of the jet,
= angle between the jet and the plate for inclined plate, and
= angle made by the jet with the direction of motion for curved plates
2
3.
The force exerted by a jet of water on a moving plate in the direction of the
motion of the plate (Fx):
Fx = a (V u ) 2
... for a moving vertical plate,
= a (V u ) 2 sin 2
= a (V u ) (1 + cos )
4.
When a jet of water strikes a curved moving vane at one of its tips and
comes curved out at the other tip, the force exerted and work done is given
by (from inlet and outlet velocity triangles):
Force exerted, Fx = aVr1 (Vw1 Vw 2 )
1
(Vw1 + Vw 2 ) u
g
1
(Vw1 + Vw 2 ) u
g
S K Mondals
Chapter 17
2(Vw1u1 Vw 2u2 )
V12
Efficiency of propulsion, =
2Vu
(V + u ) 2
d
= 0, i.e. u = V
du
max = 50 % (neglecting loss of head due to friction etc. in the intake and ejecting
pipes)
Case II.
When the inlet orifices face the direction of motion of the ship
Efficiency of propulsion, =
2u
V + 2u
S K Mondals
Chapter 17
[IES-2006]
(c) Data given is insufficient to calculate velocities of the two outgoing jets
(d) The jets move at equal velocity which is equal to the original velocity
IES-1. Ans. (d)
S K Mondals
IES-3.
Chapter 17
A
symmetrical
stationary
vane experiences a force 'F' of
100 N as shown in the given
figure, when the mass flow
rate of water over the vane is
5 kg/s with a velocity 'V' 20
m/s without friction. The
angle '' of the vane is:
(a) Zero
(b) 30
(c) 45
(d) 60o
[IES-2001]
(c) W / V 2
(d) W / u2
[IAS-1996]
S K Mondals
Chapter 17
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
18.
Chapter 18
Hydraulic Turbine
Introduction
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Reaction Turbine
8.
9.
Propeller Turbine
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
vii.
Due to its great ease of taking up and throwing off the load, the hydropower can
be used as the ideal spinning reserve in a system mix of thermal, hydro and
nuclear power stations.
viii. Modern hydro-generators give high efficiency over a considerable range of load.
This helps in improving the system efficiency.
ix. Hydro-plants provide ancillary benefits like irrigation, flood control,
afforestation, navigation and aqua-culture.
x.
Being simple in design and operation, the hydro-plants do not require highly
skilled workers. Manpower requirement is also low.
2.
3.
Selection of site for a Hydro Project: The following factors should be considered
while selecting the site for hydroelectric power plant.
i.
Availability of water
ii.
Water storage capacity
iii. Available water head
iv. Accessibility of the site
v.
Distance from the load centre
vi. Type of land of site
i.
Availability of water: The design and capacity of the hydro-plant greatly
depends on the amount of water available at the site. The run-off data along
with precipitation at the proposed site with maximum and minimum quantity of
water available in a year should be made available to
(a) decide the capacity of the plant,
(b) set up the peak load plant such as steam, diesel or gas turbine plant,
(c) provide adequate spillways or gate relief during flood period.
ii. Water storage capacity: Since there is a wide variation in rainfall all round
the year, it is always necessary to store the water for continuous generation of
power. The storage capacity can be estimated with the help of mass curve.
iii. Available water head: In order to generate the desired quantity of power it is
necessary that a large quantity of water at a sufficient head should be available.
An increase in effective head, for a given output, reduces the quantity of water
required to be supplied to the turbines.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
iv.
V.
vi.
Chapter 18
Accessibility of the site: The site should be easily accessible by rail and road.
An inaccessible terrain will jeopardize the movement of men and material.
Distance from the load centre: If the site is close to the load centre, the cost
of transmission lines and the transmission losses will be reduced.
Type of the land of the site: The land of the site should be cheap and rocky.
The darn constructed at the site should have large catchment area to store
water at high head. The foundation rocks of the masonry dam should be strong
enough to withstand the stresses in the structure and the thrust of water when
the reservoir is full.
4.
A hydraulic turbine is a prime mover that uses the energy of flowing water
and converts it into the mechanical energy (in the form of rotation of the
runner).
5.
The Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine and is used
for high head.
6.
(ii)
The work done per second per unit weight of water striking =
1
(Vw1 + Vw 2 ) u
g
2(Vw1 Vw 2 )u
V12
power developed by the runner
h =
power sup plied at the inlet of turbine
1 + cos
V
h is maximum when u = 1 , and (h )max =
2
2
shaft power
bucket power
Volume of water actually striking the runner
(v) Volumetric efficiency, v =
total water sup plied by the jet to the turbine
shaft power
P
(vi) Overall efficiency, o =
=
water power gQH
(iv) Mechanical efficiency, m =
Hydraullic Turbine
S K Mo
ondalss
7.
Chap
pter 18
Turgo turbine:
t
Turgo turbine and
d generato
or:
mpulse wateer
The Turrgo turbinee is an im
turbine designed for med
dium head
d
applicatiions. Opera
ational Turgo Turbinees
achieve efficiencies of abou
ut 87%. In
n
factory and lab tests Turg
go Turbinees
perform with efficieencies of up to 90%.
Developeed in 19
919 by Giles
G
as a
modifica
ation of the Pelton
P
wheeel, the Turg
go
has som
me advanta
ages over Francis
F
and
Pelton designs for certain appliications.
he runner iss less expen
nsive to ma
ake than a Pelton wheeel. Second, it doesn't
First, th
need an airtight hou
using like the
t Francis.. Third, it has
h higher specific spee
ed and can
handle a greater flow
f
than the
t
same diameter
d
Pe
elton wheell, leading to reduced
generatoor and insta
allation cost.
Turgos operate
o
in a head rang
ge where th
he Francis and
a
Pelton overlap. Wh
hile many
large Tu
urgo installa
ations exist, they are a
also popularr for small h
hydro wherre low cost
is very im
mportant.
Like all turbines with
w
nozzless, blockage by debris must be prrevented forr effective
operation
n.
8.
Design aspects:
(i)
V1
Or Cv =
2 gH
Vellocity of jet, V1 = Cv 2 gH
g
(Cv: 098 or 09
99)
(ii)
Vellocity of whe
eel, u= (u1 = u2 ) = = K u 2 gH
u
O
Or K u =
2 gH
D
= 15
5 + 05 m
2d
D
; D and d beeing the pitcch diameters of Pelton wheel
w
and
d
D
thee jet diametter respectiv
vely.
lies between 11
1 to 16 forr maximum hydraulic
d
Wh
here m (jet ratio)
r
=
effiiciency; norm
mally jet ra
atio is adopted as 12 in practice.
(iii). In a reaction turbine the runner
r
utiliizes both pootential and kinetic ene
ergies.
9.
1
Vw1u1
g
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
(ii)
Flow ratio, K f =
Chapter 18
Vf 1
2 gH
u1
2 gH
; Ku ranges from 06 to 09
(iv) The ratio of width (B1) to the diameter of the wheel (Dl), n =
(v)
B1
; n varies from
D1
0.10 to 0.45
Discharge, Q = K t1 D1 B1V f 1 = K t 2 D2 B2V f 2
Where Kt is known as vane thickness factor/co-efficient; its value is usually of
the order of 095 or so (always less than unity)
(b)
( Do2 Db2 ) V f
4
u
(iii) Speed ratio, K u =
; Ku ranges from 1.40 to 20
2 gH
Discharge, Q =
Where,
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
10.
11.
12.
V22 V32
hf
2g
net gain in pressure head
=
d =
V22
Velocity head at entrance of draft tube
2g
Where
V22 V32
V22
d
or h f =
2g
2g
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
13.
Chapter 18
N P
H 5/4
Unit quantities are the quantities which are obtained when the head on the
turbine is unity. They are given as
Unit speed,
Nu =
N
H
Q
H
P
Pu = 3/ 2
H
Unit discharge, Qu =
Unit power,
15.
16.
Cavitation: The formation, growth and collapse of vapour filled cavities or a bubble
in a flowing liquid due to local fall in fluid pressure is called cavitation. The critical
value of cavitation factor (c) is given by
c =
(H a Hv H s )
H
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
17.
A 'surge tank' is a small reservoir or tank in which the water level rises or
falls to reduce the pressure swings so that they are not transmitted in full to
a closed circuit.
The purpose of a surge tank in high head hydroelectric plants is to prevent water
hammer due to sudden load changes.
18.
N=
120 f
p
19.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
20.
For any plant the number of turbine should not be less than two so that at
least one unit is always available for service in the case of a unit
breakdown.
21.
Unit quantities: N u =
22.
N
;
H
Qu =
Q
;
H
H
= const.
N 2 D2
Pu =
P
H 3/2
Q
= const.
ND3
P
= const.
N D5
3
and specificspeed
23.
[VIMP]
Kaplan
50
370
4.2
200
13 m
15.5 m
60.0
The final choice of turbine may be made concerning difference in total cost due to
submergence, difference in generator cost and evaluation of efficiency.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
(V + V )u
W
= w1 w 2
mg
g
[GATE-1997]
(b) A low axial flow turbine
(d) An impulse inward flow turbine
GATE-4. The specific speed of an impulse hydraulic turbine will be greater than
the specific speed of a reaction type hydraulic turbine.
[GATE-1995]
(a) True
(b) False
(c) Cant say
(d) None
GATE-4. Ans. (b) Specific speed of impulse hydraulic turbine 10 35 rpm
Specific speed of a reaction hydraulic turbine 300 1000 rpm
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
GATE-5. At a hydro electric power plant site, available head and flow rate are
24.5 m and 10.1 m3/s respectively. If the turbine to be installed is
required to run at 4.0 revolution per second (rps) with an overall
efficiency of 90%, then suitable type of turbine for this site is:
[GATE-2004]
(a) Francis
(b) Kaplan
(c) Pelton
(d) Propeller
GATE-5. Ans. (a) Given: H = 24.5 m, Q = 10.1 m3/s; N = 4 rev/s = 4 60 = 240 r.p.m.
0 = 0.90 Power generated = gQH 0.9
N P 240 2184.7
=
= 205.80;
H 5/ 4
(24.5)5 / 4
Francis.
GATE-6. In a hydroelectric station, water is available at the rate of 175 m3/s
under a head of 18 m. The turbines run at speed of 150 rpm with overall
efficiency of 82%. Find the number of turbines required if they have the
maximum specific speed of 460 . 2 (two)
[GATE-1996]
GATE-6. Ans. Total Power generated = gQH 0.9=1000 9.81 175 18 0.82 =
25313 kW
Again, Ns=
N P
150 P
25313
or P = 12927 kW ;So no of Turbine =
= 460 =
2
5/4
5/4
H
(18)
12927
[GATE-1993]
(d) 600 and 1000
Model Relationship
GATE-8. A large hydraulic turbine is to generate 300 kW at 1000 rpm under a
head of 40 m. For initial testing, a 1: 4 scale model of the turbine
operates under a head of 10 m. The power generated by the model (in
KW) will be:
[GATE-2006; 1992]
(a) 2.34
(b) 4.68
(c) 9.38
(d) 18.75
GATE-8. Ans. (a)
H
P
= const. and 3 5 = const. gives
N 2 D2
ND
H
or Pm = Pp m
H
p
3/2
Dm
Dp
P
P
= const. so, 3
= 3
2 2
H D2
H D m H 2 D2 p
P
3
2
3/2
2
10
1
=
300
40
4 = 2.34
Cavitation
GATE-9. Cavitation in a hydraulic turbine is most likely to occur at the turbine
[GATE-1993]
(a) Entry
(b) Exit
(c) Stator exit
(d) Rotor exit
GATE-9. Ans. (d)
GATE-10. Match List-I (Phenomena) with List-II (Causes) and select the correct
answer:
[GATE-1996]
List-I
List-II
A. Shock wave
1. Surface tension
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
B. Flow separation
C. Capillary rise
D. Cavitation
Codes:
A
B
(a)
3
1
(c)
3
4
GATE-10. Ans. (c)
Chapter 18
C
2
1
2. Vapour pressure
3. Compressibility
4. Adverse pressure gradient
A
B
C
D
(b)
4
2
1
3
(d)
4
1
2
3
D
4
2
head
Kinetic
head
Relative velocity
head
IES-3.
If H is the head available for a hydraulic turbine, the power, speed and
discharge, respectively are proportional to:
[IES-2002]
(a) H1/2, H1/2, H3/2
(b) H3/2, H1/2, H1/2
(c) H1/2, H3/2, H1/2
(d) H1/2, H1/2, H
IES-3. Ans. (b)
IES-4.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
IES-5. Ans. (b) n =
Chapter 18
120f 120 50
=
= 500rpm
P
12
IES-6.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists:
[IES-2009]
List-II
List-I
1. Specific speed from 300 to 1000 axial
A. Pelton turbine
flow with fixed runner vanes
B. Francis turbine
2. Specific speed from 10 to 50 Tangential
flow
C. Propeller turbine
3. Specific speed from 60 to 300 mixed flow
D. Kaplan turbine
4. Specific speed from 300 to 1000 axial
flow with adjustable runner vanes
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
2
1
3
4
(b)
4
1
3
2
(c)
2
3
1
4
(d)
4
3
1
2
IES-8. Ans. (c)
IES-9.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer
[IES-1996]
List-I
List-II
1. Medium discharge, low head
A. Pelton wheel (single jet)
B. Francis Turbine
2. High discharge, low head
3. Medium discharge, medium head
C. Kaplan Turbine
4. Low discharge, high head
Codes:
A
B
C
A
B
C
(a)
1
2
3
(b)
1
3
4
(c)
4
1
3
(d)
4
3
2
IES-9. Ans. (d) Pelton wheel:
i. Impulse turbine
ii. High head turbine (300 2000 m)
iii. Low specific discharge
iv. Axial flow turbine
v. Low specific speed turbine (4 70 rpm)
Francis turbine:
i. Reaction turbine
ii. Medium head turbine (30 500 m)
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IES-10. Ans. (d)
IES-11.
A
2
2
B
4
1
C
1
4
D
3
3
A
3
3
B
4
1
C
1
4
D
2
2
A
1
2
IES-12.
B
2
2
C
3
1
D
2
3
[IES-2002]
(d) 3 alone
IES-13.
Which of the following types of turbine is/are suitable for tidal power
plants?
[IES-2005]
1. Tubular turbine
2. Kaplan turbine
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
3. Bulb turbine
4. Francis turbine
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 4
(d) 4 only
IES-14. Ans. (b) See theory of bulb and tubular turbine in the theory section.
IES-15.
Assertion (A): For the same power, the rotor of an impulse turbine need
not be as large as that of a reaction turbine.
[IES-2004]
Reason (R): In the case of a reaction turbine, water has to be admitted
to the runner around its entire circumference.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
Dimpulse
DRe action
3
n
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
A Pelton wheel with single jet rotates at 600 rpm. The velocity of the jet
from the nozzle is 100m/s. If the ratio of the vane velocity to jet velocity
is 0.44, what is the diameter of the Pelton wheel?
[IES-2005]
(a) 0.7 m
(b) 1.4 m
(c) 2.1 m
(d) 2.8 m
DN
IES-23. Ans. (b) Vane velocity = 0.44 100 = 44m / s =
60
44 60
or D =
= 1.4m
22
600
IES-24.
(a)
1 + cos
2
(b)
1 cos
2
(c)
1 sin
2
(d)
1 + sin
2
(a)
1 cos
2
(b)
1 + cos
2
(c)
cos
2
(d)
1 + cos
4
What should be the ratio of blade speed of jet speed for the maximum
efficiency of a Pelton wheel?
[IES-2002, 2005]
(a)
1
4
(b)
1
2
(c)
3
4
(d) 1
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
o 0.70
=
= 0.8235
m 0.85
IES-28.
Power(kW)
QgH
1000309.8110
or Power(kW) =
= 0.92
= 2707 kW
QgH
1000
1000
1000
IES-30.
A Francis turbine working at 400 rpm has a unit speed of 50 rpm and
develops 500 kW of power. What is the effective head under which this
turbine operates?
[IES-2009]
(a) 62.5 m
(b) 64.0 m
(c) 40.0 m
(d) 100 m
IES-32. Ans. (b) Unit speed of the turbine is given by
N
400
= 50
= 50 = 64 m
H
H
Kaplan Turbine
IES-33.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
What is the range of the speed ratio for Kaplan turbine for its most
efficient operation?
[IES-2004]
(a) 0.10 to 0.30
(b) 0.43 to 065
(c) 085 to 120
(d) 1.40 to 200
u
; Ku ranges from 1.40 to 2.0.
IES-35. Ans. (d) Speed ration, K u =
2 gH
Draft Tube
IES-36.
The use of a draft tube in a reaction type water turbine helps to:
(a) Prevent air from entering
[IES-1996; 2002; 2007]
(b) Increase the flow rate
(c) Convert the kinetic energy to pressure energy
(d) Eliminate eddies in the downstream
IES-36. Ans. (c)
IES-37.
The level of runner exit is 5 m above the tail race, and atmospheric
pressure is 10.3 m. The pressure at the exit of the runner for a
divergent draft tube can be:
[IES-2001]
(a) 5 m
(b) 5.3 m
(c) 10 m
(d) 10.3 m
IES-37. Ans. (b)
IES-38.
Which of the following water turbines does not require a draft tube?
(a) Propeller turbine
(b) Pelton turbine
[IES-2006]
(c) Kaplan turbine
(d) Francis turbine
IES-38. Ans. (b)
IES-39.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
IES-39. Ans. (c) In a Pelton turbine, draft tube can't help to increase the available head
since the jet from nozzle gets exposed to atmospheric air.
IES-40.
Which one of the following forms of draft tube will NOT improve the
hydraulic efficiency of the turbine?
[IES-1998]
(a) Straight cylindrical
(b) Conical type
(c) Bell-mouthed
(d) Bent tube
IES-40. Ans. (a)
IES-41.
B. Volute tube
C. Draft tube
D. Axial flow pumps
Codes:
A
B
(a)
4
1
(c)
2
3
IES-42. Ans. (a)
[IES-1992]
List-II
1. Gradually converts the velocity head to pressure
head
2. Pressure head recovery
3. High value of N and Ns
4. Adjustable by governor according to load
C
D
A
B
C
D
2
3
(b)
1
3
2
4
4
1
(d)
2
3
1
4
IES-43.
The movable wicket gates of a reaction turbine are used to: [IES-1995]
(a) Control the flow of water passing through the turbine.
(b) Control the pressure under which the turbine is working.
(c) Strengthen the casing of the turbine
(d) Reduce the size of the turbine.
IES-43. Ans. (a) The movable wicket gates of a reaction turbine are used to control the
flow of water passing through the turbine.
IES-44.
Specific Speed
IES-45.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
N P
H54
(a) Ns =
N P
H 5/ 4
(b) Ns =
N P
H 3/ 4
N Q
H 5/ 4
(c) Ns =
(d) Ns =
N Q
H 3/ 4
N Q
N P
and
respectively
3/ 4
H
H 5/ 4
N Q
N P
(c)
and
respectively
5/ 4
H
H 5/ 4
(a)
Assertion (A): For higher specific speeds, radial f10vypumps have the
greatest efficiency.
[IES-2004]
Reason (R): Pumps having larger discharge udder smaller heads have
higher specific speeds.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
N Q
N P
and
respectively
3/ 4
H
H 3/ 4
N Q
N P
(d)
and
respectively
5/ 4
H
H 3/ 4
(b)
N Q
if Q : H and NS
H3/ 4
N Q
, X and Y stand respectively for
H 3/4
[IES-1993]
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
The speed N
Chapter 18
1
1
or P 2
N
P
N P
H5/4
the turbine. In shaft if number of jet increases then power will increase. Shaft
power (P) = n.p
Ns =
N np
H5/ 4
IES-51.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
Two Pelton wheels A and B have the same specific speed and are
working under the same head. Wheel A produces 400 kW at 1000 rpm. If
B produces 100 kW, then its rpm is:
[IES-2003]
(a) 4000
(b) 2000
(c) 1500
(d) 1250
N P
IES-54. Ans. (b) N s =
H 5/4
N A PA = N B PB
1000 400 = N B 100 N B = 2000 rpm
IES-54.
IES-55.
1.
N Q / H 3/ 4
2. N P / H 5/4
3. 50 250
4. 10 50
A
B
(b)
3
2
(d)
1
2
C
1
4
D
4
3
IES-56.
H
H
H
= const. or 2 2 = 2 2 or N m = N p
2 2
N D
N D m N D p
10 4
N m = 428 = 988 rpm
30 1
Hm
Hp
Dp
Dm
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
IES-59.
Chapter 18
H
= const. as d = const.
N 2 D2
2
or
H N 2
H2 N2
2000
=
=
=4
H1 N1
1000
or H 2 = 30 4 = 120 m
IES-60.
Runaway Speed
IES-61.
Assertion (A):
Runaway speed of a turbine is the speed under
maximum head at full gate opening when the load is disconnected
suddenly.
[IES-2007]
Reason (R): The various rotating components of the turbine are
designed to remain safe at the runaway speed.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-61. Ans. (b)
IES-62.
p p
V 2 / 2
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
[IES-1992]
List-II
1. Cavitation in pumps and turbines
2. r.L3r
3. Re 0.1
D. Stokes law
4.
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IES-67. Ans. (d)
A
1
1
B
2
3
C
4
4
D
3
2
(b)
(d)
p
V 2 / 2
A
4
2
B
3
4
C
1
1
D
2
3
IES-68.
Match List-I (Fluid properties) with List-II (Related terms) and select
the correct answer.
[IES-1996]
List-I
List-II
A. Capillarity
1. Cavitation
2. Density of water
B. Vapour pressure
C. Viscosity
3. Shear forces
4. Surface tension
D. Specific gravity
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
1
4
2
3
(b)
1
4
3
2
(c)
4
1
2
3
(d)
4
1
3
2
IES-68. Ans. (d) It may be noted that capillarity is related with surface tension, vapour
pressure with cavitation, viscosity with shear forces, and specific gravity with
density of water.
IES-70.
[IES-2008]
IES-71.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Performance Characteristics
IES-72.
For
a
water
turbine,
running at constant head
and speed, the operating
characteristic curves in
the given figure show that
upto a certain discharge 'q'
both output power and
efficiency remain zero. The
discharge 'q' is required to:
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
(a)
(b
(c)
(d
Assertion (A): In many cases, the peak load hydroelectric plants supply
power during average load as also during peak load, whenever require.
Reason (R): Hydroelectric plants can generate a very wide range of
electric power, and it is a simple exercise to restart power generation
and connecting to the power grid.
[IAS-1996]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-1. Ans. (a)
IAS-2.
Assertion (A): In many cases, the peak load hydroelectric plants supply
power during average load as also during peak load, whenever require.
Reason(R): Hydroelectric plants can generate a very wide range of
electric power, and it is a simple exercise to restart power generation
and connecting to the power grid.
[IAS-1996]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
Match List-I (Water turbines) with List-II (Application) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
[IAS-1999]
List-I
List-II
1. High head and low discharge
A. Pelton
B. Francis
2. High head and high discharge
C. Kaplan
3. Medium head and medium discharge
4. Low head and high discharge
Codes:
A
B
C
A
B
C
(a)
1
3
2
(b)
1
3
4
(c)
2
4
3
(d)
3
2
4
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
IAS-6.
(a)
1 + cos
2
(b)
1 cos
2
(c)
1 sin
2
(d)
1 + sin
2
[IAS-1997]
IAS-7. Ans. (c) What is a sediment forebay: A sediment forebay is a small pool located
near the inlet of a storm basin or other stormwater management facility. These
devices are designed as initial storage areas to trap and settle out sediment and
heavy pollutants before they reach the main basin. Installing an earth beam,
gabion wall, or other barrier near the inlet to cause stormwater to pool
temporarily can form the pool area. Sediment forebays act as a pretreatment
feature on a stormwater pond and can greatly reduce the overall pond
maintenance requirements.
Why consider a sediment forebay: These small, relatively simple devices add
a water quality benefit beyond what is accomplished by the basin itself.
Hydraullic Turbine
S K Mo
ondalss
Chap
pter 18
PL
LAN view o
of forebay
Profile
P
of fforebay
Design
D
Aspects
A
s of Pelton Wh
heel
IA
AS-8.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
IAS-8. Ans. (c) The non-dimensional specific speed of Pelton wheel at designed speed is
low.
Reaction Turbine
IAS-9.
V3
where
2 gH
[IAS-1997]
Propeller Turbine
IAS-11.
Which one of the following is not correct regarding both Kaplan and
propeller turbines?
[IAS-1998]
(a) The runner is axial
(b) The blades are wing type
(c) There are four to eight blades
(d) The blades can be adjusted
IAS-12. Ans. (d)
IAS-13.
Which one of the following is not correct regarding both Kaplan and
propeller turbines?
[IAS-1998]
(a) The runner is axial
(b) The blades are wing type
(c) There are four to eight blades
(d) The blades can be adjusted
IAS-13. Ans. (d)
IAS-14.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
IAS-16.
Assertion (A): A draft tube is used along with high head hydraulic
turbines to connect the water reservoir to the turbine inlet. [IAS-2002]
Reason(R): A draft tube is used to increase both the output and the
efficiency of the turbine.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IAS-16. Ans. (d) A is false. A penstock is used in hydraulic turbine to connect reservoir to
the turbine inlet.
IAS-17.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the Lists:
[IAS-2002]
List-I
List-II
1. Channel, tunnel or pipes through which water is
A. Head race
carried from reservoir to the turbine
B. Tail race
2. Reservoir water level
C. Penstock
3. Diverging tube discharging water from the
turbine to the atmosphere
D. Draft tube
4. The level at which water is discharged at
atmospheric pressure
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
1
3
2
4
(b)
2
4
1
3
(c)
1
4
2
3
(d)
2
3
1
4
IAS-18. Ans. (b)
IAS-19.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
(a) Ns =
N P
H 5/4
Chapter 18
(b) Ns =
N P
H 3/ 4
(c) Ns =
N Q
H 5/ 4
(d) Ns =
N Q
H 3/ 4
Match List-I (Turbines) with List-II (Specific speeds in MKS units) and
select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists
[IAS-2004]
List-I
List-II
1. 10 to 35
A. Kaplan turbine
B. Francis turbine
2. 35 to 60
C. Pelton wheel with single jet
3. 60 to 300
D. Pelton wheel with two or more jets
4. 300 to 1000
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
4
3
1
2
(b)
3
4
2
1
(c)
3
4
1
2
(d)
4
3
2
1
IAS-20. Ans. (a)
IAS-21.
The specific speed of a hydraulic turbine is 40. What is the type of that
turbine?
[IAS-2007]
(a) Single jet Pelton turbine
(b) Multiple Pelton turbine
(c) Francis turbine
(d) Kaplan turbine
IAS-22. Ans. (b) Specific speed of Pelton Turbine: Single Jet 1030
Multi Jet 3060
IAS-23.
[IAS-2001]
Surge Tanks
IAS-24.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
IAS-25.
Match List-I (Water turbines) with List-II (Application) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
[IAS-1999]
List-I
List-II
1. High head and low discharge
A. Pelton
2. High head and high discharge
B. Francis
C. Kaplan
3. Medium head and medium
4. Low head and high discharge
Codes:
A
B
C
A
B
C
(a)
1
3
2
(c)
2
4
3
(b)
1
3
4
(d)
3
2
4
IAS-28. Ans. (b) There is no any turbine for High head and high discharge.
IAS-29.
IAS-30.
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
Hydraulic Turbine
S K Mondals
Chapter 18
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
19.
Chapter 19
Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal Pump
2.
Classification of Pumps
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Heads of a Pump
8.
9.
Vw 2u2
, assuming flow at inlet to be
g
radial.
(b)
If the flow is not radial, the expression for work done may be written as:
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
1
(Vw 2u2 Vw1u1 )
g
Above equation is known as the Euler momentum equation for centrifugal pumps.
The term
(c)
1
(Vw 2u2 Vw1u1 ) is referred to as Euler head (He)
g
Work done per second per unit weight of liquid (or He)
=
2
2
V22 V12 u22 u12 Vr1 Vr2
+
+
2g
2g
2g
Suction head (hs): It is the vertical height of the centerline of pump shaft above the
liquid surface in the sump from which the liquid is being raised.
Delivery head (hd): It is the vertical height of the liquid surface in the
tank/reservoir to which the liquid is delivered above the centreline of the pump shaft.
The sum of suction head and delivery head is known as static head (Hstat.).
4.
Manometric head (Hmano): The head against which a centrifugal pump has to work
is known as manometric head. It is given as:
Vw 2u2
loss of head in the pump ( i.e.impeller and casing )
g
V2
V2
= H stat + loss in pipes + d = ( hs + hd ) + ( h fs + h fd ) + d
2g
2g
(i)
H mano =
(ii)
H mano
(iii) Hmano = Total head at outlet of the pump - total head at inlet of the pump
p2 V22
p V2
+
+ z2 1 + 1 + z1
g 2g
g 2g
=
5.
(i)
(ii)
Volumetric efficiency, v =
Where
g (Q + q)(Vw2u2 / g )
P
gQH mano
P
P Pmech.loss
P
or o = mano v m
N min =
7.
Q
Q+q
6.
gH mano
Vw 2u2
120 mano Vw 2 D2
( D22 D12 )
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
Ns =
9.
N Q
( H mano )
3/4
(i)
N Q
N Q
3/4
3/ 4
( H mano ) m ( H mano ) p
(ii)
H mano
DN
H mano
=
m DN
H
= 2 2
p D N
Q
Q
= 3
3
D N m D N p
P
P
(iv) 5 3 = 5 3
D N m D N p
(iii)
10.
The characteristics curves are used for predicting the behaviour and
performance of a pump when it is working under different heads, speeds
and rates of flow.
11.
The net positive suction head (NPSH) may be defined as "The difference
between the net inlet head and the head corresponding to the vapour
pressure of the liquid"
12.
Question:
Answer:
Derive the Eulers equation for rotating machines and explain the
[IES-2002]
physical significance of each term.
Fig. shows a portion of the impellers of a centrifugal pump with the one vane
and the velocity triangle at the inlet and the outlet tips of the vane.
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
D
Let, D1 = diameter of the impeller at inlet R1 = 1
2
Angular velocity ( ) =
rad / s
60
While passing through the impeller, the velocity of whirl change and
there is a change of moment of momentum.
1
V1 R1 per unit weight of liquid.
Moment of momentum at inlet =
g
1
Moment of momentum at outlet = V2 R2 per unit weight of liquid.
g
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
Vr22 = Vf22 + u2 V2
2
r2
or Vf22 = Vr22 u2 V2
V V = V u2 V2
2
2
or V V = V u 2 V + 2u2 V2
2
2
2
r2
1 2
V2 + u22 Vr2
2
2
Similarly from inlet triangle
1
u1V1 = V12 + u12 Vr2
1
2
u2 V2 =
2
2
V22 V12 u22 u12 Vr1 Vr2
+
+
He =
2g
2g
2g
Above equation indicates that work done on the liquid consists of three
terms.
V22 V12
(i) The first term
represent the increase in kinetic energy or
2g
dynamic head.
u2 u2
(ii) The second term 2 1 represents an increase in static pr.
2g
Vr2 Vr2
2
indicates the change in kinetic energy due to
(iii) The third term 1
2g
retardation of flow relative to the impeller.
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
List-I
High head, low flow rate
Low head, high flow rate
Heat transfer
Low drag
List-II
[GATE-1998]
(1) Streamlined body
(2) Boundary layer
(3) Orifice meter
(4) Centrifugal pump
(5) Axial flew pump
(6) Nusselt number
Heads of a Pump
Common Data Question No. 3 & 4.
A centrifugal pump has an efficiency of 80%. The specifications of the pump are:
Discharge = 70 m3/hr, head = 7 m, speed = 1450 rmp and diameter = 2000 mm. If
the speed of this pump is increased to 1750 rpm.
GATE-3. Discharge and head developed are given respectively:
(a) 84.48 n m3/Hr and 10.2 m
(b) 48.8 m3/Hr and 20 m
3
(c) 48.8 m /Hr and 10.2 m
(d) 58.4 m3/Hr and 12 m
GATE-3. Ans. (a)
GATE-4. Power input required is given by:
(a) 1.066 kW
(b) 1.066 kW
(c) 2.12 kW
GATE-4. Ans. (a)
[GATE-2002]
[GATE-2002]
(d) 20 kW
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
GATE-6. In terms of speed of rotation of the impeller (N), discharge (Q) and
change in total head through the machine, the specific speed for a
pump is...........
[GATE-1994]
GATE-6. Ans.
N Q
H 3/ 4
Since,
H1
H2
=
DN1 DN 2
N
H2 = 2
N1
Q1
Q
= 32
3
D N1 D N 2
N
Q2= 21
N
and
and
1000
30 = 120m
500
H1 =
1000
60 = 120 / min ute
500
Q1=
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
[GATE-2006]
(c) 28
(d) 30
[GATE-2007]
Column II
Axial flow
Surging
Priming
Pure impulse
P
Q
R
2
3
1
1
2
3
S
4
4
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
Reason (R): Although the losses in the two types of machines are of the
same kind, the losses in pumps are more due to eddy and turbulence.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-3. Ans. (a) The order of efficiency in pump is 65% but in turbine efficiency is about to
90%. Assertion A is correct. Pump is against nature that so why efficiency is
low.
IES-4.
Assertion (A): Pump lifts water from a lower level to a higher level.
Reason (R): In pump, mechanical energy is converted into pressure
energy.
[IES-1997]
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-4. Ans. (a)
IES-5.
Match List-I (Type of model) With List-II (Liquid handled) and select
the correct answer:
[IES-2004]
List-I
A. Closed impeller pump
B. Semi-open impeller pump
C. Open impeller pump
Codes:
A
B
C
(a)
1
3
2
(c)
2
3
1
IES-5. Ans. (c)
List-II
1. Sandy water
2. Acids
3. Sewage water
A
B
C
(b)
3
1
2
(d)
1
2
3
IES-6.
Match List-I (Industrial needs) with List-II (Type of pump) and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
[IES-2003]
List-I
List-II
1. Single stage centrifugal
A. Combustible fluid to be pumped
2. Multi-stage centrifugal
B. High head but small discharge needed
C. Low head but large discharge needed
3. Positive displacement
4. Jet pump
D. High head and high discharge needed
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
3
2
1
4
(b)
4
3
1
2
(c)
3
1
4
2
(d)
4
3
2
1
IES-6. Ans. (b)
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
IES-7. Ans. (a) Centrifugal pumps has low initial cost and low maintenance cost that so
why it is widely used.
IES-10.
What will be the shape of the velocity triangle at the exit of a radial
bladed centrifugal impeller, taking into account slip?
[IES-1998]
(a) Right-angled
(b) Isosceles
(c) All angles less than 90
(d) One angle greater than 90
IES-10. Ans. (d)
IES-11.
Ce
entrifug
gal Pump
p
S K Mon
ndals
Chapte
er 19
IES-1
14.
Which
h of the following are the functions
f
of a volu
ute casing
g in a
centriifugal pum
mp?
[IES
S-1994]
1. To
o collect water from the periph
hery of the
e impeller and to tra
ansmit
it to
t the deliv
very pipe a
at constan
nt velocity.
2. To
o increase the
t
discha
arge of the pump.
3. To
o increase the
t
efficien
ncy of the pump.
4. To
o reduce th
he loss of head
h
in disc
charge.
Codess:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and
d4
(cc) 1, 3 and 4
(d)) l and 2
IES-1
14. Ans. (c)
IES-1
15.
Consiider the fo
ollowing statements
s
s regardin
ng the vollute casing
g of a
centriifugal pum
mp:
[IES
S-2000]
1. Lo
oss of head
d due to cha
ange in velocity is elliminated.
2. Eff
fficiency off the pump
p is increas
sed.
3. Wa
ater from
m the per
riphery of
o the im
mpeller is collected
d and
tra
ansmitted to the deliivery pipe at constan
nt velocity..
Which
h of these statements
s
s are corre
ect?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and
a 3
(d) 1 and 3
IES-1
16. Ans. (a))
IES-1
17.
Which
h of the fo
ollowing purposes
p
are served by the vo
olute casin
ng of a
centriifugal pum
mp?
[IES
S-1998]
1. Inc
crease in the
t
efficien
ncy of the pump.
p
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
At the eye tip of a centrifugal impeller, blade velocity is 200 m/s while
the uniform axial velocity at the inlet is 150 m/s. If the sonic velocity is
300 m/s, then the inlet Mach number of the flow will be:
[IES-1998]
(a) 0.50
(b) 0.66
(c) 0.83
(d) 0.87
IES-18. Ans. (c) Velocity of air relative to the fan
IES-19.
Vr = Vb2 + Vt2 =
( 200 )
Mach number =
Vr
250
=
= 0.833
Sonic velocity
300
(a) H and
Q
2
(b)
H
Q
and
4
2
(c)
H
Q
and
2
8
(d) H and
Q
4
H
Q
= constant and 3 = constant
2
2
D N
DN
IES-20.
2
2
2
N1 ( Do ) ( Di )
( Di )1
( Di )1
36 ( Di )1 9 ( Di )1
2
2
2
or
6
3 = ( Do )1 = 2 ( Di )1
27
= 2 3 ( Di )1 = 2 ( Di )2
( Do )2
Do1 = 2. Di1
and D02 = 2 Di 2
Di 2 = 3Di1
so D02 = 2 3 Di1
we know H mano =
U 22 U12
2g
or, ( Di )2 = 3 ( Di )1
or U 02 Ui2
) = (U
1
2
0
Ui2
D N 2 D N 2 D N 2 D N 2
i
o
i
0
or
=
60 1 60 1 60 2 60 2
4 Di21 Di21
N 2 D 2 Di21
N2 1
3 1
or 22 = 01
=
=
=
or
=
2
2
2
2
N1 3
N1
D02 Di1 36 Di1 9 Di1 27 9
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
IES-21.
A centrifugal pump with radial vane tips at the outlet has an impeller
of 100 mm outer diameter. If the rotational speed is 3000 rpm and
manometric efficiency 08 then what is the net head developed?
[IES-2009]
(a) 10 m
(b) 20 m
(c) 30 m
(d) 40 m
D2 N 3.14 0.1 3000
=
= 15.7 m/sec.
IES-21. Ans. (b) u2 =
60
60
For Radial Vane Tips V 2 = u2 = 15.7 m/sec.
nH =
gH
V 2u2
gH
= 0.8
V 2u2
and
= 20.12 metres
IES-22.
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IES-23. Ans. (a)
A
1
2
B
2
1
C
3
3
(b)
(d)
A
1
3
B
3
2
C
2
1
IES-24.
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
Which one of the following types of impeller vanes are most commonly
used in centrifugal type compressors?
[IES-2008]
(a) Forward curved
(b) Radial
(c) Backward curved (d) Tangential
IES-27. Ans. (b) The blades of the compressor or either forward curved or backward
curved or radial. Backward curved blades were used in the older compressors,
whereas the modern centrifugal compressors use mostly radial blades.
IES-28.
[IES-2007]
(d) Twisted
Assertion (A): Multi-stage centrifugal pumps are only of the radial flow
type.
[IES-2003]
Reason (R): In a multi-stage centrifugal pump, two or more impellers
are keyed to a single shaft and enclosed in the same casing, the radial
inlet to successive impellers being made through guide vanes.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-30. Ans. (b)
IES-31.
[IES-2008]
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
Pumps in Parallel
IES-32.
Specific Speed
IES-33.
NQ1/2
NP 1/2
and
3/4
H
H 3/4
NP 1/2
NQ1/2
(d)
and
5/4
H
H 3/4
(a)
(b)
(NS )A
(NS )B
NA Q A
(HA )
3/ 4
(HA )
NB
3/ 4
N
= A
QB NB
Q A HB
QB HA
3/ 4
1000
1
1 = 1
500
4
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
If, in a pump, the discharge is halved, then, assuming that the speed
remains unchanged, what would be the ratio of the heads H1/H2?
[IES-2007]
(a)
(b)
1/ 3
IES-39. Ans.(c) N s =
IES-40.
N Q
H 3/ 4
(c)
2/3
0.25
(d)
0.5
1/3
Q
H
N Q
= const. or H Q 2/3 1 = 1 2
3/4
H 2 Q2
H
2
= 41/3
N Q
H
3
4
1000 1.0
( 25 )
3
4
= 89.44 90
(a)
Q
= constant
N 2 D2
Q
= constant
N 3D
H
= constant
N 2 D2
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
(d)
Chapter 19
NQ1/ 2
= constant;
H 3/2
NP 1/ 2
= constant
N 3/ 4
[IES-2005]
Q
= const.
ND 2
IES-43.
as D = no change
P N3 or
N
P2 N2
3000
= P2 = P1 2 = 1000
= 8000W
P1 N1
N
1500
1
IES-44.
1500
P = 5
= 9.8 kW
1200
IES-45.
The power ratio of a pump and its th scale model, if the ratio of the
heads is 5: 1, will be:
[IES-2003]
(a) 100
(b) 3.2
(c) 179
(d) 12.8
P
H
= const. and
= const.
3
2
D N
D N2
P2
H3
or N 6 = 10 = 6
or P = D 2 H 3/2
D
D
or
IES-46.
Pp
Dp H p
=
Pm Dm H m
3/2
4 5
=
1 1
3/2
179
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
[IES-1996]
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
IES-50.
Priming is necessary in
[IES-2003]
(a) Centrifugal pumps to lift water from a greater depth
(b) Centrifugal pumps to remove air in the suction pipe and casing
(c) Hydraulic turbine to remove air in the turbine casing
(d) Hydraulic turbine to-increase the speed of turbine and to generate more
power
IES-51. Ans. (b)
IES-52.
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
[IAS-1996]
IAS-1. Ans. (c)
IAS-2.
50
9.80 40 w = 19.6 kw
103
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
(a) Ns
IAS-7. Ans. (b) Ns=
IAS-8.
(b)
N Q
H 3/ 4
Ns
2
(c)
or Ns Q
or
2 Ns
(d) 2Ns
Ns
Q
1
=
=
Ns
Q
2
or N s =
Ns
2
For discharge 'Q', the specific speed of a pump is 'Ns'. For half
discharge with the same head the specific speed will be:
[IAS-1999]
(a) Ns
IAS-8. Ans. (b) Ns =
(b)
N Q
or Ns Q
H3/ 4
Ns
(c)
2
N's
=
Ns
Q
=
Q
2Ns
(d) 2Ns
1
2
IAS-9.
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
IAS-10.
Chapter 19
(a)
N Q N P
N P N Q
,
(b)
,
3/ 4
5/ 4
H
H
H 3/ 4
H 5/ 4
(c)
N P N Q
,
H 5/ 4
H 3/ 4
(d)
N P N Q
,
H 7/4
H 3/ 4
The characteristics of a
pump are as shown in the
given figure. Based on this
figure, match List-I with
List-II and choose the
correct answer using the
codes given below the lists:
List-I
A. Curve P
B. Curve Q
C. Curve R
Codes:
(a)
(c)
IAS-11. Ans. (a)
IAS-12.
A
2
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
4
4
C
3
3
(b)
(d)
List II
[IAS-1995]
Discharge versus head
Head versus discharge
Power versus Discharge
Efficiency versus discharge
A
B
C
1
3
2
4
3
1
[IAS-2004]
IAS-12. Ans. (a) If Discharge 0, = 0, H = max and p = reasonable power is needed.
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
IAS-14.
Selection of Pumps
Operational Difficulties in Centrifugal Pumps
IAS-16.
Centrifugal Pump
S K Mondals
Chapter 19
Reciprocating Pumps
S K Mondals
20.
Chapter 20
Reciprocating Pumps
2.
ALN
60
2 ALN
Q=
60
Q=
3.
gALN
(hs + hd )
60
2 gALN
(hs + hd )
60
gALN
(hs + hd ) kW
60 1000
2 gALN
(hs + hd ) kW
60 1000
5.
Pressure head due to acceleration (ha) in the suction and delivery pipes is
given as
ls A
2 r cos
g as
l
A
had = d 2 r cos
g ad
has =
6.
7.
Work done by the pump is proportional to the area of the indicator diagram.
Reciprocating Pumps
S K Mondals
8.
Chapter 20
Work done by the pump per second due to acceleration and friction in
suction and delivery pipes
gALN
2
2
hs + hd + h fs + h fd
60
3
3
2 gALN
2
2
hs + hd + h fs + h fd
60
3
3
9.
Reciprocating Pumps
S K Mondals
Chapter 20
A
3
3
B
5
5
C
6
1
[GATE-2004]
1. Plant with power output below 100 kW
2. Plant with power output between 100 kW
to 1MW
3. Positive displacement
4. Draft tube
5. High flow rate, low pressure ratio
6. Centrifugal pump impeller
D
A
B
C
D
2
(b)
3
5
2
6
6
(d)
4
5
1
6
Reciprocating Pumps
S K Mondals
Chapter 20
IES-4.
Air Vessels
IES-6.
[IES-1992]
Reciprocating Pumps
S K Mondals
Chapter 20
Reciprocating Pumps
S K Mondals
Chapter 20
S K Mondals
21.
Chapter 21
Miscellaneous Hydraulic
Machines
2.
Hydraulic Press
3.
Hydraulic Ram
4.
Hydraulic Coupling
5.
6.
2.
3.
4.
Hydraulic press is a device used for lifting heavy loads by the application of
much smaller force. It is based on Pascals law.
5.
Hydraulic crane is a device which is used for lifting heavy loads (upto 25
MN).
6.
Hydraulic lift is a device used for carrying persons and loads from one floor
to another.
7.
(i)
(ii)
qH
Qh
q ( H h)
Rankines efficiency =
(Q q)h
S K Mondals
Where
8.
Chapter 21
t
p
(Where t and p are the angular speeds of the turbine shaft and pump shaft
respectively)
The magnitudes of input and output torque are equal.
9.
t Tv
1 +
p Tp
Air lift pump is a device used to lift water from a deep well or sump by
utilizing the compressed air.
S K Mondals
Chapter 21
[GATE-1992]
Hydraulic Press
IES-3.
Hydraulic Ram
IES-4.
Assertion (A): A hydraulic ram is a device used to lift water from deep
wells.
[IES-2002]
Reason (R): Hydraulic ram works on the principle of water hammer.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-4. Ans. (d)
S K Mondals
Chapter 21
IES-5.
[IES-1999]
Hydraulic Coupling
IES-6.
t
should be less than one.
p
(Where t and p are the angular speeds of the turbine shaft and pump shaft
respectively). The magnitudes of input and output torque are equal.
IES-8.
S K Mondals
Chapter 21
s
s
(a) 1
(b)
(c) 1
(d) p
p
p
s
s
IES-13.
S K Mondals
Chapter 21
IES-15.
Assertion (A): No solid connection exists between the driving shaft and
the driven shaft.
[IES-1996]
Reason (R): Energy transfer is by the change in moment of momentum.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
IES-15. Ans. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A
Fluid flow machines are using the principle of either (i) supplying
energy to the fluid, or (ii) extracting energy from the fluid. Some fluid
flow machines are a combination of both (i) and (ii). They are classified
as:
[IES-2002]
(a) Compressors
(b) Hydraulic turbines
(c) Torque converters
(d) Wind mills
IES-16. Ans. (c)
IES-17.
S K Mondals
Chapter 21
IES-19. Ans. (a) Torque converters are operated while completely filled with liquid.
In a jet pump
[IES-2006]
(a) Kinetic energy of fluid is converted into potential energy
(b) Energy of high velocity stream is converted into pressure energy
(c) Energy of high pressure fluid is converted into energy of low pressure fluid
(d) Potential energy of fluid is converted into kinetic energy
IES-20. Ans. (b)
IES-21.
1.25
or = or FR = FP R = 1000 9.81
N = 98.1N
AP
A R A P
12.5
IAS-2.
S K Mondals
Chapter 21