Each question or incomplete statement is followed by four suggested

answers, A, B, C or D. Select the best answer in each case.The answers

are given, with some commentary, after Question 10.

Question 11
Crude oil contains a large proportion of alkanes, which form a
homologous series.
a (i) Explain the meaning of the term homologous series, using the
alkanes as your example. (2 marks)

(ii) Alkanes exhibit structural isomerism. Draw the skeletal formulae of

the three structural isomers of the alkane C5H12. (3 marks)

bMethane reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light to give

chloromethane and hydrogen chloride:
(i)

What type of reaction is this? (1 mark)

(ii)

.
The first step of the mechanism involves homolytic fission. Explain
the meaning of the term homolytic fission. (1 mark)

(iii) Give the mechanism for the reaction between methane and chlorine,
making clear which are the initiation, propagation and termination steps.
Showing movement of electrons clearly.(6 marks)
Initiation(one equation):

Propagation(two equations):

Termination(three equations)

Total: 13 marks

Question 12
a State Hesss law. (2 marks)

b Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion, making clear the

meaning of standard in this context. (3 marks)

c The equation for the combustion of ethanol in air is:

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction using the average bond
enthalpy values given in the table.

Covalent bonds in all molecules

Bond breaking:

Bond making:

Enthalpy change:

Question 13
a (i) Write the Complete electronic configuration of a sulfur atom:
(1 mark)

(ii) State the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of

(1 mark)

b (i) Define the term first electron affinity. (2 marks)

(ii) The following equation represents the change occurring when the
second electron affinity of sulfur is measured:
Explain why the second electron affinity of an element is always
endothermic. (2 marks)

Total: 6 marks

Question 14
a When a sample of copper is analysed using a mass spectrometer, its
atoms are ionised, accelerated, and then separated according to their
mass/charge (m/e) ratio.
(i) Explain how the atoms of the sample are ionised. (2 marks)

(ii) State how the resulting ions are accelerated. (1 mark)

(iii) State how the ions are separated according to their m/e values.
(1 mark)

b For a particular sample of copper, two peaks were obtained in the

mass spectrum, showing an abundance of 69.10% at m/e 63 and
30.90% at m/e 65.
(i) Give the formula of the species responsible for the peak at m/e 65.
(1 mark)

(ii) State why two peaks, at m/e values of 63 and 65,were obtained in
the mass spectrum. (1 mark)

(iii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper to three
significant figures, using the data given above. (2 marks)

Total: 8 marks

Question 15
a (i) Describe one piece of evidence for the nature of the bonding in
sodium chloride. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain, in terms of its bonding and structure, why the melting
temperature of sodium chloride is high. (3 marks)

b Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding,why aluminium is a good

conductor of electricity. (3 marks)

c Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for iodine, I2, showing the outer

electrons only. (2 marks)

Total: 11 marks