Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
M. O. Katanaev
Abstract
We relax the requirement of geodesic completeness of a space-time. Instead, we
require test particles trajectories to be smooth only in the physical sector. Test
particles trajectories for EinsteinRosen bridge are proved to be smooth in the
physical sector, and particles can freely penetrate the bridge in both directions.
1
u2
dt2 (u2 + 4M)du2 (u2 + 4M)(d2 + sin2 d2 ),
2
u + 4M
4
(1)
where q ( ), R, is the world line of a test particle. The action (2) is reparameterization
invariant and therefore is a gauge model. A test particle has three physical propagating
degrees of freedom corresponding to space coordinates q , = 1, 2, 3 (Greek indices from
the middle of the alphabet are assumed to take only space values). The time coordinate
q 0 is a gauge degree of freedom, and is not important from the physical standpoint.
E-mail: katanaev@mi.ras.ru
The natural and important requirement to any solution of Einstein equations is its
geodesic completeness (maximal extension along geodesics). In this way, we obtain the
KruskalSzekeres extension [2, 3] of the Schwarzschild solution which describes black and
white holes. Here we relax the requirement of geodesic completeness. Instead, we require
the trajectories of test particles to be smooth only in the physical sector. We prove that
trajectories of test particles for metric (1) are smooth and complete in the physical sector.
All singularities are moved to unphysical sector and can be considered as artifacts of the
gauge condition. Thus test particles can freely penetrate the EinsteinRosen bridge in
both directions.
Action (2) yields equations of motion (geodesic equations)
q = q q ,
(3)
where are Christoffels symbols, if we choose the canonical parameter along the
worldline.
We consider only radial geodesics for simplicity. Then geodesic equations (3) for the
EinsteinRosen bridge reduce to two equations
8M
tu,
+ 4M)
u
4Mu
u 2.
t2 2
u = 2
3
(u + 4M)
u + 4M
t =
u(u2
C1 = K x = 2
t.
u + 4M
C0 = g x x =
The last integral is due to the existence of the Killing vector field K = 0 . Now we can
easily obtain the equation defining the form of radial timelike geodesics
u2 + 4M
dt
= q
2
du
u 1C u
(4)
u2 +4M
(5)
S = dt(p q H) = dt p q |q0 N| p2 + m2 + q0 N p ,
2
u
C =0
C >1
C <1
g p p for positive definite square of space momenta, where g is the three dimensional
matrix which is inverse to g . We keep in mind two possible signs of the lapse function
N > 0 and N < 0. The zeroes component of momentum is defined by the first class
constraint
p
p0 N p
2
2
= 0.
G := p + m
(6)
N
The component q 0 is a free function to be fixed by the gauge condition.
Consider the case q0 N > 0. Then Hamiltonian equations of motion for physical degrees
of freedom are
Heff
,
p
Heff
.
p = q0
q
q = q0
(7)
for physical degrees of freedom. One can easily check that the energy E := Heff is
conserved for arbitrary function q 0 ( ). This means that the function q 0 describes the
freedom in parameterization of the world line and is to be fixed by a gauge condition.
The lapse function is defined by the metric up to a sign. We choose it to be
N=
u
.
u2 + 4M
(8)
It is positive on the right half plane u > 0 and negative on the left u < 0. This is
important, because if we choose positive lapse function |N| everywhere then it will produce
the nontrivial energy-momentum tensor on the right hand side of Einsteins equations
3
proportional to (u) due to discontinuity in the first derivative [5], and the EinsteinRosen
solution (1) is no longer a solution to the vacuum Einsteins equations. On the other
hand, we proved that the Schwarzschild solution in isotropic coordinates describes the
gravitational field around point particle [6]. This solution obtained within the Hamiltonian
formulation is globally isometric to EinsteinRosen bridge, and the lapse function does
change its sign when crossing the critical sphere corresponding to u = 0.
Now we fix the gauge and analyze equations of motion (7) for metric (1). To simplify
notation, we put q 1 := q and p1 := p. Then equations (7) take the form
q0 Np
p
,
(q 2 + 4M) p2 + m2
p
q0 Nqp2
p
,
p = q0 p2 + m2 q N +
(q 2 + 4M)2 p2 + m2
q =
(9)
(10)
p
q0N
(q 2 + 4M)(E 2 m2 N 2 ).
2
E(q + 4M)
(11)
This is the final equation. Its solutions are smooth and defined for all R. Qualitative
behavior of physical trajectories q( ) are shown in Fig.2. Trajectories are oscillating for
C > 1.
C >1
C <1
C =0
Figure 2: Qualitative behavior of physical trajectories. For C > 1, trajectories are oscillating.
The singularity in the EinsteinRosen metric is avoided because it is moved to the
unphysical sector due to the gauge condition which can be written in the form
Z
q( )2 + 4M
0
.
q =
d
q( )
It is divergent at q 0 for solutions of Eq.(12).
Physical interpretation of the obtained solution is strange. External observer at a
given moment of time q 0 sees simultaneously two particles: a particle on the right and
an antiparticle on the left. For C > 1, they move simultaneously either from u = 0 or
towards u = 0. For C > 1, the observer sees the birth of particle and antiparticle at
infinite past q 0 = and annihilation of the pair at infinite future q 0 = .
Recently, we proved that gravitational field of a point particle is described by the
Schwarzschild solution in isotropic coordinates [6]. This solution is globally isometric to
EinsteinRosen bridge. The results of the present paper are also applicable to this case:
test particles can freely penetrate the critical sphere corresponding to u = 0. In this sense,
the solution is complete and does no require further continuation.
References
[1] A. Einstein and N Rosen. The particle problem in the general theory of relativity.
Phys. Rev., 43:7377, 1935.
[2] M. D. Kruskal. Maximal extension of Schwarzschild metric. Phys. Rev., 119(5):1743
1745, 1960.
[3] G. Szekeres. On the singularities of a riemannian manifold. Publ. Mat. Debrecen,
7(14):285301, 1960.
[4] D. M. Gitman and I. V. Tyutin. Quantization of Fields with Constraints. Springer
Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1990.
5