Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Error
1.
Error is the difference between the actual value of a quantity and the
value obtained in measurement.
2.
a.
Systematic Error
b.
Random Error
Systematic Error
1.
Systematic errors are errors which tend to shift all measurements in a
systematic way so their mean value is displaced. Systematic errors can be
compensated if the errors are known.
2.
a.
point,
b.
c.
3.
a.
b.
Page | 1
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Zero error
1.
A zero error arises when the measuring instrument does not start
from exactly zero.
2.
Zero errors are consistently present in every reading of a
measurement.
3.
(NO ZERO ERROR: The pointer of the ammeter place on zero when no
current flow through it.)
(NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR: The pointer of the ammeter does not place on
zero but a negative value when no current flow through it.)
(POSITIVE ZERO ERROR: The pointer of the ammeter does not place on
zero but a negative value when no current flow through it.)
Page | 2
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Random errors
1.
Random errors arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in
condition.
2.
3.
Random errors are caused by factors that are beyond the control of
the observers.
4.
a.
b.
experiment is in progress.
d.
5.
One example of random error is the parallax error. Random error can
be reduced by
a.
b.
Parallax error
A parallax error is an error in
reading an instrument due to the
eye of the observer and pointer
are not in a line perpendicular to
the plane of the scale.
Page | 3
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Measuring Instrument
Ruler
Thermometer
1oC.
2.
Page | 4
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Stopwatch
a.
b.
c.
4.
An ammeter is always connected in series with the load (resistor)
in a circuit.
Page | 5
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
5.
A voltmeter is always connected parallel to the load (resistor) in a
circuit.
0.01 s
B.
0.02 s
C.
0.1 s
D.
0. 2 s
186.4 s
B.
6.4 s
C.
126.4 s
D.
185.4 s
175.2 s
B.
115.2 s
C.
55.2 s
D.
235.2 s
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
A.
-0.2 s
B.
-0.1 s
C.
+0.1 s
D.
+0.2 s
5. Which of the following are the precaution steps to be taken when using a
ruler?
I.
Ensure the object to be measured is in contact with the ruler.
II.
III.
6. What is the sensitivity of the mercury thermometer with range -10oC 110oC?
A.
1 oC
B.
2 oC
C.
0.5 oC
D.
0.2 oC
in series with
B.
parallel to
C.
after
D.
before
Verniar Calipers
Page | 7
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
1.
2.
It is more accurate than metre rule. It can measure length with an
accuracy up to 0.01cm.
3.
Figure above shows the illustration of a vernier caliper. For SPM
students, you need to remember the name aof the parts and the function of
the 2 jaws and the stem.
The main scale is read at the zero mark of the Vernier scale.
3.
The vernier scale is read at the point where it's scale coincide with
the main scale.
4.
Reading of Vernier caliper = Reading of main scale + reading of
vernier scale.
5.
Example:
Page | 8
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
a.
Page | 9
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Page | 10
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Page | 11
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Example
3.
Page | 12
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Exercise:
8.25 cm
B.
8.27 cm
C.
8.23 cm
3. Figure (a) above shows the zero error of a vernier calliper. Figure (b)
shows the reading on the vernier calliper when measuring the length of an
object. Find the correct reading of the measurement.
Page | 13
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
A.
2.03 cm
B.
2.07 cm
C.
2.05 cm
D.
2.15 cm
A.
4.44 mm
B.
4.44 cm
C.
0.089 mm
D.
0.089 cm
Page | 14