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i.
DAHLIGREN,
-4
NN
..-. '",':"'.
T%. ICLL
LIBRAR~Y FL
COPY
NIW1
CM-..CO
/,
-
Reproduced From
Best Available Copy
(<-
(. /j.
-76
,-
DISCLAIMER NOTICE
THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST QUALITY
PRACTICABLE. THE COPY FURNISHED
TO DTIC CONTAINED A SIGNIFICANT
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REPRODUCE LEGIBLY.
UFNCLAS-f
Captain K. M. McLaren,
Ordnance Officer
2-46
A. V. iihRlJHEY
Lieutej.:.rit,USNR
Page i
U~/1
USN
1 ..
1 March 1946
2-46.
For some years the Naval Proving Ground has been assiduously
ANALYTICAL SUMAARY.
PART I.
PART II.
UNCL.A'S!SO
(3)
ANALYTICAL SUMMARY.
PART III.
LD
PART IV.
BALLISTIC SUMMARY.
EFFECT.
PART II.
PART III.
Page iii
4-
~~UJ CI
A:*
IJNCLASS;1*
(9)
BALLISTIC SUMURY.
PART V.
TION CHARTS OR TABLES.
DAVID I. HEDRICK
CAPTAIN, U. S. NAVY
COMMANDING OFFICER
Page iv
,
2 ..
UNCLASS1 iLW
AUTH1ORIZATION
The material in this report has been basic to the construction
of plate penetration charts.
It was authorized by BuOrd letter NP9/A9
(Re3) dated 9 January 1943.
OBJECT
To compare the results of ballistic test with the predictions
of existing formulae, and with the results of theoretical analysis; to
find the mathematical functions which best represent the fundamental
relationship between limit velocity, plate thickness, and obliquity at
low obliquity.
Page v
UNCLAS(/,.2L-
UN LASSI F ,:L
page
I
INTRODUCTIION ......
II
EMPIRICAL FORMULAE
III
BALLISTIC PARA)ETERS
IV
THEORETICAL FUNCTIONS.............
VI
VII
VIII
REFERENCES........................................
IX
FIGURES
. .
4.................
.................
.
6
.
..
..................
14
19
31
33
...........................
Pege vI
UNCLA2S;,
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Page vii
UNCL/i'1SS/,ir,
UNCLAS3j 1i:;
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
AP W79
AP M79
AP M79
3" AP M79
(APL).
Page viii
UNCLASSIFIED
LWCLA3SIk iLD
LIST OF TABLES
Table I
Table II
19
27
'28
;9
Page ix
UNICLASSIFi D
UNC LAST
iWj
INTRODUCTION
--
UNCLASSLK-D
,-
...
UNCLASS :j LD
program of limit determinations on armor steel of completely controlled
Armor plate is the product of manufacturing processes, however,
quality.
which leave the plate material in a thermodynamically unstable state.
The ballistic performance of armor is subject to statistical fluctuations which are often capricious, and a very large sample of ballistic
data would be required in order to establish with precision the ideal
T1e fundamental relationships between the primary
average performance.
variables would also be established by an exact theoretical analysis of
An exact theory would involve such
the mechanism of armor penetration.
complicated computations, however, that the analysis is beyond the reach
of the solitary analyst.
There are available, nevertheless, a series of 170 precise
limit determinations with undeformed 3" monobloc projectiles, all with
These are supplemented by additional ballistic
nearly the same ogive.
data on bombs "nd small caliber monobloc projectiles which extend the
Details of the ballistic data have been released in
range of the data.
pr-evious reports, References (1) to (10), but the results are summarized
A semiquantitative theoretical analySis of the
in the present report.
mechanics of armor penetration has been completed and the details will
(1)
to (;) by -:urve 1.
11
JrICAL FORr.;ULAE
(
70
4'e ' ci"
m .50
75
AI,
..
*N
VLcoao
(2)
-F(eld. e)
e d
The function F(e/d,O) is called the plate penetration coefficient.
The
dimensional analysis does not determine the actual form of the function
F(e/d,G), but merely states that it exists, and the actual form must be
found by experimental test.
On the basis of data available in 1932 the Naval Proving
Ground chose for the function F(e/d,O) a formula expressed by the equat ion
F(eld,,)
(3)
fThe deMarre coefficient for a plate is the ratio between the value of
A' for the plate and the value of A' for nickel steel.
-3-
UNCLASSi; i;
Fi
UNCLASSW
corresponds to a family of straight lines in a plot of F(e/d,b) vs e/d,
whereas the actual ballistic data fall on curves.
for various obliquities all intersect at the same
actual curves at low obliquity do knot intersect.
tion (3) are believed to arise from an improvement
which may have occurred in 1930, at the same time
obliquity of test at the Naval Proving Ground was
300.
F(e/d,)
=C3( -)
d
+ C2 ( - )
a
(4)
BALLISTIC PARAM IE
FS=
m Vsc osO
evd
"UNCLASSIFIED
iA
UUNCLASS IIFIED
14V 0L
on 0
1(e/d, O) =-,
ed
ue
di
vie
(v
F2W:O~t
d
Z. Vd!
F'-
-5-
~CXAi
UNCLASS 1F i ID
Another series of parameters, which are useful in the
interpretation of absorption data, are the parameters k,?, f`(c/a,b)
and r 2. The parameter F (e/d,O) is proportional to the"average pressure
on the projectile during impact at normal obliquity.
Ballistic performance may be interpreted with equal validity
in terms of any one of the three functions 17(e/d,f3), p 2 (e/d,O) or
U(e/d,O).
The projectile mass in the functions le express.ed in (ib),
the projectile diameter is given in (ft), the plate thickness in (ft)
and the velocity of the projectile in (ft)/(sec).
IV
SEMIEMPIRICAL FORMULAE
(.0)
B((
U(e/d,0) =
e
A + U((=
o( )
UNCLASSIFiED
UNCLASSIFIED
U(.,/de) =
Atanb(J'f)
d
+ B(-)
d
(0 = 0o)
U(e/d,e) =
Atnh('
) +
ri
1944 to represent
(e
(5)
(,.3) (l0)
B = (28.2) (lOs)
,5
+vf
.6(--CosO
.-o
-7-
F = 5.7
(6)
d9 -.O3sin 2O
UNCLASSIFIEN
(7)
UNCLASSIFIED
The obliquity function 0 at low obliquity was based on the ballistic
data for .3"AP M79 projectiles, and at high obliquity on the ballistic
data for 6" Comm Mk 27 projectiles.
Equations (5) and (7) are basic to NPG Sk 650.
Plate penetration coefficients and obliquity functions to represent Equations (.,) and
(7) are plotted in Figures (4) and (10) for comparison with experimental
curves.
The limit energy function defined by Equation (5) becomes a
linear function of e/d at hypervelocity, whereas the actual limit energy
function for nondeforming projectiles varies at a faster rate with e/d.
The Princeton University Station has summarized the terminal ballistics
of small caliber projectiles at hypervelocity by an empirical equation
of the form
U(e/d,e)
)'
= 00)
(8)
THEORETICAL FUNCTIONS
The theory of armor penetration in its present state of development may be summarized by a set of qualitative theorems which describe
the major phenomena in the mechanism of penetration.
The theoretical analysis of armor penetration consists
recognition of the various forms of energy which are taken up by
armor during impact, and the evaluation of these forms of energy
terms of known relationships between stress, strain, and rate of
in the
the
in
strain.
UNICLASSI IED
UNCLASSIFIED
plastic flow are greater than the components of stress for slow plastic
flow, by a factor which varies slowly with the strain rate.
The shear
stress in armor steel decreases with increase in temperature, and
increases with increase
in normal pressure.
is
applied.
UN\CLASSI,-ED
UNCLASS,i .D
-10-
I NCLASSWIFIED
between the faces of a thin plate maintain the medium near the point of
impact in a state of equilibrium.
Dynamics in a thin plate are only
important at the outer radius of the transverse undulation.
The transverse waves in a thick plate, however, are not quite able to maintain
the medium in a state of equilibrium.
The velocity of propagation of a
transverse wave in a thick plate diminishes toward the point of impact,
and is zero at a distance of one tenth caliber from the surface of the
impact hole.
The transverse waves originate at the free surfaces of the
plate and move inward, but there is a zone next to the impact hole which
is reached only by longitudinal waves.
The medium in this zone is maintained in a state of steady irrotational* flaw.
The plastic flow has been analyzed for the two limiting cases
of a thin plate and a thick plate.
The tension-extension relationship in a thin membrane is the
analog of the load-elongation relationship in a tensile bar. The tension
in the membrane is a maximum at the same value of the uninxial component
of strain as the load in the tensile bar.
The membrane thins down and
ruptures whenever the strain in the membrane reaches the critical strain
for maximum tension.
A pointed projectile ruptures a membrane almost on
contact, and forms a star crack.
Stress concentration at the outer ends
of each branch of the star crack propagates the crack with little
expenditure of energy.
The plastic energy of penetration is nearly all expended
on distortion of the petals of the star.
The petals are changed during
impact, from sectors of a plane disc into segments of a circular cylinder.
The plastic energy in a membrane is proportional to the thickness of the
membrane.
A thin plate of finite thickness does not crack until the projectile has penetrated nearly to the back of the plate. Plastic energy
is required to bring the plate tc the point of fracture.
-i
UNCLASS;1[ iLW
A theoretical curve ham been plotted in Figures (5) and (7) to
represent the thin plate theory. The theoretical curve is b~eed on the
following simplifications:
(a)
The energy required to crack the plate is assumed to be proportional to the imbedded volume of the projectile with the tip of
thn nose just at the back of the plate.
The average pressure on
the projectile before fracture of the plate is assumed to be
equal to the average pressure in the equilibrium expansion of a
The thickness of the plate near the
hole of uniform diameter.
point of impact, just at fracture, is assumed to be equal to the
thickness of the plate near a hole of uniform diameter.
S(b)
(c)
is
The theoretical curve is lower than the experimental curve, but is similar
in shape.
There have been no ballistic tests on STS at e/d less than
0.04, but there has been one limit determination on mild steel at
e/= = 0.004.
The theoretical analysis is consistent with the results on
mild steel, and has therefore been used as a guide to the limiting curve
for STS at very low e/d.
The plastic energy, per unit thickness of plate,
theoretically approaches a constant limit an e/d goes to zero, but the
elastic energy per unit thickness increases slowly.
The plate penetration
coefficient F(e/d,b) has therefore been assumed to increase with decrease
in e/d at values of e/d less than 0.02.
Fractures in a thick plate occur in a central zone next to the
impact hole where the strain in the medium is greater than the strain for
maximum shear stress.
Faults appear in the interior of the plate and
cracks appear on the faces of the plate.
The surfaces of the cracks coincide with the surf'aces of maximum shear stress in the plate.
1
IKU
lid,
n-.
-.,..rk
hnrden,
the.
ntif
'va
nf
rpron~gto
for transverse waves would be zero, and the flow would be irrotational
throughout.
The plastic flow adjacent to the surface of the plate is
maintained, by the transverse waves, in a state of equilibrium with one
component of stress equal to zero.
Approximately half of the plastic
A-12-
UNCLASSIFIED
work on the medium in a plate of caliber thickness is
actually performed
under conditions of irrotational flow, and half is performed under condiThe energy required by irrotational flow is
tions of equilibrium flow.
The principal axtn
greater than the energy required by equilibrium flow.
flow as the projectile
of strain rate rotate in the zone of irrotational
rate at the
moves through the plate, but the principal axes of strain
flow extends to
free surfaces are held fixed in the medium, and plastic
a greater distance from the point of impact in the zone of irrotational
flow.
The plate thickness at the rim of the impact hole should
increase during impact by a nearly constant amount independent of plate
thickness in the limiting case of pure Irrotational flow, but the amount
of increase should be proportional to plate thickness in the limiting
The thickness at actual impact holes is
case of pure equilibrium flow.
in fact nearly equal to the thickness for pure irrotational flow, but
increases slightly
with increase in plate thickness.
(7),
(9)
Theoretical curves have been plotted in Figures (5),
The theoretical curves
and (10) to illustrate
the thick plate theory.
are based on the following simplifications:
in
the central
(a)
(b)
(c)
The theoretical and experimental curves are in excellent agreethe limiting case
Curve II is included in Figure (9) to illustrate
ment.
the
of pure irrotational
flow.
Curve III is included to illustrate
If there were no fault formation
limiting case of pure equilibrium flow.
on
near the impact hole, the plate penetration coefficient should fall
Curve V.
-13-
UNCLASSIFIED
UNC[ASSTFILU
VI
EXPERIMENTAL FUJNCTIONS
Ballistic data for 3" monobloc projectiles against homogeneous
-14-
]rW
...
(-
..
U 1] L.A... .1
UNCLASSIFE
plate failure is brittle. The critical hardness for brittle failure
decreases with increase in projectile caliber, with decrease in plate
thickness, and with increase in obliquity.
The critical hardness is
raised by an increase in carbon content, but is lowered by the presence
of inhomogeneities in the steel.
The critical hardness varies capriciously from plate to plate and from point to point in the same plate.
The effect of hardness on the plate penetration coefficient
may be illustrated by a few extreme examples.
Stensile
Figure (21).
Plate No. 87,207 was received from the manufacturer with a
strength of 126000 (Ib)/(in) '.
The plate threw large buttons
on impact, and the plate penetration coefficients were low at both 00
and .300. The buttons were flat cylinders, with smooth wiped faces and
S-15-
UNCLASSIFI-D
Plate penetration coefficients for 3" projectiles vs 1!2 C1
Plate No. 55909 are plotted against cosO in Figure (22).
The tensile
strength of the plate was 117000 (lb)/(in)2.
Two of the plate penetration coefficients at 00 were coneistent with the results on other plates,
but the rest of the plate penetration coefficients were very low. Two
widely different limits were obtained at 00 with uncapped 3" AP Type k
projectiles at different locations on the same plate.
The plate penetration coefficients for plates in the ductile
range of hardness usually agree with each other to within a few percent.
The effect of hardness on the plate penetration coefficient Is not a
linear function of hardness even in the ductile range of hardness, but
in a limited range of lMrdness the actual effect may be represented with
At a tensile strength of
sufficient accuracy by a linear relationship.
115000 (lb)/(in) 2 the plate penetration coefficient is raised 0.30. 1i
per 1000 (lb)/(in) 2 increase in tensile strength.
The limit energy
(lb)/(in)'
increase
in tensile
function is increased 0.60.Z%per 100
strength.
If the limit energy function were directly proportional to
the static tensile strength, it would be raised 0.87% per 1000 (lb)/(in) 2
The limit energy function is more likely
increase in tensile strength.
to be proportional to the dynamic tensile strength.
Jeasurements of
the dynamic tetisile strengths of various steels have been made by the
California Institute of Technology.
The data are summarized in
Figure (23), where the dynamic tensile strength has been plotted against
the static tensile strength. The ratio of dynamic tensile strength to
static tensile strength is greatest for pure iron, and decreases to unity
The general trend at a static tensile
as the hardness increases.
strength of llbO00 (lb)/(in)' corresponds to an increase of dynaiic
tensile strength equal to 0.650.15%c per 1000 (lb)/(in)2 increase in
Attention is invited to the results for
static tensile strength.
Class B armor and STS, which gave nearly the same dynamic tensile
strengths for different static tensile streagths.
Trhe dynamic tensile
strength of Class R ormor is among the highest in Figure (23) for the
same static tensile strength.
Any functions which are chosen to represent the basic relationships between tae primary ballistic variables should be based on ductile
armor, all at the same temperature, and all at the same static tensile
strength.
The mean annual temperature at Dahlgren is 15Cc, so this was
chosen as the standard temperature.
A study of the ballistic data in
il
Ul
LaU
UN;CL/-~IS
,-LU
(7)
and
(8).
-17-
1A
UfNCLASSi2; C
The choice of a continuous function to represent the limit
energy function at any one'obliquity should be governed by the data for
all obliquities in order to reduce the effects of statistical fluctuaFor values of e/d equal to or greater than 0.5
tions to a minimum.
the limit energy function decreases consistently with increase in
obliquity at a slightly greater rate than in direct pr'oportion to Ooso.
For values of e/d less than O.b the limit energy function for 3". AP M79
projectiles decreases with increase in obliquity more rapidly than at
higher values of e/d, yet the limit energy function for X" Comm Mk S
projectiles against thin Mod STS actually increase'owith increase in
The noses of the common projectiles are flattened to a
obliquity.
small extent on impact, however, and projectile deformation may be
responsible for the increase in limit energy function with obliquity.
In fact, the limit energy function for 5" common projectiles against
thin mild steel decreases as it should with increase in obliquity and
At least part of the variation in
the projectiles are also undeformed.
limit energy function with obliqiity for thin plates is the result of
The various groups of data for low e/d
changes in critical hardness.
are not consistent enough to justify the assumption of different
obliquity effects for thin plate and thick plate.
The ballistic data at low obliquity are therefore sumriarized
by a limit energy function L(e/de) which is expressed analytically by
the equation
e
2
U(e/d., )
()4
@cose
(9)
Table I (Continued)
Projectile
3" AP M79
"
"
"
"
"
It
"
"
Plate
Number
Plate
Tensile
Strength
149824
"
"
"
128000
124000
128000
128000
"
"
"o
.403
.396
.402
.400
4300020
4190020
4010030
3850020
124000
340
396
3780020
37.80
.400
3800020
"158494
106000
00
.0846
1930050
167162
116000
694385
130000
F1790
F3076
"
"
.50
1.373
4860020
300
.244
3420020
115000
300
.662
439002
85000
00
200
.657
.660
4370020
4000020
.657
.658
.658
37900201
35000201
3640020
1.068
516004C
.650
4650030
29.80
.650
4470030
30
.431
42800+0
"132000
29.80
.429
3960030i
130000
10
300
.505
.505
461003m
4070020
00
200
300
.671
46300i30
. 671
4450020
.670
4260020
34.50
370
.669
4170020
415002
"85000
85000
"
85000
29.80
39.80
44.80
X9021
120000
. 50
X12904
122000
"
X16835
"X16919
122000
132000.-
"130000
"
1.50
140
200
300
128000
"
"85000
"
e
d
Uncorrect
d
X18305
110000
"110000
110000
""
110000
"".
"110000
20
.671
UN4CLASSIFIED
Table I
Uncorrected
late
nsile
e
d
"ength
'8000
'4000
:8000
'8000
(Continued)
F
d
Corrected
,(e.
d
18000
1.50
140
200
300
340
37.8c0
.403
.396
.402
.400
. 396
.400
43000200
41900200
40100300
38500200
37800200
38000200
)6000
00
.0846
19300500
19800
1.373
46600200
48300
24000
16000
.50
(10_)(e,
COSO
7.45
6.95
6.46
5.93
5.66
5.78
,
.991
.979
.917
.921
.932
.984
1.000
.970
.940
.866
.829
.790
.795
1.000
.893
1.000
2.85
1.042
.866
`32
32.0
30000
300
.244
34200200
15000
300
.662
43900200
43900
12.77
1.016
.866
85000
85000
85000
85000
85000
00
200
29.80
39.80
44.80
.657
. 660
.657
.658
.658
43700200
40000200
37900200
35000200
36400200
48500
44400
42100
38900
40400
15.46
13.02
11.65
9.96
10.73
1.074
.958
.932
.900
1.050
1.000
.940
.868
.768
.710
1.068
51600400
50600
27.4
1.049
1.000
-20000
.50
.22000
-22000
29.80
.650
.650
46500300
44700300
14.05
12.99
.992
1.056
.999
.868
-32000
.32000
30
29.80
.431
.429
42800000
39600300
7.90
6.73
.951
.940
.999
.868
-30000
,300
10
300
.505
.505
46100300
40700200
10.73
8.37
1.040
.936
1.000
.866
110000
110000
L10000
00
200
300
.671
.671
.670
46300300
44500200
42600200
46800
45000
43y1
14.70
13.60
12.45
.996
.979
.975
1.000
.940
.866
i10000
110000
34.50
370
.669
.671
41700200
41500200
4L
4]
11.86
11.78
.978
.999
.824
.799
20
Table I (Continued)
Project ile
Plate
Number
Plate
Tensile
Strength
3" AP M79
X18305
123000
"it
"
"X19797*
"DD36
"1
"
"DD37
"
uncorrected
e
F,)
.669
Co
F
123000
200
.669
47000200
45200300
"123000
29.8"
668
42800200
127000
10
29.50
.513
.510
41500500
40200500
92000
.5
1.443
48200200
"103000
.50
1.403
49700200
10000
-50
1.440
51000300
1.35
1.39
1.36
49100200
49700200
49500200
5
5
b
"127000
"
108000
""
108000
108000
00
00
150
"H
127000
00
1.355
52900500
135000
""
1.355
54800500
"DD804
109000
300
1.067
47500200
"GG125
116000
00
00
1.61
52500200
53000500
5
5
"GG296
97000
""
97000
pp
"""
*Laminated Plate
116000
1.63
"97000
.819
.823
.823
46100200
200
300
44400300
43700500
4,
4
"103000
300
.824
44000500
41
111000
200
.825
45700100
30
UNCLASSIFILD
Table I (Continued)
late
o
-
Co
Trentl
4123000
Corrected
F(", 6)
F(", 0)
(lOe)U(.0 O)
cose
1.000
.940
trength
123000
123000
Uncorrected
Sensile
.50
200
29.80
.669
.669
47000200
452001300
46600
44800
14.52
13.43
.987
.971
668
42800O200
42400
12.02
41500500
40200500
127000
29.50
.513
.510
92000
.5
1.443
48200200
51700
103000
.5
. 403
49700200
1.440
51000300
10
.50
1.
1035
8.84
8.25
942
S127000.839
868
.905
1.000
.870
38.6
1.012
1.000
51300
36.9
1. 004
1. 000
51700
38.5
S110000
1.012
1.000
49700200
49500200
50600
34.6
.988
1.000
1i.39
1.36
51300
bl000
36.6
35.4
1.008
1.035
1.000
.966
1.355
52900500
50700
34.8
S127000.992
1.000
135000
00
1.,355
54800500
50800
35.0
.996
1.000
109000
300
1.067
47500200
46600
25.2
1.118
.866
116000
116000
00
00
1.61.
1.63
52500200
53000500
52500
53000
44.4
45.8
1.011
1.027
1.000
1.000
5
b
97000
97000
4d
97000
30
200
300
.819
.823
.823
46100200
44400300
43700500
48800
47000
46300
19.5
18.18
17.64
1.039
1.024
1.079
.999
.940
.866
103000
300
.824
44000500
45700
17.22
1.051
.866
11i000
200
.825
45700100
46300
17.70
.994
.940
108000
108000
108000
4
4
41
00
150
49100200
Table I (Continue
Projectile
Plate
Number
Plate
Tensile
Strengthh
3" AP M79
GG3461
117000
""JH135
121000
"
Uncorrt
F(
.50
00
15
"
121000
"H111161
125000
10
116000
300
"53E246A8
AV
1.0155
50000
1.016
49400
1.020
48000
975
49700
.662
42600
UNGCLASSHFiED
Table I
tinued)
icorrect
e
-(-,o)
'ate
nsile
rength
Ld
(Continued)
Uncorrected
)e
(
Corrected
e
(10-
dcoO
(d,0)
1. 035
50000500
49200
25.1
1.000
1.000
00
1.016
49400500
48700
24.1
.984
1.000
21000
150
1.020
48000f200
47400
22.9
.965
.966
25000
10
.975
49700200
48200
263.7
.971
1.000
426001i 16000
300
.662
426001000
42400
11.92
.948
.866
500005
494005
17000
000
480002
497002
.50
BALLISTIC DATA
VII
Table I.
Projectile
Plate
Number
7404A
3" Comm Mk 3
3" Comm Mk 3*
"
"H
"it
3"
AP Type A**
"I
120000
121000
e
d
20
305
.083
. Obb
Uncorrec
e
d
21500[
5300t
"
40
Oo
.214
.209
315001
60919
"
122000
"
30
40
.213
. 17?
34500,
6" Comm Mk ;3
3" AP Type A
85830
3" Comm Mk 3
161855
"
32100;
35;00"
it
100
.212
34000'
it
310
.213
30bOO,
30
520
.170
.170
285001
29500.
30
.260
35800t"
8o
.259
33800;
28.50
.260
33500!
127000
127000
118000
"
,,
"
"
3" Comm Mk 3
189679
109000
10
.126
26,00,
3" Comm Mk 3
"
6U4352
125000
125000
30
"
6r0
.203
Ob
35500,
35200i
B2680-CA"'
145000
20
.088
.500,
00
340
.069
.070
20b00
SProjectile
**
Plate
'Pensile
Strength
12,3000
"
""B2712-CAll
it
"
"
3" Comm Mk 3*
!_
"56360
"
"
Uncapped projectile
21b00
tJhi UL,.i :f
Vf A
)bloc p
Lb)/(in)
orrecte
(--, 0)
BALLISTIC DATA
imit energy functions for 3" monobloc projectiles with 1.67 caliber
ogival radius, vs 3TS of 115000 (lb)/(in) 2 tensile strength,
Plate
Tensile
coso
e
(10 ".(-,e
Strength
500:50
iO0000
Uncorrected
Corrected
(
,( ,i(e 0)
at 15 0 C.
120000
20
.033
21b00500
.428
.956
.999
J10020(121000
150030C 12,3000
300
2M000b00
3L100200
.450
1.24
.866
00
.08b
.214
40
30
.209
. 213
40
100
2. 2p1
.897
1.000
31500300
34500300
2.07
.880
.998
2 54
1. 038
.999
35200500
34000500
30b001500
2.69
1.063
.998
"310
.21.7
.212
.213
2.45
1.98
1.02
.94b
.985
.857
127000
30
.170
285001500
1.38
.887
.998
127000
38o
.170
295001000
1.48
1.118
.848
380020(
3500
118000
0
30
.260
.259
35800200
33800200
3.33
2.96
.932
.843
.999
.990
630030<
28.50
.260
33500500
2.92
.928
.879
1.000
1.000
"150030
"
32005C0
12000
100050
bOOiSO
50015(.
M50010
380020(
550020q
109000
14
.1i6
26300300
520080(
125000
30
.203
35500200
;. 56
1.150
.999
50030(
1 25000
60
.205
35200800
L.54
1.127
.994
145000
20
.088
;..500300
.446
1.001
.999
"
,,
00
.069
.070
205001000
215001000
.290
a4
,972
1.28
1.000
.829
050010(
bOOO1
340
.88b
S-
Table I (Continued)
Projectile
Plate
Number
Plate
Tensile
Strength
3"
AP M79
1478
12.3000
3"
AP M79
9473
107000
"10559
Uncorrect
.500
b05
.6b,)
43300bC
1.68
5150050
I.2b5
4 620040
92000
""
LO
300
o.
1.1300
L 98
4540020
4 330030
"106bO
104000
300
.669
41bO020
"
40497
112000
29.70
.489
4120020
"
40498
12 70CO
29.50
bO
41bOO20
"
40500
121000
L9.80
.488
41000204
"
"
"
"
40502
"
"
104000
104000
104000
lObO00
0
.50
200
300
3-8
.49b
.49b
.490
.488
4,5900+g0O
410C,LO(
40(.000D
3770040(
29. 40)
. 507
413 0 0 LO(
10
.493
4650020(
80
. I02
4620020(
125000
""
140
.490
4,390020(
12"3000
126000
124000
20
.495
4290020(
29.70
.498
4120020C
400
.497
3950050(
113000
29.50
.498
4130020C
125000
29.50
.494
413000C
91000
.50
""i"
"40819
117000
"40915
"'140C0
"t
126000
""1
"H"
"I
4091.6
40917
-I0-
'U
ued)
UcCLASSIiED
)rrected
Table I
300boo
500500
?00400
Uncorrected
,000}latee
enaile
niee
rength
100.00
300300
L3000
)00200
1 07000
00200
91000
(Continued)
."i0~
*b
.50
92000
200
0
F(-A('i)(Oet/-,(}
(e
Corrected
@
F(.)8
d
o{
(10)U(,
I9.
1.8
.988
866
.65r
43300b00
1.68
51500500
b2 600
46.5
1.000.
1.000
.45
1.2
1.1300
4 6200400
45400200
o0100
41J100
30.7
.992
31.4
.998
1.000
.940
i.L98
43300300
46800
28.4
.985
.866
1i. -5
.962
.866
)00200
"5C
)00200
104000
300
.669
41b00200
42800
w00200
112000
29.70
.489
41200200
41700
6.50
.988
.869
1270(13
29.50
.41500200
121000
Z9.80
.488
41000200
.50
.495
43900200
45400
10.21
1. 016
1.000
O104000
.49b
.490
.488
4.i00,, 00
40L00,;00
.37700400
43500
41700
38900
9.37
8.b2
7.39
.990
.992
.950
.940
.866
.788
.50?
57
413 0 0
4,020
41700
8.82
.978
.870
.OO,100
00.400
'00400
200
500
8
0
29.b
C,0
00200
000OO
00200
001200
00200
104000
1041000
1ObO00
0
00500
00100
l7O
I235000
1i
.493
465006200
45200
10.07
1.009
1.000
00200
124000
12 5000
1;23000
123000
124000
8a
140
200
."02
.490
.495
4 6200200
43900f00
42900200
44900
44400
43100
10.12
9.57
9.20
.997
.995
.972
.990
.970
.940
.498
41?00200
41800
8.70
.988
.869
29.70
400
.497
3 9500500
39700
7.84
1.012
.766
113000
29.50
.498
41300200
41700
8.66
.98.
.870
1;2b000
29.50
.494
41300200
0000
Table I (Continued)
Plate
Number
Plate
Tens ile
Strength
42024
"
104U0O
10000
"of
it
102000
102000
"
"
"
"
p"rojectile
3" AP M79
""
""
"i
""
"1
"to
"125000
f
.o569
.370
34900600
.372
36100()00
.-
""
llbO00
00
19.6 0
100
67
.370
. 368
43000200
41300200
37700200
117000
""
117000
310
.408
.4435
43500bOO
35900800
109000
109000
109000
.b
200
3(0
.809
.807
81,5
48000100
4bOO00
4'160)fO(
11.3000
11"000
200
"113000
115000
""I
3a0
81,5
.808.6813
11
48500O200
46600200
45600300
44500300
ib000
""
12,5000
.50
19. 5b
24.30
. 613
. 81
.13
. 812
481000(00
47',6001;.-00
46900300
45800200
20
210
310
.,68
109000
109000
.56-00;:00
33300200
556
""
112000
"109000
400
46.bo
..236
.236
103000
102000
.
300
""
1.bOOO
"70015
"o
"o
*Brittle plate
d
4j1400l0()
39200o00
77300t.300
5b000Of00
S 115000
""
d
.368
.370
. 368
.371
S115000
59533
"
.bO
'0
300
370
41.50
4440
490
102000
"55909*
Uncorrected
e
10000
.235
34700LOC
31100i00
302P00200
28800100
UNCLAS)Sl L
Ta~ble I (Continued)
tvo
Lirv
rength
rrec ted
1(.0
dd
Corrected
--(-. 0)
(10-,) 11(-. ()
1.068
1.009
.996
.944
1.004
1.0,35
1. Z2?3
1.000
.940
.866
.799
.749
.719
0coSO
.368
.570
.368
.371
.3569
.570
.372
4iI Wot0t0X
39-00*20()
37300t!500
35b000t500
34900ti300
54700f-,(C
36100&)0
43500
41100
56600
36400
Jj7900
6.96
6.25
b.10
.6,1
5b.00
4.95
4.9~0
b.34
-567
.570
4350002-00
41300200
77020
42I800
41100
37b00
6.72
6. ;-)
5.18
1.03,5
1.008
.916
1.00a
.941
.866
46500500
35b90000
435200
35600
7.61
b.51
.996
.764
.999
.857
4t300,,00
4n.5000200)
Joi)
46L300
4bb00
19.27
17. 23
16.83
1.040
. 994
1.04.4
1.000
. 940
.866
45500
46700
4t5400
4 4400
19. 12
17. 62
16. 7b
16.00
1. 3?
1. 015
1. 039
1.026
1.000
. 940
513
.511
485500200
466002;00
'LX)00300
44 b00f0
19i.50o
L.3
olo5
bi.5K
.1
-b00
Oil]
qtd3
oi00.Cu
,?600-00
469UU600
456300140(
47600
41/100
16400
4,300
18. 4c.
18.0Ogm
17.50
16.67
.9b9
1.02?
1.032,
1.015
1.000
.943
.911
.88
LIOO
d3
.23,56
.4,3b
-56.500tzOO
333002L.00
31100i;200
36800
353900,2
31700
3.21.06?
71
?..36
.973
.936
.9,54
.Lu9000
211
315
11-000
L.UYOOO
4E.b5
.256
.236
M.0200200
i25600il00
30500
2915
2.;20
2.03J
.961
.985
.766
.688
bO
JULuO
J-~000
zoo
50
O)LOOO
3570
065000
J-9000
-0j00
4 1.5b0
440
490
'1:)000
5000O
00
Ili.do
6()36
117000
117000
L.408
1510
109000
1U9Y00(
i(00
"'O
.809
. 607
bi
0)
.435b
*535
i
uooo
))000
000
)U0u
IiJl00
100
300
3530
1-5~000
~iJ000
400
.6508.
1367 00
k6L(J0
.656
.8566
63-
.999
.85?
Projectile
Plate
Number
Plate
Tensile
St rengt6h
3" AP m479
70015
118000
"
114000
118000
"
""
"
"ofJ
1i000
"118000
Uncorrected
e
d
5
300
.236
38.20
.21536
450
.236
40
244
36900200
1.016
44C00200
236
83880
322000
to
it
8518
#1 7
87000
"f
87000
300
1.016
41200200
"
87000
3b*
1.020
40900200
I. O;EI
1.0020
481001200
48200200
"
,,it
"t
of
111000
"H
11.1000
"
110000
ba
bo
140
19.80
126000
"
126000
"126000
t
7I07
"
""6000
"to"
.50
8 90
8 9 00
02A
90 0
1.0;4
46000.300
1.007
1. 00?;
1.005
50000200
48700500
48000200
112000
300
.806
460001000
.W06
44500200
"126000
00
.809
44500500
.609
43100bOO
6.5
47300500
.993
484002o00
.50
.996
49400200
.990
48600f400
1.51000
131000
"
plate
112000
100
14.20
7500
ob 7bw
*Brittle
.236
36900200
344001200
32,00P200
30400,*300
30100200
200
114000
4A1
117000
4A
116000
16
30 0
.50
00
UNCLAS iYW
Table I
date
nsile
:engt h
e
d
(Continued)
Uncorrected
e
da
F(-,O)
36400
34300
32100
30000
29700
F(-, 0)
L8000
!4000
8000
8000
8000
.50
200
300
38.20
45o
.L36
.2,56
.2366
66900200
344001200
52600200
30400300
30100200
2000
40
.244
36900200
44300200
41200200
40900*200
7000
.50
.2,6
.Z66
Corrected
e,
v (e0c )
d
5.13
2.78
2.43
2.13
2.08
1.045
. 987
.939
.906
.984
1.000
.940
.866
.786
.707
3.32
1.053
.998
48900
4bbO0
45100
24.6
21.0
L0. 17
.992
.992
1.:0,0
1.000
.866
.819
37000
7000
300
35
1.016
1.016
1.021
11000
11000
0000
bo
140
19.80
1.021
1.020
1.024
48100200
482001?00
46000300
48800
489(.)
46600
24.3
24.4
22.2
.988
1.02
9W3
1.000
.970
.941
'6000
6000
46000
00
100
14.20
1.00'7
1.002
1.005
bOOOO200
48700500
48000200
48800
47500
46800
24.0
22.6
22.0
.992
.954
.941
1.000
.985
.969
000
2000
.50
300
.806
.806
460001000
44500200
17.05
15.96
.926
1.001
1.000
.866
'6000
0
600
.809
.809
44500500
43100b00
1000
10
.6b0
47300,00
14.55
1.026
1.000
1000
300
. 6,52
43800500
12.52
1.016
.866
6000
4000
.996
48200200
48100
23.0
.964
1.000
7000
.50
.996
49400200
48900
23.8
.996
1.000
.990
48600400
48200
215.0
.967
1.000
6000
00
Table I (Continued)
Plate
Tensile
Projectile
Plate
Number
6" AP M79
89001A7
114000
"
"
"
90940Al
90940A
90940A2
91000
111000
114000
5 0
.5
00
9'
98193
116000
"107238
119000
119000
118000
119000
,,9
,
"
107716
of
Strength
120000
120000
""
120000
"""120000
120000
""
"1196b2
"i
"125687
""i
Uncorrected
(
1.010
493001200
.664
.662
.66b
45400t00
47300500
47000300
'300
.659
43200200
20
.455
.455
.460
.460
45800200
40700200
39800200
41600200
.666
.
.668
.868
46800200
44700200
4-000200
41900200
42200200
30
350
450
5
200
29.80
3440
400
.666
.660
.50
300
.326
. 326
40300300
117000
118000
00
450
.206
34300200
.206
29200500
117000
118000
""
34900200
127804AI
114000
.50
1.010
48300300
127804A2
114000
.50
1.010
48500200
"140037
125000
It
,]
e
d'
125000
"it
125000
125000
"125000
.202
34600400
20.20
.204
32800500
300
400
450
.204
31300200
29500500
30000400
00
.204
;203
JNCLASSIFIC-D
L)
I (Continued)
Table
cted
Uncorrected
ate
e
d
ile
ngt h
e
F(-.O()
Corrected
e
-lW
a
)
, (e
(l0_U(
d
.200
ZO00
t2
000
00
t300
1-00
000
1000
400C
50
.50
00
.200
1.010
49300200
49400
24.7
1.012
1.000
.664
.662
.66b
4b400200
47300500
47000300
47400
47400
46900
14.92
14.88
14.62
1.024
1.024
I. 00W
1.000
1.000
1.000
43000
I2.18
.975
866
999
6000
600
659
4.5200100
9000
9000
8000
9000
2
300
350
450
.455
.455
.460
.460
45800200
40700200
39800200
41600t200
9.55
7.54
7.29
7.96
1.065
.970
.977
1.239
.819
.707
.666
.668
14.60
13.35
11.78
11.70
11. 76
1.000
1.000
.940
.666
.660
46800200
44700200
42000200
41900200
42200;200
.963
1. 061
.868
.829
.766
.326
.3,6
40300300
64900200
5.29
3.97
.990
.8b.I
1.000
.866
2.42
1.76
1.061
1.087
1.000
.707
L200
E200
'200
E200
k200
E200
L200
E200
0000
0000
0000
o00
,'_30
0 , 0000
0
.5o
200
29.80
340
400
k200
17000
k17000
.50
300
:2 00
L500
t.500
.200
t4 00
0500
200
t500
400
f0
.668
t8000
00
.206
34300200
MOO
45"
.206
?900,5 00
.966
.924
.866
14000
.50
1. U10
48300300
48200
2.6.5
.964
1.000
M14000
.50
1.010
48500200
48400
23.7
.972
1.000
15000
i'5000
TbO000
,-.bOO.
25000
00
20.20
300
400
45
.202
34600400
32800500
31300200
29500500
30000400
24.2
21.9
20.0
17.76
18.27
1.099
1.000
1.047
1.026
1.030
1.i5t
.938
.866
.766
.707
.204
.204
.204
.203
0:
to
02
to.
.4
to r-4
t))
to
n~t
00
80
0
VI
4,H
0o
Vto
8
o*
W 0
P)
A AI
-,) l- .
0
H-l
tl- C)
0 o0
00
C>
Q3,4
0
0
0
to~ M
OD
14
H H4
C'2l~C~ C
C\
HC\
4
t-
1--i
0~ .7r)
',I cot
OCW
rr-
0
00
tDt 4D
rH
C
O
o
0
U'
020
4,
4 z
6\
'--4
-27-
UNCLASSIFIED
Table III.
Corrected
(
Projectile
Diameter
Plate
Number
Brinell
Hardness
e
d
.296"
2970
259
250
.757
.97?
53300
54400
48900
50600
267
257
1.418
1.831
55800
57600
50800
5,5000
250
267
257
255
.536
.777
1.004
1.501
53700
52400
54000
54900
50400
48200
50200
51200
269
2.055
59400
54500
"2994
"3003
"3011
257
2.55
269
265
258
.548
.819
1.121
1.610
2.139
51600
51400
54400
55400
58500
48600
48500
50500
51700
54900
2994
"2973
"2976
"2980
.540"
2973
2976
"2980
"2986
"2994
.990"
"
1.565"
1. 565"
2980
2986
269
.709
50(000
46800
"3003
"3011
"3021
265
258
259
1.019
1.353
2.013
51300
53900
55600
48200
51000
52600
448
262
266
1.029
1. 534
50800300
55900200
48000
52100
"1467
-28-
SU~IVCLAs
!L
iiiE.
UNCLASSIFIED
#-4
8088~ so
a8
V
0 0
LO
LO LO
r) i'd
%H
888
8.
008N
000
4A8
0 008
00t
00o~
880
8 08 88 Q
88
abCO.'
C)L
"4
o
0 4
0
40
045t
00+32
P-
C42
0C
3-
ctj\
~4
4)4
Z~
4.0
0 )
to0
v
do).0
4")
12
~30
4-4
.4
0..
*.
-4
'Oc
vf%
0-r4 a)4
4
0
.0
O!'r- 1)
4C
r-44I cdv-
4)0
E-2
-4
r--
L-4r-
(0
00)
0o
co
C73
00
0
0 m .J
0)0
-46
VV
'0
ca t
o~ r-0 ~)
0
.4,
B CU\SSi iE
VIII
REFERenCES
(Ballistic
1.
Data)
(April, 1944)
2.
3.
41.
5.
6.
7.
8.
,-31-
UNCLASSii~iED
II
UNCLASSIFILIj
9.
survey
of tungsten carbide projectiles,
"Terminal ballistics
C. W. Curtis, R. j. Emrich, J. R. Sproule,
and nose-shape tests".
NDRC Monthly Report No OTB-7 (February 15, 1945); "Terminal
Effect of carrier
ballistics
of tungsten carbide projectiles.
Part I".
E. R. Jones, C. W. Curtis, R. J. Emrich NDRC Monthly
Report No. OTB-12& (July 15, 1945)
10.
-32-
UVrsI
tunn
L'.
U
*
LL
r-
00*
ot
8A
0
ra
0
I--
CDh
IAM
r-
0
0
va
+
a)
00
0Z
b tn
oL
a.
re*)
0~
U.-
It
0
CL
CL
Liii
0.
Lbio
0
00cl
0I
0~
0
0L
L.JL
a)
03
LLa
w~
03~
a-
zo
03
03
wI
00
03
0
0-
0c
0
lb
00
CD-
03
T-0
Q~
LI
bi
U-
U,)
0.
z
0
.-
+.$
ILa.
on
(D~
00
I--
CD
IAJJ
U.:
4'
9-
00
-
00
C-)V
-JL
&A
8-
it=3
U.U
U.U
00
em
0-
ICL
IL
0W
.........
cf
..
......
....
........
...
~-7
..................
.7-..
---------
U.-S-
:31
----- ....
~i.
0,-0
U)e
IAJ
If -L
7Ii
T:7777777_7
. .....
-777
...
411
..
...
Iii;
..
..
.. ..
0.
77
.....
......
...
40
.w
IL
0*0
oj
. .
. .
1A
cl
c
0.
-+
0AV
ono
JD
CC
CL
..
0.(
ci
IL,
,*
toa
--
-~K--~t-.
--
...
...-
-X
t':.I,.
'v~
i~~
~ ~
~c
ti
C%
4.1LI
.Lj..
0.U1t.plI44~
cl-t
.
:.
c1
..
.. . .
....
-0
FTc
4;
.
"
...
U.
~.............i
.. .. . .
. . .
1:1w
0C
<
3.I
3o
......
Or
w
.-
...
...
0.
...
u.. 0
...
...
0w
2C
0
0
z
a.~~c
c2--
10
cO
)
OU
6
0
(0
100
CS
'R.
o.
oL
u.
I:
.........
6 a
.CL
4.
.. ..
0
In
w1*E
* 0
-
04
0
O
CL
-0
-6
0
O0.
=
(j)
0.
I
00
0
CL1
0j
0~W
a
'.
)L
in!~
06
0X
10
Cc
15
Ii
'
-1
_*
--
hi
I.-
-C-
NPO
PHOTO
NO
29011
OBLIQUITY
1.3
FUNCTIONS
FIGUflE (12)
(APL)
FOR
3"
AP
M79
PROJECTILE
......
...
o/d
*.5
--
IKEY
-.
AT
PLATE
TENSILE STMENiGTN
40502
104000*
40915
123000*
107238
119000
X16919
130000
x 1I9797
127000
1.0.
8.
1.
.7
NPO
PHOTO
NO.
2983
OBLIQUITY
1.3 .. . .
(APL)
FIGURE (13)
FUNCTIONS
FOR
3" AP
M79
PROJECTILE
*
'
1.2
"
KEY
PLATE
TENSILE
-...
130000
107716
120000
F3076
.8
.9
cose
.7
85000*
"'4
X12904
122000
B
5
X18305
110000*
XIs305
123000*
*Obliquity
STRENGTH
87547
functions
tensile
strength
..
.0
a .65
for
1.0..
o/d
AT
-I
. -
CURVE I
Standard
corrected
to
115000
NPO
PHOTO
NO
2.904
OBLIQUITY
(APL.
FIGURE (14)
FUNCTIONS
FOR
3" AP
M79
PROJECTILE
I.KEY
---
--
~-V~-
--
~..
...
..
STRENGTH
115000*
59533
I25000*
87207
112000
GG296
97 000'
00996
103000*
46296
111000*
-.
t~
.for
-f-i
...
.8l'0
m .82
59533
Ir.5
1.0
*/d
TENSILE
PLATE
. 'j1
1.2
AT
...
.9
.8
case-
.7
CURVE I
Standard
0.
hi
hi0
IL
l-
ad-
U
o 0
hi
Ix
(ID
hi
-n
CL
_j
to*0
NPG
PHOTO
NO.
2987
(APL)
THE
3" AP
M79
FIGURE (17)
DEPTH
Projectile
in
OF
PENETRATION
Homogeneous
Plate
at
Low Obliquity
d
p
3vs
s
vL
-- 2
.8
.9
1.0
vs
4.
A: I
plate thickness
projectile
diameter
depth
penetration
striking
of
velocity
limit velocity
hi
'i
CJ
LA.
00
'L
(A a:
0)
1~
0
IL
xi.
n~
.0C
-,
C0
-L
LL
0-
0L
GD
0G
0)
II
-I
WI
19 t
T119 1 -
9 10t
60191-
0090*'
1191
I~l
C. SO
.L1
191-
9160t,
60181-
00~0*'
CLl
C
a)l
60191
6*Oq*'
0
0.
I-
0.
'
00-I
CL
CL
-
0'
W1
0
0.
z
a
.L
C.
UNCL.A
.PG
PHOTO
2990 (APL)
NO
F
E
FIGURE (20)
S~
PLATE
3" AP M79
COEFFICIENT3
PENETRATION
Projectile
vs
C1
and
40915
55000
Zx
50000xX
4 000
123000 (lb)/(in) 2
..
83
40000
NO
NO
Plate
No
40502
B
E
NO
B3
82
L-__
35 000
.9
1.0
.7
.8
__
__
.5
.6
Cose
PROJECTILE
CONDITION
Undetormed
NO
Nose
B2 X -
e/d
Offset
Broken in
Shattered
Two
.5
NPG
PHOTO
NO
2991
(APL)
FIGURE
PLATE
3" AP
M79
PENETRATION
Projectile vs CI
(21 1
COEFFICIENTS
Plates
60000
. 125000 (Ib)/(in)
Y,
/ -'x
ox
Plate No.
115000
59535
(Ib)/(in)"
50000-
F(d-e)
NO
E
NO
""O
O
Plate
109000
B2
NO
No. 59533
(Ib)/(in) 2
NO
E.
Plate
NO
I 2CO0
(lb),1(in) 2
SNO
' Plate No
87207
126000
(Ib)/I(in)2
000
40000
1.0
.9
.7
.8
.5
.S
Cose
PROJECTILE
Undeformed
NO -
Nose Offset
B2 X-
Broken in
Shattered
CONDITION
Two
e/d
a2
UNCL.ASSIFI
NPG
PHO1O
NO
2999O
(APL)
FIGURE
PLATE
Uncopped
3* Projectiles
vs C1
PENETRATION
( 22)
COEFFICIENTS
Strength
50000
j(
3" AP
M79
Pruiectile
40000
Uncapped
Type
.9
A Projectile
300001
1.0
3" AP
.8
..
..
--
.7
.5
Cose
Plh-FCTILE
e/d
CONDITION
BD
Bose
Danted
X2
Split
in Two
SComplete
(
Incomplete
Penetration,
Penetration,
estimcted
estimated
minimum
maximum
.4 1
value
value
NPOGPHOTO NO.
FIGUnE (t3)
e9s3 (APL)
TENSILE
DYNAMIC
THE
Strain
STEELS
SEVERAL
OF
STRENGTHS
200 (sec)-l
Rote
_:
300
//
4b
:o
,,,
,5
NE9449
20-in
WOT
00
SC
loa s s
0
)-
*,
'0
lSOoSO/
'
100
HTS
tMS0
/AMS
AtF.
S= 1040
:/SAE
Ann/
/
/'
/
I
f'I
IO-3
Fe
Pure Iron
MS
Mild Steel
HTS
High Tensile
STS
Special Treatment
Ann
Annealed
Sph
Spheroidized
OQT
Oil Quenched
WQT
30C)
200
100
X
STATIC
TENSILE
STRENGTH
Laboratory
Research
Westinghouse
California
Institute
Quenched
and
California
Institute
Data
Steel
and
Water Quenched
Steel
Tempered
and
Tempered
Austempered
of Technology
Tempered
Steel
of
Data
Steel
Technology
Data