Cấu Trúc Nguồn Tổng Đài

EETP/BSNL
SILVER
CERTIFICATION COURSE
TELECOM SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
OVERVIEW OF TELECOM
INFRASTRUCTURE & POWER PLANT
Version 2 June 2014
Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)
Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant
1 OVERVIEW OF TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE &

POWER PLANT
INDEX
1.1
Introduction ................................................................................ 2
1.2
Objective ..................................................................................... 3
1.3
Telecom Infrastructure ............................................................. 4
1.4
Components Of Telecom Support Infrastructure .................. 5
1.5
Sources Of Power ....................................................................... 8
1.6
Commercial Ac Power Supplies................................................ 9
1.7
A.C To D.C Conversions ......................................................... 10
1.8
Earthing Of One Pole Of D.C ................................................. 10
1.9
Major Subsystems Of Power Plants ....................................... 11
1.10
SMPS Power Plants.................................................................. 15
1.11
Summary ................................................................................... 20
1.12
References And Suggested Further Readings ....................... 21
1.13
Self Assesment Questions ........................................................ 21
EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014

For Restricted Circulation
Page 1 of 23
1 OVERVIEW OF TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE &

POWER PLANT
STRUCTURE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1.2
OBJECTIVE
1.3
TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE
1.4
COMPONENTS OF TELECOM SUPPORT

INFRASTRUCTURE
1.5
SOURCES OF POWER
1.6
COMMERCIAL AC POWER SUPPLIES
1.7
A.C TO D.C CONVERSIONS
1.8
EARTHING OF ONE POLE OF D.C
1.9
MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS OF POWER PLANTS
1.10
SMPS POWER PLANTS
1.11
SUMMARY
1.12
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
1.13
SELF ASSESMENT QUESTIONS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Telecom Network consists of many elements such as switching network,
transmission network, civil infrastructure, electrical items etc. Proper functioning of this
infrastructure is necessary for delivery of quality services to the customers which in turn
leads to profitability of the operators business.
Telecommunication systems require electrical energy for transmission of signals
energization of subscribers telephone transmitters and for many miscellaneous functions.
A telephone exchange requires a considerable large amount of energy, as the common
exchange power plants required to feed currents for the subscribers transmitters, for
signaling and for control and operation of exchanges switches. It is therefore, necessary
that a power source should not be only economical but adequate to meet the needs of a
particular type of the installation.
Failure of power supply system in any installation renders the communication
facilities offered by it to be instantly paralyzed.

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The power system is intended primarily to provide uninterrupted DC power to

Telecom equipments and current for charging the batteries in the presence of AC Mains.
The system works from commercial AC mains which is rectified and regulated to 50V
DC and is fed to the equipment (exchange).
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this chapter is:
To know components of telecom infrastructure

To Know the importance of power supply
To list the different sources available for power
To Classify the power plants
To understand working principle of Float rectifier, battery charger.
To Know the Working principle of SMPS power plant
To explain the different Features of power system
To Understand principle of regulation
To Explain the functions different components of the power plant

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1.3 TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE

A typical telecom network infrastructure can be categorized into three distinct categories
namely Passive Infra, Active Infra and Backhaul.
Telecom Network
Infrastructure
Active
Infrastructure
Passive
Infrastructure
Key Components
- Power supply
- Battery bank
- Invertors
- Diesel enerator (DG)
- Air conditioner
- Earthing
-Fire extinguisher
- Security cabin, etc.
-Steel tower
- mounting structures
-shelter
Backhaul
The backhaul part
of the network
consists of the
intermediate links
between the core of
the network and the
various subnetworks
Key Components
-Spectrum
- Base tower station
- Microwave radio
- Switches
- Antennas
- Transceivers
Coordinated maintenance, timely up gradation of these elements is the key to success of

an operator. A brief structure of these categories is given below:
1.3.1 REVENUE POTENTIAL OF PASSIVE INFRA:
With boom in telecom business, many operators already exist in the market and many in
the pipeline to start business. Existing operators are under intense pressure to expand their
network and new entrants under pressure for faster roll out. This coupled with intense
price war has lead to telecom operators look for cost cutting and faster roll out
opportunities. In mobile network, a very significant cost of investment as well as time
goes towards passive infrastructure. Government of India allows sharing of passive
infrastructure.

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1.4 COMPONENTS OF TELECOM SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
Figure 1. Telecom support infrastructure

1.4.1 SMPS (SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY) POWER PLANT
The power plant is used to rectify the ac input supply to desired output dc (-48v). The
conventional power plants which were in use earlier were based on SCRs or Ferroresonant techniques. These conventional types of power plants were having following
problems:
Very large size
Large weight
Lower efficiency
No scope for modular expansion.

To get rid of all these problems now SMPS (Switched Mode Power System) power plants
are used.
Life of Power Plant:
Page 5 of 23
Static P/P : 15 years

SMPS P/P: 15 years
1.4.2 BATTERY
These days, most of the Battery used in mobile network are VRLA (Valve Regulated
Lead Acid Battery) type. Various capacities of Batteries are 120 AH, 400 AH, 600 AH,
1000AH, 1500 AH, 2000 AH, 2500 AH, 3000 AH, 4000 AH & 5000 AH.
LIFE OF A BATTERY:
Batteries up to 200AH: 4 Years

Batteries more than 200 AH: 6 years
1.4.3 INVERTER
In most of the telecom installations, inverters are installed to provide uninterrupted AC
supply to OMC terminals. Capacity of invertors used varies from 1KVA to 10KVA
depending on the connected AC load. The basic precautions for installation is that
inverter should be installed as close to battery room as possible so as to reduce DC
voltage loss due to cabling. The inverters may not be loaded beyond 80%of its rated
capacity and initial start up load also needs to be taken into account. Only essential
equipment may be connected to inverter output.
1.4.4 ENGINE ALTERNATOR SET

Now-a-days it is extremely difficult to get an uninterrupted power supply from the
supplier. Non availability of power supply is caused from various factors. In the present
working system, continuous supply of power is a must for telecom equipments and
computers. Hence, there is an important need of the engine alternator set. The engine
alternator is a combination of a diesel engine and an alternator. This combined unit is
called as an Alternator set.
1.4.5 EARTHING:
Earthing plays a vital role in the protection of equipments and the personnel. Apart from
protection from hazardous stray currents in electrical equipment in Telecommunication
circuits and equipments, Earthing is provided for the following purposes:
Reduction of Crosstalk and Noise.
Protection of costly apparatus and persons against foreign voltages and leakage
currents from power wirings touching the metallic frame of the equipment.
Protection of buildings and equipments from lightning strikes.

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Earthing of power supply systems is used to ensure reliability of power as it helps to

provide stability of voltage conditions preventing excess fluctuations and providing a
measure of protection against lightning.
1.4.6 AIR- CONDITIONING SYSTEM:
The telecom equipments use semi-conductor based circuitry which works in a normal
way within a particular temperature band only. Beyond this band, this behaves critically.
So the exchange equipments need air-conditioning. Air conditioning means maintaining
desired conditions within a confined space. It is essentially provided to prevent
deterioration of equipments and to maintain temperature and humidity for electrical and
electronic equipments. So it is mandatory for proper functioning of exchanges. Hence, it
needs proper maintenance.
Air-conditioning system in use may be categorized in to the following types:
1) Window Type Units
2) Split Type Units.
3) Package Type unit
4) Central Air-conditioning System
Each of these has its limitations as well as advantages and the most suitable one should be
selected taking all relevant factors into account.
1.4.7 FIRE SAFETY
One of the most common types of hazard in an office is a fire hazard which can cause
personal injury to employees. The main reasons for office fire hazards are combustible
materials, poor maintenance of equipment, poor standards of housekeeping and poor
maintenance of electric circuits. Office fire hazards can cause serious injuries to
employees and may even lead to loss of life. So it is necessary to take certain steps in
order to prevent fire accidents in the office premises. Employers should ensure there are
health and safety requirements regarding workplace fire safety
Many fires can easily be prevented if adequate fire safety precautions are taken.
Maintaining proper fire safety standards in commercial places and buildings not only
helps in saving lives but also provides protection to buildings and the businesses carried
on within them. It is the responsibility of the employer to undertake fire safety measures
in his or her workplace
The geographical and climatic condition of the country makes many different disciplines
and attitudes in regard to design of buildings and selection of materials. Good
housekeeping, general tidiness, control on combustible materials and awareness about
surroundings may certainly minimize the fire risks. In case of fire incidence, provisioning
of efficient fire detection and alarm system helps in initiating timely action to control the
fire. Good quality and proper quantity of fire fighting apparatus provides strength against
fight with fire. Fixed and portable fire extinguishing apparatus fully charged and in
working condition should be available in sufficient number at convenient locations to
check the fires in incipient stage
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Smooth operation of above elements is crucial to the successful delivery of service

through active elements in the network. In order to facilitate prompt action for any
deviation in state of health of these passive elements against set benchmarks, alarms are
generated and transmitted to OMC/NOC (Operation and maintenance Centre/ Network
Operation Centre for appropriate actions. Typical alarms extended are Mains fail, Diesel
Low, battery Low, Generator ON, DG set Cabin door open(canopy type), Fire, High
Temperature etc.
1.4.8 TOWERS
Types of Towers Telecom towers are broadly classified on the basis of their placement as
Ground-based and Roof-top.
(i) Ground-Based Tower: Erected on the ground, ground-based towers (GBTs) are taller
(typically 200 to 400 feet) and are mostly used in rural and semi-urban areas because of
the easy availability of real-estate space there. GBTs involve a capital expenditure in the
range of Rs. 2.4 to 2.8 million, depending on the height of the tower.
(ii) Roof-Top Tower (RTT): Roof-top towers (RTTs), which are generally placed on the
roofs of high-rise buildings, are shorter (than GBTs) and more common in urban and
highly populated areas, where there is paucity of real-estate space. Typically, these
involve a capital expenditure of Rs. 1.5 to 2 million. It is the height of a telecom tower
that determines the number of antennas that can be accommodated, which in turn
determines the capacity of the towers, apart from factors such as location and
geographical conditions (wind speeds, type of terrain, etc.). Hence, typically, while GBTs
can accommodate up to six tenants, RTTs can accommodate two to three tenants.
1.4.9 SHELTERS
A telecom shelter is a small building that contains the major telecom equipment
located well away from the main power lines. The telecom shelters are environmental
friendly and are placed in remote areas. They hold the backup power which is important
to run the telecommunication functions. Telecom shelters are subject to over-heating
since they are located in deserted areas. Besides the environmental pressure, the heat
produced by the equipment during its operation is enormous. Hence, the need for
controlling the high temperature inside the telecom shelter is mandatory for the better
performance of the system.
1.5 SOURCES OF POWER

Telecommunication services are to be provided uninterruptedly round the clock and
throughout the year. For any uninterrupted power supply system, two sources are
required. One is Normal or Main source and another is Secondary or standby source.
(Standby source is Secondary cells. Main Source is D.C derived from commercial
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source). By name we can define Normal source is one which supplies power to the load
round the clock and secondary source is one which supplies power to the load only
during the absence of power from normal source. Hence it is a must to convert AC from
commercial mains to D.C.
In communication network, D.C. power is widely used. It has been found that relays
/ discrete components used in these systems could be designed to work on D.C. with
greater degree of sensitivity than an A.C. In telecom systems D.C. Power supply is only
used due to the following reasons:
Harmonics of A.C may affect the speech signals.
Relays/discrete components used in telecom systems are more sensitive to D.C than
A.C
Transistors and I.Cs etc. being unidirectional devices, the use of D.C has become
necessary.
Arranging standby source to A.C is difficult compare to D.C for which secondary
cells can be used as S/B source.
Not hazardous to human life.
However, for certain auxiliary functions like lighting up of busy lamps, alarm
lamps etc. or for running teleprinter, motors, A.C. is also used as a measure of economy.
Power for the communication system is derived from various sources, of which the
important ones utilized in the department are detailed below:
1.6 COMMERCIAL AC POWER SUPPLIES

AC Mains of 220/230 v single phase or 440 V three phase at a frequency of 50 Hz
are provided which requires conversion to DC by means of converting equipments. It is
necessary to provide a Standby power supply as an alternative source of power plant
installation feeding power to the communication system as interruption may occur in AC
power supply.
Primary cells: The cells which can be discharged only once are known as primary cells.
Such cells do not have the capability of recharging and hence they cannot be reused.
Primary cells were used in small telephone offices. Sack type Lechlanche, inert cells and
dry cells are examples of Primary cells used in the department.
Prime mover generating sets: A prime mover generating set is comprised of
petrol/kerosene/diesel-fired engine, which is coupled to an alternator. A prime mover set
is generally used as a standby source of power and also as a regular source of power in
areas where commercial power mains are not available.
Secondary cells: Secondary cells can be discharged and charged number of times.
Battery of secondary cells are used to provide reserve power for telecom systems in the
Department. Normally two sets of batteries are used for medium capacity telephone
exchanges.

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Static Rectifier units : A static rectifier is an AC to DC conversion set utilizing the AC

power mains as the primary source of power and delivering DC output at the required
voltage and current for charging of secondary cells or for feeding telecommunication
equipments.
Ringers: In electronic exchanges, ringing supply and tones are derived from P.C.B.s
1.7 A.C TO D.C CONVERSIONS

Previously M.G (Motor-Generator) sets were used for A.C to D.C conversion. In
this A.C motor rotates on commercial A.C. supply. To the shaft of this AC motor, D.C.
Generator will be coupled which generates D.C. Now a days, static rectifiers using static
electronic components like metal or diode rectifiers are used.
AC
DC to LOAD
Battery set-A
Battery set-B
Figure 2. Float Working

Parallel Battery Float Scheme:
In this scheme two sets of Batteries (24 cells each set) are connected parallel to the
output of the rectifier. The output of the rectifier is 51.5v. Hence floating voltage of each
cell is 51.5 divided by 24 = 2.15V. Hence always 90% of battery capacity will be
available for emergency usage. For the operation of the scheme POWER PLANT is
designed by TRC (Telecom research Centre)
1.8 EARTHING OF ONE POLE OF D.C

Reasons for earthing of one pole of D.C are as follows
Switching can be single pole.
Cross talk and other disturbances can be avoided.
To make the alarm and supervisory system easy.
Earth return signalling can be used.
Reasons for earthing positive pole of D.C
In electrolysis positive electrode will be normally corroded. If we keep our lines and
equipment at negative potential, we can minimise troubles from the corrosive
effects.
Partial Earth faults can be definitely identified if the conductor is negative.
Otherwise fault is liable to seal up owing to oxidation.
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1.9 MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS OF POWER PLANTS

Power plant comprises 3 parts
Float Rectifier
Battery Charger
Switching Cubicle.
Note: Nowadays mostly 2 units p/p are used with maintenance free batteries and all
transmission power plants are 2-unit type only. The latest being P/P of SMPS with VRLA
batteries.
1.9.1 FLOAT RECTIFIER

Function of Float Rectifier
The function of the Float Rectifier is to receive three phases 440 V AC and to give a
constant 51.5 Volts D.C without AC ripples.
-The steps involved to achieve the function are
a)
Step down
Transformer steps down the 3 phases A.C voltage from 440V to around 80 volts.
b)
Rectification
Any unidirectional device rectifies the AC to DC.

Here Diodes & SCRs are used for rectification.
c)
Filtering
Here multi-stage L.C. Filters are used for filtering the A.C. Ripples.
d)
Regulation
i) What is Regulation?
-As far as Float Rectifier is concerned, Regulation is the mechanism by which the output
of a float rectifier is kept constant at 51.5 _+0.5V irrespective of input voltage variations
of 12%. Output load variations of 5% to 105% and input frequency variations of 4%
or 48-52 Hz.
ii) Why Regulation is required?
Float rectifier should not only supply power to the load but also takes care of its battery
sets, which are floated across its output.
If the float rectifier output voltage is 51.5v, the cells are floated at 2.15v/cell and hence
they are continuously trickle charged and this compensates losses due to self discharge
or local action. If FR output is 49.2V, the battery set is not trickle charged; hence trickle
charging is to be given once in a fortnight.
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If FR output is <49.0V, the battery starts discharging. If FR output >51.5, the floating
voltage of each cell will be > 2.15V and the battery will be over charged. Hence
regulation is required.
iii) How Regulation is done
1) By Transduction or saturable reactor or magnetic amplifier method.
2) By varying the secondary of the main transformer automatically depending on output
voltage.
3) By SCR method.
4) SMPS method.
-Second method was used in olden days but not used nowadays due to mechanical
involvement in regulation. The forth method is discussed in detail chapter 2
-Any of the other three methods,. Controls the portion of the input A.C cycle to feed to
rectifier so that output voltage gets regulated.
1) Transductor Method:
-Normally this principle is used in small exchange power plants.
- In this a transductor is placed in series with the rectifier and uses the principle that the
impedance of an iron cored coil can be varied by varying the degree of saturation of the
core.
-By varying the series impedance to rectifier, we can vary the portion of input cycle that
is fed to Rectifier.
2) SCR Method
~
~
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Figure 3. SCR Method.
~
-In this the SCR is used as rectifying element.
~
-Let ~us recapitulate the working of SCR.
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EETP/
~ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014
23 ~
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Page 12 of
-SCR can be switched on by applying the positive pulse to the gate. Once if the SCR is
switched on, it will be in ON condition as long as the current flowing through SCR is
above a threshold value called Holding current.
-In a Float rectifier, across each half cycle one SCR is connected. Hence for 3 phases i.e.
R, Y, B totally 6 SCRs are connected.
-Let an SCR be connected across the positive half cycle of a phase. The total time period
of a half cycle is 10 ms. Within this half cycle triggering pulses can be given at any time.
Assume that triggering pulse is given to SCR at PointA after 4 ms of starting of the half
cycle, the SCR will be on. Even though the triggering pulse is removed, the SCR will
remains on. But the current flowing through SCR depends on the amplitude applied
across its terminals. At 9 ms say at point B let the current flowing through the SCR is
just below the holding current. The SCR will be switched off. That means switching on
of SCR is in our hands, but swg off of SCR is not in our hands, it is automatic. In this
case the portion of half cycle between the points A and B is rectified.
-The output voltage of the FR depends on both the input AC voltage and output DC load.
Input AC voltage
Increased
Decreased
O/P DC load
Decreased
Increased
O/P DC Vol
Increases
Decreases
Position of Triggering pulse

Retarded or delayed
Advances.
-Look at the above table. Whenever the input voltage increases or output load decreases
the output DC voltage increases and vice versa. Hence if we monitor output voltage, it is
sufficient to regulate it.
-If the output voltage is increased, then the triggering pulse to the SCR will be delayed or
retarded, point A moves towards B, hence the portion of AC cycle rectified will be
reduced, hence output voltage will be automatically reduced and brought to the specified
value.
-If the output voltage is decreased, then the triggering pulse to the SCR will be advanced,
hence output voltage will be automatically increased and brought to the specified value. This is how regulation is achieved by using SCR.

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Current
Transformer
AC INPUT
10 V 50 c/s
Figure 4. Silicon Controlled Rectifier Type Float Rectifier
1.9.2
BATTERY CHARGER
Functions of Battery charger

1) To Initial charge a battery set:- For initial charging, the battery charger capacity should
be at least 14% of AH capacity of battery set.
2) To normal charge the battery set at 10 hour rate.
3) To use as Float rectifier during emergency condition by suitable links.
4) To charge the sick cell.( provision exists in some power plants only).
Components of Battery charger
a) 3 phase step-down main transformer with links for mains variation and tap changing
points.
b) Ballast chokes.
c) 3 phase Full wave rectifier.
1.9.3
SWITCHING CUBICLE
The Switching Cubicle essentially provides for the termination of:

i. The paralleled output from the Float Rectifiers connected with the Exchange load.
ii. The paralleled output from the Battery Chargers.
iii. The positive and negative bus bar risers for the batteries.
iv. The positive and negative bus bar risers for the exchange.
v. Arrangement for manual operation of the knife switches for floating of either all
batteries or any one battery. The knife switches are so arranged and interlocked that
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except for the battery on charge, other batteries remain connected across the exchange
during or after any switching operation.
In addition, the Switching Cubicle provides facilities for:
a)
Monitoring the total exchange load current.
b)
Monitoring the exchange voltage and individual battery voltages.
c) Supervision and/or alarms for abnormal operating conditions in the associated

cubicles that is the Float Rectifiers and Battery Chargers.
d) Auto-parallel working of Float Rectifiers with sequential switching on and off of
non-priority Float Rectifiers.
1.10 SMPS POWER PLANTS

SMPS means Switch Mode Power Supply. This is used for D.C-to-D.C conversion. This
works on the principle of switching regulation. The SMPS system is highly reliable,
efficient, noiseless and compact because the switching is done at very high rate in the
order of several KHz to MHz.
1.10.1
PRINCIPLE OF SWITCHING REGULATOR
Figure 5. Switching Regulator

A pulse train drives the base of switching or pass transistor. When the voltage to
the Base is high, the transistor saturates, when the voltage is low, the transistor turns off.
Here the Transistor functions as a switch. When the transistor is ON, load current is
drawn through the Transistor and choke L. When the transistor is OFF the load current is
maintained by the Energy stored in the choke L. The current flows through earth, Diode
D, choke, load an Earth. Hence this diode is called Retrieval Diode.
Duty cycle of the Transistor = On Time = D
On Time + Off Time
(One cycle time)
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The output voltage = Input voltage x D

For example
If I/P voltage is 200 volts and D=0.25
O/P voltage = 200 x 0.25 = 50V.
Regulation is achieved by modifying the Duty cycle. Duty cycle depends on onetime of
transistor, which in turn depends on the width of the pulse applied to the base of the
Transistor, which is controlled by Pulse width modulation by regulator circuit
Figure 6. Principle of Regulation

The relaxation oscillator produces a square wave. The square wave is integrated to
get a tri angular wave, which drives the non-inverting input of a triangular to pulse
converter. The Pulse train out of this circuit then drives the Pass Transistor. The output is
sampled by a Voltage divider and fed to a comparator. The feedback voltage is compared
with a reference Voltage. The output of the comparator then drives the input of the
triangular to pulse converter. If the output voltage tries to increase the comparator
produces a higher output voltage, which raises the reference voltage of the triangular- to
pulse converter.
This makes the pulse that drives the base of the switching transistor narrower. That
means duty cycle is reduced. Since the duty cycle is lower the output becomes less, which
tries to cancel almost all the original increase in output voltage. Conversely, if the
regulated output voltage tries to decrease, the output of the comparator decreases the
reference voltage of the triangular -to pulse converter. This makes the pulse wider and the
transistor conducts for larger time and more voltage comes out of the L.C. filter. This
cancels out the original decrease in output voltage.

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Figure 7. Duty Cycle pattern

For maximum efficiency the duty cycle should be less than 0.5. As long as the
triangular voltage exceeds the reference voltage, the output is high. Since Vref is
adjustable, we can vary the width of the output pulse and hence the duty cycle. Switching
regulators are more efficient than conventional regulators as the power loss in the
switching element is reduced to minimum as it conducts only for a fraction of a cycle.
Now a days SMPS technology is extended to power plants also. Power plants upto 2000A
capacity has been developed using SMPS principle.
1.10.2
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF RECTIFIER
The SMPS 50V-5600W rectifier is a state-of-the-art switch-mode power conversion

equipment. The unit consists of two cascaded power converters performing power factor
correction and DC/DC conversion. The power stages are synchronized and working with
constant switching frequency of 100 kHz.
The rectified AC mains voltage is processed first in the power factor corrector
circuit which is based on a boost topology. The boost converter has the inherent
advantage of continuous input current waveform which relaxes the input filter
requirements. The performance of the basic boost cell is improved by a proprietary
snubber circuit which reduces the switching losses of the power semiconductors due to
non-zero switching times. Furthermore, the snubber circuit also decreases the
electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated primarily during the turn-off process of the
boost diode. The output of the boost converter is a stabilized 400V DC voltage.
Further conversion of the stabilized high voltage output of the power factor
corrector circuit is necessary to generate the isolated low voltage output and to provide
the required protection functions for telecommunication application. These tasks are
achieved in the DC/DC converter circuit which is based on a full-bridge topology. The
full-bridge circuit is operated by phase-shift pulse with modulation with current mode
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control. This control method provides zero voltage switching condition for all primary
side power semiconductors effectively reducing switching losses and electromagnetic
interference. An advanced solution reduces the stresses of the output rectifier diodes.
Proper operation of the power converters is managed by individual controller
circuits and supervised by the housekeeping electronics. Remote commanding and
monitoring of the modules are possible through a power system controller housed in the
system.
1.10.3
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF POWER SYSTEM CONTROLLER
Power system controller is designed to control the modes of operation of rectifiers,

acknowledge and displays the status of rectifiers and system and controls parameters of
rectifiers.
The controller accepts signal from individual rectifiers through 8 pin telephone jack
and controls the operation of each individual rectifiers.
The mode of operation of rectifier modules depends on the coded signal M1 and M2
from the controller. Depending on the state of batteries, the ATM circuit either gives a
signal for float or charge. These signals are encoded by an encoder to obtain suitable
coded signals M1 and M2.
Depending upon the mode of operation of Rectifier modules, they acknowledge
coded signals S1 and S2. These signals are decoded to display whether the modules are in
auto float/charge or fail condition.
The total battery current can be suitably programmed to limit the current supplied
from the modules through current programming pin in modules.

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1.10.4
TROUBLE SHOOTING IN POWER PLANT

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1.11 SUMMARY
This unit has given you the sufficient knowledge of different telecom infrastructure
components and the necessity of power supply. It also makes you aware of different
power supplies & their sources, use of DC power in telecommunication, earthling of one
DC pole, and various sources from where DC power is derived for operation of
equipments. The working of conventional and SMPS power plant and troubleshooting in
case of problems is also explained.

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1.12 REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS
1.13
www.tec.gov.in
www.tnd.bsnl.co.in
intranet.bsnl.co.in/digital library
www.wikipedia.org/
SELF ASSESMENT QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The function of the Float Rectifier is________________

_______________of A.C may affect the speech signals.
Transistors and I.Cs etc are ____________ devices
In Float rectifier _____________are used for rectification
In electrolysis __________electrode will be normally corroded
By earthing one pole, ___________ can be avoided
Power plants are required to feed currents for _________
In Filtering______________ are used
The out put voltage of switching regulator in SMPS is I/P voltage+ D
(T/F)
The mode of operation of rectifier modules depends on the coded signal from the
controller ( T /F )
11. SMPS works in the principle of _____ regulation ( I/P voltage/Switching/O/P
voltage)
12. For maximum efficiency the duty cycle should be less than_______

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Answers
1. To receive three phases 440 V AC and to give a constant 51.5 Volts D.C without AC
ripples.
2
Harmonics
3. Uni directional
4.
Diodes & SCRs
5.
Positive electrode
Cross talk
7. The subscribers transmitters, signaling and control and operation of exchanges and
switches
8 Multi-stage L.C. Filters
9 False
10.True
11 Switching
12. 0.5

23
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EETP/BSNL

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant

1 OVERVIEW OF TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE &

Telecom Infrastructure ............................................................. 4

Components Of Telecom Support Infrastructure .................. 5

Sources Of Power ....................................................................... 8

Commercial Ac Power Supplies................................................ 9

A.C To D.C Conversions ......................................................... 10

Earthing Of One Pole Of D.C ................................................. 10

Major Subsystems Of Power Plants ....................................... 11

SMPS Power Plants.................................................................. 15

References And Suggested Further Readings ....................... 21

Self Assesment Questions ........................................................ 21

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant

1 OVERVIEW OF TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE &

COMPONENTS OF TELECOM SUPPORT

COMMERCIAL AC POWER SUPPLIES

A.C TO D.C CONVERSIONS

EARTHING OF ONE POLE OF D.C

MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS OF POWER PLANTS

SMPS POWER PLANTS

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED FURTHER READINGS

SELF ASSESMENT QUESTIONS

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant

The power system is intended primarily to provide uninterrupted DC power to

To know components of telecom infrastructure

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant

1.3 TELECOM INFRASTRUCTURE

Coordinated maintenance, timely up gradation of these elements is the key to success of

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant

1.4 COMPONENTS OF TELECOM SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

Figure 1. Telecom support infrastructure

Very large size

No scope for modular expansion.

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant

Static P/P : 15 years

Batteries up to 200AH: 4 Years

1.4.4 ENGINE ALTERNATOR SET

Reduction of Crosstalk and Noise.

Protection of buildings and equipments from lightning strikes.

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant

Earthing of power supply systems is used to ensure reliability of power as it helps to

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant

Smooth operation of above elements is crucial to the successful delivery of service

1.5 SOURCES OF POWER

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant

1.6 COMMERCIAL AC POWER SUPPLIES

EETP/ BSNL Silver Certification Course/Ver.02/June2014

Telecom Support Infrastructure (TSI)

Overview of Telecom Infrastructure & Power Plant