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Expt.No.1202-/1(a)
FAMILIARISATION EXPERIMENT
(VARIAC, POTENTIAL DIVIDER, MCV, MIV, MCA, MIA)
Object : 1.
2.
Fig. 1(a)
Fig. 1(b)
=
=
I1 =
Vo = I1.R 2 = V1 =
R2
R1 + R 2
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
Procedure:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Connect MCA and MIA in series and MCV and MIV in parallel as shown in
Fig.1(b)
Note the positions of the moving contacts at which the output voltage is (a)
approximately zero, (b) maximum and nearly equal to the supply voltage.
Keep the load resistance fixed. Vary the output voltage in 3 steps and record
ammeter and voltmeter readings in Table I and of the data sheet.
Record what happens when terminal connections of MCA and MIA and also
MCV and MIV are reversed, in Table II of the Data Sheet.
THEORY : II VARIAC
Description:
Procedure:
1.
Fig. 2(a)
Fig. 2(b)
(ii) Vary the position of the moving contact and record ammeter and
voltmeter readings in Table III of the Data Sheet.
REPORT:
1(a)
1(b)
2.
3.
You are given a moving coil and a moving iron instrument. Can you
recogrnise the meters from their scales?
4.
Can you use a potential divider for obtaining variable d.c. supply from a
fixed a.c. supply?
2
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
5.
Roll No.............................
Experiment No...................
Apparatus used:
No.
A)
Item
Range
Lab. No.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
TABLE I
No. of
Obvs.
MCA
MIA
Readings of
MCV
Remarks
MIV
TABLE II
METER
MCA
MIA
MCV
MIV
Normal Connection
Reversed Connections
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
BASIC EE LABORATORY
Expt.No. 1202-/1(b)
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
Report : 1) Calculate multiplying factors from the current and voltage ranges
used. When power factor is unity,
Voltage range used X Current range used X Power factor (Cos)
Multiplying Factor = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Full scale division
2) A wattmeter is giving negative deflection. How can you give the deflection in
the correct direction?
3) How do you specify a wattmeter?
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FOR FAMILIARIZATION OF WATTMETER
1-PH., 230V, 50 Hz
A.C.SUPPLY
MIA
A
COM
PRESSURE
COIL
VARIAC
WATTMETER
FIGURE-1
L
V
L
O
A
D
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
DATA SHEET
FAMILIARIZATION OF WATTMETER
NAME: ______________________
ROLL NO.__________
DATE :__________
Apparatus used:
Sl.
No.
Item
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Variac
Lab. No.
Range
MIA
VAR
Experiment Data:
No.of
obvs.
Current range
TABLE-1
Wattmeter
Voltage range
reading
Multiplying
factor(Mf)
Power
1
2
3
4
TABLE-2
No.of
obvs.
Item
Deflection
(Indicate positive or negative)
First/Second Semester
Expt.No. -1251/2
TITLE : Experimental verification of circuit theorems(For DC circuit )
(a)Superposition theorem
(b) Thevenins theorem.
(c) Maximum power transfer
theorem
Object : (i) To verify the theorems experimentally.
(ii) To find out the current through the load resistance R L (6 ) using two theorems.
Theorem:
Superposition Theorem
In any linear bilateral network, the current at any point due to the simultaneous action of a
number of e.m.fs distributed through out the network, is algebraic sum of components in the
network. A component current in a network is that due to one e.m.f. acting alone with other
e.m.f. replaced by their internal resistance.
Thevenins Theorem
Any two terminal active linear bilateral network can be replaced at any pair of terminals a-b by
an equivalent circuit having a voltage source E th in series with a resistance R th where E th is the
voltage across the terminals a-b when they are open circuited and R th is equivalent resistance
between the terminals a-b looking back into network when all the voltages are replaced by
their internal resistance.
A resistive load connected to a dc network receives maximum power when the load resistance
is equal to Thevenin equivalent resistance of the network as seen from load terminals.
The current (I) in a series circuit containing load resistance R L and source resistance R S is given
by
I= V/ (R L + R S )
Where V is the applied voltage. So, the power P absorbed in the resistance R L is
P= [V/ (R L + R S )] 2 R L
The value of R L for which P will be maximum is obtained from the relation when R L = R S
Hence for maximum power transfer to the load, the load resistance (R L ) must be equal to the
source resistance (R S ).
Procedure:
Report:
1. (a) How will you represent ideal voltage and current sources?
(b) What is meant by linear, bilateral network? Give example.
(c) Are the network theorem valid for ac circuits?
(d)
2. Write the values of currents obtained by Superposition theorem, Thevenins theorem
and experiments.
3. Draw the graph of V RS vs. I in a graph paper and determine the values of the source
resistance (R S ).
4. Plot P vs. R L in a graph paper and determine the value of R L for which P is maximum.
Hence compare this with R S obtained in (2)
40
50
a
V
10V
RL = 6
b
14V
Fig-1
VRS
V
Rs =
V 30V
Constant
RL =
Fig-2
V VRL
DATA SHEET
TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: ..
PERFORMED BY:
Date :
Roll No:
Experiment No : .
Apparatus Used :
Sl.
No
2
3
4
5
Item
Quantity
Range /Rating
Digital
ammeter
Digital
voltmeter
Resistance
Makers
Name
Lab No.
DC regulated
power supply
Main switch
Experimental Data:
Table-1
Sl.No
1
2
5
Particular
Current through R L with both the sources present(I)
Current through R for source V 1 only(I 1 )
Current through R L for source V 2 only(I 2 )
Algebraic sum of I 1 and I 2
Current/voltage
Table-II
Sl.No
1
2
3
4
Particulars
Voltage across a and b when R L is removed(v OC )
Ammeter current
Equivalent resistance( R eq )
Load current(I L )
Table-III
No.
Supply
of
voltage
Obvs. (V) volt
Voltage
across (V RS )
Volt
Voltage across
(V RL )
Volt
Current (I)
Amp
Value of R L
Ohm
Power
consumed
in R L (P)
Watt
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
DATA SHEET
STUDY OF A.C. SERIES CIRCUIT
NAME: _____________________
Apparatus used:
Sl.
Item
No.
Lab. No.
Range
1.
Ammeter
MIA
2.
Voltmeter
MIV
3.
Wattmeter
Experiment Data:
No.of
obvs.
TABLE-1
Calculated data
Observed data
V
Z=V/I
RL
p.f.=W/VI
1
2
No.of
obvs.
Observed data
V
TABLE-2
Calculated data
Power factor from
P.F= phasor diagram
C
Z=V/I RC
W / VI
1
2
No.of
obvs.
Observed data
VRf
V
W
TABLE-3
Calculated power factor
Cos
From phasor diagram
V from Phasor
diagram
1
2
13
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
VC
FIGURE-2
FIGURE-1
PHASOR DIAGRAM
M
1-PH, 230V,
A.C.SUPPLY
50 Hz
CURRENT
COIL
COM
PRESSURE
COIL
WATTMETER
FIGURE-3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
11
A
V
MIA
MIV V
CHOKE COIL
R
C
L
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
V=VL+VRC+VC
I
VRf
VC
VRf+VC
FIGURE-4
1-PH, 230V, 50 Hz
A.C.SUPPLY
PHASOR DIAGRAM
CURRENT
COIL
CHOKE COIL
PRESSURE
COIL
Rf
M
COM
RHEOSTAT
L
V
VRf
MI
CAPACITOR
MIV
MIA
A
WATTMETER
FIGURE-5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
12
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
Expt.No. 1202-/4
TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
Object : To study the two methods of speed control of a d.c. Shunt Motor.
a) Armature voltage control
b) Field current control
Theory : The voltage V across the armature terminals of a d.c. Shunt Motor is
approximately related as :
V = Kn; Where, is the flux per pole and is proportional to field
current (If).
n is the speed of the motor.
K is a constant of the motor.
A) By varying the armature voltage (VA), keeping the field current (If)
constant, speed variation from zero to about rated value can be
obtained.
B) By varying the field current (If),keeping armature voltage(VA)
constant, speed variation from rated to above rated value can
be obtained.
Procedure :
1) Make connection as shown in the circuit diagram.
METHOD-A
2) With minimum resistance in the field circuit (that is maximum If ),and
the potential divider in the minimum voltage position (V=0) switch on the d.c.
220V mains.
3) Apply small voltage to the armature circuit and observe that the
motor runs at a steady speed. Note armature voltage, speed and field current.
4) Increase V to the maximum value in 4(four) steps and complete
DATA SHEET of TABLE-1.
METHOD-B
5) Keeping the potential divider in the maximum voltage position,
decrease field current (If). Observe that the speed increases. Note field current
(If), speed (n) and armature voltage (V).
14
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
6) Decrease field current (If) in 4(four) steps till the motor speed is
about 1750 r.p.m and complete the DATA SHEET of TABLE-2.
Report : 1) Draw curves showing
a) Speed (n) versus armature voltage (VA), with field current (If)
constant.
b) Speed (n) versus field current (If), with armature voltage (VA)
constant.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FOR SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
220V,
D.C.SUPPLY
ROTATING
ARMATURE
A1
MCV
POTENTIAL
DIVIDER
SHUNT FIELD
WINDING
SH1
SH2
A2
A
MCA
FIGURE-1
15
RHEOSTAT
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
DATA SHEET
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
NAME:____________________
Apparatus used:
Sl.
Item
No.
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Tachometer
Range
MCA
MCV
Current:
Experiment Data:
No.of
obvs.
Armature Voltage(VA)
In volts
TABLE-1
Speed(n)
In r.p.m.
TABLE-2
Speed(n)
In r.p.m.
1
2
3
4
5
6
No.of
obvs.
1
2
3
4
5
16
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
Expt.No. 1202-/5
TITLE OF THE EXPT:
Object: To study the variation of Current, Power and Voltage ratio with applied
voltage of a single-phase transformer at no-load.
Theory : On no-load the power consumed by the transformer is used in providing
its own losses which comprises of (i) Magnetic losses i.e. hysteresis and eddy
current losses in the transformer core. This is also known as Iron Loss and is
approximately proportional to the square of the applied voltage. (ii) Resistance
loss in the primary winding due to the no-load current is known as no-load copper
loss. The no-load copper loss is usually very small in comparison to iron losses
and is proportional to the square of the no-load current. As the secondary
winding is open on no-load, there would be no copper loss on the secondary
winding.
The voltage ratio is Vp/Vs and is approximately equal to the ratio of
number of turns in the primary and secondary windings. Where Vp is primary
voltage of the transformer and Vs is the secondary voltage of the transformer.
Procedure :
(i) Make connections as shown in the figure and switch on the supply
voltage.
(ii) By adjusting the variac, vary the voltage applied to the transformer
from about 50% to 110% the rated value in about six steps, and in each step
note down the readings of primary voltage, primary current, power input and
secondary voltage. Tabulate the results in the DATA SHEET.
GIVEN DATA : PRIMARY WINDING RESISTANCE IS 0.56 OHMS.
Report : 1. Draw curves to show the variation of
a) no-load current,
b) voltage ratio and
17
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FOR NO-LOAD TEST OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
CURRENT
COIL
MIA
COM
PRESSURE
COIL
220V
VP
MIV VS
MIV
VARIAC
WATTMETER
PRIMARY
WINDING
FIGURE-1
18
110V
SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05
DATA SHEET
NO-LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
NAME: ______________________
Apparatus used:
Sl.
Item
No.
1
Ammeter
Range
MIA
Voltmeter
MIV
Voltmeter
MIV
Wattmeter
Variac
VAR
________________
Secondary
voltage
(Vs):
First/Second Semester
Expt.No :1251/6
TITLE : Characteristics of (a) Carbon and Tungsten lamp
Object: for expt. (a)
Procedure:
7. Repeat the above steps for Aluminum choke, Copper choke and electronic choke.
8. Connect the CFL and measure the power consumption and compare with Fluorescent
lamp.
9. Measure the luxmeter reading at 230 V for CFL on the ambient lighted environment.
Report:
1. Draw curves of (i) voltage vs. current, (ii) power vs. voltage and (iii) resistance vs. voltage
for tungsten and carbon lamp on the same graph paper.
2. Why the slope of volt ampere characteristics is increasing in case of tungsten lamp and
decreasing in case of Carbon lamp.
3. Plot power Vs voltage curve for each type of choke Fluorescent lamp.
4. Plot power Vs voltage curve for CFL.
5. Comment on the variation of power consumption of fluorescent lamp for different types
of choke.
6. Draw a complete circuit diagram showing how a Fluorescent lamp is to be operated
from DC supply.
Carbon lamp
Tungsten lamp
220V
Fig-1
Choke/Ballast
A
F.L
Starter
V
220V
Fig-2
Electronic
Ballast
F.L
V
V
220V
Fig-3
V
220V
Fig-4
Electronic
Ballast
CFL
Electronic ballast:
Electronic ballasts employ inverters to alter mains voltage frequency into high-frequency
AC while also regulating the current flow in the lamp. These ballasts take advantage of
the higher efficacy of lamps operated with higher-frequency current. Efficacy of a
fluorescent lamp rises by almost 10% at a frequency of 10 kHz, compared to efficacy at
normal power frequency.
240 VAC
110 VAC
Low pass
filter for
interference
suppression
DC/AC
converter
AC/DC
converter
Filter
voltage
Pre
conditioner
DC
voltage
Lamp
controller
Ballast controller
High
voltage
Lamps
DATA SHEET
TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: ..
PERFORMED BY:
Date :
Roll No:
Experiment No : .
Apparatus Used :
1
2
Sl.
No
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Item
Digital ammeter
Digital
voltmeter
Digital
wattmeter
1-ph variac
Tungsten
filament lamp
Carbon filament
lamp
Compact
Fluorescent
lamp
Fluorescent
lamp
Copper E/M
choke
Aluminum E/M
choke
Electronic
Ballast
Starter for Tube
lamp
Main switch
Luxmeter
Quantity
Range /Rating
Makers
Name
Lab No.
Experimental Data:
For Tungsten and carbon Filament Lamp
Sl.
No
Voltage
Current
Power
Resistance
Current
Power
Resistance
Type of choke
Copper E/M choke
Aluminum E/M choke
Electronic choke
Striking voltage
Extinguishing voltage
Sl.No
Type of Choke
Copper E/M
choke
Aluminum E/M
choke
Electronic
choke
Voltage
Current
Power
Luxmeter
reading
Power factor of
the circuit
For CFL
Striking voltage:
Extinguishing voltage:
Sl.No
Voltage
Current
Power
Luxmeter
reading
Power factor of
the circuit
Annexure
Description of fluorescent lamp assembly
1. Tube: This is a type of discharge lamp in which the radiation from gas of vapour through
which the discharge is passing excites the fluorescent material, suitably placed so that the
light emitted by the lamp is that given by this material.
In the fluorescent tube the electrode consists of two parts of electrically connected: (a) the
tungsten coil filament coated with mixture of alkaline earth oxides, (b) a metal strip or
fin. The ends of the filament at each end are brought out to a cap, the Bi-pin in which two
projected pins from the end of the tube.
To start discharge in a Fluorescent tube a voltage (about 1000V much larger than the
normally available supply voltage (230 V) is required momentarily. For this purpose a
choke and a starter is required.
2. Starter: The purpose of starter is to make and then suddenly break the circuit so that
there is a large voltage across the fluorescent tube to start the discharge.
The common type of starter in use is the glow discharge type. It consists of two metal
strips one or both bi-metallic, mounted in a bulb and carrying two contacts which are
normally held apart. When the main switch is closed a glow discharge is started between
the bi-metal strips. The strips heat up and bent closing the contacts. This short circuits the
glow discharge and allows the heating current to flow through the electrodes of the lamp.
At the same time the bi-metallic strips begin to cool and presently the contacts open
3. Choke Coil: The choke coil is a coil wound on some magnetic material. The purpose of
the choke is two-fold:
(a) to give a large voltage momentarily so as to start discharge in the lamp,
(b) to allow a certain voltage drop across itself so that the voltage across the lamp is
reduced (in case of AC supply only).
As the starter breaks the circuit, a large voltage is momentarily induced in the choke
which starts discharge in the fluorescent tube. Under running condition, the voltage
required to continue discharge in the fluorescent tube is small (about 50% of the supply
voltage) so that a required amount of voltage is dropped in the choke.
Note : In case of DC supply no voltage is dropped in the choke. The required amount of voltage
is dropped in a resistance which is added in series with the choke in the circuit.
CFL: A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving
light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent
lamp; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps. The lamps use a
tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact
electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.
Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs
use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a
higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price
in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime. Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain mercury,
which complicates their disposal. In many countries, governments have established recycling
schemes for CFLs and glass generally.
CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent lamps.
Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived colour of the light emitted by
CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in colour to
standard incandescent lamps.
The CFL comes in two categories:
(a) Retrofit: It can directly replace ordinary incandescent bulbs.
GLS
CFL
40W
9W
60W
11W
75W
15W
100W
20W
The CFL has 10000 burning hours in comparison GLS, which has 1000 burning hours
and saves 80% energy w.r.t a normal GLS lamp(refer above table).
(b) Non- retrofit: It requires special luminaries with built-in ballast and is suitable for new
light points. The use of electronic gear (ballast, ignitor, capacitor) can offer the possibility
of controllable light output (dimming), high frequency operation and independence from
the supply system. It is therefore possible to use both AC and DC supply and a wider of
supply voltages. The electronic choke also consumes less power; provides fast flicker
free starting and no stroboscopic effect.
(c)
The electronic gear is to be used both for CFLs and ordinary fluorescent lamps for
maximum utilization of the benefits mentioned. The comparison between electronic
ballast and electromagnetic ballast is done and the considerable energy savings pointed
out.
Lamp Type
Nominal lamp consumption
Ballast loss
System consumption
% saving = (48.5-37)/48.5=23.7%
First/Second Semester
Expt.No. 1251/7
TITLE : Verification of three phase relationship.
Object: i). To verify the relationships between line quantities and phase quantities
(voltage and current) for a balance three phase ,three wire (a)star
connected (b) delta connected load.
Theory:
A three phase star connected load is an open network consisting of at least three resistances
with one terminal of each connected together at a common point (also known as star point),
remaining with three terminals being left open for connection to external circuit.
If the values of the resistances are equal (i.e. R 1 = R2=R3), the three phase load is balanced.
R 1 = R2=R3 (for balanced 3-ph load)
L-L voltage =V 1 2 =V 2 3 =V 3 1 =V L (for balanced 3-ph supply)
Phase voltage =V 1 N =V 2N =V 3N =V ph ( for balanced 3-ph supply)
I 1 , I 2 , I 3 are line currents and phase currents (assumed positive)
Procedure:
5. Repeat step 4 and check the relationships between V L and V ph , I L and I ph for each
reading and complete the table.
Report:
1. What is meant by phase sequence of 3-ph supply?
2. Is it possible to form a balanced star connected or delta connected load using (i) pure
inductance (ii) pure capacitance (ii) R-L series combination (iv) R-C series combination in
each branch of the load.
3. Draw phasor diagram for the following
(a) Balanced star connected load with pure resistance.
(b) Balanced delta connected load with pure resistance.
4. Calculate the phase angle between the line voltage V 12 and the phase current I 23 in a
delta connected system when the load p.f is 1/2 leading, assume supply phase
sequence to be RYB.
5. A 400 V, 3-ph 4 wire distribution system has a balanced load of 2.3 KW in each phase.
Calculate neutral current.
6. In Q4 above, if two supply lines are switched off, calculate neutral current if p.f is unity.
7. A 3-ph delta connected load consumes a total power of 3KW.
A 3-ph 400 V star connected load consumes a total power of 3 KW.
Assuming unity p.f load, calculate phase current, line current, phase voltage, line voltage
in both cases .Calculate the power consumed and the load resistance per phase in both
the cases.
Roll No:
Experiment No : .
Apparatus Used :
Sl.
No
Item
Digital
ammeter
Digital
voltmeter
Resistance
3-ph variac
Main switch
Quantity
Range /Rating
Makers
Name
Lab No.
Experimental Data:
Sl.
No
1
Type of
connection
Line
Voltage (V L )
Observation
Phase
Line
voltage ( V ph ) Current (I L )
Phase
current(I ph )
Calculation
V L / V ph I L / I ph
2
3
1
2
3