JANUARY 2012 HIGH SCHOOL EXAM SCHEDULE

Date
Wednesday, January 25th, 2012
Thursday, January 26th, 2012
Sunday, January 29th, 2012
Monday, January 30th, 2012

time
8:00 9:30am
10:00 11:30am
8:00 9:30am
10:00 11:30am
8:00 9:30am
10:00 11:30am
8:00 9:30am
10:00 11:30am

Block
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
B3
A4
B4

Study Guide for Biology Midterm

1. The midterm exam will cover all material since the beginning of the year, starting with lab equipment, and finally
ending with cell structure and function.
2. Again, first and foremost, you should study all old quizzes and tests , starting with Quiz 1 and up to the last quiz.
Make all corrections and understand the reasoning behind the answer.
Here are some main points to cover ABOUT SCIENTIFIC METHODS:
- What are the steps to the Scientific method ? - Memorize all steps for the scientific method and be able fill in a flow
chart if give empty spaces.
- Be able to determine the dependent and independent variables, constants and control groups in an experiment.
- Be able to give examples of qualitative data and quantitative data and tell the difference between the two.
- Be able to accurately and effectively graph a data set.
- Know what the difference is between an inference and an observation.
- Be able to accept or reject a hypothesis by looking at a set of data.
- You should also be able to recognize the steps of the scientific method if given a reading of someone undertaking a
laboratory experiment.
-How would you design your own experiment? (what steps do you follow?)
- Why do we say a hypothesis is an educated guess?

Metric system
- Know the units and how to convert to other units (example: 150 grams = 150,000 mg)
- what does each unit measure (meters, liters, grams)
- Be able to tell what units you would be using if you wanted to measure: mass, length, volume, etc.
Lab equipment

- Know the name of various pieces of equipment and their use in the laboratory (beaker, test tube, scalpel, graduated
cylinder, etc)
Lab Safety
- Know the Rules to obey in a laboratory (rights and wrongs).
Here are some main points to cover about Water and Macromolecules:

What is the structure of H2O

What are the properties of water/describe?
Hydrogen bonding/how do they form
What is specific heat?
What are the four most important compounds in living things?
Why is carbon so unique/important?
Know all definitions you have written in your notebook, and be able to relate them to the notes you have taken.
What is an organic compound?
How are these compounds used in living things? (ie- are they used as hormones, energy, etc?)
What is DNA? What type of organic compound is it?
What three elements are carbohydrates made of?
What are simple carbohydrates? What are complex carbohydrates?
Compare in size. Which is larger: A protein or an amino acid? A protein or a simple carbohydrate?
What element do all proteins have?
What is a lipid? Give some examples how they would used in the body, or where they would be found.
What are two examples of nucleic acids?
What is does CH4 look like?
What are monomers and polymers
What are monosaccharides and polysaccharides?
What are examples of monosaccharides?
What are examples of disaccharides?
What is the plant cell wall made of?
Know the 4 types of lipids
What is the function of lipids?
What is glycerol and why is it important?
What are saturated and unsaturated fats?
What are the 3 types of steroids?
What are proteins, monomers, polymers, amino acids?
How many Amino Acids are there?
What are functions of proteins?
What are enzymes
4 bases on DNA
What are the differences between DNA and RNA

Here are some main points to cover about the Eight Characteristics of Life:
Be able to list the eight characteristics of life.
What is asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction? How are their offspring different?
What are the four most important compounds in living things?
Know all notes Characteristics of life notes (study of biology)
Know the Characteristics of life packet and be able to apply the concepts found there.
Know the questions and answers from your handout on Origins How Life Began.
Understand how cells obtain energy cellular respiration, photosynthesis, Be able to recognize and write the
reactions for each reaction.
What does being organized mean?
How is protein important/used in living things? (ie- are they used as hormones, energy, etc?)
What is homeostasis? Why is it important?
Where does most energy come from? Why?

In what two ways can living things grow? Hint unicellular vs multicellular
How are the offspring of asexual versus sexual reproduction different?
What is the difference between growth and development?
How is life organized at a non-living level? At the living level?
How is life organized above the organism level?
What are the five groups of living things?
What is a prokaryotic cell? A eukaryotic cell?

Here are some main points to cover about Cell Theory and Structure:

Know all definitions you have written in your notebook, and be able to relate them to the notes you have taken.
Understand how cells obtain energy cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and understand the role of glucose and
ATP (only in cellular respiration) in each. In what organelles do these reactions happen?
Understand the cycle of proteins in the cell nucleous makes ribosomes, ribosomes make protein, protein is
transported via the ER to the Golgi bodies (or golgi apparatus), where they are processed and packaged for use
within the cell.
Know and understand the terms Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic. Which organisms are prokaryotic? Eukaryotic?
What organelles contain DNA?
What is the cell membrane, why is it important, and what two ingredients are it made of? What molecules are
responsible for allowing substances into/out of the cell?
Be able to describe the structure of the cell membrane.
Where specifically do you find proteins in the cell membrane? What are the terms used to describe them?
What are glycoproteins and why are they important?
What 3 types of cells have cell walls? What makes up the walls in each?
What does the cytoplasm do?
What is a nuclear envelope? What is its job in the cell?
Be able to describe the structure of the nuclear envelope.
What are the function of nuclear pores?
What are two functions of the cytoskeleton?
What is the cytoskeleton made of? Be specific.
What are centrioles? When are they used?
Be able to describe the structure of the mitochondria.
What does ER do? What two kinds are there? How are they different?
What are golgi bodies? What does cis and trans refer to?
What do lysosomes do?
What is autolysis? What organelle is responsible for it?
Describe cilia. Describe flagella. How do they function? How are they different?
What is the microtubule arrangement of cilia?
Describe vacuoles. Are they found in animal cells?
What is cell sap?
What is a contractile vacuole? What organisms use it?
Describe chloroplasts. What pigment is found in them?
Describe the structure of chloroplasts. What are thylakoids? Stroma? Grana?
What process takes place inside chloroplasts?
What are transport vesicles and how are they used?
What makes a plant cell different from an animal cell? A plant cell different from a bacterial (prokaryotic) cell?
An animal cell different from a bacterial cell?
Know the parts of the microscope.
How do you begin looking at a specimen under the microscope? What objective lens do you use? How do you
focus?
What is tissue? What are organs?
What three parts of the cell can you see under a compound microscope?
Why must cells be dyed with color?

Here are some main points to cover about Cell Transport and Homeostasis:

- What are the reasons why molecules cant move across membranes without help?
- When molecules move from a high to low concentration it is called moving _______ the concentration gradient.
- When molecules move from a low to high concentration it is called moving ________the concentration gradient.
- When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a system, the system is at _______________
- What kind of transport DOES NOT require energy?
- What kind of transport requires energy?
- Which CELL PART provides the energy for active transport?
- Which MOLECULE is produced by mitochondria and provides energy for transport?
- Movement of molecules FROM a region of HIGH concentration TO a region of LOW concentration is called
________________
- Which MOLECULE is produced by mitochondria and provides energy for active transport?
-The movement of molecules FROM a region of HIGH concentration TO a region of LOW concentration with the HELP
of carrier proteins or channels is called __________________________
- What are membrane proteins that move molecules across membranes by attaching, changing shape, and flipping to the
other side like a revolving door?
- Membrane proteins that help molecules across membranes by providing a tunnel are called
_________________________
- The movement of WATER molecules from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration across a cell membrane =
________________
- Membrane proteins that help water molecules move across membranes = __________________
- Facilitated diffusion with aquaporins is also called __________________
- Small membrane sacs used for transport = ____________________
- Which kinds of transport are passive?
- Which kinds of transport are active?
- Which kind of transport doesnt use any energy or need any helper?
- Which kinds of transport use MEMBRANE PROTEINS to help molecules across membranes?
- Which kinds of transport use VESICLES to help molecules across membranes?
- List or describe a molecule that moves across membranes using diffusion =
- List or describe a molecule that moves across membranes using FACILITATED DIFFUSION WITH A CARRIER =
- List or describe a molecule that moves across membranes using ION CHANNELS =
- List or describe a molecule that moves across membrane using OSMOSIS =
- List or describe a molecule that moves across membranes using PROTON PUMPS =
- List or describe a molecule that moves Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells =
- List or describe a molecule that moves across membranes using PHAGOCYTOSIS =
- List or describe a molecule that moves across membranes using PINOCYTOSIS =
- List or describe the kind of transport used by Golgi bodies for export =
- List or describe the kind of transport used by white blood cells to digest bacteria =
- Pressure caused by water moving across cell membranes =
- The substance that is dissolved in liquid to make a solution =
- The liquid a substance is dissolved in to make a solution =
EX: When making Kool-Aid, water is the solvent and the Kool-Aid and sugar are the solutes
Here are some main points to cover about Photosynthesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

What is ATP? How is energy released or stored in the molecule? What are the three parts that make up an ATP
molecule?
What is the equation for photosynthesis? What are the reactants? What are the products?
Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is absorbed by chlorophyll? Which is not absorbed well?
In the plant, discuss what each of these parts are and what specifically happens in each: stroma, grana or granum,
thylakoid membranes, chloroplast, chlorophyll.
What are the products of the light dependent reaction? Where do these products go?
What are the products of the dark dependent reaction? What is another name for this reaction?
Distinguish between photosystem I and photosystem II.
Describe the effect of increasing temperatures on photosynthesis.
Describe the effect of increasing light intensity on photosynthesis.

11.
12.
13.
14.

What are some of the pigments found in plants? What colors are they?
How does the amount of storage of energy in an ATP molecule compare to that of a glucose molecule?
What part of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membrane? In the stroma?
Describe what role NADH2 plays in photosynthesis.

Here are some main points to cover about Cellular Respiration

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

What is the purpose of cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)?

What is Hydrolysis?
Cellular respiration occurs in what type of organisms?
What is FADH2?
In what organelle does most of cellular respiration take place in?
Chemical equation [starting materials (reactants) & ending materials (products)]
What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Where does it occur?
What happens?
How much ATP is produced?

9. How much total ATP is produced during cellular respiration?

10. Which part of cellular respiration produces the most ATP produced?
11. When does fermentation (anaerobic respiration) occur?
12. Where does fermentation take place?
13. How much ATP is produced during fermentation?
14. 2 types of fermentation (Lactic Acid Fermentation vs. Alcoholic Fermentation)

Examples of each

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain:

Stage of cellular respiration
Location
Krebs cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Total ATP produced